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Resistencia E Identidades De Mujeres Mam En Oposición a La Mina Marlin En San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala

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Resistencia E Identidades De Mujeres Mam En Oposición a La Mina Marlin En San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala Resistencia e Identidades de mujeres Mam en oposición a la mina Marlin en San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala Nancy Isabella Sabas Gonzalez Universidad Nacional de Colombia Maestría en Estudios de Género, Escuela de Estudios de Género Bogotá, Colombia 2019 Resistencia e Identidades de mujeres Mam en oposición a la mina Marlin en San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala Nancy Isabella Sabas Gonzalez Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Maestría en Estudios de Género Director (a): Ph.D., Astrid Ulloa Línea de Investigación: Globalización, Desigualdades Sociales y Políticas Públicas Universidad Nacional de Colombia Maestría en Estudios de Género, Escuela de Género Bogotá, Colombia 2019 La propiedad y el dinero […] son materialmente acaparaciones, desvitalizaciones de lo vivo, abstracciones de la muerte, en el sentido gaiatico de la muerte, porque se realiza matando la vida. […] Lo que la propiedad y la posesividad significan en realidad es lo contrario a lo que pretenden significar: la desposesión de la abundancia de la vida. Casilda Rodrigañez Agradecimientos En primer lugar, agradezco a mi madre, Nora González, por inspirarme para estudiar sobre las desigualdades que experimentan día a día las mujeres racializadas y empobrecidas en la sociedad. Así mismo, agradezco de manera especial a la Diócesis de San Marcos, Guatemala, por su admirable trabajo en San Miguel Ixtahuacán y por conectarme con esta comunidad para realizar esta investigación. También extiendo mi más profunda gratitud y admiración a todas las mujeres Mam que resisten a diario contra el extractivismo en sus comunidades, particularmente a Maudilia López por ofrecerme su amistad y aportar profundamente para esta tesis. Agradezco también a la Parroquia de San Miguel Ixtahuacán, por su contribución a esta investigación y por proveer un espacio para mi autocuidado y sanidad interior durante mi estadía allá. También quiero agradecer a todas las personas que me acompañaron con su incondicional apoyo en cuanto a tiempo, energías, financiamiento y gran interés en esta investigación, especialmente a: Ever Salgado, Miriam Harder, Alex Philibert, Joy Yoder, Saulo Padilla, Allan Mitch, Catherine Mitch, Margaret Sider, Elizabeth Scambler, David Glick, John Vanderheide. Sin su apoyo mi visita a Guatemala no hubiera sido posible. De forma especial agradezco a Bev Abma, con quien compartí la profunda experiencia del trabajo de campo, escuchando los testimonios de las mujeres en resistencia contra la mina Marlin. Mi más sincera gratitud por tal apoyo incondicional. Por último, agradezco la motivadora, humana y rigurosa asesoría de Astrid Ulloa para escribir esta tesis, y a Pamela Sánchez, mi compañera tesista. Mi profunda gratitud para ustedes. Resumen y Abstract VII Resumen Esta investigación analiza los sentidos que las mujeres Mayas Mam en lucha contra la Mina Marlin le asignan a sus estrategias de resistencia anti minería, y cómo éstos configuran sus identidades étnicas y de género durante el periodo de 2003-2017 en San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala. Se argumenta que el movimiento anti minería es heterogéneo, tanto en términos de actores, como en las estrategias de lucha empleadas. En torno a lo anterior, se centra en un grupo específico de mujeres Mam que hacen parte la pastoral “Defensores de la Madre Tierra” perteneciente a la Parroquia local, planteando que los sentidos que estas mujeres le asignan a sus estrategias de lucha se configuran dentro de sus experiencias con la religión católica y la espiritualidad Maya. Por otro lado, se plantea que la categoría “Defensoras de la Madre Tierra” es una identidad étnica y de género esencializada que se produce entre este grupo, en alteridad con las identidades híper masculinas que se configuran entre los hombres que trabajan para la mina Marlin. Se concluye que las mujeres Mam únicamente pueden ser oídas con legitimidad en su lucha contra la minería a través del uso de sus identidades esencializadas, dado que desde su posición subalternizada, solo pueden hablar si emplean los mismos códigos coloniales y patriarcales que las oprimen. En esta investigación se usó la metodología del punto de vista feminista, desarrollando 18 entrevistas individuales y 1 taller que incluyó la participación de 11 mujeres Mam, en diciembre de 2017 en San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala. Palabras clave: Minería, Mujeres, Mam, Resistencia, Maya, Marlin, Extractivismo. Abstract This research analyzes the meanings that Mam Mayan women who oppose the Marlin Mine assign to their anti-mining resistance strategies, and how these meanings shaped their ethnic and gender identities during the period of 2003-2017 in San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala. It argues that the anti-mining movement is heterogeneous, both in terms of actors, as well as in terms of their resistance strategies they employed. Given the above, it focuses on a specific group of Mam women who are part of the pastoral “Defenders of Mother Earth” that belongs to the local Catholic Parish, stating that the meanings that these women assign to their resistance strategies are configured among their experiences with the Catholic religion and Mayan spirituality. On the other hand, it analyzes the category of “Defenders of Mother Earth” as an essentialist ethnic and gender identity produced among this group, in relation to the hyper-masculine identities that are configured among the men who work for the Marlin mine. It concludes that Mam women can only be legitimately heard in their fight against mining by using their essentialist identities, given the fact that from their subalternized position, they can only speak if they use the same colonial and patriarchal codes that oppress them. This research used the feminist point of view methodology. One workshop and 18 individual interviews that included the participation of 11 Mam women were developed in December 2017, in San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala. Keywords: Mining, Women, Mam, Resistance, Mayan, Marlin, Extractivism Contenido IX Contenido Pág. Resumen ....................................................................................................................... VII Lista de figuras ............................................................................................................... X Lista de abreviaturas ..................................................................................................... XI Introducción .................................................................................................................... 1 1. Capítulo 1: La minería y las resistencias situadas en San Miguel Ixtahuacán .. 23 1.1 Reformas neoliberales y las resistencias de mujeres indígenas en defensa del territorio .................................................................................................................... 24 1.1.1 Inicios de un movimiento de resistencia anti-minería en San Miguel Ixtahuacán ........................................................................................................ 32 1.1.2 Actores y heterogeneidad en el movimiento de resistencia a la mina Marlin 33 1.1.3 Repertorios de acciones colectivas empleadas por las mujeres Mam en su oposición a la mina Marlin ............................................................................ 47 2. Capítulo 2: Los sentidos de una lucha: Mujeres Mam en resistencia a la mina Marlin ............................................................................................................................. 61 2.1 La dimensión religiosa dentro de una resistencia situada contra la mina Marlin 62 2.2 La dimensión espiritual Mam dentro de una resistencia situada contra la mina Marlin 78 3. Capítulo 3: La mina Marlin, híper masculinidades y alter identidades ............... 91 3.1 La minería en San Miguel Ixtahuacán y las identidades masculinas .............. 92 3.2 La minería y alter identidades de las mujeres defensoras de la Madre Tierra 106 4. Conclusiones y recomendaciones ...................................................................... 117 4.1 Conclusiones ............................................................................................... 117 4.2 Recomendaciones ....................................................................................... 119 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................. 123 Contenido X Lista de figuras Figura 1-1: Mapa de ubicación de la Mina Marlin. Municipios de San Miguel Ixtahuacán y Sipacapa. Departamento de San Marcos, Guatemala. ...................................................... 2 Figura 1-1: Cronología de la mina Marlin en San Miguel Ixtahuacán desde 1996 a 2019 ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Figura 2-1: Misa celebrada en la iglesia de San Miguel Ixtahuacán el 17 de diciembre de 2017 68 Figura 2-2: Intercambios entre resistencias a minería: Resistencia de Honduras visita a Resistencia de S.M.I. ...................................................................................................... 79 Figura 2-3: Logo de la Pastoral Defensores de la Madre Tierra ..................................... 81 Figura 2-4: Mapa Corporal dibujado por María Elvia Aguilar .......................................... 83 Figura 2-5: Mapa corporal de Maudilia López ................................................................ 87 Figura 3-1: Fotografía aérea de la mina Marlin ..............................................................
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