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Final Degree Project FINAL DEGREE PROJECT PROJECT TITLE: Feasibility of commercial operations at Andorra - Pyrenees airport DEGREE: Aeronautical Engineering, Air Navigation speciality AUTHOR: Roger Mulet Morató DIRECTORS: Luis Delgado Muñoz and Ferran Pous Andrés DATA: September 2009 Overview The project pretends to perform a technical and commercial study about the Andorra - Pyrenees airport. The target is to study the feasibility of the operations at the airport in its current status and whether it is possible to improve it. The study analyzes two kinds of air traffic which the airport is capable to attract, the international and the regional traffic. Studying the demand, has been determined that exists a potential market of foreign visitors, who use other airports for their travels and that the Andorra – Pyrenees airport can capture this passenger traffic. For studying the feasibility of the operations, two target cases have been defined, which are the most representatives, as well as the minimum number of passengers to transport in each operation, and also two aircrafts which permit to cover the kinds of traffic studied. The current situation of the facilities has been studied and then, the feasibility of the flights between La Seu d’Urgell and the target destinations and vice versa. It has been calculated along the year with the different meteorological conditions and both aircraft design. The study of the feasibility of the flights has been performed from the point of view of an airline operator. The results show that in the current conditions, it is not possible to achieve the objectives set, and therefore the target operations are not feasible. With the aircrafts design and the target routes, currently, the airport is not feasible. For achieving the objectives set, it has been studied whether introducing improvements in the runway length and defining a new contingency procedure it is possible to reach the objectives. The results show that there are significant changes in the final results, which permit to reach the expected objectives, making the target operations feasible. INDEX INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF THE AIRPORT…………………………………. 3 CHAPTER 2. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION…………………………………… 5 2.1. Aircrafts design…………………………………………………………………………. 8 2.2. Calculation of the payload to be carried……………………………………………. 9 2.2.1. Passenger masses……………………………………………………………… 11 2.2.2. Required payload……………………………………………………………….. 12 2.3. Target cases……………………………………………………………………………… 12 2.4. Passenger calculation………………………………………………………………….. 14 CHAPTER 3. CURRENT SITUATION………………………………………… 17 3.1. Instrumental procedures………………………………………………………………. 18 3.1.1. Runway 04……………………………………………………………………….. 18 3.1.1.1. Non-precision instrumental approach (VOR/DME-NDB)………………… 18 3.1.1.2. Precision instrumental approach (ILS)………………………………………. 19 3.1.1.3. Instrumental departure towards VOR/DME ENC………………………….. 20 3.1.1.4. Instrumental departure towards VOR/DME DAL…………………………. 21 3.1.2. Runway 22………………………………………………………………………. 21 3.1.2.1. Non-precision instrumental approach (VOR/DME)………………………. 21 3.1.2.2. Instrumental departure towards VOR/DME DAL………………………….. 22 3.2. Geographical limitations………………………………………………………………. 23 3.2.1. Obstacles in the runway 22 departure procedure…………………………… 25 3.3. Take off flight path……………………………………………………………………… 26 3.4. Meteorological study…………………………………………………………………… 28 3.4.1. Wind percentage frequencies…………………………………………………. 28 3.4.2. Correlation and data dependence…………………………………………….. 29 3.4.3. Conclusion of the meteorological study………………………………………. 29 3.5. Runway configuration………………………………………………………………….. 32 CHAPTER 4. TECHNICAL PHASE…………………………………………… 33 4.1. Calculation of actuations……………………………………………………………… 33 4.2. Operational requirements……………………………………………………………... 34 4.3. Target operations……………………………………………………………………...... 35 4.3.1. A320 actuations ………………………………………………………………… 35 4.3.2. ATR 72 actuations………………………………………………………………. 37 4.4 Target operations conclusions……………………………………………………….. 39 CHAPTER 5. ACTIONS TO OPTIMIZE THE OPERATIONS………………. 41 5.1. Runway enlargement…………………………………………………………………… 41 5.2. Design of a new contingency procedure………………………………………….. 42 5.3. Improvements to take………………………………………………………………….. 43 5.4. Results of the improvements taken…………………………………………………. 44 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT…………………………………. 47 6.1 Natural Interest Spaces Plan (PEIN)…………………………………………………. 47 6.2. NATURA 2000 net……………………………………………………………………….. 48 6.3. Natural Park of l’Alt Pirineu…………………………………………………………… 48 CHAPTER 7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT……………………………………. 51 CHAPTER 8. CALCULATION OF PROJECT COST……………………….. 53 CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………… 55 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 57 FIGURES REFERENCES……………………………………………………… 59 TABLES REFERENCES………………………………………………………. 60 EQUATIONS REFERENCES…………………………………………………... 62 ANNEX A. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AIRPORT….……. See attached CD ANNEX B. METEOROLOGICAL DATA………………………. See attached CD ANNEX C. OBSTACLES CALCULATION METHOD……….. See attached CD ANNEX D. A320. ACTUATIONS CALCULATIONS.................See attached CD ANNEX E. ATR 72. ACTUATIONS CALCULATIONS………. See attached CD ANNEX F. IMPROVEMENTS………………………………….. .See attached CD ANNEX G. A320. IMPROVED ACTUATIONS……………… ...See attached CD ANNEX H. ATR 72. IMPROVED ACTUATIONS………………See attached CD FIGURES INDEX CHAPTER 1 Fig. 1.1 Canudas' aeroplane at ”Els Inferns” Airdrome (La Seu d’Urgell) with the village of Alàs in the background. January l4th 1932…………………………………………... 4 CHAPTER 2 Fig 2.1. Visitors per year and nationality at Pyrenees……………………………… 5 Fig 2.2. Visitors per year and nationality at Andorra……………………………….. 6 Fig 2.3 Foreign visitors per year at Pyrenees and Andorra………………………. 6 Fig 2.4 Spanish and French visitors per year at Pyrenees and Andorra………. 7 Fig 2.5 Visitors per kind of transportation…………………………………………… 7 Fig 2.6. AIRBUS A320……………………………………………………………………. 9 Fig 2.7. ATR 72……………………………………………………………………………... 9 Fig 2.8. Percentage of visitors between 2002 – 2007…………………………………13 CHAPTER 3 Fig 3.1. Airport of La Seu d’Urgell……………………………………………………… 18 Fig 3.2. Runway 04 departure procedure towards VOR/DME ENC………………. 20 Fig 3.3. Runway 04 departure procedure towards VOR/DME DAL………………. 21 Fig 3.4. Runway 22 departure procedure towards VOR/DME DAL………………. 22 Fig 3.5. Departure sector………………………………………………………………… 25 Fig 3.6. Obstacle profile runway 22……………………………………………………. 26 Fig 3.7. Take off flight path ……………………………………………………………… 27 Fig 3.8. Wind rose…………………………………………………………………………. 28 CHAPTER 4 Fig 4.1. A320. Flight from La Seu d’Urgell to London Stansted. LESU-EGSS……………………………………………. 35 Fig 4.2. A320. Flight from London Stansted to La Seu d’Urgell. EGSS-LESU……………………………………………… 36 Fig 4.3. A320. Flight from La Seu d’Urgell to Lisbon. LESU-LPPT…………………………………………………………. 36 Fig 4.4. A320. Flight from Lisbon to La Seu d’Urgell. LPPT-LESU……………………………………………….. 37 Fig 4.5. ATR 72. Flight from La Seu d’Urgell to London Stansted. LESU-EGSS……………………………………………. 37 Fig 4.6. ATR 72. Flight from London Stansted to La Seu d’Urgell. EGSS-LESU. Regular flight weights at 100 % of payload capacity……. 38 Fig 4.7 ATR 72. Flight from La Seu d’Urgell to Lisbon. LESU-LPPT…………………………………………………………. 38 Fig 4.8. ATR 72. Flight from Lisbon to La Seu d’Urgell. LPPT-LESU. Regular flight weights at 100 % of payload capacity……... 39 CHAPTER 6 Fig 6.1. Protected areas by PEIN……………………………………………………….. 48 Fig 6.2. Natural park of l’Alt Pirineu……………………………………………………. 49 CHAPTER 7 Fig 7.1. Project Gant chart……………………………………………………………….. 51 EQUATIONS INDEX Eq. 3.1. Lift equation………………………………………………………………………. 30 Eq. 3.2. Perfect gases status equation………………………………………………… 30 TABLES INDEX CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1. ELFAA Passenger Load Factors……………………………………………… 9 Table 2.2. ERA Passenger Load Factors…………………………………………………. 10 Table 2.3. AEA Passenger Load Factors…………………………………………………. 10 Table 2.4. Passenger masses………………………………………………………………. 11 Table 2.5. Baggage masses………………………………………………………………… 11 Table 2.6. Weight per transported passenger…………………………………………… 12 Table 2.7. Required payload in an A320………………………………………………….. 12 Table 2.8. Required payload in an ATR 72………………………………………………. 12 Table 2.9. Airports of United Kingdom…………………………………………………… 13 Table 2.10. Airports of Portugal…………………………………………………………….. 13 Table 2.11. Airports of Catalunya…………………………………………………………… 13 Table 2.12. Airport codes…………………………………………………………………….. 14 Table 2.13. Routes distance ………………………………………………………………… 14 Table 2.14. Passenger data from target countries………………………………………. 14 Table 2.15. Passenger data from the whole countries………………………………….. 15 Table 2.16. Expected daily traffic…………………………………………………………… 15 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.1. Radio aids required in the VOR/DME-NDB approach RWY 04………….. 19 Table 3.2. Obstacle clearance altitude/height for missed approaches……………... 19 Table 3.3. Radio aids required in ILS approach RWY 04……………………………… 19 Table 3.4. Obstacle clearance altitude/height for missed approaches…………….. 20 Table 3.5. Radio aids required in VOR/DME approach RWY 22……………………… 22 Table 3.6. Operations at the runways…………………………………………………….. 23 Table 3.7. Obstacles in the departure procedure………………………………………. 25 Table 3.8. Segment gradients for twin engine aircrafts………………………………. 27 Table 3.9. Take off flight path gradients on runway 22……………………………….. 27 Table 3.10. Mean correlation coefficients…………………………………………………. 29 Table 3.11. Winter days……………………………………………………………………….. 31 Table 3.12. Spring days……………………………………………………………………….. 31 Table 3.13. Summer days…………………………………………………………………….. 31 Table
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