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Hamas from Resistance to Government?

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Hamas from Resistance to Government? from Resistance to Government ? Hamas From Resistance to Government? by Paola Caridi Translated by Andrea Teti Copyright © Feltrinelli, 2009, 2010 English translation copyright © PASSIA, 2010 BACK COVER What lies behind the mystery of Hamas? This book provides a first-hand investigation into the movement, with original interviews and a fresh look at the reasons behind the consensus Hamas receives from across the Palestinian political spectrum. Established in 1987 as a resistance organization against the Israeli occupation, Hamas has used terrorism and suicide attacks, it has challenged Yasser Arafat's authority, it has survived the death of many of its leaders. In 2006 it was democratically elected by the majority of the Palestinian people to become part of the PNA government. What lies behind the mystery of Hamas? Why has an Islamist movement gained so much recognition among a basically secular people such as the Palestinians? And why has it not melted away like snow in the sun when the entire West isolated it from the rest of the world? Events have shown that Palestinian political Islam cannot be considered a passing phenomenon, nor is it the product of a single cause: be it the birth of Israel, the occupation of Palestinian land, or the lack of a true Palestinian state. Asking these questions also means providing answers to what has been documented by the news in recent years: the internal division of Palestinians, the desperation of life in Gaza, the lack of a realistic prospect for peace between Israelis and Palestinians in the near future. Paola Caridi’s book tells the story of Hamas using a combination of news and archival sources, describing settings, and giving voice to its protagonists. And, for the first time, it tries to reveal some of the unknown characteristics of an organization that in some ways is still clandestine or that has, over the last few years, gone back to being partially secret. There are well-known issues such as terrorism. But there is also the much less well-known aspect of welfare, set up well before the rise of a Hamas presence from within the social and religious framework of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood. There is the political organization, structured like mass-based European parties. And then there are the militants, the leaders, the silent supporters and those many Palestinians who voted for Hamas without sharing its ideology. Putting together all these pieces reveals a far more complex picture than the one described by the media so far. “A veritable reportage-book written with a great keenness of analysis” Dominique Vidal – “Le Monde Diplomatique” PAOLA CARIDI (Rome, 1961) is a founding member of the Italian News Agency Lettera22 and is currently working for national and local Italian newspapers. She gained a PhD in the History of International Relations from the University of Florence, specializing in the Middle East and North Africa. She worked as a correspondent from Cairo (2001-2003) and has been based in Jerusalem since then. In 2007 she published Arabi Invisibili (‘Invisible Arabs’) with Italy’s Feltrinelli publishing house, winning the prestigious Capalbio Prize in 2008. In 2009, she published Hamas, also with Feltrinelli. To the memory of my teacher, Paolo Spriano, historian and journalist Index Acknowledgements Translator’s note [Maps] Emotional Prologue The Number 19 Bus Faiqa’s pilgrimage Chapter 1. Between Welfare and Resistance Welcome to Hamastan From Nakba to politics The Universities of the Revolt It all started in Gaza. A coincidence? Chapter 2. Snapshots from Hamas’ world The orphans of Al-Salah Of music, films and stereotypes Hijab and politics Chapter 3. Consolidation The Charter is not the Qur’an Outsiders… …And Insiders Chapter 4. From the Brigand-Shaykh to the Human Bomb A preacher in the workers’ mosque Tracing Baruch’s footsteps The Lost Generation Hudna, Tahdi’ah, Truces Chapter 5. The March Watershed Orphaned The March Watershed A Silent Presence Chapter 6. Abul Abed’s Double-Breasted Suit The Day that Shook the PNA Hamas vs. Fatah Swords into Governments Chapter 7. Hamas vs. Fatah Prison Diplomacy The Three-Month Adventure The ‘Second Liberation’ Governing the Strip Epilogue Swords into Governments The Road Ahead Addendum to the English translation List of Acronyms Glossary of terms in foreign languages Endnotes Acknowledgements A book on Hamas handles necessarily sensitive issues, and demands a field research somehow unique. This is the reason why I will not thank individuals, with names and personal details. Rather, I will thank groups. Groups composed of course of individuals who, in different ways and in various periods during my permanence in Middle East and North Africa, provided me with keys of interpretation, testimonies, evidences, insana corporis, insights, reserved or public information, opinions, pathos. There is one exception to this, namely Raf Scelsi in his ‘institutional’ role as editor at the Italian publishing house Feltrinelli as well as in his capacity as an intellectual and a friend: his was the initial idea for this book, encouraging me to bring together my job as a journalist and my training as a historian of political parties trained. I am grateful to Raf, to his intuition and to his gentle tenacity. It was Paolo Spriano (1925-1988) who taught me most of what I know, as a Professor of Political Parties in the Rome University’s Faculty of Literature, as the author of most authoritative History of the Italian Communist Party, as a renowned journalist, and not least as a member of the Italian (armed) Resistance against Nazi-Fascism during WWII. There are then very specific ‘groups’ in which each of those to whom I am indebted will recognize themselves: friends, journalists, experts, the Pickwick Club, people on the street. Of these, I will name neither the gender, nor the nationality, much less their religious faith. There are men and women, Israelis and Palestinians, Italians, Europeans and Americans, Arabs, Christians, Jews and Muslims. Despite the fact that this book analyzes a very specific part of Arab political Islam, I do not wish to label anyone because – first and last – there are individuals, naturally along with all their baggage of personal and community identities. To all go my heartfelt thanks, with different nuances which all know. This English edition would have not seen the light had it not been for the decision of Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi, Chairman of PASSIA, to invest in this book, during one of the many delicate, difficult and demoralizing periods of recent Palestinian history. My deep thanks to him are not only for his support, but mainly for his intellectual work and for his role as a facilitator between the different Palestinian political cultures. A special thanks to Andrea Teti, Lecturer at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Aberdeen, who decided with enthusiasm to jump in the adventure of translating this book. Between Jerusalem and Aberdeen, Naples and Sydney. The last (but not the least) “thank you”, that one which is worth forever, before, beyond, after this book, goes to my precious family. Especially for the deep patience that each of its members had during the long time I worked on this research, on the book, on life and politics in Palestine. With passion. PC Jerusalem, January 2010 Translator’s note The original text was translated with the privilege of close and fruitful collaboration with the Author, to whom my thanks must go first and foremost. I am grateful to Paola Caridi for affording me the responsibility and the privilege of the translation of a book which is certainly timely, informative, and insightful. Accessible to readers of all backgrounds, this book is thoroughly useful to both specialist and non-specialist audiences. I am also grateful to Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi and to PASSIA for the generous support in aid of this undertaking. In co-ordination with the Author, the original Italian text has been modified in places, changing certain expressions, sentence constructions and some of the original Italian references for an English-speaking audience. A glossary of terms in languages other than English and a glossary of acronyms have been provided. Terms in Arabic have been rendered either, for those best-known in English, according to the spelling most in use, or in the case of all others according to a transliteration which avoids specialist conventions, retaining only an ’ indicating the ’ayn. Names of authors are given as spelled in the publications referred to. All terminology relating to the land occupied by Israel during the 1967 war has been modeled on OCHA conventions. All the translation’s limitations and faults remain entirely my own. AT Aberdeen, UK January 2010 Andrea Teti is a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Aberdeen and Senior Fellow at the European Centre for International Affairs. His research focuses on Middle Eastern politics, political theory, and the history of Social Science. [insert here: Maps: 1. UNGA Partition Plan and 1949 Armistice 2. Gaza (updated) 3. West Bank (Ocha) 4. 2-State-Solution ] Emotional Prologue The Number 19 Bus “Good luck!”, a dear friend said to me, with both affection and concern, when I told him what I was about to do: write a book about Hamas. His words gave me the key for my labors: what else could be said about the most important Palestinian Islamist movement? In Israel there are those who call Hamas militants ‘animals’, or even ‘cannibals’. During Bill Clinton’s presidency, the United States placed the movement on its list of terrorist organizations. A few years later, Europe followed the American example. In this context, what can one possibly write? What should one write? Should I provide a detailed description of how a suicide belt is built? Should I provide a voice for Hamas’ armed men, the (young) men of the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, portrayed in that iconography standardized the world over of the balaclava and the green bandanna? Or perhaps I should enter an Israeli prison and interview those who organized the terrorist attacks, or the would-be suicide bombers who changed their minds and didn’t blow themselves up.
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