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Solar Thermal Energy Systems for Building Integration

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Solar Thermal Energy Systems for Building Integration Solar thermal energy systems for building integration Helena Gajbert Division of Energy and Building Design Department of Architecture and Built Environment Lund University Faculty of Engineering LTH, 2008 Report EBD-T--08/10 Lund University Lund University, with eight faculties and a number of research centres and specialized institutes, is the largest establishment for research and higher education in Scandinavia. The main part of the University is situated in the small city of Lund which has about 105 000 inhabitants. A number of departments for research and education are, however, located in Malmö. Lund University was founded in 1666 and has today a total staff of 6 000 employees and 42 500 students attending 90 degree programmes and 1 000 subject courses offered by 74 departments. Division of Energy and Building Design Reducing environmental effects of construction and facility management is a central aim of society. Minimising the energy use is an important aspect of this aim. The recently established division of Energy and Building Design belongs to the department of Architecture and Built Environment at the Lund University, Faculty of Engineering LTH in Sweden. The division has a focus on research in the fi elds of energy use, passive and active solar design, daylight utilisation and shading of buildings. Effects and requi- rements of occupants on thermal and visual comfort are an essential part of this work. Energy and Building Design also develops guidelines and methods for the planning process. xxxxx Solar thermal energy systems for building integration Helena Gajbert Licentiate thesis 1 Solar thermal energy systems for building integration Keywords building integration, concentrating collector, incidence angle dependence, optical effi ciency, parabolic refl ector, photovoltaic- thermal system, solar collector, solar simulator, solar thermal energy, solar thermal system, thermal performance. © copyright Helena Gajbert and Division of Energy and Building Design. Lund University, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund 2008. The English language corrected by L. J. Gruber BSc(Eng) MICE MIStructE. Layout: Hans Follin, LTH, Lund. Cover photo: Helena Gajbert, Bengt Perers and Martin Råberg Printed by KFS AB, Lund 2008 Report No EBD-T--08/10 Solar thermal energy systems for building integration. Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Division of Energy and Building Design, Lund University, Lund ISSN 1651-8136 ISBN 978-91-85147-29-8 Lund University, Lund Institute of Technology Department of Architecture and Built Environment Division of Energy and Building Design Telephone: +46 46 - 222 73 52 P.O. Box 118 Telefax: +46 46 - 222 47 19 SE-221 00 LUND E-mail: [email protected] Sweden Home page: www.ebd.lth.se 2 Abstract Abstract Solar thermal energy has the potential to make a signifi cant contribution to the energy supply for space heating and hot water production, even in locations at higher latitudes, and in this way to reduce the use of fossil fuels. It is therefore very important to increase the use of this technology. By integrating solar collectors into building envelopes, the cost ef- fectiveness of the collectors can be increased, as building material and labour costs can be reduced. By also using concentrating refl ectors the cost effectiveness can be further increased. The aim of this work is to identify cost effective design criteria for building integrated solar collectors and solar thermal systems. It is hoped that the outcome will give guidance and inspiration to product develop- ers, architects, designers and constructors and thereby help boost the solar thermal market and increase the use of solar thermal systems. The presented work includes an investigation of solar thermal systems for highly insulated buildings, performed for the International Energy Agency, Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, Task 28, in which solar thermal systems are designed for apartment buildings at high latitudes. Design advice is given based on Polysun simulations and parametric studies of various design parameters. Special attention was paid to dimensioning of the collector area to avoid overheating. The thermal performance of three designs of collectors for non-insulated roofs with cold attics underneath has been evaluated from measurments. The idea is to produce a thin, cheep and fl exible roof-integrated collector for easy installation. The results show that the annual thermal energy yield would be 320, 330 and 280 kWh/m2 respectively for the three collectors A, B and C, at 50°C operating temperature. The corresponding yield per absorber area is 360, 680 and 1140 kWh/m2 respectively. As the material costs should be low, there is a potential for the production of these solar collectors, Collector B in particular, as cost effective building elements. However, further investigations for improved effi ciency are suggested. The characteristics of a solar simulator have been investigated in order to show how suitable it is for use as a light source for indoor measure- ments of concentrating collectors for evaluation of their incidence angle 3 Solar thermal energy systems for building integration dependence. It is here concluded that accurate results can be achieved for lower angles of incidence but for higher angles, above 35°-40°, outdoor measurements are more reliable. A large solar thermal system, with façade-integrated collectors in sev- eral directions, connected to the fl ow side of the district heating grid in Malmö, Sweden, has been studied, e.g. from measured data, and described. WINSUN simulations were performed to validate that the plant works as expected, which was confi rmed by the results. The simulated annual output of 174 kWh/m²a from the system agreed well with the measured output, 180 kWh/m2a. The results from each of the collectors are also described and a small parametric study is given. The good accuracy of these results implies that WINSUN and Meteonorm data can be used for relatively good estimations of a complex system design when climate data is unavailable. The geometrical design of a concentrating PV/thermal hybrid collector for integration in a wall element is optimised for maximal energy output by short circuit current measurements of thin fi lm photovoltaic cells and MINSUN simulations. The results show that the annual energy output could increase from 70 kWh/m2 for a vertical reference cell to 120 kWh/m2 absorber area. Results for a number of geometries are presented. 4 Table of contents Table of contents Keywords 2 Abstract 3 Table of contents 5 Preface 9 List of symbols 11 List of papers 15 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Background 17 1.2 Objectives 18 1.3 Outline 19 2 Theoretical background 21 2.1 Solar thermal market development 21 2.1.1 Historic development 21 2.1.2 Recent development 22 2.2 Solar irradiation 24 2.3 Solar angles 27 2.4 Heat transfer and thermal performance of solar collectors 32 2.4.1 Irradiance 33 2.4.2 Optical losses 34 2.4.3 Thermal heat losses from the collector 36 2.4.4 Evaluation of thermal performance from measured data 37 2.5 Optical concentration of light 38 2.5.1 Parabolic refl ectors 39 2.5.2 The involute 43 2.5.3 Incidence angle dependence for concentrating collectors 45 2.5.4 Refl ector material 47 2.6 Concentrating hybrid PV/thermal collectors 47 2.7 Building integration of solar collectors 48 3 Measurement techniques 51 3.1 Measurement set-up 51 3.1.1 Outdoor measurements using the test rig 51 3.1.2 Long-term outdoor measurements at the Älvkarleby test facility 55 3.1.3 Early measurements 56 5 Solar thermal energy systems for building integration 3.2 Measuring equipment 59 3.2.1 The solar simulator 59 3.2.2 Measurements of irradiance 61 3.2.3 The solar collector test rig 62 3.2.4 Temperature measurements 65 3.2.5 Flow rate 68 3.2.6 Data logger system 68 3.3 Computer programs 69 3.3.1 The MINSUN simulation tool 69 3.3.2 WINSUN 70 3.3.3 Polysun 70 4 Solar thermal systems in high performance houses 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Active use of solar thermal energy 74 4.2.1 Solar thermal system designs 74 4.2.2 Collector types 78 4.2.3 Tank location 79 4.2.4 Regional design differences 80 4.3 Design of solar heating systems 81 4.3.1 Introduction 81 4.3.2 The cold climate apartment reference building 84 4.3.3 Design solution 1a – Conservation strategy: A solar DHW system for an extremely well insulated building 84 4.3.4 Design solution 2 - Renewable energy strategy: A solar thermal system for DHW and space heating, 86 4.3.5 Sensitivity analysis of the solar system for Solution 2 91 4.3.6 Comparison between the different solutions 105 4.4 Conclusions 107 5 Solar collectors for integration on non-insulated roofs 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 The collector designs 112 5.2.1 Collector A 112 5.2.2 Collector B 113 5.2.3 Collector C 114 5.2.4 Orientation 116 5.3 Experimental work and evaluations 117 5.3.1 Long-term measurements and MLR 117 5.3.2 Model accuracy 118 5.3.3 Thermal inertia of the collectors 122 5.3.4 Monitoring of effi ciency graphs 124 5.3.5 Longitudinal incidence angle dependence 126 5.3.6 Incidence angle dependence in the transverse plane 129 5.3.7 Ray tracing simulations 132 5.3.8 MINSUN simulations of annual energy output 137 5.4 Conclusions 138 6 Table of contents 6 Evaluation of solar simulator performance 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 The solar simulator light distribution 142 6.3 The photodiode array 143 6.4 Measurements of concentrating collectors 144 6.4.1 The roof collector of corrugated steel 144 6.4.2 The roof MaReCo 144 6.5 Conclusions 148 7 Building integrated solar collectors
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