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Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-Facial Photovoltaic System As a Shade

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Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-Facial Photovoltaic System As a Shade processes Article Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-Facial Photovoltaic System as a Shade Seung-Ho Yoo 1,* and Hee-Jeong Choi 2 1 Solar Architecture Laboratory, Sehan University, Younagam 58447, Korea 2 Department of Biosystems and Convergence Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Solar architecture is defined as a kind of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) in which the PV modules are deployed to passive solar concepts, to minimize the heating and cooling load, to upgrade the indoor environment, and to be adjustable for regional weather and to continuously succeed architectural culture. Solar architecture needs to consider the architectural culture and climate of the region through an ecological convergence. The ecological criteria lead to optimizing solar architecture through an ecological convergence of a passive intelligence and renewable energy system. The optimal angle of the bi-facial PV module as a shade is 23.5◦ considering the physical interaction and the traditional architecture in Korea according to the ecological criteria. The shading concept of the PV module reduces 27.5~34% of the building cooling load. Effective solar irradiance (ESR) is very important not only for PV efficiency but also for the system usage rate. This ESR should be controlled depending on the climate condition to maximize the total energy elimination factor and total energy transmittance factor for a window. The MB-BIPVS play an excellent role to maximize the total energy elimination factor and total energy transmittance factor for a window. Keywords: passive intelligence; multi-functional BIPV; Bi-facial PV module; building energy conservation Citation: Yoo, S.-H.; Choi, H.-J. Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-Facial Photovoltaic System as a Shade. Processes 2021, 9, 1625. https:// 1. Introduction doi.org/10.3390/pr9091625 There are various strategies to design environmentally friendly and sustainable build- ings in many different countries. A large portion of energy is used for heating and cooling Academic Editor: Sara Pescetelli buildings: approximately 25% in Korea, 50% in the USA, and 40% in Europe [1]. Many pho- Received: 2 August 2021 tovoltaic systems used to be simply installed just to generate electricity in many countries. Accepted: 29 August 2021 It is very important from the ecological point of view that the PV systems are installed Published: 9 September 2021 ecologically in existing or newly planned buildings according to strategically adjustable methods to generate electricity, to reduce cooling and heating load of buildings, to pro- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral tect noise, to maximize the use of daylight, and to improve thermal comfort, etc. [2,3]. with regard to jurisdictional claims in The 5 different institutes including the new renewable energy committee (NREC, Apr. published maps and institutional affil- 2008~Feb. 2012) in the architectural institute of Korea (AIK), the Korean Solar Energy Soci- iations. ety (KSES, Jun. 2013~present), the Korean Society of Living Environment System (KSLES, Feb. 2013~present), KIAEBS (Jun. 2011), and KOPIA (Jun. 2011) have presented and discussed together the assessing standard and the data needed for this solar architecture, which we have suggested based on a theoretical background from building physics such as Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. heat, light and acoustics to deploy an environment-friendly photovoltaic system in a form Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. of forum [4], workshop [5] and symposium [6]. Other research has shown that lighting This article is an open access article electricity for a high-rise building can be supplied by photovoltaic panels in the building, distributed under the terms and which work in a combination of facades [7]. conditions of the Creative Commons This paper describes the ecological processes to optimize solar architecture by us- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// ing ecological criteria through an ecological convergence of a passive solar architecture creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ and photovoltaic system. A high-rise apartment with a solar architecture integrated bifa- 4.0/). Processes 2021, 9, 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091625 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 13 Processes 2021, 9, 1625 photovoltaic system. A high-rise apartment with a solar architecture integrated2 of 12 bifacial photovoltaic (BIPV) system as a shade is evaluated by ecological design criteria for solar architecture. cial photovoltaic (BIPV) system as a shade is evaluated by ecological design criteria for solar2. Materials architecture. and Methods 2. MaterialsThe Solar and Architecture Methods is defined as a kind of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) in whichThe Solar the ArchitecturePV modules is definedare deployed as a kind toward of building passive integrated solar photovoltaicconcepts, to (BIPV) minimize the inheating which and the PV cooling modules load, are to deployed upgrade toward the indoor passive environmental solar concepts, quality, to minimize and to the be adjust- heatingable for and regional cooling load,weather to upgrade and to the continuous indoor environmentally succeed quality, architectural and to be culture. adjustable The most forideal regional form weatherof solar andarchitecture to continuously is a multi-functional succeed architectural and culture.ecological The convergence most ideal with a formpassive of solar solar architecture concept application is a multi-functional of a photovoltaic and ecological module convergence for a building. with a passive Solar Architec- solarture conceptneeds to application consider of the a photovoltaic architectural module culture for aof building. the region Solar through Architecture an ecological needs con- to consider the architectural culture of the region through an ecological convergence that is vergence that is applicable to a passive concept if the environmental, energy, and comfort applicable to a passive concept if the environmental, energy, and comfort problems will be effectivelyproblems mitigated. will be effectively The evaluation mitigated. criteria areThe also ev neededaluation to fulfillcriteria these are requirements also needed of to fulfill thethese solar requirements architecture. Eachof the evaluation solar architecture. factor of the Ea evaluationch evaluation criteria factor needs anof evaluationthe evaluation cri- tool.teria Theneeds simulation an evaluation program tool. SOLCEL The simula has beention developed program to SOLCEL simulate has the evaluationbeen developed to factorssimulate including the evaluation multifunctional factors bi-facial including BIPV multifunctional as a shade (MB-BIPVS). bi-facial This BIPV is one as ofa theshade (MB- bestBIPVS). tools This to evaluate is one Solarof the Architecture best tools to [3, 8evaluate,9]. Solar Architecture [3,8,9]. FigureFigure1 shows 1 shows the the structure structure of the of simulation the simulation program program SOLCEL SOLCEL [8]. [8]. FigureFigure 1. 1.The The structure structure of theof the simulation simulation program program SOLCEL. SOLCEL. TheThe MB-BIPVS MB-BIPVS could could have have been been simulated simulated since 2019.since Regional2019. Regional weather weather data and data PV and PV data,data, etc., etc., are are used used as inputas input data. data. The The main main focus focus of this of version this version 19 is MB-BIPVS 19 is MB-BIPVS which which can simulate all possible reflectance from the wall, window, cell, ground, and neighbor can simulate all possible reflectance from the wall, window, cell, ground, and neighbor building. The reflectance solar ray is calculated by the sub-routine “VIEW FACTOR” in Figurebuilding.1. The reflectance solar ray is calculated by the sub-routine “VIEW FACTOR” in FigureTable 1.1 shows the ecological design criteria also for solar architecture integrated bi-facialTable photovoltaic. 1 shows the ecological design criteria also for solar architecture integrated bi- facial photovoltaic. Table 1. Ecological design criteria for Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-facial Photovoltaic. Table 1. Ecological design criteria for Solar Architecture Integrated Bi-facial Photovoltaic. Category Evaluation Factor Remarks Score Solar Radiation (×1) Category Evaluation Factor Remarks Score Effective Solar Irradiance (ESR) Effective Solar Irradiance Factor 20 (1 Item: 20%) Solar Radiation (×1) (1 Effective Solar Energy Conservation through NaturalEffective Solar Irradiance (ESR) 20 Item: 20%) Natural VentilationIrradiance Factor 3 Ventilation Energy ConservationTotal Energy through Elimination Factor: 5 Energy (×2) Natural Ventilation 3 Heating & Cooling Transparent EnvelopeNatural Ventilation (3 Items: 21%) Total Energy Transmittance Factor: 5 12 Load Reduction Total Energy Opaque Envelope Thermal Conductance: 2 Heating & Transparent Elimination Factor: 5 Consideration for Power Generation No shaded Area on Module: 3 Energy (×2) Cooling Envelope Total Energy6 Improvement Convergence idea: 3 12 (3 Items: 21%) Load Transmittance Factor: 5 Reduction Thermal Conductance: Opaque Envelope 2 Consideration for Power No shaded Area on 6 Generation Improvement Module: 3 Processes 2021, 9, 1625 3 of 12 Table 1. Cont. Category Evaluation Factor Remarks Score Aesthetic View (×3) Harmony with Architecture or building Harmony with Architecture: 5 10 (1 Item: 10%) Envelope Finish Material: 5 Acoustic Env. Puffer factor Puffer
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