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(Musa AAA) As Influenced by Agronomic Factors

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(Musa AAA) As Influenced by Agronomic Factors Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn The importance of the antagonistic potential in the management of populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in banana (Musa AAA) as influenced by agronomic factors Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) der Hohen Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt am 15. Juni 2010 von Anthony Barry Pattison South Johnstone Australia Referent: Prof. Dr. R.A. Sikora Korreferent: Prof. Dr. H. Goldbach Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15 September 2011 Erscheinungsjahr: 2011 Dedication: This work is dedicated to the support given to me by family and friends. Especially to my wife Susan, daughters Katie and Emily for their patience while I completed this work. Also, to the friends I have made along the way, who have helped to make the world a little smaller. Summary Dr.agr. Thesis: A Pattison The importance of the antagonistic potential in the management of populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in banana ( Musa AAA) as influenced by agronomic factors Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major obstacle to sustainable banana production around the world. The use of organic amendments was investigated as one method to stimulate organisms that are antagonistic to plant-parasitic nematodes. Nine different amendments; mill mud, mill ash (by-products from processing sugarcane), biosolids, municipal waste (MW) compost, banana residue, grass hay, legume hay, molasses and calcium silicate (CaSi) were applied in a glasshouse experiment. Significant suppression of Radopholus similis occurred in soils amended with legume hay, grass hay, banana residue and mill mud relative to untreated soil, which increased the nematode community structure index, indicating greater potential for predation. A field experiment was established to determine the changes in soil properties following applications of compost, grass hay, mill mud and mill ash. At the termination of the experiment there was significant increase in bunch size in the mill ash treatment relative to the untreated plants. Furthermore, in the soil treated with additional organic matter there was an increase in labile C, the number of omnivorous nematodes and lower proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes relative to the untreated soil. The suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes resulting from the addition of organic matter appeared to be the result of a combination of two factors; nematoxic compounds produced in the early degradation of the organic matter, followed by an increase in nematode antagonists favoured by an increase in soil fungal activity. A study was implemented on 10 banana plantations in north Queensland to determine differences in soil management, soil physical, chemical and nematode community properties. A principal component analysis could explain 61% of the variation between farms and identified the proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes, labile C, nitrate-N, and the number of fungal feeding nematodes as the most important soil factors. When used in combination the ratio of labile C and nitrate-N in the soil and the diversity of nematodes were able to explain 88.7% of the variation in the proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil. A similar survey of 21 banana plantations in Costa Rica using 34 soil variables was able to explain 71% of variation between plantations from five principle components. A bioassay of the soil collected, which was inoculated with R. similis , resulted in different populations of the nematode recovered from the different soils. The differences could be explained by soil pH, structure index and Zn using a multiple linear regression model, which explained 79.2% of the variation. Furthermore, the correlation of soil pH with nematode diversity suggested that pH was the factor limiting the biological suppression of R. similis in the Costa Rican banana plantations. The development of soils capable of suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes requires and understanding of soil constraints in the farming system. In Australia, soil C appeared to constrain antagonists, whereas, in Costa Rica low soil pH constrained the diversity of the soil nematode community. Management options to increase soil C in Australia and to increase soil pH in Costa Rica are necessary to develop a more favourable soil environment for the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes by antagonistic soil organisms. i Summary Dr.agr. Thesis: A Pattison Die Bedeutung des antagonistischen Potentials für die Kontrolle von Pflanzen- parasitären Nematoden in Bananen (Musa AAA) und dessen Beeinflussung durch pflanzenbauliche Maßnahmen. Der Pflanzen-parasitäre Nematode (PPN) Radopholus similis gehört weltweit zu den bedeutendsten Schädlingen nachhaltiger Bananenproduktion. Traditionell, wurden diese Schädlinge mit Nematiziden bekämpft. Deren Gebrauch ist jedoch mit einer Gefährdung landwirtschaftlichen Personals und einer Reduzierung der Biodiversität im Boden und dessen antagonistischem Potential verbunden. Deshalb ist ein besseres Verständnis der Faktoren, die das antagonistische Potential eines Bodens beeinflussen, unabdingbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene organische Bodenzusätze auf die Stimulierung des antagonistischen Potentials gegen R. similis in Musa AAA untersucht. Gewächshausexperimente zeigten, dass Leguminosen Heu, Zuckermühlen-abfälle und Bananenrückstände als Bodenzusätze die Nematodendiversität erhöhte, die Anzahl an R. similis jedoch reduzierten. In Feldexperimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Zugabe von Kompost, Heu, Nebenprodukten aus Zuckermühlen und Mühlenschlamm zu einer Erhöhung des instabilen Kohlenstoffs und omnivorer Nematoden, jedoch zu einer Verringerung von PPN führte. Eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse mit Zehn unterschiedlich bewirtschafteten Bananenplantagen in Nord-Queensland, Australien, identifizierte instabilen Kohlenstoff, Nitrat und die Anzahl fungivorer Nematoden als Hauptbodenfaktoren in Bezug auf ihr antagonistisches Potential gegenüber PPN und konnte 61% der Variation zwischen den Plantagen erklären. In Kombination erklärte das Verhältnis von instabilem Kohlenstoff zu Nitrat im Boden und die Nematodendiversität 88.7% der Variation an PPN zwischen den Plantagen. Eine ähnliche Studie in Costa Rica bei der 34 Bodenvariablen erhoben wurden konnte 71% der Variation zwischen den verschiedenen Böden in Bezug auf ihr antagonistisches Potential gegenüber PPN erklären. In bioassay´s mit diesen Böden zeigte sich, dass deren antagonistisches Potential vom pH-Wert, dem „Struktur- Index“ und Zink-Gehalt beeinflusst wurde und das sich mit Hilfe einer multiplen linearen Regression 79.2% der Variationen des antagonistischen Potentials zwischen den Böden erklären ließ. Darüberhinaus korrelierte der Boden pH mit der Nematodendiversität, was den Schluss zuließ, dass der Boden pH der limitierende Faktor biologisch suppressiver Böden in Costa Rica´s Bananenproduktion ist. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass das antagonistische Potential gegenüber PPN von verschiedenen Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Während in Australien instabiles Kohlenstoff der limitierende Faktor war, ist in Costa Rica der Boden pH entscheidend für Nematodendiversität und einhergehende Suppresion von PPN. Eine Steigerung des instabilen Kohlenstoffs in Australiens Böden und eine Erhöhung des Boden pH in Costa Rica scheinen deshalb notwendig um suppresive Böden mit hohem antagonisten Potential gegen PPN wie R. similis zu schaffen. ii Table of contents Dr.agr. Thesis: A Pattison Table of contents 1 Literature review .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 The banana plant .................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Banana production ................................................................................. 2 1.2 Diseases of bananas ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Nematodes as parasites of banana .................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Radopholus similis ................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Other plant-parasitic nematodes ............................................................ 8 1.4 Management strategies for plant parasitic nematodes ................................... 8 1.4.1 Clean planting material .......................................................................... 8 1.4.2 Nematode monitoring ............................................................................ 9 1.4.3 Chemical control .................................................................................... 9 1.4.4 Crop destruction, fallows and crop rotation ......................................... 10 1.5 Nematode suppression ................................................................................. 10 1.5.1 Specific suppression ............................................................................. 11 1.5.2 General suppression ............................................................................. 14 1.6 Suppressive cropping systems ..................................................................... 15 1.6.1 Crop rotation .......................................................................................
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