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Recentní Výskyt Lošáků V České Republice Bakalářská Práce

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Recentní Výskyt Lošáků V České Republice Bakalářská Práce PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Recentní výskyt lošáků v České republice Bakalářská práce TADEÁŠ STODŮLKA Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Petr Hrouda, Ph.D. Ústav botaniky a zoologie Brno 2019 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Tadeáš Stodůlka Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Recentní výskyt lošáků v České republice Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Petr Hrouda, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet stran: 97 Klíčová slova: Bankeraceae, Bankera, Boletopsis, Hydnellum, Phellodon, Sarcodon, ekologie, fenologie, rozšíření Bibliographic Entry Author: Tadeáš Stodůlka Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Recent occurrence of hydnaceous fungi in the Czech Title of Thesis: Republic Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Petr Hrouda, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 97 Keywords: Bankeraceae, Bankera, Boletopsis, Hydnellum, Phellodon, Sarcodon, ecology, phenology, distribution Abstrakt V bakalářské práci se věnuji recentnímu výskytu 34 druhů lošáků z rodů Bankera, Boletopsis, Hydnellum, Phellodon a Sarcodon v České republice. Tyto terestrické houby z čeledi Bankeraceae během druhé poloviny 20. století značně ustoupily v důsledku znečištění životního prostředí. Na základě revize sběrů lošáků v hlavních českých herbářích jsem sestavil souhrnný přehled nálezů těchto hub od roku 1991. Získané údaje jsem srovnal s přehledem nálezů sestaveným na začátku 90. let, tj. téměř před 30 lety. Ukazuje se, že se některé druhy vracejí do naší přírody, a dokonce se zde objevují i nové. Práce obsahuje přehled jednotlivých druhů lošáků s komentáři k jejich ekologii, fenologii a trendům výskytu od minulého století do současnosti, jakož i mapy aktuálního a historického rozšíření v České republice. V diskuzi se pak věnuji možným příčinám ústupu a posunu ve výskytu lošáků. Abstract In this bachelor thesis I study the recent occurrence of 34 species of stipitate hydnoid fungi of the genera Bankera, Boletopsis, Hydnellum, Phellodon and Sarcodon in the Czech Republic. These terrestrial fungi of the family Bankeraceae have significantly subsided in the second half of the 20th century due to environmental pollution. Based on the revision of the fungal collections in the main Czech herbaria, I compiled a summary of the findings of these fungi since 1991. I compared the obtained data with a summary of findings made in the early 1990s, i.e. almost 30 years ago. It turns out that some species are returning to our nature, and even new ones are appearing here. The thesis contains an overview of individual species of stipitate hydnoid fungi with comments on their ecology, phenology and trends of occurrence from the last century to the present, as well as maps of their current and historical distribution in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, I discuss the possible causes of retreat and shift in the occurrence of stipitate hydnoid fungi. Poděkování Zde bych rád poděkoval všem, bez kterých by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Kurátorům všech herbářů za jejich ochotu, vstřícnost a hodnotné rady. Milanovi Chytrému a všem dalším lidem z našeho ústavu za to, že tvoří tak skvělé a přátelské prostředí, do kterého se člověk rád vrací. Barče za její velký, ehm, zářící úsměv. Kryštofovi, bez kterého bych se v QGISu hledal ještě dnes. Zuzce a Marcelovi za úžasné chvíle prožité ve „studovně“. Princezně Ladušce a Katarínke za podporu v nelehkých chvílích. Betke za všechno. 109 a ostatním z Míráku, protože bez nich by ten studentskej život byl pěkně na houby. Danovi a Alici, díky jejichž smyslu pro humor jsem stále ještě naživu. V neposlední řadě bych chtěl poděkovat Petru Hroudovi, který se mě, jakožto nepříliš zodpovědného studenta, bez jediného slova ujmul. Vím, že to nebylo lehké, a tak si nesmírně vážím veškeré pomoci a rad, kterými mě zahrnul. Největší dík však patří mým rodičům, kteří mi dali tu možnost studovat na vysoké škole. Děkuji. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno, 29. dubna 2019 …………………………………. Jméno Příjmení Obsah ÚVOD .............................................................................................................. 17 METODIKA .................................................................................................... 19 VÝSLEDKY ..................................................................................................... 22 Bankera fuligineoalba (J.C. Schmidt) Coker & Beers ............................... 23 Bankera violascens (Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar ........................................... 25 Boletopsis grisea (Peck) Bondartsev & Singer ........................................... 27 Boletopsis leucomelaena (Pers.) Fayod ...................................................... 29 Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P. Karst. .............................................. 31 Hydnellum caeruleum (Hornem.) P. Karst. ............................................... 33 Hydnellum compactum (Pers.) P. Karst. ................................................... 35 Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker ...................................................... 37 Hydnellum cumulatum K.A. Harrison ....................................................... 39 Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst. ..................................................... 41 Hydnellum floriforme (Schaeff.) Banker .................................................... 43 Hydnellum geogenium (Fr.) Banker .......................................................... 45 Hydnellum mirabile (Fr.) P. Karst. ............................................................ 47 Hydnellum peckii Banker ........................................................................... 49 Hydnellum scrobiculatum (Fr.) P. Karst. .................................................. 51 Hydnellum spongiosipes (Peck) Pouzar ..................................................... 53 Hydnellum suaveolens (Scop.) P. Karst. .................................................... 55 Hydnellum tardum Maas Geest. ................................................................ 57 Phellodon confluens (Pers.) Pouzar ............................................................ 59 Phellodon connatus (Schultz) P. Karst....................................................... 61 Phellodon niger (Fr.) P. Karst. ................................................................... 63 15 Phellodon tomentosus (L.) Banker ............................................................. 65 Sarcodon fennicus (P. Karst.) P. Karst. ...................................................... 67 Sarcodon glaucopus Maas Geest. & Nannf. ............................................... 69 Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. ............................................................. 71 Sarcodon lepidus Maas Geest. .................................................................... 73 Sarcodon leucopus (Pers.) Maas Geest. & Nannf. ...................................... 74 Sarcodon lundellii Maas Geest. & Nannf. .................................................. 75 Sarcodon martioflavus (Snell, K.A. Harrison & H.A.C. Jacks.) Maas Geest. ...................................................................................................................... 76 Sarcodon quercinofibulatus Pérez-De-Greg., Macau & J. Carbó .............. 77 Sarcodon regalis Maas Geest. ..................................................................... 78 Sarcodon scabrosellus Nitare nom. prov. ................................................... 79 Sarcodon scabrosus (Fr.) P. Karst. ............................................................. 80 Sarcodon squamosus (Schaeff.) Quél. ......................................................... 82 DISKUZE ........................................................................................................ 84 ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................. 91 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY............................................................... 92 SEZNAM ELEKTRONICKÝCH PŘÍLOH ..................................................... 97 16 ÚVOD Čeleď Bankeraceae, neboli lošáky, jsou stopkovýtrusné houby, které rostou v ektomykorhizní symbióze s různými dřevinami (Dvořák & Hrouda, 2005; Arnolds, 2009; Baird et al., 2012). Tato mykorhizní vazba byla prokázána u Bankera fuligineoalba s Pinus banksiana (Danielson, 1984) a také u Sarcodon imbricatus, Phellodon niger a Hydnellum peckii s Picea abies (Agerer, 1991, 1992, 1993). U ostatních druhů čeledi Bankeraceae se ektomykorhizní symbióza předpokládá na základě terénních pozorování, kdy se výskyt plodnic zcela omezuje na přímé sousedství živých stromů (Dvořák & Hrouda, 2005). Minimum sledovaných druhů se vyskytuje pouze pod jedním druhem dřeviny, což poukazuje na přítomnost určitého stupně hostitelské specificity. Většina druhů je vázána na jehličnaté dřeviny, avšak ani listnaté dřeviny nejsou výjimkou. Lošáky preferují kyselé půdy s velmi tenkou vrstvou hrabanky a humusu. Fruktifikují tak převážně na holé zemi, popřípadě mezi mechy, lišejníky a spadaným listím, kde je snížená kompetice s cévnatými rostlinami (Marren, 2002). Též jsou nalézány na písčité a rozrušené zemině. Krásným příkladem jsou hráze rybníků, kde se občas nalézají některé vzácné druhy. Lošáky jsou houby pozdního léta s nejvyšším
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