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Entornos Termodinámicos. Una Cartografía Crítica En Torno a La UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA ENTORNOS TERMODINÁMICOS. UNA CARTOGRAFÍA CRÍTICA EN TORNO A LA ENERGÍA Y LA ARQUITECTURA JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN TRUJEDA, ARQUITECTO 2014 DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS ESCUELA TÉNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA ENTORNOS TERMODINÁMICOS. UNA CARTOGRAFÍA CRÍTICA EN TORNO A LA ENERGÍA Y LA ARQUITECTURA JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN TRUJEDA, ARQUITECTO DIRECTOR: JOSÉ IGNACIO ÁBALOS VÁZQUEZ 2014 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de Tesis el día 28 de noviembre de 2014 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, Calificación: EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS INDEX INDEX INDEX RESUMEN ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.-THE ARCHITECTURAL ARENA 1.2.-THERMODYNAMIC SHIFT 1.3.-HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY 1.4.-THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS AND THERMODYNAMIC PATTERNS 2.-TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES 2.1.-INTRODUCTION 2.2.-AIR-CONDITIONING AND MACROCLIMATE I THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS INDEX Meteorology: a qualitative and quantitative approach Modernity’s stance on climate: a macroclimatic understanding ASH&VE institutional approach on climate 2.3.-SEALED ENVELOPES Thermodynamic interconnectedness Climatic guarantees: Carrier and atmospheric full control From airtight to thermal-tight envelopes Reductionist approach: isolated laboratories From refrigerators to buildings 2.4.-THE SHIFT 2.5.-MEDIATING ENVELOPES. OLGYAY’S CLIMATIC ENGAGEMENT Pattern-recognition and quantification. Towards a rational approach. Multidisciplinary approach: towards bioclimatism. Overlaying general and locallimatic weather patterns: Geiger and microclimatism Olgyay and climate: quantitative statistic data versus qualitative microclimatism From insulation to engagement 2.6.-FORM AND CLIMATE. THERMODYNAMIC FORMAL ENGAGEMENTS Orientation and architecture? sol-air strategy Optimum form criteria? thermal engagement through form Solar control II THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS INDEX From air-leakage to wind ventilation. The aerodynamic expanded field 2.7.-CLIMATE TECTONICS: MATERIALS, TEXTURES AND SURFACE EFFECTS 2.8.-INFRASTRUCTURAL OPPORTUNITIES 2.9.- ASSESSMENT AND SPECULATIONS 3. MATERIAL ATMOSPHERES 3.1.-INTRODUCTION 3.2.-MODERN AIR-CONDITIONING AND INTERIOR SPACE Lightweight construction: towards material inert interiors Modern movement spatial paradigm and its influence on indoor environment How to control the spontaneous climatic effects of modern architecture or the need for air-conditioning? The ASHAE guides: official air conditioning practices Air-conditioning Takes Command From regenerative to structural environmental solutions 3.3.-A RANGE OF METHODS 3.4.-INTERIORS, SOLAR GEOMETRY AND AERODYNAMICS Space and thermodynamics The Solar Movement and sunspots III THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS INDEX Olgyay and aerodynamic space Verticalism and thermodynamics: convective dynamics 3.5.-FROM FORM TO MATTER Inducing material behaviors. Olgyay and matter From indoor design temperature to interior meteorology. Givoni’s awareness of the role of matter. A range of scales: an interrelating matter and building systems. Assessing cellularity. From linearity to interrelated variables Thermally Active Surfaces in Architecture. 3.6.-THERMODYNAMIC MIX-USE. HARNESSING PROGRAMMATIC DISSIPATION Juxtaposing programs: harnessing dissipating heat Thermodynamic Mixer Programmatic thermal cross-breeding Heat storage. Controlling time lags Spatial and material interdependence: structure as manager of thermodynamic flows. Collection, storage, flow and dissipation 4.-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATMOSPHERES 4.1. INTRODUCTION IV THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS INDEX 4.2.-CHEMICAL AIR, VENTILATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH Air chemistry and health. Tuberculosis and atmosphere From natural ventilation to mechanical systems 4.3. QUALITATIVE ATMOSPHERES The collapse of the chemical theory of air Open-air movement and the drive for fresh-air 4.4.-FROM HEALTH TO COMFORT. AIR-CONDITIONING AND THE QUANTITATIVE SEARCH FOR IDEAL CLIMATES Physical air. From ventilation to air-conditioning Temperature and humidity control: towards psychrometric atmospheric design Open-air movement drive for qualitative atmosphere. Natural climate as model for air-conditioning In search for the right air. The ASH&VE Lab 4.5.-AIR-CONDITIONING PHYSIOLOGY: THE HOMEOSTATIC COMFORT MODEL Eugene F. Dubois. Physiological equilibrium thermodynamics Air-conditioning practices. CAV. Entrenched concepts 4.6.-QUESTIONING AIR-CONDITIONING. ALTERNATIVE PATHS Introduction Bioclimatic approach: expanding physiological interactions Adaptive thermal approach. From physiological passivity to conscious engagement V THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS INDEX Thermal Delight in Architecture 4.7.-EXPANDING NON-VISIBLE INTERACTIONS. THE LOW-ENERGY APPROACH Alternative heat transfer modes. Doing away with convection Atmospheric landscapes and user adaptability From phenomenological flows to physiological thermo-regulation 4.8.-DESIGNING ATMOSPHERES. BETWEEN AESTHETICS AND POLITICS From necessity to delight Biology of Emotions Atmospheric Politics Meteorological architecture. From predesigned to open-ended environments 5. CONCLUSIONS 5.1.-HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY 5.2.-CRITICAL CARTOGRAPHY 5.3.-PROJECTIVE CARTOGRAPHY 5.4.-THIS CARTOGRAPHY IS A POLITICAL PROJECT 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY VI THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS RESUMEN RESUMEN En los últimos años, y a la luz de los retos a los que se enfrenta la sociedad, algunas voces están urgiendo a dejar atrás los paradigmas modernos —eficiencia y rendimiento— que sustentan a las llamadas prácticas sostenibles, y están alentando a repensar, en el contexto de los cambios científicos y culturales, una agenda termodinámica y ecológica para la arquitectura. La cartografía que presenta esta tesis doctoral se debe de entender en este contexto. Alineándose con esta necesidad, se esfuerza por dar a este empeño la profundidad histórica de la que carece. De este modo, el esfuerzo por dotar a la arquitectura de una agenda de base científica, se refuerza con una discusión cultural sobre el progresivo empoderamiento de las ideas termodinámicas en la arquitectura. Esta cartografía explora la historia de las ideas termodinámicas en la arquitectura desde el principio del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Estudia, con el paso de los sistemas en equilibrio a los alejados del equilibrio como trasfondo, como las ideas termodinámicas han ido infiltrándose gradualmente en la arquitectura. Este esfuerzo se ha planteado desde un doble objetivo. Primero, adquirir una distancia crítica respecto de las prácticas modernas, de modo que se refuerce y recalibre el armazón intelectual y las herramientas sobre las que se está apoyando esta proyecto termodinámico. Y segundo, desarrollar una aproximación proyectual sobre la que se pueda fundamentar una agenda termodinámica para la arquitectura, asunto que se aborda desde la firme creencia de que es posible una re-descripción crítica de la realidad. De acuerdo con intercambios de energía que se dan alrededor y a través de un edificio, esta cartografía se ha estructurado en tres entornos termodinámicos, que sintetizan VII THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS RESUMEN mediante un corte transversal la variedad de intercambios de energía que se dan en la arquitectura: -Cualquier edificio, como constructo espacial y material inmerso en el medio, intercambia energía mediante un flujo bidireccional con su contexto, definiendo un primer entorno termodinámico al que se denomina atmósferas territoriales. -En el interior de los edificios, los flujos termodinámicos entre la arquitectura y su ambiente interior definen un segundo entorno termodinámico, atmósferas materiales, que explora las interacciones entre los sistemas materiales y la atmósfera interior. -El tercer entorno termodinámico, atmosferas fisiológicas, explora los intercambios de energía que se dan entre el cuerpo humano y el ambiente invisible que lo envuelve, desplazando el objeto de la arquitectura desde el marco físico hacia la interacción entre la atmósfera y los procesos somáticos y percepciones neurobiológicas de los usuarios. A través de estos tres entornos termodinámicos, esta cartografía mapea aquellos patrones climáticos que son relevantes para la arquitectura, definiendo tres situaciones espaciales y temporales sobre las que los arquitectos deben actuar. Estudiando las conexiones entre la atmósfera, la energía y la arquitectura, este mapa presenta un conjunto de ideas termodinámicas disponibles —desde los parámetros de confort definidos por la industria del aire acondicionado hasta las técnicas de acondicionamiento pasivo— que, para ser efectivas, necesitan ser evaluadas, sintetizadas y recombinadas a la luz de los retos de nuestro tiempo. El resultado es un manual que, mediando entre la arquitectura y la ciencia, y a través de este relato histórico, acorta la distancia entre la arquitectura y la termodinámica, preparando el terreno para la definición de una agenda termodinámica para el proyecto de arquitectura. A este respecto, este mapa se entiende como uno de los pasos VIII THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS RESUMEN necesarios para que la arquitectura recupere la capacidad de intervenir en la acuciante realidad a la que se enfrenta. IX THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRACT During the last five years, in the light of current challenges, several voices are urging to leave behind the modern energy paradigms —efficiency and performance— on
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