Research

Risk Assessment for the Population of , Ukraine as a Result of Atmospheric Air Pollution

Oleksandr Popov,1 Background. According to the World Health Organization, 92% of the world’s population Andrii Іatsyshyn,1 lives in places where air quality levels exceed recommended limits. Recently, Ukraine had the Valeriia Kovach,1 most deaths per every 100,000 people (out of 120 countries) attributed to atmospheric air Volodymyr Artemchuk,2 pollution. High levels of atmospheric air pollution have been observed not only in typically Iryna Kameneva,2 industrial regions, but in Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv, as well. Dmytro Taraduda,3 Objectives. The aim of the present study was to establish the state of air pollution in Kyiv and Vitaliy Sobyna,3 perform a risk assessment of associated human health effects. Dmitry Sokolov,3 Methods. Using official statistics and state monitoring data, the study aimed to identify Maksim Dement,3 and analyze risks to the health of Kyiv's population associated with air pollution. The Teodoziia Yatsyshyn,4 following methods were used: systematic, functional and comparative analysis, risk theory, mathematical modeling, probability theory and mathematical statistics, as well as geographic 1 State Institution, Institute of information system technologies for digital map design and objective-oriented methodology Environmental Geochemistry of National for software design systems. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Results. The risk values across different areas of the city varied significantly, indicating that Ukraine atmospheric air quality remains unstable. Areas with the highest and lowest risk values were 2 Pukhov Institute for Modelling in identified. Energy Engineering of National Academy Conclusions. The environmental state of atmospheric air in Kyiv requires greater attention of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine and additional research to identify the causes of air pollution, along with implementation of

3 National University of Civil Defense of measures to improve air quality. Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests. 4 Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical Keywords. air pollution, air quality, risk assessment, population health. University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivsk, Received July 8, 2019. Accepted November 22, 2019. Ukraine J Health Pollution 25: (200303) 2020 © Pure Earth Corresponding author: Valeriia Kovach Tel. +380967815496 [email protected] pollution of industrially developed The main sources of pollution in cities by toxic agents becomes Kyiv are motor transport and energy irreversible and has negative impacts enterprises (thermal stations), on the health of the population. enterprises of the construction Introduction industry, mechanical engineering, According to the World Health chemical-pharmaceutical, and the food Air pollution is a large problem in Organization (WHO), 92% of world industry. In 2015, the total amount many countries around the world. population breathes air polluted of pollutants in the atmosphere from The main sources of atmospheric air beyond the acceptable limits.2 Ukraine stationary and mobile sources in Kyiv pollution are transportation, power is no exception and recently (in amounted to 144.3 thousand tons. companies, chemically hazardous September, 2017) ranked first (out More detailed data on emissions from enterprises, metallurgy, machine- of 120 world countries) in deaths stationary technogenic facilities in building, metal-processing enterprises caused by atmosphere air pollution, Kiev are presented in Table 1.4 and industries, building materials per 100,000 people. Air pollution industries, and lumber operations, in Ukraine causes four times more The air monitoring system in Ukraine among others.1 Atmospheric pollution deaths per capita than the five cleanest is currently ineffective and has is considered to be the most dangerous countries altogether, according to the significant problems. There is no data form of pollution by volume, as WHO.3 collection and analysis center and

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monitoring results are stored in paper Abbreviations form. Most atmospheric scientific research results with some elements MPC Maximum permissible PrJSC Private joint stock company of statistical and comparative analysis concentration do not consider the environmental RCI Risk of chronic intoxication risks to public health. Therefore, PJSC Public joint stock company a risk assessment of the health of RITE Risk of immediate toxic effects Kyiv`s population due to air pollution POS Pollution observation supported by data and analysis is stations SMC Software-modeling complex urgently needed. The aim of the present study was to establish the state of air pollution in Kyiv and perform a risk assessment of associated human health effects. sulfide, phenol, hydrogen fluoride, states, there are approved MPCs for Methods ammonia, formaldehyde, and eight pollutants used for the assessment heavy metals. Their composition is of atmosphere air. Maximum Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, is one defined depending on the emissions permissible concentrations are of the biggest and oldest cities in of pollutants in atmospheric air from set for each substance and for Europe. Kyiv is situated in the south enterprises located in the area of the certain combinations of pollutants of Ukraine, on the border of Polissya. observation stations. The distribution in atmospheric air. Maximum The River runs through the of POS in Kyiv is shown in Figure 1. permissible concentrations of city and there is forest steppe on either pollutants in the atmospheric air of side of the river. Kyiv has an area of In the countries of the former USSR, populated areas are regulated as daily

836 km². The climate is moderately health standards for permissible averages and maximum single MPC. continental, with mild winters and pollutants burden consists of warm summers. The average monthly maximum permissible concentration When the concentration values are temperature in January and July is (MPC), relatively safe impact levels taken, they are compared to maximum −3.5°C and +20.5°C, respectively, with and different complex values. In single values of those concentrations an average annual precipitation of Ukraine, and most post-Soviet (thus the amount of excess is defined). 649 mm. Forests, parks and gardens make up more than half of the almost 80 000 hectares. The population in Kyiv was 2.9 million in December 2017, according to data of the General Statistics Department.5 The present study was conducted from September 2016 till September 2018.

In Ukraine, programs monitoring the quality of atmospheric air are aimed at the control of primary pollutants at stationary and mobile stations. In Kyiv, the Central Geophysical Observatory systematically monitors the content of pollutants in atmospheric air at 16 stationary (but manual) pollution observation stations (POS) with samples taken every 6 days, 3-4 times a day. These stations collect data on suspended substances, sulfur Table 1 — Dynamics of Emissions from Stationary Sources dioxide, carbonic oxide, hydrogen

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Figure 1 — Primary enterprises impacting air quality in Kyiv (blue triangles, see Table 6) and atmospheric air pollution observation stations (red triangles)

The average monthly or yearly values maximum permissible daily average reagent. It is characterized by the value are likewise compared with MPCs of concentration of a pollutant in the air; that lies within (0…1) interval, where

daily average values. and βі is the dimensionless constant 0 indicates the absence of effect and 1 of reducing the damage of і-substance indicates the greatest effect. In order to assess atmospheric air to the damage of sulfur dioxide which pollution levels, the air pollution index accepts the values of 1.7; 1.3; 1.0; In order to assess the negative impact was used, following Equation 1. 0.9 for 1, 2, 3, 4 classes of hazard of of anthropogenic air pollution on pollutants, respectively. the health of a population which Equation 1 may manifest itself in immediate or The above-mentioned health standards chronic toxic effects (carcinogenic and characterize only the level of chemical immunotoxic), two groups of models air pollution of a territory under have been introduced: threshold investigation and do not define the and non-threshold.6 Acute toxicity impact of pollution on human health. (immediate toxic manifestations) has where, API is the air pollution index; Therefore, a risk assessment was a definite threshold character. In order

Сі is the average concentration of conducted to determine the probability to assess the risk of immediate toxic і-additive in time (per month or per of negative effects on human health effects (RITE), the model of personal year) calculated for the station, city for individuals or groups of people impact thresholds is used. In terms of

or a group of cities; MPCa.d.i is the affected by a particular chemical air pollution, this model is defined by

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the formula in Equation 2:

Equation 2

where, a, b are the parameters Table 2 — Coefficient values of а, b, β and K depending on toxicological properties of the substance; C is the toxicant concentration in the air (mg/m3); and

MPCm.s. is the maximum permissible single concentration of a pollutant in The level of integral risk from The average daily dose over a lifetime the air. To find RITE, it is necessary simultaneous impact of all investigated is defined by Equation 6: to calculate a defined exponential substances was calculated with the 2 -τ2 function integral: exp(-τ /2) = e /2 formula in Equation 4: Equation 6 (number e = 2,71), where, τ is an integration variable that takes a value Equation 4 from -∞ д a + b lg(C/MPCm.s.) and dτ is a differential variable τ.

where, Ca is the concentration of the The risk of chronic intoxication (RCI) substance in the ambient air (mg/ 3 is defined for a certain time period m ); Ch is the concentration of the 3 using Equation 3. where, R∑ is the level of integral risk substance in the room air (mg/m ); Tout

from simultaneous impact of all is the time spent outdoors (h/day); Tin

Equation 3 investigated substances; Ri is the health is the time spent indoors (h/day); Vout risk value as a result of the impact of is the breathing rate outdoors (m3/hr); 3 і-substance; and n is the number of Vin is the rate of breathing indoors (m / substances under investigation. hr); EF is the frequency of exposure (days/year); ED is the duration of where, β is the coefficient that takes In Ukraine, according to applicable exposure (years); BW is body weight into account toxic properties of instructional guidelines of the (kg); and AT is the exposure average the substance; K is the parameter Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the period (years). depending on the class of hazard individual carcinogenic risk, hazard of the substance; C is the pollutant coefficient for exposure toi -substance, The hazard coefficient is defined using concentration in the air over time level of noncarcinogenic risks and Equation 7: 3 7 (t) (mg/m ); and MPCa.d. is the hazard index are defined. The maximum permissible daily average carcinogenic risk was calculated using Equation 7 concentration. Equation 5:

The values ofa , b, β, and K depend on Equation 5 the substance hazard classification and where, HQi is the hazard coefficient for are given in Table 2. exposure of i-substance; Cі is the level of exposure to i-substance (mg/m3);

In order to define the level of air and RfCi is the safe exposure level of pollution attributed to a certain where, CR is the carcinogenic risk; i-substance (mg/m3). substance, average concentration LADD is the average daily dose over a values along with the highest values lifetime (mg/(kg·day)); and SF is the The hazard index is defined using of concentration at a certain period of slope factor (mg/(kg·day))-1. Equation 8: time are identified.

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Research

level), or were set in accordance with study conditions.8

The authors of the present study have designed a software-modeling complex (SMC) to solve problems of environmental pollution in technogenic loaded territories.8-10 The essential advantages of this SMC above other models are the wide range of investigated environmental problems, the presence of a universal database monitoring the sources of pollution and pollutants, POS data, different environmental health values (demographics, population morbidity, etc.) and the existence of a module of environmental risks calculation, which is thought to be the most Figure 2 — Module structure of risk assessment system objective hazard assessment. The SMC database obtained data from different monitoring sources in Ukraine from 2005 to 2017.

The designed SMC makes it possible to observe the spatial distribution of atmospheric air pollution levels and individual risk distributions for a population (risk maps). The risk assessment completes the process of modeling anthropogenic pollution loads on a city’s population and defines the criteria for managerial decisions.

Figure 2 shows the module structure Table 3 — Risk Level Classification of the risk assessment system that is a part of the SMC. The input modeling data are POS data, pollutant characteristics, sources of pollution Equation 8 the types of risk considered in this parameters, and metrological analysis is the concentration of parameters. pollutants in atmospheric air, which is measured by the monitoring system The designed SMC realizes an or in cases where measurements are expert approach to the tasks of absent, modeling is based on data risk assessment for public health,

where, HI is the hazard index; НQі is on emissions and meteorological corresponding with the current the hazard coefficients for individual conditions. All other parameters legislation in Ukraine, taking into components of the solution of listed in the above formulas are either account regulations of the US chemical reagents that produce an selected from the relevant reference Environmental Protection Agency, effect. literature tables, for example Popov and grounded by the results of the et al., for each substance respectively analysis and appropriate interpretation The main parameter determining (MPC, slope factor, safe exposure of ecological monitoring data.11,12 The

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given approach includes the following stages:

1. Hazard identification: defining informative parameters (dangerous substances, hazard indices) on the basis of monitoring and expert data.13

2. Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic pollution loads as a result of data analysis and spatially distributed modeling: defining and visualizing territories with excess critical concentration of hazardous substances.

3. Assessment dependence, “dose – reaction”: defining with the help of mathematic models the probable risk assessment for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic diseases.

4. Characterizing risk distribution: risk ranking and taking into account the approved methodology and other means of visual presentation of the obtained results.7

The framework of the given approach uses the US Environmental Protection Agency classification of human health risks and reduces uncertainties during the assessment of total noncarcinogenic risk of substances of unidirectional action (Table 3).11

Results

According to the air pollution index, air pollution in the summer months of 2017 was generally characterized as very high. It differed across regions: at POS 7 it was characterized as very high (greater than 14); at POS 5 as high (7- 14); at POS 2 as elevated (5-7); and at POS 1 as low (less than 5). In general, the average monthly concentrations of Figure 3 — Risk of chronic intoxication (а) and risk of immediate four pollutants in the city exceeded the toxic effects (b) as a result of air pollution in Kyiv in maximum permissible daily average January-December 2017 concentration: formaldehyde by 4.3

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district. However, further investigation is needed to identify all the causes of this situation.

In terms of spatial distribution, the most polluted areas in June were the districts of Bessarabska Square, Oleksandr Dovzhenko street (near Shuliavka subway station), Square, Kaunasska street, Obolonsky Avenue, and Peremohy Square (the region of subway station), where the pollution level was characterized as very high. Somewhat less polluted, but still within the “high” level were the Table 4 — Dynamics of Risk Values for the Health of the Population in Kyiv regions of Semena Skliarenka street, Akademika Strazheska (intercrossing with Vatslava Havela Boulevard), Lesi Ukraiinky Boulevard and Popudrenka street. Pollution levels were lower at Inzhenera Borodina street (area of carriage repair plant) and the (area near a subway

bridge and highway). A low pollution level was observed at Nauky Avenue (green zone, with high concentrations of parks and forest).

Figure 3 shows map examples of integral RITE and RCI as the result of air pollution in Kyiv during 2017, drawn by the interpolation method of weighted distances. Interpolation was conducted according to the multiplicity of exceeding MPC. The obtained risk values are presented in Figure 4a — Risk of chronic intoxication in Kyiv territory Figure 3 as outlines in different shades according to averaged risk values from 2011-2017 according to the values shown in the map legend.

The risk values for the population times, nitrogen dioxide by 4 times, Thus, in the winter months, this figure of Kyiv proved to be very high. The nitrogen oxide by 1.7 times, phenol by does not exceed the MPC, and in the worst environmental conditions were 1.1 times, and suspended substances summer the concentration increases identified in the northwest where the by 1.3 times. The contents of other sharply and exceeds the MPC by 5-7 RCI exceeded 0.2, indicating that more substances in the air did not exceed times, which is quite dangerous for than 20% of the population of the health-based exposure limits. the most sensitive categories of the given districts are at risk for chronic city population. These fluctuations diseases. The RITE is also highest for Since 2007, significant seasonal may be caused by the intensification of the population in the northwestern changes in formaldehyde construction and repair work, which part of the city. concentrations have been observed. is common in the city within each

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The designed SMC makes it possible to obtain the dynamics of risk values for the region under investigation (Table 4).

According to the data, the risk values differ across districts of the city, indicating unstable ecological conditions of atmospheric air in Kyiv. Thus, the lowest risk values were found at the territory of the Hydropark (from 0.025 to 0.137) which is a park complex with minimum impact from traffic and industry.

The greatest risk values are found in Bessarabska Square and Maidan Nezalezhnosti (0.693 and 0.514, Figure 4b — Risk of immediate toxic effects in Kyiv territory respectively, for immediate toxic according to averaged risk values from 2011-2017 effects in 2005). In general, the level of RITE in Kyiv is very high, although for some districts it has somewhat lessened compared to previous years and the values of RCI are slowly increasing.

Figure 4a shows the distribution of Kyiv's territory with the risk levels of chronic intoxication according to the avaraged risk data that were obtained from 2011 to 2017. Each bar of Figure 4a represents the percentage of Kyiv's territory (Y axis), which is characterised by the correspondent risk levels (X axis). Figure 4b shows the distribution of Kyiv`s territory Table 5 — Analysis of Kyiv Area Distribution According to Hazard Coefficient and with the risk of immediate toxic effects Carcinogenic Risk Values according to the averaged risk values for the same period of time (each bar represents part of Kyiv`s territory in percentage with the defined risk levels). In order to obtain a more precise the lack of statistical data affect the environmental risk assessment, it is accuracy of the obtained results and The analysis showed that the majority necessary to modernize the existing limit the possibilities of their current of Kyiv territory is characterized by 15- monitoring system, increase the interpretation. 17% RCI values, 30-50% RITE values, number of observation stations and a hazard index value of 4-6, a hazard measurements of harmful pollutants. Discussion coefficient value (for nitrogen dioxide) Risk value deviations depend on high from 2-2.5, and a carcinogenic risk concentrations of formaldehyde, There have been many studies of the (for formaldehyde) from 2·10-5-5·10-5 which is not measured at some impact of air pollution on population (Table 5). observation stations. The absence health. Min et al. and Mate et al. have of values for some pollutants and reported on the risk of mortality

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from air pollution by solid particles risk of new symptoms of depression.16 increases the risk of cardiovascular with a diameter of ≤ 10 μm, nitrogen In work by Sanidas et al., American disease and significantly increases the dioxide and sulfur dioxide.14,15 In Buoli scientists stated that air pollution is a likelihood of adverse health effects et al., Italian scientists investigated significant risk factor for hypertension such as chronic cough, asthma, renal the effect of particulate matter and in all age groups.17 Studies have failure and infertility.18,19 In a study nitrogen oxides on the mental health shown that the presence of particulate by Yang et al., Chinese and American of the population, in particular the matter of different sizes in city air scientists investigated the association between the increase in the number of stillbirths with increasing average daily concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 and ≤10 μm at different stages of pregnancy.20

The results of the present analysis are generally in agreement with the conclusions of previous investigations. For example, an analysis of macro scale observations from 1997-2013 reported continuous pollution of carcinogenic substances and the variability of their concentration in separate periods in Kyiv’s atmosphere air was found to depend on the character of industrial activities.21 In

addition, the results indicated stable pollutants slightly above the MPC for benz/a/pyrene, formaldehyde and lead. All of the benz/a/pyrene samples exceeded the MPC by 2.3-3.3 times, almost all granules (particles) were 1.1- 1.5 times bigger than their normal size.

The above-mentioned study Table 6 — Largest Enterprises Influencing Atmospheric Air Quality in Kyiv (with Reference to Figure 1) calculated the total carcinogenic risk for human health in Kyiv under

Table 7 — Dynamics of Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide (Converted to Nitrogen Dioxide) Emissions from Mobile Pollutions Sources

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the impact of eight hazardous higher caloric content. Thus, the Kyiv along with implementation substances (benz/a/pyrene, amount of particulate matter emissions of necessary measures aimed at formaldehyde, N-nitrosodiethylamine, in 2017 was reduced by 632.0 tons air quality improvement. From a nitrosodiethylamine, cadmium, lead, or by 27.8% compared to 2016.26 public health viewpoint, planning nickel and chrome VI) from 1997- The largest enterprises in Kyiv that and execution of measures aimed at 2013. The total carcinogenic risk influence the atmospheric air quality reducing toxic air levels are urgently deviated within the limits of 1.5- are given in Table 6 and their location needed, along with programs designed 1.9·10-3 of the risk level. According is shown on the map (Figure 1). to inform the public about the to the US Environmental Protection influence of pollution on the health of Agency classification, these health risk According to data on mobile pollution the residents in Kyiv. levels are considered high (>10-3) and sources by the General Statistics require reduction measures.11 Thus, air Department, the amount of polluting Acknowledgements pollution levels in Kyiv are not safe for emissions in Kyiv has been declining This study was funded as part of the health of its inhabitants according (200.7 thousand tons in 2006, 236.4 employment to an analysis of carcinogenic thousand tons in 2010, 215.8 thousand substances. tons in 2013, and 144.3 thousand Copyright Policy tons in 2015). Unfortunately, in 2016 This is an Open Access article The risk distributions and risk no calculation of polluting emissions distributed in accordance with dynamics obtained in the present by mobile polluting sources was Creative Commons Attribution study explain the annual morbidity conducted. In addition, emissions of License (http://creativecommons.org/ growth in Kyiv for diseases of sulfur dioxide (converted to nitrogen licenses/by/3.0/). the respiratory system, oncology dioxide) increased between 2016 and diseases and thyroid cancer.22,23 The 2017 (Table 7).27 associations between morbidity level attributed to these diseases in Kyiv Conclusions and air pollution levels have also been confirmed in studies by Chernichenko Analysis of the results of atmospheric References et al. and the US Environmental air monitoring data demonstrate an 11,24 Protection Agency. unfavorable environmental health 1. Sówka, I., Bezyk, Y., & Pachurka, Ł. Analysis and situation in Kyiv from 2016-2017. assessment of air quality in the cities area of Wrocław The power industry is the largest Significant excesses are noted for (Poland) and Lviv (Ukraine). Sci Rev Eng and Env Sci, enterprise contributing to the formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, 2015(2)), 178-192. [cited 2020 Jan 8] Available from atmospheric air pollution in Kyiv nitrogen oxide, phenol and suspended http://iks_pn.sggw.pl/z68/ang7.pdf by stationary sources. Since 2012, substances, which significantly raise 2. Fairburn, J., Schüle, S. A., Dreger, S., Karla Hilz, energy companies, the public joint the risk of toxicity and associated L., Bolte, G. (2019). Social Inequalities in Exposure stock company (PJSC) Kyivenergo chronic diseases. to Ambient Air Pollution: A Systematic Review in the and private joint stock company WHO European Region. J Environ Res Public Health, (PrJSC) “Ecostandart” increased Risk assessments, grounded on the 2019,16(17), 3127. [cited 2020 Jan 8] Available from: their emissions up to 32.8 thousand basis of monitoring data, reveal that https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/17/3127 tons (contributing 79.5% of the the majority of the city’s population is 3. Kubatko, O., Kubatko, O. (2019). Economic total amount of emissions produces exposed to pollution levels significantly estimations of air pollution health nexus. Environment, by stationary pollution sources in surpassing acceptable limits. The Development and Sustainability, 2019, 21(3), 1507-1517 25 the city). Precise data concerning results of the present analysis show that [cited 2020 Jan 8]Available from: https://link.springer. the volume of emissions of the unhealthy atmospheric air conditions com/article/10.1007/s10668-018-0252-6. (Subscription largest stationary pollution sources have contributed to the increasing required to view) over recent years is unavailable, as morbidity rate in Kiev by 4. Статистичний збірник: довкілля укр аїни за this information is not provided 20-30%. The worst situation was 2016 рік [Statistical yearbook: environment of Ukraine, on the website of the Ministry of observed in the northwestern part of 2016] [Internet]. Kyiv, Ukraine: State Statistics Service Environment and Natural Resources the city. of Ukraine; 2017 [cited 2018 May 30]. 226 p. Available of Ukraine. However, since 2017, from: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/ Darnytsya has used coal of higher Further studies are needed examining kat_u/2017/zb/11/zb_du2016pdf.zip Ukrainian. quality with less ash content and the status of atmospheric air in 5. Statistical yearbook of Ukraine for 2017

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[Internet]. Kyiv, Ukraine: State Statistics Service of Available from: https://journal.iitta.gov.ua/index.php/ 20. Yang S, Tan Y, Mei H, Wang F, Li N, Zhao J, Zhang Ukraine; 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. 544 p. Available from: itlt/article/view/2993 Ukrainian. Y, Qian Z, Chang JJ, Syberg KM, Peng A, Mei H, Zhang http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2018/ 13. Popov O, Iatsyshyn A, Kovach V, Artemchuk D, Zhang Y, Xu S, Li Y, Zheng T, Zhang B. Ambient air zb/11/zb_seu2017_e.pdf V, Taraduda D, Sobyna V, Sokolov D, Dement M, pollution the risk of stillbirth: a prospective birth cohort 6. Alymov V, Tarasova N. Tekhnogennyi risk. Analiz Yatsyshyn T, Matvieieva I. Аналіз можливих причин study in Wuhan, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health i otsenka [Technogenic risk: analysis and assessment]. виникнення надзвичайних ситуацій на аес з метою [Internet]. 2018 Apr [cited 2019 No 12];221(3):502- Moscow, Russia: Akademkniga; 2004. 118 p. Russian. мінімізації ризику їх виникнення [Analysis of 9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 7. Про затвердження методичних рекомендацій: possible causes of NPP emergencies to minimize risk ijheh.2018.01.014 оцінка ризику для здоров'я населення від of their occurrence]. Nucl Radiat Saf [Internet]. 2019 21. Chernychenko IO, Lytvychenko OM, Sovertkova забруднення атмосферного повітря [On approval of March 21 [cited 2019 Nov 12];1(81):75-80. Available LS, Tsymbaliuk SM. Оцінка канцерогенного ризику the methodological recommendations: risk assessment from: https://doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2019.1(81).13 для населення промислових міст україни [Cancer for public health from air pollution] [Internet]. Kyiv, Ukrainian. risk assessment for the population of the industrial Ukraine: Ministry of Health of Ukraine; 2007 Apr 13 14. Min JY, Kim HJ, Min KB. Long-term exposure to cities of Ukraine] Environ Health [Internet]. 2017 May [cited 2018 May 1]. Order No.: 184. Available from: air pollution and the risk of suicide death: a population- 31 [cited 2019 Nov 12];2(82):17-22. Available from: http://mozdocs.kiev.ua/view.php?id=6902 Ukrainian. based cohort study. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2018 http://oaji.net/articles/2017/1827-1498199269.pdf 8. Popov O, Іatsyshyn A, Kovach V, Artemchuk Jul 1 [cited 2019 Nov 12];628-629:573-9. Available Ukrainian. V, Taraduda D, Sobyna V, Sokolov D, Demen M, from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.011 22. Захворюваність населення [Population Yatsyshyn T. Концептуальні підходи до створення Subscription required to view. morbidity] [Internet]. Kyiv, Ukraine: State Statistics інформаційно-аналітичної експертної системи 15. Mate T, Guaita R, Pichiule M, Linares C, Diaz J. Service of Ukraine; [cited 2018 May 30]. [about 1 для оцінки впливу АЕС на довкілля [Conceptual Short-term effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on screen]. Available from: http://www.kiev.ukrstat.gov. approaches for development of informational and daily mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system ua/p.php3?c=510&lang=1 Ukrainian. analytical expert system for assessing the NPP impact in Madrid (Spain). Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2010 23. Національний канцер-реєстр України [National on the environment]. Nucl Radiat Saf [Internet]. 2018 Nov 1 [cited 2019 Nov 12];408(23):5750-7. Available Cancer Registry of Ukraine] [Internet]. Kyiv, Ukraine: August 28 [cited 2019 Nov 12];3(79):56-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.083 [The National Cancer Institute]; [cited 2018 May 30].

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11 Journal of Health & Pollution Vol. 10, No. 25 — March 2020 Popov et al