The Arara People Were Contacted in 1981 and 1983
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
THE MORPHOLOGY OF NOUNS IN THE UGOROŊMO LANGUAGE (ARARA OF PARÁ) by Shirley Dias Cardoso de Souza Bachelor of Arts, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras, 1984 Master of Arts, University of Brazilia, 1993 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2010 This thesis, submitted by Shirley Dias Cardoso de Souza in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. _______________________________________ Chair _______________________________________ _______________________________________ This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. ———————————————— Dean of the Graduate School ———————————————— Date ii PERMISSION Title The Morphology of Nouns in the Ugoroŋmo Language (Arara of Pará) Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Signature ______________________________ Date __________________________________ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ............................................................................. xii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 1.1 Location of the Ugoroŋmo (Arara) area ......................................................2 1.2 General information about the language community...................................3 2 MORPHOLOGICAL MARKING FOR POSSESSION .........................................8 2.1 Nouns that cannot be inflected for possession .............................................8 2.2 Nouns that are optionally inflected for possession ....................................11 2.3 Inherently possessed noun roots ................................................................12 2.3.1 The forms of the inherently possessed nouns ...................................12 2.3.2 Kinship noun roots ...........................................................................14 2.3.3 Body part terms and other part-whole terms ....................................18 2.3.4 Personal items ..................................................................................23 2.3.5 Generic terms ...................................................................................24 2.3.6 Locative ............................................................................................25 2.4 Derived inherently possessed noun stems..................................................26 iv 2.4.1 Derivational use of -rɯn ..................................................................26 2.4.2 Inflectional use of -rɯn ....................................................................29 3 MORPHOLOGY OF POSSESSED NOUNS ........................................................31 3.1 Possessor ....................................................................................................32 3.1.1 First person singular possessor .........................................................34 3.1.2 Second person possessor ..................................................................35 3.1.3 Third person possessor .....................................................................36 3.1.4 First person inclusive possessor .......................................................40 3.1.5 Third person reflexive possessor ......................................................42 3.1.6 A set of irregular forms ....................................................................43 3.1.7 The first person exclusive pronoun ..................................................44 3.2 Absolute form ............................................................................................46 3.2.1 Morphology of the absolute form .....................................................48 3.3 Possessive suffixes .....................................................................................51 4 CASE MARKING .................................................................................................55 4.1 The inessive case suffix .............................................................................57 4.2 The illative case suffix ...............................................................................58 4.3 The elative case suffix ...............................................................................59 4.4 The perlative case suffix ............................................................................59 4.5 Comparative case suffix .............................................................................60 5 PLURAL ................................................................................................................63 5.1 Basic uses of the plural suffix -kom ..........................................................63 5.2 The structure of a word inflected for plural ...............................................65 v 5.2.1 The possessor is plural .....................................................................65 5.2.2 The possessed item is pluralized ......................................................69 5.2.3 Pluralizing both the possessor and possessed item ..........................71 5.2.4 The suffix -am with the former suffix -tp ........................................72 6 COMPOUND NOUNS AND MODIFYING SUFFIXES .....................................74 6.1 Compound nouns .......................................................................................74 6.2 Modifying suffixes .....................................................................................81 6.2.1 Augmentative ...................................................................................82 6.2.2 Diminutive ........................................................................................85 6.2.3 Deceased ...........................................................................................86 6.2.4 Long, flat and short ..........................................................................86 6.2.5 Birthmark .........................................................................................88 6.2.6 Crooked ............................................................................................89 6.2.7 ‗Encircled by black‘ and ‗one of a pair‘ ...........................................90 6.2.8 Soft ...................................................................................................91 6.3 Former ........................................................................................................91 7 DENOMINAL PREDICATE ADJECTIVES........................................................97 7.1 The forms of the predicate adjectivizer suffix ...........................................99 7.1.1 tɯ-...-k ..............................................................................................99 7.1.2 tɯ-…-ŋ ...........................................................................................100 7.1.3 tɯ-...-ŋie .........................................................................................101 7.1.5 tɯ-…-re ..........................................................................................101 7.1.6 tɯ-…-igere .....................................................................................102 vi 7.1.7 tɯ- ... -t ...........................................................................................103 7.2 Some common features for basic adjectives and denominal adjectives ..103 7.2.1 Features of the class of basic adjectives .........................................103 7.2.2 Features of denominal adjectives ...................................................107 8 SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................109 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................111 Appendix A: Phonological rules ......................................................................................112 Appendix B: