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Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL EVOLUCIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE INSURGENCIA CONTEMPORÁNEA: EL CASO PALESTINO. Beatriz María Gutiérrez López Licenciado en Historia contemporánea y Ciencias Políticas. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO Director: Enrique Vega Fernández Tutor: Miguel Requena Díez de Revenga 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL EVOLUCIÓN DEL CONCEPTO DE INSURGENCIA CONTEMPORÁNEA: EL CASO PALESTINO. Beatriz María Gutiérrez López Licenciado en Historia contemporánea y Ciencias Políticas. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO Director: Enrique Vega Fernández Tutor: Miguel Requena Díez de Revenga 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS. A mis abuelos. Porque no importa dónde lleguen las ramas mientras las raíces sean firmes. Quiero dar las gracias a mis padres por su apoyo incondicional, por aguantar con cariño las ausencias y las presencias. A Enrique Vega, mi director de tesis, por apostar por mí, por este trabajo y por este enfoque. A mí familia en su conjunto. A mis amigos, que llevan años esperándome con paciencia, a los de aquí y a los de “mi segunda casa”, gracias a la que he terminado esta tesis; sin saber que estábais al final del túnel este trabajo no habría sido posible. Gracias a todo el IUGM, porque más que un trabajo es una familia, porque os lo debo todo. Y gracias al becariato, a los que estábais y a los que habéis ido llegando… sin vosotros no habría llegado hasta aquí. שלום – سﻻم – חוסן – مقاومة ÍNDICE Agradecimientos. ........................................................................................................... Índice ............................................................................................................................. Abreviaturas. .................................................................................................................. Introducción. ................................................................................................................ 1 Definición de la tesis: objeto, objetivo e hipótesis. ................................................. 1 Metodología y estructura de la tesis. ....................................................................... 1 Fuentes y bibliografía .............................................................................................. 4 Fuentes primarias. ................................................................................................ 4 Fuentes secundarias. Bibliografía y prensa. ......................................................... 5 Capítulo 1.- Introducción metodológica y marco teórico: el concepto de insurgencia contemporánea desde una perspectiva sistémica. ............................................................. 7 1.1.- Evolución del concepto de insurgencia contemporánea: de la guerra total a la guerra en matriz. ......................................................................................................... 10 1.2.- Definición y elementos constituyentes del fenómeno insurgente. ................ 14 1.2.1.- Elementos básicos. ................................................................................. 17 1.2.2.- Elementos estructurales. ......................................................................... 19 1.2.3.- Otros elementos de influencia exógena. ................................................. 21 1.3.- Procedimientos y medios. .............................................................................. 23 1.3.1.- Guerra de guerrillas. ............................................................................... 24 1.3.2.- Terrorismo. ............................................................................................. 24 1.3.3.- Operaciones que no implican el uso de la fuerza. Las operaciones de información. ............................................................................................................ 26 Operaciones psicológicas y propaganda. ................................................................... 28 1.3.4.- Medios: el armamento. ........................................................................... 30 1.4.- La insurgencia como forma de lucha. ............................................................ 31 1.4.1.- El modelo jerárquico clásico. ................................................................. 31 Modelo ortodoxo o comunista. La guerrilla rural. ..................................................... 32 El modelo burgués-nacionalista o modelo de liberación nacional: el terrorismo judío y argelino. .................................................................................................................. 35 Un primer modelo híbrido: la guerrilla urbana. ......................................................... 36 El vínculo entre procedimientos: la guerra afgana de liberación (1979-1989). ......... 37 1.4.2.- El modelo contemporáneo. Estructura sistémica e insurgencia global. 39 Capítulo 2.- El conflicto palestino-israelí. introducción histórica. ............................ 45 2.1.- Génesis del conflicto. Del dominio otomano al nacimiento del Estado de Israel. .................................................................................................................................... 45 2.1.1.- El problema de la tierra bajo la dominación otomana. ........................... 45 2.1.2.- La I Guerra Mundial y la reestructuración de Oriente Medio. El Mandato Británico. ................................................................................................................ 46 La articulación de las identidades en choque: el nacimiento del nacionalismo palestino y la construcción del sionismo político en Eretz Israel. ............................. 48 Los comienzos de la resistencia armada: la revuelta de 1936-1939. ......................... 49 2.1.3.- La quiebra del Mandato Británico y la insurgencia sionista. ................. 52 2.2.- Revuelta y guerra. El nacimiento del Estado de Israel y la Nakba palestina. 53 2.2.1.- Primera fase del conflicto: 1945-1947. .................................................. 54 2.2.2.- Segunda fase 1947-1948: La guerra civil. .............................................. 54 2.2.3.- La guerra de Independencia. Desde el 15 de mayo de 1948 a enero de 1949. ....................................................................................................................... 57 2.2.4.- Los armisticios y el nuevo statu quo: Israel y la redefinición de Oriente Medio. ..................................................................................................................... 59 Capítulo 3.- Nodos del sistema insurgente. ............................................................... 62 3.1.- El movimiento fedayeen. ............................................................................... 62 3.2.- Al-Fatah. ........................................................................................................ 64 3.2.1.- Institucionalización y construcción política. .......................................... 71 3.2.2.- Facciones y escisiones en el seno de al-Fatah. ....................................... 73 Organización Septiembre Negro ................................................................................ 73 Organización Abu Nidal. ........................................................................................... 76 Fuerza 17 y Tanzim. .................................................................................................. 78 Brigadas de los Mártires de al-Aqsa. ......................................................................... 80 3.3.- El Movimiento Nacional Árabe y el Frente Popular para la Liberación de Palestina. Las ramificaciones izquierdistas. ............................................................... 82 3.3.1.- Los hijos del MNA: George Habash y las escisiones del FPLP. ............ 85 El Frente Popular para la Liberación de Palestina. .................................................... 86 El Frente Democrático Popular para la Liberación de Palestina. .............................. 89 El Frente Popular para la Liberación de Palestina-Comando General....................... 91 Otras escisiones. ........................................................................................................ 92 3.4.- La OLP. ......................................................................................................... 93 3.4.1.- La integración de al-Fatah y el cambio de rumbo de la OLP. ................ 97 3.5.- La Autoridad Nacional Palestina. ................................................................ 106 3.5.1.- La Reforma del Sector de la Seguridad en la ANP. ............................. 112 3.6.- Auge del movimiento islamista. .................................................................. 115 3.6.1.- Fundamentos ideológicos de la resistencia islámica: la doctrina de la muqawama. ........................................................................................................... 118 3.6.2.- Jihad Islámica Palestina. ....................................................................... 121 Estructura y relaciones con otros grupos. ................................................................ 123 3.6.3.- El Movimiento de Resistencia Islámica: Hamas. ................................. 127 Origen de Hamas: Los Hermanos Musulmanes en Gaza......................................... 127 La doctrina de la muqawama como construcción teórica en Hamas. ...................... 130 Estructura político-militar
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