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Guidelines on Building Integration of Photovoltaic in the Mediterranean Area

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Guidelines on Building Integration of Photovoltaic in the Mediterranean Area Guidelines on building integration of photovoltaic in the Mediterranean area This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme FOSTErinMED Project Leader Chapter 6 University of Cagliari Good practices Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Maddalena Achenza and Giuseppe Desogus Prof. Antonello Sanna (University of Cagliari - Italy) Editors Graphic Design Maddalena Achenza (University of Cagliari - Italy) Giancarlo Murgia Giuseppe Desogus (University of Cagliari - Italy) This collective works gathers and integrates contributions from all the Technical and Scientific Committee staff. Disclaimer Chapter 1 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Eu- Introduction ropean Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme. Maddalena Achenza and Giuseppe Desogus The contents of this document are under the responsibility of University of (University of Cagliari - Italy) Cagliari (UNICA) and FOSTEr in MED project partners and can under no circu- Chapter 2 mstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union or of the Programme’s management structures. PV Module Type The total budget of FOSTEr in MED project is 4,5 million Euro and it is financed Maddalena Achenza (University of Cagliari - Italy) for an amount of 4,05 million Euro by European union through the ENPI CBC with contributions from Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme (www.enpicbcmed.eu). Mattia Beltramini (Special Agency Centre Of Services For Enterprises - CSPI - Italy) Statement about the Programme Chapter 3 The 2007-2013 ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme is a multi-la- PV Integration teral Cross-Border Cooperation initiative funded by the European Neigh- Maddalena Achenza (University of Cagliari - Italy) borhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The Programme objective is to with contributions from promote the sustainable and harmonious cooperation process at the Medi- Antonella Trombadore (Regional Government of Sardinia - Italy) terranean Basin level by dealing with the common challenges and enhancing its endogenous potential. It finances cooperation projects as a contribution Chapter 4 to the economic, social, environmental and cultural development of the Me- Improving social, institutional and building diterranean region. The following 14 countries participate in the Programme: designers’ outlook Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Palestine, Maddalena Achenza (University of Cagliari - Italy) Portugal, Spain, Syria (participation currently suspended), Tunisia. The Joint Chapter 5 Managing Authority (JMA) is the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy). Offi- BIPV performance and sizing / Annex cial Programme languages are Arabic, English and French (www.enpicbcmed. eu). Giuseppe Desogus (University of Cagliari - Italy) with contributions from David Pifarré (Association of the Mediterranean Chambers of Commerce and General statement on the European Union Industry, ASCAME - Spain) European Union is made up of 28 Member States who have decided to Kamelia Youssef and Mohamed Salah Elsobki gradually link together their know-how, resources and destinies. Together, (Confederation of Egyptian European Business Associations - Egypt) during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of sta- Elias Kinab and Talal Salem (Industrial Research Institute - Lebanon) bility, democracy and sustainable development whilst maintaining cultural Firas Alawneh and Laith Basha (Royal Scientific Society - Jordan) diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms. The European Union is com- Neji Amaimia (Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Tunis - Tunisia) mitted to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peo- Maria Francesca Muru (Regional Government of Sardinia - Italy) ples beyond its borders. 01 Introduction 8 02 Pv Module Types 12 03 PV Integration 28 04 Improving social, institutional and 42 building designers’ outlook 05 Bipv performance 50 and sizing 06 Good practices 74 What is Building integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)? Photovoltaic is a widespread technology that allows the generation of 01 direct current (DC) power through sun irradiation. PV systems consist of PV cells made of a semiconductor material, joined to form a PV module or panel, which can be used on buildings or as a standalone system. Introduction There are two ways of fitting PV on new or existing buildings: integra- ting it, or simply installing it. In the latter, we can talk about BAPV (bu- ilding-applied photovoltaic), while BIPV refers to PV modules that are planned by a designer in order to substitute (not cover) a common buil- ding element. This can be a roof, a façade cladding, a shading element, a parapet. Thanks to the variety currently available on the market, the designer can choose not just the cell’s power and typology, but also its size, color and transparency. Why use solar power on buildings? The key concept that hides behind the definition of BIPV is that photo- voltaic can also have more architectural functions in the buildings rather than only energy production. Waterproofing and shading are only few examples. That is the best way to make it as profitable as possible from an economic and environmental standpoint. If PV systems are installed on buildings, no other land use is required and electricity is directly ge- nerated at the point of usage. This will reduce the distribution and tran- smission losses of public electricity networks. If PV systems are correctly installed and integrated in the design phase, the opportunities for designers will be even more significant. PV can be completely seen as a building material offering multiple tech- nical and aesthetic possibilities that contributes to creating energy-con- scious and comfortable environments. Nature of the Guidelines These guidelines play a key role in the FOSTEr in MED project. They aim at disseminating and diffusing knowledge within the partner regions and other areas. They are thought as a simple tool useful to approach BIPV and get the basic information needed to plan, design and install PV sy- stems. 9 Implementation and dissemination The third part deals with the performance of integrated systems, their The guidelines’ main goal is to provide an educational tool for FOSTEr in sizing and requirements. The fourth part shows some best practices in MED training paths. They are addressed to university students, archi- the Mediterranean area. tectural and plant designers as well as installers, who will have a basic reference to understand the technology and the best way to integrate it The annexes offer an overview of electrical power generation and distri- in buildings. bution in the partner regions, highlighting critical aspects and possible These guidelines will also be a benchmark to help designers determi- solutions offered by the implementation of BIPV. ne BIPV viability, but also local planning authorities in recommend best practices. The guidelines are to be widely distributed within the PV in- ARCHITECTURAL dustry, building construction groups, design professionals, building fi- AND PLANT DESIGNERS nanciers and planning authorities and can be made available to other organizations; in a few words, the guidelines are addressed to all the sta- keholders of the PV value chain. The main stakeholders are: • University students • Architectural and plant designers (Architects, Engineers, etc.) • Installers But they can be of interest also for: • National public authorities • Local planning authorities UNIVERSITY STUDENTS • Power utilities • Network service providers • Financing organizations • Building owners • Building constructors Structure of the guidelines The guidelines are structured to allow different stakeholders to identify the information they find relevant. A simple set of icons will guide the readers to the part of their interest. The first part is aimed at defining the current PV technologies that can be applied to buildings. The second part shows the added value of BIPV in terms of innovative design, energy efficiency and cost. INSTALLERS 10 11 There are different types of photovoltaic modules, but most commonly used for building integration are crystalline (mono- and poly-) and thin 02 film modules. To these, we add some new prototypes as hybrid, concen- tration and luminescence PV. Pv Module Types Fig 1 Different PV panel types Crystalline modules are based on silicon cells and are highly efficient. They are, however, more expensive than thin film modules. Made from a large crystal of silicon, monocrystalline solar panels typically comprise highly ordered blue-black polygons. Because they are the most efficient type of PV module in good light, with a standard condition efficiency typically in the range between 15 and 20%, they are often used in appli- cations where installation square footage is limited, giving the end user 13 the maximum electrical output for the installation area available. Their However, their efficiency is lower (e.g. 4-8%), as is their life expectancy embodied energy -the energy required to produce them- is greater than (15-20 years). Non-silicon-based thin-film modules, such as those em- other PV types. ploying CdTe and CIS, have higher efficiency, sometimes exceeding 10%. Characterized by their shattered glass look because of the manufactu- They are however affected by a decrease of efficiency during the first ring process of using multiple silicon crystals, polycrystalline
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