JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

Index

References to figures are in italic

Above the Wall and on Horseback Album of Calligraphy and Analysis of Xiaoqing (Xiaoqing (Qiangtou mashang), 520 Paintings from Ten Bamboo zhi fenxi), 434 Academy of Calligraphy, 505 Studio (Shizhuzhai Anatomy of Love (Qingshi), 88 Achaemenid Palace Persepolis, shuhuapu), 80 ancestor portraits, 43, 147–149 380 Album of Paintings by Famous ancestor spirits, 16, 164–166, Achilles Tatius, 412 Masters throughout the Ages 171, 239 achu (painting, ritual act), 119 (Lidai minggong huapu), ancestor worship, 148–149, Admonitions of the Court 80, 81 159, 238–239, 248 Instructress, 15, 53, 115, Album of Tang Poetry and Confucian rituals, 238–239 141, 152, 171, 172, 393, Paintings, An (Tangshi and construction of tombs 398, 461, 462 huapu), 80, 81 and shrines, 165 fans, 393 albums of paintings, 79–84, 120 family altars, 206 lessons from, 116–120 readerships, 82 imperial, 149–150, 164–166 scroll acquired by British alchemy, 166, 169, 220 Anderson, Benedict, 352 Museum, 121 physiological, 219–220, 225 animals, symbolism of, 508 significance of rebuffal scene, time and, 220–221 animals in tombs, 98 119–120 Alsop, Joseph, 47, 48 Annals of LuBuwei,The¨ , 215 toilette scene, 117–118 on copies and forgeries, 63 Anthology of Discourses on Adventures of Leucippe and Ames, Roger, 237 Chinese Painting Clitophon, The, 412 Amitabha Buddha, 162 (Zhongguo hualun leibian), advertisement Amoghavajra, 142 121 and art, 436 COPYRIGHTEDAn Lushan rebellion, 511 MATERIALAnthology of Literature (Wen and art photography, 431, An Qi, 469 xuan), 269 442–447 Analects, 36, 461, 481 see also antiques and antique dealers, and female nudity, 446–447 Confucius 104, 265 historicity of advertising art, Analysis of Characters as an collecting, 385–386 437–442 Explanation of Writing, The Anyang (Shang capital), 98, nature of, 434 (Shouwen jiezi), 36, 198, 245, 377 afterlife, depictions of, 169 199, 237, 294, 300, 312 apsarases, 167

A Companion to Chinese Art, First Edition. Edited by Martin J. Powers and Katherine R. Tsiang. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

536  INDEX

archaeology art market, 32, 53, 60–62, 78, and Bourdieuian autonomous of buildings, 235 258, 361, 362 groups, 54–55, 77, 315 of tombs, 102–109 artifacts, 104 classification of, 258 architectural painting, 37 dealers, 60–63 and portraits, 144–145 architectural space, 195, 196, catalogs, 58–60 signatures, 22, 51, 57, 79, 198, 199 forgeries, 48, 63–66, 81 358, 362, 463, 470 and the cosmos, 198, 206 prices, 60–62 Ashikaga shogun, 418 use of cultural patterns and art studies, discipline of, 93 Asian expressionism (xieyi), 23, Chinese terms, 206–7 artifacts 124, 341, 402, 477, 500, distinction between “brilliant artifacts” or “spirit 507, 513 “architecture” and objects,” 203 astrology, 459 “building,” 196 burials and, 91, 96, 97, 98, auspicious animals and birds, interrelationship with ritual 102, 104–105, 106 39, 166, 173, 372, 381 practices, 205 catalogs of, 248 Auspicious Dragon Rock, 465 and naming things, 207–208 collecting of, 92–93 auspicious imagery, 129, 206, Archytus, 197 context, 91 272, 374, 377, 384, 385, aristocracy, 4, 101, 237, 238, as esthetic objects, 91 386, 388, 394, 399, 466, 248, 357, 359, 427 as ritual artifacts, 91, 102, 471, 508, 509, 511 Aristotle, 197, 198, 199 235–250 auspicious objects, 203, 372 art and social agency, 351 Auspicious Omens for Dynastic criticism and interpretation, and social status, 351 Revival,39 29, 31, 500 as tomb objects, 91–92 authenticity, 57, 59, 84–85, ethnic and sectarian artisans and craftspeople, 93 142, 187, 191, 530 heterogeneity in, 159 104, 356 provision by connoisseurs, 58 history (meishu shi), 93 access to material and Autumn Landscape with Yellow and literati artists, 29 cultural resources, Leaves (Qiushan, huangye), lovers, concept of, 85, 361 371–372, 375 404 as manipulation of time, 216 in contrast to artists, 352 “Autumn Mountain: After religious, 36, 121, 159 and the court, 353–354 Huang Gongwang,” 336 and similitude/verisimilitude esthetic choices, 376 Avalokitesvara, 162 see similitude and and the literati, 92 verisimilitude painters, 104 Baalbek, Lebanon, 382 and social distinction, 20, 53, rewards, 354 Bada Shanren see Zhu Da 105, 236, 351 signatures, 80, 146, 364 Badiou, Alain, 435–437, 443, and status, 352 see also gong 447 styles, derivation and artist ranking systems Bai Juyi, 129, 143–144, 145, development of, 123–126, development of, 255–257 364, 415–416, 509, 520 139–146 divisions, 256 Bai Pu, 520 writings on, 48 fame, 356 Ballad of the Pipa, 364 art collecting, 31, 32, 43, 60–62 status, 353–354 Ban, Lady, 116, 117 artistic taste of merchant art artistic agency, 358–359 Ban Gu, 206 collectors perceived as artistic expression, 14, 362, Bao Mingxin, 405 “vulgar,” 422 460, 481 Bao Tingbo, 59 discourses, 57–58 artistic genres, discussion in Baohui lu (Record of Treasured markets, 64 Chinese writings, 268–269 Paintings), 59 merchant art collectors, genre-specific texts, 273 Baoshan, tombs in, 246 52–54, 55–56, 61 artistic ideal, the, 88, 92 Barnhart, Richard, 32, 461 private collections, 48–50 artistic status Beating the Clothes, 489 social climbing of merchant early modern period, 362 Beijing, 420, 423 art collectors, 53 Han Dynasty, 355–356 Beilin (Forest of Steles), 264, Yuan dynasty, 49 medieval period, 357–358 268 art dealers, 60–62, 62–63 Zhou Dynasty and Warring Bell, Quentin, 3 and collectors, 62 States Period, 353–354 Benjamin, Walter, 443, 447 and connoisseurs, 58 artists, professional, 61 bi (brush), 243 see also types of art, 435 and artisans, 352, 499 brushwork art historical art, 367–369 biographies of, 271, 272 Bian Luan, 483 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  537

Bian Wenjin, 32 boshan lu (universal-mountain embodiments of divine bianhu qimin (equality under censer), 179, 181 realms, 168–169 the law), 359 boshu (silk manuscripts), 101 imagery, 16, 158–159, Bianliang (Kaifeng), 283 Botero,Giovanni,4 161–162, 372, 382 Bickford, Maggie, 490 Bourdieu, Pierre, 54–55, 77, and mirrors, 393 bieshi yijia (individual writing 315 monasteries and hills, 279 style), 319 Bowan (Daoist recluse), 459 pantheons, 272 Bifa ji (Methods of the Brush), breath, concept of, 197, 215, Buddhist Church, 357 93, 282 218, 219, 220, 224, 509 Buddhist sutras bigeng (farming with the “Bridge over a Stream among illustrations, 460 brush), 75 Steep Mountain Peaks,” printing of, 14, 73–74 biji (personal notes), 422 (fan painting), 404 Buddhist temples, 418, 476 bimo (brush and ink technique), Bright Hall (Mingtang), 215, cave temples and shrines, 178 259–260 121, 167, 262, 381–382 Bin Wang, tomb of, 104 Brill, Paul, 520 and collecting, 52 Binyon, Laurence, 344 Bronze Age, 103, 205, 244, use of flowers as ornaments, biographies of exemplary 245 382 women (lienuzhuan¨ ) bronze decorations in tombs, as museums, 268 (genre), 129 103, 105 Buffalo and Herder Boy in “Birds in a Lotus Pond,” 338 bronze mirrors see under Landscape, 360 Birth of Landscape Painting in mirrors Building Standards (Yingzao China, The, 178 bronze vessels, 238, 245, 352, fashi), 260, 271 Bo Ya (the music master), 510 377, 383–384 buildings and impalpable “body invisible,” 127 inscriptions, 458 relationships, 196, 205 representation of, Bohai state, investiture inscriptions, 246 buke ce (ineffable), 279 384 motifs, 372 Bunnell, Peter C., 444 Bol, Peter, 362 ornamentation, 352 bureaucracy, 20, 283, 312–313, bonsai see hu zhong tian di pictorial bronzes, 247 357, 359, 379, 384, 466, Boodberg, Peter, 237 ritual bronzes and 481 Book of Odes, 465, 489 inscriptions, 244, 245, civil service examinations, Book of Rites (Li ji), 17, 215, 246, 378 283–284, 359, 415 237–238, 241, 248, 518 Zhou period, 378 expansion of in Song times, dynastic histories, 239–240 brothel literature, 436 283, 359, 384, 462 monthly ordinances chapter, Brown, Capability, 420 offices and administration, 216, 218, 228 brushwork (bifa), 6, 15, 22, 101, 248, 255–256, 277, and mourning, 239–240 42–43, 143, 152, 154, 313, 317, 356 Book of Songs (Shijing), 40, 178, 182, 188–189, 272, as replacement for aristocracy, 410, 499, 508–509 281–282, 295–296, 116, 312, 313, 357, 359, books 302–304, 306, 325, 379, 462–463 and Buddhism, 73–74 335–336, 341, 343–344, support industries, 359–360 development of, 73 357–358, 362–363, Burnett, Katherine, 87 foreign markets for Chinese 367–368, 469–471, 482, Bush, Susan, 478, 480, 481, art books, 83–84 485–486, 500 483 general public and, 80 Buddha nature (foxing), 169 illustrators and carvers, Buddha Sakyamuni, 260, 382 Cahill, James, 11, 38, 129, 435, increasing professional Buddhas and bodhisattvas, 471, 475, 476, 478, status of, 80 160 479–480 on learning how to paint, 83 images of, 38, 260, 382 Cai Jing, 40, 41 markets, 87 and Mount Sanwei, 200–201 Cai Lun, 73 publishing, range of, 75 Buddhism, 158–159 Cai mei tu (Viewing Plum and self-improvement, 79 artists, 479 Blossoms by Moonlight), 31 and social climbing, 76–79 caves as sacred spaces, Cai Xiang style, 365 spread of, 74 168–169 Cai Yong, 263, 294, 295 stores, development of, 73 in China, 160, 161 Cai Yuanpei, 444 see also printing; publishing and Christianity compared, calendar design, 458–459 houses 160 Callery,J.M.,236 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

538  INDEX

calligraphy, 18–19, 33, 122, reproduction of, 266, 298, Chen Duxiu, 432 131–132, 283 318, 431, 442–445 Chen Hongshou, 80, 86, and architecture, 207 study of, 18–19 152–153, 154, 369, 530 as art, 320–321 of styles, 13, 19, 21, Chen Jiru, 52–53, 58, 63, 64, battle strategy of the brush, 298–299, 300, 302, 302, 403, 462 344 368–369, 488 Chen Rong, 489 canon, 262–265, 317–320 of texts, 259 Chen Yu, 146 classical tradition, 297–298 and Wang Xizhi, 294–295 Cheng, King, 381 collecting and selling, 32, 60, of works of art, 16, 18–19, Chengxuan (Liu Gongquan), 314–315, 317 105 302 copying process, 293, 294, Cao Pi, 207 Chenshan Tian, 444 319 Cao Xun, 41–42 Chicago Cultural Studies and court painters, 36 Cao Zhi, 150, 151, 395 Group, 10 daily practice (rike), 317–320 caoshu (grass script), 321 Childe, Gordon, 244 and diaries, 313 caoyi chushui (clothing “childlike mind” or ingenuous and examinations, 313 emerging from water), 130 mind (tongxin), concept of, and fans, 403 Carnal Prayer Mat, The (Roupu 87, 530 genres, 269–270 tuan), 522, 531 “China,” significance of term, institutional foundations, Carry-Box, Mister, 395 458 312 cartoons (manhua), 432–434, Chinese culture see culture, interrelationship with text 444 Chinese content, 320–325 Castiglione, Giuseppe, 10, 66 Chinese Figure Painting inventor of, 122 catalogs of art, 43, 58–59, 64, (exhibition, US), 121 learning process, 318 79, 92, 121, 147, 149, Chinese Painting (book), 479 materials, 314 248, 249, 257, 258, 266, Ching, Dora, 115 and painting boats 269, 271, 272, 297, Chinggis (Genghis) Khan, 475 (shuhuachuan), 58, 61 385–386, 463, 465, 508 Chipozizhuan(The Story of an and paintings, 471–472 imperial, 33, 35, 294, 361 Obsessed Woman), 522 personality, relationship with, cave shrines, 167–168 Chonen¯ (monk), 260 313, 316–317, 319, 460 Cave 10, Yungang, 383 Chongzhen editions, 524, 525, and poetry, 499, 460–462 Central Asia, 385 526, 529 script types, 297, 299, 321 ceramics, 375–376, 384, 385 Chou, Diana, 490 Six Dynasties period, 48 Chairman Mao Goes to Anyuan Chu (ancient state), 380 social functions and material (Mao Zhuxi qu Anyuan), chuanshen (transmission of dimension, 313–317 267 personality), 143, 278 Song dynasty, 33 Chan (Zen) Buddhism, 418 Chu silk manuscript, 214, 215, and stone rubbings, 295–296 Northern and Southern 221, 458–459 theory of, 460 Schools, 470 Chu Suiliang, 298, 299 Calligraphy Autobiography,64 Chanchan (“It Flows Between chu yi (painting’s primary Calligraphy [Price] Estimation the Stones”), 487, 512 purpose), 123 (Shugu), 60 Chang, K. C., 392 chuanshen (transmitting person- Calligraphy Service, 510 Chang’an (Tang capital), 48, ality/character/spirit), Cangjie (legendary inventor of 259, 283 278 calligraphy), 122 changfu (ordinary attire), 150 chuanxie (to transmit and make Cangming yongri tu (Sunrise at Changhen ge (“A Song of copies), 146, 147, 148 Sea), 395 Everlasting Sorrow”), 129, chuanyan (crossing sites in Canon of Paintings (Tuhui 520 garden design), 528 zongyi), 84 Changshao, 59 Chuci (Songs of the South), canons and canonicity, changshen (expanding the 192, 222, 519 254–273, 317–320 spirit), 280 chuncan tusi (spring silkworks in architecture, 259–260 Chao Buzhi, 477 spitting silk threads), 130 of artists, 18, 358 Chatting with my Brush at Chunhuage tie (Model in calligraphy, 262–265, Stream of Dreams (Mengxi Calligraphy from the 317–320 bitan), 289 Chunhua Pavilion), 296 of monuments, 267 Chaves, Jonathan, 322 Chunxiang (character in Dream of painting, 265 Chen Chengsu, 149 of the Red Chamber), 438 of religious icons, 260–262 Chen Chun, 323 Cisheng, Dowager Empress, 51 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  539

civil bureaucracy see bureaucracy defined, 431 see also Analects; Cixian, 248 historicity, 437–442 Confucianism Clark, Kenneth, 9–10 commodity images, 434, 437, cong (ritual scepter-like object), Classic of Changes (Yijing), 205, 441, 442 243 206, 255, 517 Compendium of Calligraphy, A connoisseurial literature, 13, 18, Classic of Poetry, 461, 519 (Fashu Yaolu), 92 54, 58–59, 60, 122, 257, Classic of the Way and Virtue, compendium of characters 258 The (Daodejing), 160, 190, (jishu or jizi), 299 connoisseurship and 331, 334 Comprehensive Library of the connoisseurs (shangjian classics (jing), 259, 264 Four Treasuries (Siku jia), 57–58 Classification of Classical quanshu), 208 construction, units of Paintings (Guhua pinlu), concubines, 402, 435 measurement, 260 48, 147, 256, 259, 280, Confucianism, 145, 150, 241, Continuation of Classification of 281 280, 399, 415, 417, 418 Classical Paintings (Xu Classification of Poetry (Shipin), and ancestor worship, 159, guhua pinlu), 280, 591 255–256 238–239 Copy of Wei Yan’s Pasturing classification systems, 256–258 canonization of texts, 259 Horses, 465 Clearing Autumn Skies Over classics, 170, 238–239, 241, copying Mountains and Valley, 504, 246, 248, 259, 413, 509 attitude toward, 358 505 Eastern Zhou, 236, 237, copyist’s technique, 295 clerical script, 321–322 238, 240, 241 as learning practice, 293 cliche´ mise-en-scene` of the family, view of, 159, 164 uses of, 63 gazing girl, 432–435 gentleman, 126, 482–483 see also forgeries and fakes; Cloud Peak Mountain, 166, and historical consciousness, imitation 170 239 Copying the “Orchid Pavilion Cloud Terrace Mountain, 502 imagery, 394 Preface” a Thousand Times, clouds as element of religious in Japan, 418 299 imagery, 163–164 and li, 237–238 cosmic charts, 214–216 Clunas, Craig, 3–4, 420, 422, and merchants, 52, 53 “Dark Palace Chart,” 214, 476, 530 and mirrors, 394 215, 228–229 coffins morality (jiao), 88 cosmology decor,´ 106 Neo-Confucians, 152, 248, Chinese, 203, 206, 259 types used (yaokeng, guo, 259, 416, 478 correlative, 160 guan), 165, 179, 239 philosophy, 181 Daoist, 416 Cohen, Paul, 3, 8 and qi (ceremonial European, 159 Colgate (brand), 435, 437, 438, instruments), 237 cosmos, views of, 159, 441, 442 ritual artifacts, discourse on, 172–173, 198, 222, 223, collections 240–241 229 private, 13, 48–50, 53–54, ritual books, 238 counterfeits, 64–65 365, 425, 467 sages, 33, 151, 355, 518 attitudes toward, 64–65 and social status, 53, 301, scholars, 52, 53, 215, 356 court 378–379 temples, 268 art collecting, 47 collectors values, 250 Chinese and European court, 33–37, 51–52, 146, virtue, 255 compared, 30 508 worthies, 151, 170 competition between courts, culture of, 47–66, 92, 248, see also Analects; Confucius; 357 emperors, 32–33, 265, 387, li; liqi court society, 30 416, 465, 469–470, 505 Confucius, 150, 182, 237, 465, court spending, 30 range of, 47 503 court style, 42–43 Yuan dynasty, 49 family temple, 268 versus the literati, 362–364 colophons, 22, 51, 57, 58, 80, and liqi, concept of, 236, as patron of the arts, 29, 30, 338, 462, 469, 511, 513 242 32 Commentary of Zuo (Zuo on ritual, 238 court artists, 5–6 zhuan), 207 ritual books, 238–239 composition, 35 commercial art trusting sight, 517 portrait painting, 144 attitudes toward, 432 and the world, 517–518 training of, 36 cartoon genres, 432–435 writings, 465 Court Bureau of Painting, 508 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

540  INDEX

Court Ladies Preparing Newly esthetics, 132, 178, 255, Daoism, 166, 168, 173, 279, Woven Silk, 385 261, 289–290, 333, 339, 416 court painting 344, 415–416, 435–436, anti-image-making attitudes, as a branch of painting, 29, 444–445, 492, 524, 164 381 527–528 art, 271, 272 and calligraphy, 36 ethno-linguistic mix, embodiments of divine as gifts, 42 165–166 realms, 168–169 hidden meanings, 41 European influences, 8–9, emptiness, concept of, 199, and politics, 37–42, 465 388 331 courtesans, 364, 402, 436 examination system, impact gardens, 188, 413, 424 courtyard dwellings, 203–204, of, 7, 14, 77, 152, 185, heaven, 168 204 283, 301, 359, 415, hell scenes, 128 significance of courtyards, 462–463, 479, 483 imagery of, 121, 387 204 Hegelian ideas, 369, 444 images, 144, 159, 162–164, yards, 204, 205, 206 medieval period, 16, 18, 74, 166 “crab claw” strokes, 367 116, 123–124, 128, and immortals, 166, 411 craftsmen see artisans and 158–170, 248–249, 278, literature esthetic of “use in craftspeople; gong 300, 356–358, 359, 520 uselessness” (wuyong zhi Cranes over Palace Gate, The, mobility in, 74, 77, 318 yong), 199 465 notion of time, 213–216 and mirrors, 394 Crawford, John M., 338 rejection of naturalism in art, and mountains, 169 creation myths, 213–214 132, 212, 302, 358, 362, paradise, 201 critics 365–366, 369, 481 philosophy, 334, 343, 345, and art, 29, 48, 79, 85, 88, social structure, 37, 77, 239, 349, 394, 414, 416 116, 120–121, 132, 136, 283, 369, 372, 402, 474 practices, 168, 172, 181 143–148, 150, 185, 212, terminology for space, 195, Quanzhen (Perfect 256, 270, 282, 298, 300, 198 Realization) Daoism, 319–320, 324, 335, 345, threat to Europe, 2–3 189 362, 421, 423, 476, trade with the West, 2, 387 religious Daoism, 159, 160, 485–486, 505, 510, 513 urban development, 48, 63, 164, 168 on categories of painting, 145 77, 88, 129, 283, 397, 530 ritual, 414 and print media, 88 cunfa (texture strokes), 93 role of caves, 168 Cui Bo, 31, 32, 36 Cuo, King, 247 support for, 161, 162 Cui Zizhong, 129 suppression of, 162 cultural competition Da Chongguang, 338, 339 tradition, 170 early modern era, 362 Daban niepan jing writings, 160, 199 Han dynasty, 356 (Mah¯aparinirv¯ana Sutra), Daoist magicians, 411 Middle Ages, 357–358 169 Daoist popular religion, 129 Zhou Dynasty and Warring Dachang, Princess, 51 pantheon, 272 States Period, 354–355 dacheng (great synthesis), 51 theology, 343, art, 16 “cultural patterns” or “words” Dadu, 49 Daoist temples, 31, 34, 466 (wen), 206 Dai, Marquise of (Lady Dai), as proto-museums, 268 Cultural Revolution, 267 100–101, 140, 179 Daoist Way of the Heavenly culture, Chinese funerary banner, 140, 148, Master, 501, 502 and art collecting, 47 179, 180 Daoji (individualist artist), Chinese literature, 40 Dai Jin, 338 308 classification systems, daibi (ghost artists), 465 Daoyin tu (painting of 254–255 daizhao (high-ranking court gymnastic exercises), constructions of, 3–10, 330, artists), 34 101 442–443 danqing (colored paints or darshana (mutually viewing the cultural comparison, 2, 123, paintings), 93 Buddha), 161 267, 469 Dao (reason, principle, the Datong (Northern Wei capital), cultural politics, 1–2 Way), 160, 168, 169, 424 382 emptiness, concept of, 195, and skill, 484 Dawenkou culture, 242, 243 198–199, 329–335, Daodejing (The Classic of the Daya, Lingtai (“The major 337–338, 343 Way and Virtue), 160, odes, spirit mound”), 410 discourses on space, 199 190, 331, 334 Dazhao, 246 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  541

death, representations of, 159, Dong Bangda, 32 Du Fu, 35, 423, 488, 506, 510, 165, 216, 219, 223, Dong Qi, 339 512 226–227, 246 Dong Qichang, 22, 52, 56, 58, Du Liniang, 437, 438, 440, Declarations of the Perfected 61, 63, 189–191, 266, 443, 446 (Zhen’gao), 166 300, 303, 330, 339, 343, Du Wan, 258 deities, Buddhist and Daoist, 423, 426, 462, 467, 470, Du Yuesheng, 405 depictions of, 272 483 Dunhuang, Gansu Province Delbanco, Dawn Ho, 337 attitudes toward, 492 (Buddhist cave shrine), Democritus, 197 citing masters, 367 149, 162, 167, 262, 414, demons, figurations of, 128 development of terminology, 460 Deng Chun, 36, 146, 271 301, 302, 307, 479 Duobaota ganying bei Dengtu, Master, 519 and fang, 300–307 (Prabhutaratna Pagoda Dengwen guyuan (Grievance and forgers, 64, 65 Stele), 320 Offices), 359 historical model, 477–478 Dwelling in the Fuchun despotism, Oriental, 6–7, 397 on painting, 304, 306, Mountains (Fuchun shanju as cultural stereotype in 336–337 tu), 16, 62, 177–178, 188, China studies, 4–5, 8 sketches by, 301–303 189, 190, 266 origins of term, 4 and Southern School of acquisition by Dong Detailed Treatise on Bamboo, Painting, 300, 307–308, Qichang, 301 A (Zhupu xianglu), 508 80 style, 304–308 e (ugly/crude), 245 Diagram of the Primordial as taste-maker, 477 Early Spring, 184, 463, 506 Unity (Taijitu), 334 views on “how to” books, 85 East Coast of China, 242, 243, dialectical image, 443 Dong Xun, 397 245 Di’an Gate, Qing Imperial Dong Yuan, 187, 307, 308, Eastern Han tombs, 95, Forbidden City, 65 470, 478, 486 99–101, 203 Dianshizhai beauties, 432 Dong Zhongshu, 159, 160 Eastern Jin, 501 dianzicun (dotted strokes), 307 Donglin Monastery Lu Eastern Miscellany (magazine), diaries and calligraphy, 313 Mountain, 279 437 didactic painting, 101, 115, dongtian (grotto-heavens), 168 Eastern Zhou discourse, 116, 117, 118, 121, 124, Dongtian qinglu ji (Record of 240–241 128 the Pure Registers of the Bronze Age, 244 difang (place), 198 Cavern Heavens), 258 historicist tendencies, 247 dili (geography), 206 Dongwanggong (King Father ritual art, 242 Ding Gao, 341 of the East), 159 eccentricity, concept of, 65, Ding Ling, 432 Downcast Eyes, 518 258, 421, 501 ding vessels, 219, 221 dragons, 166, 167, 212, 213, Edwards, Richard, 492 Ding Wei, 42 219, 220, 221, 222, 265, Egan, Ronald, 483, 486 Ding Yunpeng, 80 375, 378, 381, 386, 398 Eight Columns of the Lanting Dingjiazha, tombs at, 165 and emperors, 150 (Lanting bazhu)(garden), Dingshu diaochuan tu (“Fishing as funerary motifs, 100, 106, 298 Boat and Trees by the 165, 171, 179 Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, Water”), 403 as motifs, 98, 99 65, 258 Directorate of Education, 36 painting category, 271, 272, Eight Masters of Jinling “Discourse on Literature” 380 (Nanjing), 258 (“Lun wen”), 207 pig dragon, 376 Eight Views of Xiao-Xiang, 417, Discussion on Ranking representing time and 464 Calligraphy, A (Shupin seasons, 215, 218, 224, Elevated Discourse on Woods and lun), 48 226 Streams (Linquan gaozhi), Discussions on Calligraphy, A Dragon’s Gate waterfall at 79, 284, 285, 286, 290, Report Presented to the Tenryu-ji¯ temple garden, 505 Emperor (Lunshu biao), 419 elite and artisans, relationship 48 Dream Journey on the Xiao and between, 351 Distinction of the Yue, The (Yue Xiang Rivers, 489 display of status in ancient jue shu), 242, 244–245 Dream of the Red Chamber, times, 378 diwen (geological forms), 206 207, 397, 426, 437, 439 Embarrassment of Riches, The, dogs, ritual burial of, 98, 99 du (degree), 352 78 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

542  INDEX

Embassy from the East India significance of the word, guards, 403 Company to the Grand 459–460 history of, 392 Tatar Cham, Emperor of see also Renaissance Europe imports, 393 China, An, 387 European painters, training of, maoshan (hair fans), 395 emperors, 30 37 in museums, 392–393 and ancestor worship, 149, examination system, 8, 14, 22, origin, 395–401 160 36, 51, 77, 152, 185, 283, paintings and calligraphy on, as art patrons, 32 301, 313, 326, 357, 359, 314 art and self-presentation, 39 364, 399, 415, 426, paper, 395, 396, 402 attitudes toward art, 29 462–463, 465, 479, 483 role in society, 396, 402 as audience, 38–40 Exhortations of the Imperial significance of, 396, 399, depictions of, 32 Tutor, The, 324 402 and officials, 41 Experiences in Painting (Tuhua types, 395 placement of throne, 205 jianwen zhi), 145, 146, wanshan (silk fans), 395 portraits, 150 270, 505 and women, 402 empresses, role in court, 30, 33, zhangshan (fan-like standard 37, 39, 43, 51, 372, 417 fa (methods, style), 367, on a long rod), 395 Engineering Manual for the 368–369, 482, 483 farming with the brush Board of Works (Gongbu fa (statutory law), 482 (bigeng), 74 gongcheng zuofa zeli), 260 factionalism, 482 Fashu Yaolu (A Compendium of engraving, 76, 259, 314, 318 Fairbank, John Ling, 6 Calligraphy), 92 Epitaph of Liu Fengzhi, 318 Falkenhausen, Lothar von, 245 fatie (model books), 265 erchen (Chinese scholars), 50 Famen Temple, 384 feili (contrary to ritual and Erlitou, excavation at, 244, 245 family rituals, 248 etiquette), 237 eroticism Famous Paintings through the feiyi (“Flying Banner”), 175 literature, 521–522, 528 Ages (Lidai minghua ji), fenben (study copy), 301 “spring pictures,” 528, 530 32, 79, 92, 131, 147, 257, Feng Chengsu, 298 Erya (dictionary), 36 265, 270, 296, 335, 358, Feng Menglong, 58, 88, 530 “Essay on Lyrics” (Lun ci), 319 502 Feng Xiaoqing, 434 Essay on Painting, 368 Fan Ji, 339 Feng Zekai, 432 Essential Criteria of Antiquities Fan Kuan, 122, 184–185, 288, fengshui (geomancy), 106, 203, (Gegu yaolun), 53 463, 478, 486, 489 206 esthetics, 132, 178, 255, 261, and reality, 187 fengyun (personal manner), 321 289–290, 333, 339, fang (imitation, improvisation), fenhe (divide and unite principle 343–344, 415–416, 63, 293, 294, 300–309, of composition), 306 435–436, 444–445, 492, 316 figures of divine presence, 162 524, 527–528 as creative imitation, 300 Figures, Flowers, and appreciation of antiquities, 93 new definition, 304–307 Landscapes, 153 and mirrors, 398 fang Songzi (Song-style filial piety (xiao), 104, 203 neo-Kantianism, 444 characters or font), 300 fine-line (baimiao) manner of and religion, 444 Fang Xun, 339 painting, 490 Etiquette and Rites (Yi li), 17, fangfu (similar/resemble), 300 First Emperor of China see Qin 238, 240, 241, 246, 248 fanggu (in a classical style), 300 Shi Huangdi Eulogy of Yue Yi, The, 324 fangxiao (modeling after), 300 “Fishing Alone by the Willow eunuchs, 57 Fangzhang (mythical Creek” (Liuxi dudiao tu), and artists, 40, 355 mountain), 169 403 as collectors, 47, 51, 52 fangzhong shu (books found in a “Fishing Boat and Trees by the Hongdu Academy, 356 bedchamber), 101 Water” (Dingshu role in court, 30, 32, 34, 37, Fanlong (artist monk), 489 diaochuan tu), 403 356 fans Five Agents, 159, 160 Europe ancient, 395–396 Five-color Parakeet, The, 465 courts and esthetic standards, and calligraphy, 466 Five Directions, 205 416 chenwei (duster tails), 395 Five Dynasties period, artists in, enthusiasm for China, 2 designs, 395 31, 282–284 and eroticism, 530 displaying views, 360–361 Five Elders of Suiyang, 150, 151 figurative art, 513–514 early modern, 402–404 Five Elements/Processes (Wu poetry and painting, 500 folding, 402 Xing), 255 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  543

“Five Mountains network” of funerary art and objects, 17–18, and philosophy, 419 Zen temples, 418 170, 171, 172, 204, 223, pictorial esthetic, 420–425 Five Planets and Twenty-eight 381 and relationship between xu Lunar Mansions, The, ritual, 246, 355 and shi, 332–333, 334 462 shrines, 227, 229 and self-representation, 416 Five Sacrifices (wusi), 205 Fusang Tree, 214 structure of, 411 Flam, Jack, 344 Fusheng liuji (Six Records of a Ge Hong, 164 Fleming, John, 475 Floating Life), 333 ge wu zhi zhi (knowledge Flight of the Dragon, The: An Fuxi and Nuwa,¨ 213, 381 through direct Essay on the Theory and observation), 417 Practice of Art in China gao (high-minded, gediao (personal style), 321 and Japan, 344 see also high-quality), 186 Geese Descending to Sandbars Binyon, Laurence Gao Lian, 54 (Pingsha luo yan), 464 flights to heaven as literary Gao Shiqi, 64 Gegu yaolun (Essential Criteria motifs, 167 Gao Wenjin, 32, 263, 261 of Antiquities), 53 FLIT advert, 446 Gao Xingjian, 332 Genghis Khan, 475 Flower Garland Sutra (Huayan Gao Yang, 248 genre, theory, and history, 254, jing), 169 gaogu yousi miao (floating silken 268–273 Flowers (hanging scroll), 342 outlines), 130 Genyue garden, 416 “flying white” technique, 336 gaoling (clay), 100 geomancy, 189 folk portraits, 139 Gaozong, Emperor, 33, 38, 39, Gerardin, Marquis de, 423 Fong, Wen C., 336, 341 41–42, 465, 487, 512 ghost artists (daibi), 465 “Footnotes to Allegory calligraphy, 61 ghost vessels, 240 Mountain” (“Yushan Garden of Clear Ripples ghost writers, use of, 64, 65 zhu”), 333 (Qingyi Yuan), 423 Gillpin, William, 424 Forest of Steles (Beilin), 264, Garden of the Master of the Giovanni, Bruno di, 469 268 Fishing Nets (Wangshi Goddess of the Luo River, 128 forgeries and fakes, 48, 53, 59, Yuan), 333 Goepper, Roger, 330 63–66, 186, 386 Garden of the Nanyue “Golden Pheasant and literati and, 64 Kingdom, 412 Hibiscus,” 509 professional forgers, 57, 58, garden records (yuanji), 430 Gombrich, Ernst, 375 64 Garden of Shangyang Palace, gong (craftsmen), 104, 254, forgery workshops, 65 415 288, 354, 357 see also Formal Notification, The, 324 gardens artisans and craftspeople “form-likeness (xingsi)” and art, 410, 420 gong (technique), 483 Four Beauties of Ancient China, appreciation of, 413 Gong Xian, 86 129 Buddhist and Daoist gongbi (detailed, descriptive Four Great Masters of the late influences, 414 style of painting), 500 Yuan, 258 Chinese gardens in world Gongbu gongcheng zuofa zeli Four Treasures, Comprehensive context, 426–427 (Engineering Manual for Library of (Siku quanshu), designers as professional the Board of Works), 260 208 artists, 424 Gongsun Chi, 246–247 Four Wangs, 43, 258, 341 development of, 414–420 Goody, Jack, 3 Four Wu (Suzhou) School emperors and, 411 goumang (two-headed bird), Masters, 258 English landscape gardens, 216, 214 foying (reflection of Buddha 420 Grand One (Taiyi) (deity), 159 nature), 258, 279 European and Chinese graph (lei) in early bronze Frederickson, George, 2 esthetics, 420 inscriptions, 216 Fry, Roger, 127 garden “mountains,” Great Ford on the Yellow River, fu (rhapsodies), 40 construction of, 422–423 The, 86–87 Fu Baoshi, 124 garden rocks, 419–420 Great Mulberry Tree, 226–227 Fu Bi, 505 literary gardens, art of, Grievance Offices (Dengwen Fu Hao, 245 332–333 guyuan), 359 Fu Shan, 93, 317, 320, 325 as lyrical enclaves, 425–427 Grove of Paintings (Huasou), Fu Xi (sage), 33 miniature gardens, 415, 416 82–83, 84 Fuchun shanju tu see Dwelling naming, 420–422 gu (classical period, art, etc.), in the Fuchun Mountains and peeping, 524–528 123, 378 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

544  INDEX

Gu Bing, 81, 82 Guo Xi, 31, 32–33, 79, 480, 487, 488, 504, 509, Gu Hongzhong, 128 126–127, 290, 301, 463, 511, 512 Gu Kaizhi, 52, 105, 116, 117, 500 format, 60, 120, 464–465 118, 119, 120, 122, 130, and Huayi, 503–507 title sheet (yinshou), 464, 131, 141, 152, 171, 256, work, 505–506, 510 471–472 257, 461, 462, 483, Guo Zhongshu, 301, 302, 307, see also Admonitions of the 501–503 485 Court Instructress and art, 395, 478 guohua (national painting), hangjia (professional artists), as artist, 500, 514 444, 445 51, 57 as collector, 146 Guojiazhuang Tomb M160, Hangzhou, 49, 418 and copying process, 295 373–374, 377–378 Hangzhou Aesthetics Society on painting portraits, 143, Guoyunlu hualun, 339 (Hangzhou meixue hui), 144, 503 Gushi huapu (Master Gu’s 343 on portraiture, 281–282 Catalogue of Painting), 80, Hanlin Academy, 34, 296, 364, on xing and shen (physical 266–267 475, 505 form versus character or Gutenberg, Johann, 75, 76 hanxue (rigorous, historical personality), 277–278 gymnastic exercises, painting of approach to the classics), see also Admonitions of the (Daoyin tu), 101 341 Court Instructress hao (artist’s style name), 224 Gu Tianzhi, 337 Haiyue’an (Mi Fu’s studio), 188 haoshi zhe (cultural philistines), Gu Yewang, 509–510 Half Acre Garden (Banmu 57–58 Gu Yuezhi, 501 Yuan), 423 haoyi (hidden feelings), 290 gu zhi yi (purposes of the Hall, David, 237 Hardie, Alison, 423 classical masters), 121 Hall of Cultural Origins Harrist, Robert, 416 guai (unusual, unexpected), (Wenyuan Ge), 208 Hartung, Hans, 344 421 Hall of Three Rarities, 268 Hay, John, 126, 189, 333 Guan Daosheng, 475, 476 Hall of Union, 250 He Cheng, 31 Guan Pinghu, 316 Hammers, Roslyn, 39, 43 He Chong, 149 Guan Tong, 122, 489 Han dynasty, 48, 355–356, He Liangjun, 85 Guangdong, 65 379–380, 461 He Shaoji, 320 Guangwu, Emperor, 259, artisans mentioned by name, Heart Sutra, 299 260 356 heaven–humanity Guangzhou, 102 use of Buddhist imagery, correspondence, 223 guankui (limited view, tunnel 381–382 Heavenly Thearch (Tiandi), vision), 518 bureaucratic administration, 159 guanmian (formal clothing, 355 Hegel, Robert, 521 formal portrait), 146 collapse of aristocratic rule, Heixi corridor, 377 guanta (official copies), 296 95 Hellenistic Asia, 130, 381 gufa (bone method, pictorial growth of religious imagery, Hemudu culture, 243 structure), 281 158 Henan huo (freight from Guhua pinlu (Classification of portraiture in, 141, 356 Henan), 65 Classical Paintings), 48, scholar patronage in, 356 Hesiod poetry, 412 147, 256, 259, 280, 281 status of artist in, 355–356 hierarchy, social, 116, 142, guiqi (ceremonial vessels for Han Gan, 31, 463 236–237, 256, 402, 517 burial in the tomb), 240 Han Guangwu (emperor) see as cultural stereotype in guimo (learning to paint Guangwu, Emperor China Studies, 5–6 through copying), 304 Han li (clerical script), 321–322 of genres, 18, 121, 145, 270, gunmian (ceremonial robes), Han Shou, 519 437 147 Han Stone Classics, 263–264 Hills Beyond a River: Chinese Guo Ruoxu, 79, 127, 144–145, Han Wudi, Emperor, 179 Painting of the Yuan¨ 146, 362, 505 Han Xizai, 128 Dynasty, 475, 479 categorization of painting, Han Zhuo, 79, 484–485 History of the Former Han 270 Handan, 382 Dynasty, The (Jiao si zhi xia on significant painting, 265 handscrolls, 15, 22, 35, 40, 50, in Han shu), 411 Guo Si, 284, 285, 286, 290, 52, 117, 177, 190, 191, History of the Jin Dynasty 505, 506 301, 302, 330, 462, 466, (Jinshu), 501, 519 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  545

History of the Later Han Huang, Martin, 522 Huizong, Emperor, 13, 33, Dynasty, The (Hou Han Huang Binhong, 341, 343 34–35, 40, 41, 49, 59, shu), 103, 108, 413 Huang Ci, 52 249, 289, 487 History of Lustiness, A (Lang Huang Gongwang, 16, 62, catalog creation, 271 shi), 522 177, 178, 188, 266, 471, collecting, 385 Hong Mai, 290 479, 492 court, 35, 462, 465, 467 Hongdu Gate Academy, 47, Dong Qichang on, 190–191, influenced by literati esthetics, 356 301, 304, 307 33–34, 289, 364, 465 Hongguzi (Jing Hao), and topography, 189 and mirrors, 393–394 183–184, 282, 284–285, Huang Guodong, 405 and painters, 36–37 307 Huang Jucai, 32 paintings, 42, 154, 483, 509, Hongloumeng, 437 Huang Quan, 31 510–511 Hongren, 86 Huang Shan, 188 and scholar’s rocks, 416 Hongshan culture, 97, 235 Huang Tingjian, 152, 362, Hundred Beauties, the, 129 Hongzhi, Emperor, 150 365, 463, 464, 489, 510 Hundred Boys, the, 129 Honour, Hugh, 475 Huang Xiufu, 256 Hundred Deer, the, 129 Hopkins, Claude C., 432 Huang Zhongchang, 432 Hundred Horses, the, 129 Hornby, Joan, 149 Huang Zijiu, 190 Hung, William, 511 Hou Han shu (History of the Huangchao liqi tushi Hunt, Lynn, 530 Later Han Dynasty), 103, (Illustrated Regulations for huoyan (“breathing space” in a 108, 413 the Ritual Paraphernalia of painting’s composition), Hou hua lu (painting), 148 the Imperial Qing Dynasty), 343 Houma, bronze foundry at, 379 250 Huzhou, 395 houmenzao (stuff made at the Huangdi, 101 backdoor), 65 Huanglao zhi xue (Huanglao I jian yingbian zhi yanjiu (A “how-to” guidebooks, in China, philosophy), 101 Study in Narcissism), 434 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87 huangwei (coffin decor),´ 106 icons, religious, 121, 161–164, Hsio-yen Shih, 484 huapu (painting manuals and 260–262 Hu Jing, 10 guidebooks), 79 Ike Taiga, 84 hu vessels, 179–180, 216, 217, Huarong duijing tu (Her lovely Illustrated Catalogue on the 217, 218–219 countenance is turned Ancient Vessels of the Hu Weide, 405 toward the mirror) (fan Xuanhe Reign (Xuanhe hu zhong tian di (“worldina painting), 404–405 bogu tu), 53 jar” referring to penjing or huashi (master artist), 357 “Illustrated Manual Explaining bonsai), 416 huashi gong (artisan painter), the Sacrificial Rites Hua ji (Painting, Continued), 104 Practiced in Prefectures 146 Huasou (Grove of Paintings), and Counties, Composed Hua jian (Mirror of Painting), 82–83, 84 Shaoxi Era” (Shaoxi 116, 146 Huatan, 344 zhouxian shidian yi tu), Hua Lin, 339 Huayan jing (Flower Garland 249 Hua Xia, 55 Sutra), 169 Illustrated Regulations for the hua zhi jingwai yi (artistic huayi (the intention, purpose, Ritual Paraphernalia of the meaning that transcends or meaning of a painting), Imperial Qing Dynasty the visible scene), 286 503–507 (Huangchao liqi tushi), 250 huachuan (boat for viewing Huaying jinzhen (Variegated Illustration to the Second Prose paintings), 338, 339 Positions of the Flowery Poem on the Red Cliff, 480 huagong, 357 see also artisans Battle), 528, 530–531 Illustrations of the Odes of Bin, and craftspeople; gong Huayuan, 265 489 Huainanzi, 160, 179 Huayuanzhuang (estate in imitation, 63–64, 85, 265, 267, Huairen (monk), 299, 492 Huayuan), 98 293–308, 320, 336, Huaisu (monk), 492 Hui-shu Lee, 39, 43 357–358, 367–368, 402, huajia (artists), 271–272, 352, Hui Zou, 403–404 416–417, 424 357, 362 Huihong (monk), 483 immortals, 129, 160, 166, 167, huajiang (artisans), 357 Huishi weiyan, 331 168, 169, 170, 173, 179, Huan Wen, 501, 502 Huiyuan (monk), 279 182, 185, 207, 229, 380, Huan Xuan, 502 Huizhou, art market in, 63 411, 426 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

546  INDEX

Imperial Academy, 36, 248, 290 in tombs, 100, 105 Jin Nong, 132, 273 imperial court and art, 29–37, and Yellow Emperor, 245 Jin ping mei (The Plum in the 355, 364, 465 Jade Hall of the Hanlin, 505, Golden Vase), 129, and scholarly preferences, 356 507, 508 521–523 523, 525, 526, Imperial Household Jade Woman among Clouds, 130 529, 530 Department, 396 jade women, 129 Jin Tartar invasion, 482 inaesthetic theory, 435–437, Japan Jin Tingbiao, 32 447 and architecture, concept of, jing (classics), 259, 264 India, Buddhism in, 159, 160 196 jing (well), 425 individual expression, 15, 66, and Chinese art books, 83–84 Jing Hao (Hongguzi), 82, 85–86, 88, 92, 130, and cultural imports, 93, 372 183–184, 282, 284–285, 144, 147, 152, 154, 188, fans, 393, 402 307 368–369, 425, 427, 460, gardens, 418 Jingdezhen, porcelain kilns at, 472 Japanese monks in China, 387 individualism and individuality, 414 Jinggang Advertising Agency, 6, 66, 76, 85, 86, 136, Japanese nobility and Chinese 443 139, 152, 300, 319, 338, cultural elements, 414 jingjie (the artist’s imagined 422, 472 Jay, Martin, 518 world), 334 individualistic artists, 188, 308, Jesuits in China, 387 Jingmen, 246 338, 422, 460 Ji Cheng, 423, 424, 425, 528 jingwai zhijing (a scene implied ink outline, uses and Jia Sidao, 298 by the visible scene in a significance of, 130–131 Jiahu, 97 painting), 345 and realism, 132 Jiajing Emperor, 387 Jinling, 258 ink painting, 131, 132, 137, jialiang (standard weight jinshi xue (the study of bronze 150, 178, 182, 271, measure), 249 and stone artifacts), 248, 304–306, 307, 332, 365, jian (interval, bay), 198–199 341 417, 431, 475, 503–514 Jiang Can, 52 Jinshu (History of the Jin ink rubbing, 266, 295–296 Jiang He, 339 Dynasty), 501, 519 ink stone rice fieldyantian ( ), 75 Jiang Song, 470 jiqi (sacrificial vessels), 240 inkwash, use of, 182 Jiang Tingxi, 32 jishu (compendium of and the literati, 186 “Jiang Zhongzi” (poem), 519 characters), 299 nature of, 183 Jiangcun shuhua mu (catalog), Jiyazhai huapu (Painting Inscription on Stone Drums 64 Album from Pavilion of (shiguwen), 341 Jiangnan region, 49 Concerted Elegance), 80 inscriptions, 22, 40, 57, 59, 92, Jiangxi, 65 jizi see jishu 104, 168, 177, 191, 229, Jianwen, Emperor, 281 Juchang zongxi (playing soccer, 245–247, 268, 320, Jianyang, printing industry in, painting), 395 322–323, 341, 457–458, 74–75 Judging Antiquities in a 460, 466, 469–471 jianzhu (architecture), 196 Bamboo Grove (Zhulin Iran, 374 jiao (teaching, morality), 378 pingu), 55, 56 Islands of the Immortals in the Jiao si zhi xia in Han shu (The Jullien, Francois, 344 eastern sea, 179, 380, 410 History of the Former Han junxian (meritocratic “It Flows Between the Stones” Dynasty), 411 bureaucracy as opposed to (Chanchan), 487, 512 Jiaotai Dian, 240 aristocracy), 359 ItoCh¯ uta,¯ 196 jiashan (garden rocks, artificial junzi bu qi (a gentleman is not a mountains), 418 mere instrument), 481 jade, 235, 376, 379 jie (integrity), 88 Juran, 478 and Chinese culture, 414 jiejing (borrowed scenery), 526 Jurchen, 510 classification of ritual jade, Jieshi Palace (Jieshi Gong), 411 attitudes toward, 39 238 Jiezhou xuehuabian, 344 capture of Huizong and Dawenkou jade, 243 Jieziyuan huazhuan (Mustard Qinzong, 33, 41–42 influence on metal use, 377 Seed Garden Manual of and court art, 33 Liangzhu jades, 243–244, Painting), 84, 273, 344 Jurchen Jin court, 31 245 Jigushushi huagao (Sketches of Longshan jade, 245 Traditional Tree and Rock Kaifeng (capital of the Northern “path dependency,” 376–377 Types), 301 Song), 65 perceptions of, 245 Jin dynasty, 43 kaishu (standard script), 321 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  547

kan (to look or see), 517 Lake Taihu rocks, 55, 333, 416, Laozi (written work), 101, 502, Kang Ye, 171, 172 421 see also rocks 517 Kangxi, Emperor, 43, 154, 387 landscape, as subject of art, 171 law, statutory (fa), 7, 359, 364, Kantianism, 444 and xushi 481–483 Karlgren, Bernhard, 94 (emptiness-substance or Lawton, Thomas, 121 Keightley, David N., 241 implied versus apparent Layer on Layer of Icy Thin Silk Keller, Ulrich F., 444 imagery), 339 (quatrain), 466–467 kenchiku (architecture), 196 see Landscape after (lin) Guo Le Comte, Louis, 3, 6 also jianzhu Zhongshu, 302, 303, 304, Ledderose, Lothar, 148, 272, Kent, William, 420 338 318, 513 Kepple (professor), 444 landscape painting Legalism (Fajia), 481, 482 Khubilai Khan, 131, 475 defined, 178 legalist canon, 259 King Father of the East descriptive terms, 282–283 lei (category or kind), 255 (Dongwanggong), 159, history, 18, 177, 178–179, leiwen (spiral patterns on 168 284, 418, 510 bronze decor), 277 King of Nanyue, 411 and journeys, 181 Lelang Han cemetery, 141 King of Qin, 379 “level distance” perspective, Leng Mei leng, 32 King of Zhongshan and consort 49, 307, 367, 505 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, at Mancheng, tombs of, in Northern Song, 505 212 95, 99–100 origin of, 358 Lever Brothers, 435 Kingdom of Chu, 417 as sacred geography, 169–173 Levine, Ari, 482 Kin-keung Lai, Edwin, 443 and shen (character or spirit), li (ritual, ceremony, etiqette, Kline, Franze, 344 278–280 manners), 236–327 Ko, Dorothy, 523 subjects, 182–183 and hierarchy in classical kong (emptiness), 198, 199 topographical landscape, times, 237 Koraku-en garden, 423 188 Li Cang (Marquis of Dai), 99 Korea, 83, 372 “Landscape in the Style of Li Cheng of Yingqiu, 122, 185, Kou Qianzhi, Celestial Master, Huang Gongwang,” 336 367, 368, 478, 486, 489 164 Landscapes in the Manner of the forgeries and copies of works Kukai¯ (later Kob¯ o-Daishi,¯ Old Masters, 304 by, 64 Japanese monk), 142 Landscapes after Wang Meng, Li E, 59 kui (peeping), 518 305 Li Fang, 144 kuibian (to spy on a foreign Lang Jingshan, 432, 443–444 Li Gefei, 418 state), 518 Nietzschean logic, 445 Li Gonglin, 34, 35, 146, 152, kuiding (surreptitious philosophy, 444–445 186, 463, 465, 485, 489, observation), 518 and photography, 437, 444, 490, 510 Kuilou huanxi tu (Skeleton 445–446 Li Guijie, 527 Puppet Play), 395 Lang shi (AHistoryof Li ji see Book of Rites Kuitert, Wybe, 518 Lustiness), 522 Li Jie, 260 Kuiyi Shen, 432 Lanting Academy, Shaoxing, Li Kan, 80, 475, 490 Kuncan, 86 485 Li Qingzhao, 51–52, 319, 365 Kunlun (mythical mountain), Lanting bazhu (Eight Columns Li Rihua, 64–65 163, 167, 169 of the Lanting) (garden), Li of Shucheng, 489 309 Li Shutong, 127 lacquer, 96, 380, 385 Lanting Kao (written work), Li Sizhen, 256 Ladies’ Journal, 434 298 Li Song, 395 Lady Dai see Dai, Marquise of Lanting xu (Orchid Pavilion Li Tang, 31, 34, 489 Lady Haoguo’s Spring Outing, Preface), 264, 265, Li Xian, 382 52 294–295, 297, 298, 299, Li Yingzhen, 314 Laifeng Daoren, Daoist of the 301, 324 Li Yu, 423, 424, 531 Single Peak, 189, 520–521 lanye miao (orchid leaf-like Li Zehou, 281 Laing, Ellen, 435 strokes), 130 Li Zhaodao, 488 Lake Biwa (Biwa-ko), 423 Lao She, 405 Li Zhen, 142 Lake Dongting (Dongting Hu), Laozi, 101, 164, 168, 169, 199 Li Zhi, 85, 87, 530 423 emptiness as the “usefulness Li Zhu, 517 Lake Kunming (Kunming Hu), of a vessel,” 204 liang bian you zhong zhe (center 423 and Daoism, 160 between two sides), 196 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

548  INDEX

Liang Kai, 124 legacy of ritual objects, influences on, 488 Liang Qichao, 319 247–250 interest groups, 315 Liang Qingbiao, 50, 59 Lisao (collection of Qu Yuan’s internal political struggles, Liang Shicheng, 52 poems), 222 481 Liangdaicun, 108 Liscomb, Kathlyn, 43 lifestyle, 53 Liangzhu lishu (clerical script), 321 and merchant art collections, culture, 376 literacy, 14, 36, 74 54, 55–56 jades, 243–244 and examination system, non-literati category of signs on, 244 283–284 painting, 37, 474 lianzi (studied technique), 483 literary gatherings, 40, 294, in the Northern Song, 61, Library Cave, Dunhuang, 149 297–298, 366, 466 144, 319, 146, 367, 416 Lidai minggong huapu (Album literary genres, discourse on, ontology of, 478 of Paintings by Famous 269 painters, 32, 35, 59, 336 Masters throughout the Literary Mind and the Carving painting (wenren hua), 27, Ages), 80, 81 of Dragons, The (Wenxin 33, 43, 115, 127, 130, Lidai minghua ji (Famous diaolong), 277 137–138, 186, 188, 190, Paintings through the Ages), literati (wenren), 87, 283–284, 287, 467, 474–480, 488, 32, 79, 92, 131, 147, 257, 297, 361, 384, 405, 435, 490–493, 503, 513 265, 270, 296, 335, 358, 437, 479, 493, 509 painting theory, 66, 502 as administrators, 185–186 362–363, 464–465, 471, lienuzhuan¨ (biographies of opposition to aristocratic 480, 507–508 exemplary women) taste, 362, 420 patronage, 385–386, 425 (genre), 129 as art collectors, 51, 52, 55, portraits of, 152, 154 Liji (Rites Records), 205 58, 60, 92 and printing, 463 lin (freehand copying), 63, 293, as artists, 29, 32, 61, 64, 154, in contrast to professionals, 294, 301 361 51, 476 LinLiang,32 attitudes toward merchants, relationships between, 405 Lin Yutang, 123, 125, 126 53, 54, 55, 57 role of, 366–67 Lin’an (Hangzhou), 283 and bureaucracy and and self-expression, 9, 368 linfang (freehand imitation), examinations, 36, 185, selling work, 61, 317, 300 283–284, 462–463 362–364, 480–81 ling (numinous), 279 and calligraphy, 320, 492 in the Song and Yuan periods, Ling, Emperor, 47 canon, 122, 475 152, 186, 476, 477–479, Lingbi Zhangshi yuanting ji concepts, 287–289 480–481, 502 (Record of the Zhang couplets, 320 style, 42, 474, 477–478, 480, family garden in Lingbi), and the court, 37, 300, 490–491 417–418 362–364, 508 in the Suzhou region, 49, 56 linghuaxing (caltrop-style critics see critics and symbolic goods, 54–55 mirror), 399 cultural “phoniness,” as taste setters, 386, 416, Lingjiatan, 98 perceptions of, 85 425, 475 lingtai (spirit mound), 410–411 and culture, 33, 336 themes, 507 linmo (replication of text), 294 dialogue with old masters, tradition, 343, 457 Linquan gaozhi (Elevated 318, 366 transformation of, 185–186 Discourse on Woods and eleventh–century transition, travel, 421–422 Streams), 79, 284, 285, 481 and women consumers of 286, 290, 505 and the emperor, 34 literacy, 75 lintie (copying original esthetics, 333, 415, 416, women literati, 75, 364–367 calligraphic models), 301 417, 420, 470–471 as writers, 54 Lintong, 102 and fakes, 64 xieyi tradition, 342, 402, Linzi lacquer design, 215 and fan painting, 402–403 477, 500, 507, 513 Linzi Langjiazhuang, 214 and figure painting, 130 xu and shi, 335–336 liqi (ritual implements) and gardens, 332, 333, 416, see also bureaucracy; fans; age of liqi, 241–247 417, 530 scholars; Su Shi; women Eastern Zhou discourse on, groups, 54, 55, 316 literary cabinet comb box 236–241 guidebooks for, 54–55 (wengui shuxia), 399 Eastern Zhou period, humanistic ideals, 343 literary cabinet mirror box 235–236 impact of Mongols, 481 (wengui jingxia), 399 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  549

literature, popular, 520 Lu¨ Ji, 32, 331 Marquis of Dai (Li Cang), 99 litholatry, 333 Lu Tanwei, 122, 501 Master Gu’s Catalogue of Liu, Empress, 51 Lu Xun, 406, 432 Painting (Gushi huapu), Liu Bannong, 444 Lu Zhi, 404 80, 266–267 Liu Chunhua, 267 Lun ci (“Essay on Lyrics”), Matisse, Henri, 344 Liu Daochun, 270, 477, 507 319 Mawangdui, tombs at, 95–96, Liu Fengzhi, 318 Lunshu biao (Discussions on 100, 104, 106, 107 Liu Gongquan (Chengxuan), Calligraphy, A Report painting, 219 298 Presented to the Emperor), see also Dai, Marquise of Liu Guandao, 31 48 May Fourth theory, 5, 435 Liu Liangzuo, 487 Luo Pin, 132 McNair, Amy, 313 Liu Lu, 250 Luo Zhichuan, 490 mei (beautiful, fine), 245 Liu Shaozu, 358 Luoyang, 259, 260, 263 Mei Yaochen, 287, 362, 364 Liu Songnian, 31 Luoyang qielan ji (Account of Meihua xishenpu (Plum Blossom Liu Xi, 199 the Buddhist temples in Portraits), 79–80 Liu Xueqi, 485 Luoyang), 413 meiqu (endearing charm), 290 LiuYin,144 Luoyang mingyuan ji (An meiren (a beauty), 399 Liu Youfang, 52 account of the famous meisho (famous places), 423 liubo (game), 228 gardens in Luoyang), 418 meishu (art,fineart),93 liufa see Six Laws Lu Cheng, 432 Meishu shenghuo (magazine), Liulige tomb no. 76, 216, 218 432 Liuxi dudiao tu (“Fishing alone Ma Hezhi, 489 meishu shi (art history), 93 by the Willow Creek”), Ma Junxiang, 475 Melissus, 197 403 Ma Lin, 33, 466 Mencius (philosopher), 33, 307 liuyao (Six Essentials), 282 Ma Mengjing, 524 Mencius (written work), 36, Lives of the Most Excellent Ma Yuan, 31, 31, 308, 344, 518, 519 Italian Painters, Sculptors, 365, 466 Mengxi bitan (Chatting with my and Architects, from Mackenzie, Colin, 393 Brush at Stream of Cimabue to Our Times, 79, macrobiotic texts, 226 Dreams), 289 92 Mah¯aparinirv¯ana Sutra Methods of the Brush (Bifa ji), Lizong, Emperor, 33, 146, (Daban niepan jing), 169 93, 282 298 Mahasthamaprapta, 162 Mi Fu, 54, 63–64, 82, 185, loaded terms, 4–8 mai shuhua ren (dealers in art 187–188, 190, 307, 308, Loehr, Max, 479 [painting and calligraphy]), 403, 461, 487, 501, 504, Lofty Message of Forests and 60 513 Streams see Elevated Maitreya, Buddha of the calligraphy style, 322 Discourse on Woods and Future, 167–168, 261, and counterfeits, 65 Streams 381 on landscape painting, 186 Longer Sukhavativyuha sutra Maitreya Enthroned, 263 and printed texts, 81 (Scripture of Amitabha), Mancheng, 95 Mirror of Painting (Hua jian), 162 Manchuanhua of the Imperial 116, 146 Longmen, 382 Stable (horse, painted), Mi Youren, 187–188, 308, 464, Longshan culture, 242, 243 489 488, 489, 501, 510–513, Lord of the East Manchus, 422 511 (Dongwanggong), 381 Mandate of Heaven, 381 miao (“excellent” or Lorraine, Claude, 420 manhua (cartoons), 432–434, “marvelous,” applied to Lotus Sutra (Miaofa lianhua 444 painters), 256, 279 jing), 169 Manifesting the Large Within Miaofa lianhua jing (Lotus lotus as symbol, 128, 162, 165, the Small (Xiaozhong Sutra), 169 171 xianda), 267 Michaels, Walter Benn, 11 in art, 338, 372, 382 manuals of taste, 79 Michaux, Henri, 344 lou (linked channels), 420 manuscripts, in tombs, 101 middle-class, middle-income Lou Shou, 38 Mao Zhuxi qu Anyuan persons, 51, 74, 75, 77, Louis XIII, 424 (Chairman Mao goes to 103, 356, 359, 360, 361 Loulan Basket, 460 Anyuan), 267 and art, 51, 88 Loyang (Luoyang), 107–108 maodie (cat and butterfly rebus and art collecting, 51, 78–79, Lu, Duke of, 410 for longevity), 508 360 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

550  INDEX

middle-class, middle-income mo (tracing), 63, 293, 294 murals, 105, 107–108 persons (Continued) Model Calligraphy from the and audience for art, 18 legal rights, 360 Chunhua Pavilion as hybrid representations, public persona and art, (Chunhuage tie), 296 108–109 360–361 mofang (pattern imitation), 300 Murck, Alfreda, 417 Min Qiji, 528 Mogao Caves, Dunhuang, 16, Murray,Julia,39 ming (luminosity), 224 167, 199–203, 205 Museum of the Terracotta Army Ming Dong Gu, 3 Mojie see Wang Wei Pits, 102 Ming period, 29 molin (close replica), 294 Museum of the Tomb of the art collecting, 65 Mongol conquest of China, 49 King of Nanyue, imports, 397 Mongol conquest of the Jin, 49 Guangzhou, 102 and the market for printed Mongol conquest and museums, proto-, 267–268 books, 74–76 reunification, 386, 387 music, 321 role of artists under, 31–32 Mongol Yuan court and artists, and art, 171, 183 tourism, growth of, 421 31, 467, 469–470, 478, and the court, 30, 38, 47, 87, Mingfo lun (“Explicating 479, 480, 481, 488, 510 166 Buddhist Doctrine,” essay), Monkey and the peaches of musical instruments 170 immortality, 372 in art, 141, 162, 165, 250, mingqi (mortuary goods), 97, monks, 51, 142, 169, 200–201 384, 446 101, 203, 240–241, 247, cave retreats, 188 in tombs, 97, 99, 100, 101, 248 Chinese in Japan, 414, 418 102, 108, 240, 244 defined, 246 Japanese in China, 419 Muso Kokushi (Muso Soseki), and funerary goods, 241 Mogao Caves, 200–201 418 Mingtang (Bright Hall), 215, as painters, 320, 510 Mustard Seed Garden Manual of 256–260 monochrome painting, 469, Painting (Jieziyuan Minguo ribao (magazine), 470 huazhuan), 84, 273, 344 437 Montesquieu, Baron, 4–5 Mystical Learning (Xuanxue) miniaturized jing (scene or More,Henry,198 movement, 278, 279, 282 view), 403 mortuary figures, 100 minsuhua (genre painting), mortuary goods see mingqi Nan Yue, King of, 380 122, 124, 129, 362 Motherwell, Robert, 344 Nan Zhao, 384 mirrors, 392 motifs, 20, 81, 227, 243, 432, Nanjing, 74 ancient, 393–395 371, 519, 528 Nanjing tomb brick murals, 502 bronze, 20, 366, 406 auspicious, 372, 374–375 Nanxundian tuxiang kao caltrop style (linghuaxing), Mou Yi, 492 (catalog), 149 399 Mount Hua (Hua Shan), 421 Nanzong juemi (written work), and Daoism, 394 Mount Kunlun (Kunlun Shan), 339 design, 365–366, 371, 398 179, 226, 411 Nara, Japan, 384 early modern, 396–401 Mount Lu (Lushan), 423 Nara National Cultural glass and bronze, 393, 398 Mount Pan, 471 Properties Research imports, 393, 399 Mount Sanwei (Sanwei Shan), Institute, 414 metallurgical composition, 200, 201 narcissism (yingbian), 434, 437 398 Mountain Villa of Peaceful narrative painting, 38 116 mirror gazing, 441, 442 Lodging, 471 National Association of Scholars painting as, 116 mountains, significance of to (NAS), 10 perceived decline in quality Daoists and Buddhists, National Palace Museum, 257, and “vulgarization,” 398, 169–170 386, 399 399 moxie (copies), 294 National University Gate in the religion and, 394 mu (eye), 517 Later (Eastern) Han capital shapes, 398 Mudanting (Peony Pavilion) of Luoyang, 263 trade, 394 (drama), 80, 437, 439, neng (competent, applied to and women, 366, 399 441 painters), 256 mise-en-scene` , 434, 435, 436, mulberry trees, 10, 216, 215, neo-classical realism, 123 442, 447 227, 228, 229 Neolithic period Misty River, Layered Peaks Muller, Deborah Del Gais, 476 art, 375–376 (paintings), 489 Munakata, Kiyohiko, 483, 484, culture, 242 Mitchell, W. J. T., 10 491 tombs, 94, 97–98, 103 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  551

New Account of Tales of the more important at court than classification, 123–125, World, A (Shishuo xinyu), nobles, 30 255–257, 258, 270–271 278 “Old Drunken Man Pavilion, and empty space, 19, New Laws (xin fa)reform The” (poem), 512 344–345 movement, 481–482, 483 omen paintings, 124 floral, 490 Newton, Isaac, 198 omens, 92, 465 genres, 145–146, 254–255, New Treatment of the World, A “On the Turning Back of 269, 270–273 (Shishuo xinyu), 501, 502 Autumn Ripple” (Qiubo history, 79, 80 Ni Zan, 61, 93, 301, 302, 307, yizhuan lun), 520 insects, 509, 510 403, 468, 469, 475, 492 “On Understanding the landscape see landscape Nie Chongyi, 248 Buddha” (treatise), 279, painting Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1, 447 280 materials used, 314 Nieuhiff, Johan, 388 Orchid Pavilion Preface meaning of (huayi), 503–507 Night Revels of Han Xizai, The, (Lanting xu), 264, 265, meaning beyond the scenery 128 294–295, 297, 298, 299, (jing wai yi) and mood (yi Nine Dragons Scroll, 489 302, 324 wai miao), 507 1911 Revolution, 66 Oriental despotism, 4–5 and messages, 38, 118–119 Ningbo, port and fan Orientalism in Europe, motivation for, 255–256, production, 402 387–188, 389 284, 313, 362, 363, 368, Ningzong, Emperor, 33, 466 originality (qi), 9, 14, 77, 80, 369, 434 Northern Qi, 162, 382 84–87, 92, 273, 299, 319, and poetic traditions, Northern Song period, 54, 338, 343, 368, 393, 395 499–500, 509 382 ornament and political discontent, 356, art subjects, 38 defined, 371 464–465 artists in, 31, 43, 117, 505 early China, 376–379 purpose, 123 fall of dynasty, 488 and pattern, 371 as silent/soundless poetry integration of poetry, Ottoman Turkey, 386, 391 (wu sheng shi), 463, 471 calligraphy, and painting, Ouyang Xiu, 362, 417, 464, Song–Yuan transition, 462–465 503–504, 508, 512 489–490, 491 landscape mode, 302 Ouyang Xun, 298 terminology used for Daoist ranking systems for court Owen, Stephen, 518 and Buddhist subjects, artists, 256 271, 272 values of literati, 146, Painted Basket with Scenes of vegetables and fruit, 509 362–364, 477 Filial Piety, 141 writing on and formats, Northern Wei, 381 painter-craftsmen (huagong), 471–472 Northern Zhou, 249 281, 288 see also landscape painting; Notes on the Method for the painters portraiture Brush, 183 bird and flower, 507, 508, painting academy, Huizong, Notes on Things for Pure 509 36–37, 289, 465 Appreciation in Life of classified, 131–132 Painting Album from Pavilion Leisure (Yanxian qingshang education of, 36–37 of Concerted Elegance jian), 54 employment, 34, 476 (Jiyazhai huapu), 80 nouveaux riche and art, 53–54 and fans, 403 Painting, Continued (Hua ji), nudity, 129, 446–447 merit standards, 34 146 nakedness, depiction of, professional and literati, painting manuals (huapu), 127–128 22, 32–37, 51, 54, 61, 79–84, 82–83, 273 nude painting, 127–129, 80–81, 288, 308, 362, Japanese, 84 432, 446–447 424, 470, 474–476, 488, Painting of Wangchuan Villa Nuwa¨ and Fuxi, 213, 381 490, 492 (Wangchuantu), 301, 304, Nymph of Luo River, 395 painting 339 bamboo and plum flowers, Palace of the King of Nanyue, Oei Hui Lan, 441, 446 35, 152, 513 411 officials birds and flowers, 35, 510, Palace Museum, 268, 392 and calligraphy, 313, 315 514 Palace Style, 281 and end of Eastern Zhou and the body, 127–129, Palazzo Farnesei, Rome, 204 dynasty, 247–248 130–131 Pan Guangdan, psychoanalytic and gardens, 412 canons, 265 theory of, 434–435, 436 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

552  INDEX

“Panche tu” (poem), 287 Pictures of the Three Ritual and gardens, 427 pantheon, Chinese, 159 Classics (Sanli tu), and literati, 481, 482, 492, paper, 60, 61, 73, 74, 130, 314, 248–249 493 359, 405, 465, 472 Piggott, Stuart, 371 and painting, 27, 37–42, and copying, 294–295, 296 pimacun (hemp fiber strokes), 120, 132, 364, 478, 479, paradise, Buddhist and Daoist, 304 482, 484 201 pin (quality, grade), 255 participants, 103 past, utopian, and social Pine Studio Plum Painting sexual, 523 equality, 354–335 Manual (Songzhai meipu), pomo (breaking of ink), 182 patrons of art 80 Pope, Alexander, 424 and art market, 60, 272 “Pines in a Single View,” 506 porcelain manufacture, 92–93, and art collectors, 48 “Ping’an tie” (catalog), 59 387, 388 and artists, 34, 373, 376 pingdan (understated, Portrait of Amoghavajra, 142, court, 27, 52, 43, 51, 256, 264, unpretentious), 420 150 289, 372, 384, 414 Pingsha luo yan (Geese Portrait of a Censor, 137 literati, 381, 384, 387, 425 Descending to Sandbars), Portrait of Wang Huan, 151 merchants, 51, 52, 53 464 portraiture, 15, 136, 270 Pazyryk, 380 Pingshan, 247 artistic technique and, 141 Peach Blossoms Outside my pingwan (level wrist—brush attitudes toward in modern Window, 22, 458 handling), 335 scholarship, 139 “Peach Blossom Spring,” 188, Plato, 197, 517 character portrait, 141 457 playfully done (xizuo), 363, 367 critical views of, 139 pedagogy, 417 Plum Blossom Portraits (Meihua European tradition, 137, peeping, 517, 531 xishenpu), 79–80 139 framed, 524–528 Plum in the Golden Vase, The as formal likeness, 486 and illicit sex, 518–519 (Jin ping mei), 129, historical development, and perversion, 522 521–523 523, 525, 526, 139–142 representations of, 528–530 529, 530 “non-portrait” portraits, 154 and sexual politics, 522–523 Poem Praising Dongfang Shuo’s ritual portraits, 146 topos of, 520–523 Portrait, The, 324 and shen (personality), 278 Pei Kai, 502 poetic mood in painting, status of, 30–31 pengdang (organized factions), 289–290 status of artists, 146 482 poetry, 126, 182, 207, Tang dynasty, 141 Penglai (mythical mountain), 282–283, 319, 394, 417, terminology and typology, 169 436, 442, 483, 489, 492 139, 146–154 Penglai pattern, 399 and calligraphy, 335, 460, use of figures as moral penjing miniature landscapes 462–463, 471, 481, 519, exemplars, 506 and garden art, 415, 418 523 vocabulary, 146 peony motif, 372 competitions, 264 see also ancestor portraits; Peony Pavilion (Mudanting) and the court, 30, 33, 34–35, painting (drama), 80, 437, 439, 38–39, 54, 288, 289–290 Poussin, Nicolas, 420 441 as expression of opinion, 461 Powers, Martin J., 10, 289, People’s Republic, 188 and the middle classes, 77 321, 481 Pepsodent Company, 432, 433, and mood, 290 Prabhutaratna Pagoda Stele 434, 435 and painting, 31, 80, 81, (Duobaota ganying bei), “person,” concept of, 352, 354 287, 361, 409, 416, 464, 320 petromania, 333 465, 469, 477, 499–514 Precious Mirror of Painting philistine taste see su and ya publication, 74, 75 (Tuhui baojian), 79, 82, philosophical pluralism, 9–12 as sounding paintings, 463 116, 122, 257 phoenix, image of, 105, 165, women and, 317, 364, 365 “Preface to Painting 166, 167, 171, 386 see also Three Perfections Landscape” (written work), photography, 267, 397, 405, “Poetry Illustration” 182 431 (handscroll), 511, 512 “Preface to the Painting of and advertising, development politics, 186, 356, 359, 436 Mountains and Rivers” of, 443 court, 30, 486, 501, 513 (written work), 170 physiological alchemy, 219 culture and, 362 Preface to the Sacred Teaching pi (pathological obsession), 87 factionalism, 34 (Shengjiaoxu), 299 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  553

presence and absence (youwu), Qian Neng, 52 and movement), 120, 282, 311 Qian Weicheng, 32 357 princes and imperial relatives, Qian Xuan, 467, 490 qu (intuitive interest), 87 role in court, 30 Qian Zhongding, 469 qu (mood or charm), 504 princesses, 30 Qiangtou mashang (Above the and li, 237, 238 Principles of Chinese Painting, Wall and on Horseback), Qu Yuan, 153 329 520 Quanzhen (Perfect Realization) printing, 13–14, 73–76, 385 Qianlong, Emperor, 49, 154, Daoism, 189 blocks, 73, 74 249–250, 423 quechang (official trading Chinese and European and influence on painting, posts), 49 compared, 75–76, 84 37, 39, 471 Queen Mother of the West costs of production, 76 reproductions, 267, 298 (Xiwang mu), 159, development of, 74–76, 463 Qianlong Emperor’s Southern 162–163, 167, 168, 179, and esthetic debates, 86–88 Inspection Tour The, Scroll 372, 381 with movable type, 75–76 Six: Entering Suzhou along Qufu Shandong, 267 movable type versus block the Grand Canal, 40 printing, 76 Qianxian, 95 rams’ head motif, 372 and painting manuals, 79–84 qiao (skill), 483 Rare Xiaoxiang Views, 188 technology, 74–76, 432 Qiao Zhongchang, 363, 468, Rawski, Evelyn, 139 see also books; catalogs of art 479, 480, 489 Rawson, Jessica, 103, 245 Prospect Garden (Daguan Qidan Liao, 384 Raynal, Abbe, 3 Yuan), 207 Qijia culture, 392 reclusion, 16, 21, 181–182 prostheses, 437, 442, 444, 446, qin (Chinese-style zither), 77 attractions of, 182 447 Qin (state), 379 cyclical and linear time, psychoanalytic theory, Qin Shi Huangdi (First 221–229 Euro-American, 434 Emperor), 379, 381, 482 Record of Calligraphy and and narcissism, 434 mausoleum, 102, 103, 321 Painting (Shuhua ji), 62 Pu Xuezhai, 316 Qing (artisan), 364 Record of Famous Painters of the publishing houses, 79 see also qing (love, humane compassion, Tang Dynasty (Tang chao books; printing passion), 84, 88 ming hua lu), 256, 274 Pulleyblank, E. G., 4 qing (pure), 483 see also su and Record of the Pure Registers of Pumen and Kaiyuan Temples ya (philistine/vulgar and the Cavern Heavens (near Fengxiang), 484 elegant tastes) (Dongtian qinglu ji), 258 Pure and Complete Collection Qing dynasty, 32, 43, 260, 387, Record of Southern Song Court of Landscape [Painting] 470–471 Painters,59 (Shanshui chunquan ji), apex of art forgeries, 65 Record of Treasured Paintings 79 Qingming shanghe tu (Spring (Baohui lu), 59 Pure Land Buddhism, 279 Festival Along the River), Records of the Grand Historian, purpose of the classical masters 18, 65, 464 103, 411, 519 (gu zhi yi), 122 Qingshi (Anatomy of Love), 88 Red Books, 424 qingyang (green yang), 224 Red Cliff, 489 qi (extraordinary views), 421, qinxian (zither strings), 130 Reform Party, 512 422 Qinzong, Emperor, 33 regenerative theme in art, 216, qi (fluid matter; cosmic vapors), Qiu Ying, 55, 56 218–219, 220 416 Qiu Zhijie, 299 Register of Plum Blossom qi (originality), 9, 14, 77, 80, Qiubo yizhuan lun (“On the Portraits (Meihua 84–87, 92, 159, 273, 299, Turning Back of Autumn xishenpu), 79–80 319, 338, 343, 368, 393, Ripple”), 520 regulated verse (lushi¨ ), 461 395, 418 Qiushan, huangye (Autumn religion, 2 qi (personal character, Landscape with Yellow growth of in China, personality), 281, 282, Leaves), 404 159–160 421, 500 qiyun (character/manner, religion as a driving force in qi (vessel), 237–238 personality), 120, 124, medieval art, 173 Qi Baishi, 341 282, 500 see also Buddhism; Qi Biaojia, 332 and “Six Laws,” 282, 357 Confucianism; Daoism Qian Du, 339 qiyun shengdong (expression of religious art, 15–16, 36, 121, Qian Mausoleum, 95 character through gesture 123, 158 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

554  INDEX

religious imagery, 171, 26 ritual or ceremony, significance Sanxingdui, 235 beliefs, 158 of, 237 see also li Sanxitang (Hall of Three growth of, 158 ritual objects and practical Rarities), 260 terms used in other contexts, utensils contrasted, 238, Sarris, Michael, 434 277 242, 245–246 Schama, Simon, 78 religious proselytization, 382 ritual hall, Han dynasty, 261 Schapiro, Meyer, 466 Ren Bonian, 124 ritual reform, concept of, 245 Schneider, Gerard, 344 Ren Renfa, 490 River and Mountains on a Clear scholar-officials Ren Xiong, 138, 154 Autumn Day, 190–191 and calligraphy, 313, 460 Ren Xun, 404–405 River and Mountains after as collectors of paintings, 186 Ren Yuan, 52 Snow,58 distinguished from hereditary Renaissance Europe, 420, 469, Rivers of Shu, 489 aristocracy, 481 499–500 rocks factionalism, 34, 482 renqi (human vessels), 240 appreciation, 415, 419–420 and poetry, 461 renwu chuanxie, 148 in art, 38, 55, 85, 121, 122, scholar-painters, 131, 463, 485 renwu hua (figure painting), 136, 182, 184, 185, 187, see also literati 115 272, 285, 301, 304, 336, scholars (ru), 236 renwu pinzao (personality 337, 386, 505, 506, 524 and gardens, 413 appraisal), 255 as collectable items, 258, under Han dynasty, 412–413 Renzong, Emperor, 37, 39, 415–416, 420, 421 frugal burials, 248 249 and cosmic energy, 127 using paintings as expressions reproductions, of art and the art and gardens, 333, 334, 411, of discontent, 464–465 market, 64 415–418, 420, 423, 425, as recluses, 54, 413 reproductive media, 266–267 445, 527, 528, 531 as selling authors, 75 Repton, Humphrey, 420, 423, as representatives, 154 and social climbing, 422 424 writings about, 286 scholar’s rock, 415, 416 Republican China, 341 see also Lake Taihu rocks School of Rujia, 236 arrival of the museum in, 121 Rong Qiqi, 141, 503 schools, 264, 413, 417 collectors in, 405 Rosa, Salvatore, 369 Scott, Hamish, 353 “Research on Feng Xiaoqing” Roupu tuan (The Carnal Prayer Scripture of Amitabha (Longer (article), 434 Mat), 522, 531 Sukhavativyuha sutra), 162 resemblance, significance of Rowley, George, 329–330 scroll painting, 115, 123, 124, achieving, 302–304 ru see scholars 130, 131, 171, 393, 502 “Rhapsody on Master Dengtu Ruan Ji, 503 see also handscrolls the Lecher” (written Ruan Xian, 503 seals work), 519 rubbings of artworks, carving, 92 Rhymeprose on Literature collecting, 258 engraving, 333–335, 341, (Wenfu), 331 rugu (scholarly merchants), 52 343 “Rhymeprose on an Outing to Rui state, 105 good design, aspects of, 334 Tiantai Mountain” (written legends, 467 work), 279 sacrifices, 17, 159, 160, 168, as microcosm, 334–335 ri (sun), 224 169, 171, 205, 206, 236, seasonal cycle, representation Ricci, Matteo, 9479 238–239, 240, 246, 411 of, 216, 218–219, 228 “Riders in the Western Hills” Sagacious Thoughts Hall, 37 Seckel, Dietrich, 142 (painting), 506 Said, Edward, 2 Secluded Bamboo and Withered rike (daily lesson in calligraphy), Saiyinchidahu, 248 Tree, 489 317–320 San li (three ritual texts), 248 Second Outing to the Red Cliff, Rites Records (Liji), 205 sancai (three powers/realms [of 363, 465 Rites of the Zhou (Zhou li), 238, the cosmos]), 116, Second Prose Poem on the Red 248 204–205 Cliff, 363 ritual artifacts, 240–241 sang (mulberry/death seeing, ways of, 517, 518 ancient artifacts and court cognates), 227 Seiryoji¯ Temple, Kyoto, rituals, 249 sanguang (three luminaries), 260–261 essential nature of, 241 215 Seiryoji¯ sculpture, 268 legacy of, 247–250 Sanli tu (Pictures of the Three Self-Portrait (Ren Xiong), 138 traditional discourse on, 241 Ritual Classics), 248–249 Self-Portrait, Artist Inebriated ritual bronzes, 105 Sanshi Basin (Sanshi pan), 323 (Chen Hongshou), 153 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  555

Sengge, Princess, 37 Shen Bang, 61 Shipin (Classification of Poetry), serfdom, 357 Shen Congwen, 392 256 serpents, 183, 218, 224, 283 Shen Defu Shiqu baoji (imperial catalog), Seven Worthies of the Bamboo on forgeries, 64 59, 257 Grove (individuals), 128, on merchants, 53 Shishuo xinyu (A New Treatment 130, 170–171 Shen Fu, 332–334 of the World), 501, 502 Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Shen Gua, 476 Shitao (Zhu Ruoji), 65, 86, Grove and Rong Qiqi Shen Kuo, 289 188, 457, 458, 467 (Zhulin qixian) (painting), Shen Zhou, 61, 63, 266, 314 shiyi (poetic effect in a 130, 141, 152, 460, 501, Shen Zongqian, 344 painting), 491, 501, 503 shendao (spirit road), 95 507–513 Seventh Month (painting), 489 Sheng Dashi, 344 shizhi (firm fingers—brush sexual relationships, illicit, 518 Sheng Ximing, 116 handling), 335 popularity of, 80, 520 shengdong (lifelikeness), 10 Shizhuzhai shuhuapu (Album of Shadows over the Hills of the Qi Shengjiaoxu (Preface to the Calligraphy and Paintings River (Qiyuan xiaoying)in Sacred Teaching), 299 from Ten Bamboo Studio), Grove of Paintings shengqi (objects for the living), 80 (Huasou), 82, 83 240 Shomu, Emperor, 182–183 Shaka Nyorai, statue of, 262 shenhui (imaginary communion shops, selling artworks, 82 Shakyamuni (Sage of the with former artists), 307, shou (longevity), 226–227 Shakyas), 160 367, 368 shouling (funerary tumulus), see also Buddhas and shenli (divine beauty), 279 226 bodhisattvas shenming (divine wisdom), Shouwen jiezi (The Analysis of Shan Tao, 503 279 Characters as an Shan Wufu (hu vessel), 219 Shenxiu, Buddhist master, 391 Explanation of Writing), Shandong Peninsula, 242, 381 shenyu (divine-imperial), 147 36, 198, 199, 237, 294, Shang dynasty tombs, 98 Shenzong, Emperor, 33, 463, 300, 312 Shang Xi, 32 505 shouxing (longevity star), 226 shangxia sifang (direction), 198 shi (room, chamber), 198 shu (spaciousness), 334 Shangyang Palace (Shangyang shi (substantial, real, apparent as Shu (state), 34 Gong), and garden, 414 opposed to implied), 329, Shu pu (calligraphic manual), Shanjingju hualun (written 330, 331, 332 324 work), 339 in calligraphy and painting, shuanggou tiancai shanshui see landscape painting 335–345 (double-outlining), 81, Shanshui chunquan ji (Pure and in literary garden, 332–333 295 Complete Collection of in seal engraving, 333–335 Shuanggui tang of Hangzhou Landscape [Painting]), 79 see also xu (printing house), 81 shanshui pi (addiction for Shi ji (Records of the Historian), shufeng (upright brush), 335 landscape), 401 103, 519 Shugu (Calligraphy [Price] Shaoling, 463 Shi ming (Explaining Names), Estimation), 60 Shaoxi zhouxian shidian yi tu 199, 205 shuhua (fine art), 93 (“Illustrated Manual shi shi ye renwu shi man qi zhong Shuhua ji (Record of Calligraphy Explaining the Sacrificial ye (“a room in which and Painting), 62 Rites Practiced in people and things fill”), shuhuachuan (calligraphy and Prefectures and Counties, 199 painting boats), 58 Composed Shaoxi Era”), Shi Tao, 368 Shun, Emperor, 249 249 Shi Zhecun, 432 Shupin lun (A Discussion on Shaoxing, 485 Shi’er lou (Twelve Structures), Ranking Calligraphy), shen (spirit, personality, 531 48 imagination, attitude), 84, Shigemori Mirei, 418 “Shusu tie” (Letter written on a 143, 147, 256, 277–278, shiguwen (Inscription on Stone piece of Shu silk), 58 280–283, 500 Drums), 341 Si Wang (Four Wangs), 43, and landscape painting, Shihuang (legendary inventor of 258, 341 278–280 painting), 122 si wen (this culture of ours), and portraiture, 281–282 Shijiahe people, 376 482 range of meanings, 279 Shijing (Book of Songs), 40, 178, Siberia, 380 see also xing–shen polarity 410, 499, 508–509 Sichuan, 261, 381 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

556  INDEX

Sidun, tomb at, 243 Song dynasty Spring Festival along the River Significance of Landscape artists under, 30, 34, (Qingming shanghe tu), 18, Painting, The, 279 282–284, 358–367, 480 65, 464 Sikong Tu, 345 characters/font (fang Spring Morning in the Han silk, 386 Songzi), 300 Palace handscroll, 129 silk painting, 225 and court culture, 33–34 steles, and stone rubbings, 296 Silk Road, 380 gardens, 418 steppe peoples, 379 Sima Guang, 248, 417, 422, institutional changes, 7, 22, Stone Catalog of Cloudy Forest 487, 510, 512, 513 34, 358–359 (Yunlin shipu), 258 Sima Huai, 464, 487, 501, philosophy, 478 Stone Classics (Shijing), 248, 510–513, 511, 512 scholars’ perceptions of, 263–264, 295 Sima Jinlong, 116 358–359 Stone Drum Inscriptions, 321 Sima Qian, 519 “Song of Everlasting Sorrow, A” stone tools and weapons, use of, Sima Xiangru, 519 (Changhen ge), 129, 520 244–245 similitude (xingsi)and Song Huilian, 522 Story of an Obsessed Woman, The verisimilitude, 42, 43, 218, Song imperial gardens, 417 (Chipozizhuan), 522 358, 361, 441, 482, 500, Song Lian, 122–123, 128, 131 Story of the Western Wing, The 508 Song Yu, 519 (Xixiang ji), 520, 521, in art, 15, 18, 42–43, 117, Songjiang, 49, 65 523, 528, 530 142, 150, 178, 183, 185, Songs of the South (Chuci), 192, Strassberg, Richard, 425 281, 284, 358, 361, 363, 222, 519 Stuart, Jan, 139 467, 500, 507 Songzhai meipu (Pine Studio Studio of True Connoisseurship, fallacy of verisimilitude, 178 Plum Painting Manual), The (Zhenshangzhai tu), Sivin, Nathan, 220 80 55, 57, 421 Six Dynasties period, 48, 58, souqi jieguai (seeking the study copies (fenben), 82 60, 277, 313, 461, 501 extraordinary and plucking Study in Narcissism, A (Ijian use of double outlining the curious), 421 yingbian zhi yanjiu), 434 calligraphy, 295 souqi liesheng (seeking the Sturman, Peter, 484 Six Essentials (liuyao)of extraordinary and hunting Su Hanchen, 395–396 painting, 282 the magnificent), 421 Su Shi, 5, 34, 130, 152, 186, Six Laws (liufa) (of painting), Soulages, Pierre, 344 331, 362, 363, 418, 426, 259, 280–282, 357, 444 Southern Song period/dynasty, 463, 464, 465–466, 483, Six Records of a Floating Life 33–34, 39, 398, 465–67 491, 492, 501, 513 (Fusheng liuji), 332–333 artists in, 31, 32, 511 attitudes toward, 486 Sixteen Kingdoms period, 165 catalog, 33 exiles of, 5, 482, 510 Skeleton Puppet Play (Kuilou categorization of artistic forgeries of, 64 huanxi tu), 395 genres, 272 on importance of likeness in Sketches of Traditional Tree and cultural shifts, 49 art, 144, 483–484, Rock Types (Jigushushi mirrors, 398 507–508 huagao), 301 Southern Tang (state), 34 influences of, 185, 477–478, social hierarchy, as a stereotype space, defined, 196–197 488 of China, 5–6 spatial illusionism in histories of landscape painting, 186, social status Chinese art, 212 417–418, 486–487, in ancient China, 105, 352, spirit articles, 240, 246, 247, 488–489 377 249 literati art theory, 362–363 and art, 13, 15, 20, 53–54, Spirit of the Hearth, 205 paintings, 510 77–78, 141, 145, 149, Spirit of the Impluvium poetry, 489, 507 308, 357, 377, 395, 405 (zhongliu), 205, 206 Su Shi’s Second Ode to the Red of artists, 256 spirit mound, 410–411 Cliff: Illustration to the in imperial China, 7–8, 77, liminal aspects, 411 Second Prose Poem on the 127 spirit of the place (tudi), 205 Red Cliff, 466 inheritance of in classical spirit roads (shendao), 95, 108 Su Xun, 484 times, 352–353 spirit vessels, 17, 246 su and ya (philistine/vulgar and Sogdians, 171, 382, 384 spirit world, 158, 205, 206 elegant tastes), 54–57, 69 Son of Heaven, 218 Spiro, Audrey, 141, 462, 502 n20–21, 80, 84–85, 88, Song Boren, 79–80 Spring and Autumn Annals, 483, 486 Song Di, 363, 489 The, 410 sugu (vulgar merchants), 53 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  557

Sullivan, Michael, 42, 178, 434 Tangchao minghua lu (written three powers/realms (of the “Summer Pavilion, A” (Xiayi work), 143, 148 cosmos) (sancai), 116, lou) (short story), 531 Tangdai, 32 204–205 sun, classical Chinese concept “Tangong” (chapter in Book of ti (body), 237 of, 224 Rites), 239 ti (script, or font type), 321 Sun Changzhi, 148 Tangshi huapu (Album of Tang Tian Jingyan, 144 Sun Chengze, 50 Poetry and Paintings, An), Tian Ruao, 488 Sun Chuo, 279, 460 80, 81 Tiandi (Heavenly Thearch), 159 Sun Guoting, 324 tanqi muyi (inquiring after the tianwen (celestial or Sunlight Soap, 435 extraordinary and admiring astronomical phenomena), Sunrise at Sea, 395 the unusual), 421 206 “Sunrise and Sunset, The” Tanyilu (Discourse in Art), Tibet, 384, 387, 470 (song), 223 343–344 tiexian (“iron wire” line), 130 sunrise and sunset, associations Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian), Tiger Balm, 443 of, 222, 224, 226, 227 154, 421, 461 tigers, 99, 212, 220, 221, 272 Suzhou pian (Suzhou “Peach Blossom Spring,” 188 time in classical China, 213 deceptions), 65 Tao Yuanming Returning to and alchemy, 220–221 Suzhou region, 49–50 Seclusion, 489 art as manipulating time, fan production, 402 taotie faces and dragons, 216–220 woodblock carving in, 74 377–378 concept of in Chinese art, Suzhou School, 339 taste, elegant or vulgar, 53–54, 212 56, 77, 79–80, 82, 84, 88 controlled time, concept of, ta (rubbing), 296 and court culture, 38, 42 216 taben (copies), 296 taxie (copying), 298 significance of, 212 tahua (copy paintings), 296 taxpayers (min), 7–8, 20, 74, time, cyclical tai (garden form), 410 75, 152, 247–249, 312, depictions, 213–215 Taigu Yimin, 489 355, 359, 361, 413 notions of, 213–216, Taihao (god), 216 temples 221–229 Taihu rocks (Taihu shi), 55, art in, 38, 51 Timur, 386 416, 417, 421 gardens, 413–414 TLV pattern of the Han, 215, Taijitu (Diagram of the Ten Thousand Ugly Ink Dots, 228–229, 394 Primordial Unity), 334 308 Tobey, Mark, 244 Taiping rebellion, 319 Teng Gu, 478, 480 Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan, Taiyi (Grand One) (deity), Tenryu-ji¯ temple, Kyoto, 418 384 159 Terracotta army, 379 Tokugawa Mitsukuni, 423 Taizong, Emperor (Song textiles, 386 tomb robbers, 94–95 dynasty), 32, 264–265 and clothing in tombs, tombs and Chunhuage tie (Model 100–101 archaeological and theoretical Calligraphy from the texture stroke (cunfa), 93, 307 readings, 102–109 Chunhua Pavilion), 296 Theory of /Cloud/: Toward a and artifacts, 91–92, 93, support for Gao Wenjin and History of Painting, 344 94–102, 171 Huang Jucai, 22 Thirteen Emperors, The, 141, audience for, 96 Taizong, Emperor (Tang 142, 462 of Bin Wang at Xunyi, 104 dynasty), 297, 298, 299 Thomson, John, 397 construction of, 94–95 Taizu, Emperor, 359 Thousand Buddha caves, decoration of, 380–381 Tang chao ming hua lu (Record Dunhuang, Gansu figural images, 94, 140–141 of Famous Painters of the Province, 460 and heavenly visions, Tang Dynasty), 256, 274 Thousand Character Classic, 61, 166–167 Tang Di, 490 297, 321, 323 jade in, 243 Tang Hou, 116, 121–122, 130, “Thousand Cliffs Contend in of Kang Ye, 171 483, 485–486, 507, 513 Splendor, A,” 338, 339 of the King of Zhongshan, 95 Tang Shaoyi, 405 Three Dynasties, 244, 245, at Mangwangdui, Changsha, Tang Xuanzong, Emperor, 520 246, 250 Hunan province, 100 Tang Yifen, 339 Three Kingdoms period, 124 of Marquis Yi, 379 Tang Yin, 338, 403 three luminaries (sanguang), offerings, 108 Tang Yunyu, 445 215 orientation, 165 Tang Zhiqi, 331, 341 Three Perfections, 22, 457, 461 ornaments, 105 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

558  INDEX

tombs (Continued) Ud¯ayana type of Buddha image, Waguan monastery, 105–106 of Prince Zhanghuai, 182 260, 261 Waguan temple, 502 at Shaanxi, 95, 101, 102, “unconstrained” painters, Waikam Ho, 335, 470 104, 105 256–257 wang (pictogram), 116 of Sima Jinlong and his wife, uniqueness in art, value of, 85, Wang Anshi, 290, 482, 488, 462 87–88, 152, 207, 300, 506, 507, 510, 512 studies of tomb art, 94–101 306, 316, 319, 337, 358, conception of government, subterranean, 96–97 368, 425, 444 see also qi 481 vessels in, 179–180, 378 (originality) Wang Bomin, 189 visitors to, 103, 104, 106 use in uselessness (wuyong zhi Wang Ch’iao (Wang Qiao), of Xu Xianxiu, 165 yong), esthetic of, 199 400–401 tongxin (“childlike” or Wang Chong, 317 ingenuous mind), 84, 530 Vajray¯ana school of Buddhism, Wang Chuzhi, 184 Tongzhi reign, 319 142 Wang Duo, 317 Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, 386 Vale of Brightness, 224, 227 Wang Fuzhi, 5 tou (foraminate structure in Vale of Murk, 226, 227, 228 Wang Gai, 344 rocks), 333 Variegated Positions of the Wang Hong, 489 tourists and tourism, 268, 296, Flowery Battle (Huaying Wang Huan, 150 298, 359, 420–421 jinzhen), 528, 530–531 Wang Hui, 32, 43, 64 travelers’ addiction for travel Vasari, Giorgio, 79, 92, 212, Wang Lu,¨ 421 (you pi), landscape 469 Wang Meng, 249, 259, 260, (shanshui pi), climbing verisimilitude see similitude and 307, 492 (denglin pi), and mists and verisimilitude Wang Mian, 490 clouds (yanxia pi), 421 vessels see bronze vessels; ding Wang Mo, 182 Travelers among Mountains and vessels; ghost vessels; guiqi Wang Qiao, 399 Streams, 184, 185, 462, (ceremonial vessels for Wang Qihan, 416 463 burial in the tomb); hu Wang Qiujian, 396 Travelers in Snow-covered vessels; jiqi (sacrificial Wang Ruqian, 52, 58 Mountains, 183–184 vessels); qi (vessel); renqi Wang Shen, 186–187, 484, traveling, development of (human vessels); Shan 489, 493 genre, 421–422 Wufu hu vessel; spirit Wang Shifu, 520, 521 Treatise on the Craft of Gardens vessels Wang Shimin, 267, 308 (Yuan Ye), 422 Viewing Plum Blossoms by Wang Shizhen, 56–57, 258 Treatise on Superfluous Things Moonlight (Cai mei tu), Wang Tingbin, 62 (Zhang wu zhih), 54, 79, 31 Wang Tingyun, 489 258 Villa Borghese, Mondragone, Wang Wei, 58, 288, 289, 301, tripod cups (jue), 245 Italy, 420 304, 309, 332, 417, 423, Tsiang, Katherine R., 120 Vimalak¯ırti (mural), 105, 502 478, 480, 484, 506 Tsien-hsiang-chai collection, Vimalakirti sutra (Weimojie paintings, 483 341 jing), 169 Wang Xianzhi, 41, 48, 395, Tuhua jianwen zhi (Experiences Visual Arts: A History, The, 482 in Painting), 145, 146, 475 Wang Xizhi, 48, 59, 60, 257 270, 505 visual culture, 20, 158, 236, calligraphy, 264, 265, 297, Tuhui baojian (Precious Mirror 249, 336, 427, 436, 524 299, 324, 511 of Painting), 79, 82, 116, early modern urban, 129 canonization of The Orchid 122, 257 visuality, 23, 132, 476, 518, Pavilion Preface, 294–295, Tuhui zongyi (Canon of 523, 524, 530 297–298 Paintings), 84 voyeurism, 519–528 see also Wang Xuelei, 318 Tuoba, 381 peeping Wang Yi, 411 tuokong (spatial penetration in vulgarity, perceptions of, 53–55, Wang Yingying, 364–365 garden design), 528 84, 187, 288, 308, 333, Wang Youdun, 315 Turks, 382 415, 422 see also su and ya Wang Yuanqi, 32, 64, 337, Twelve Structures (Shi’er lou), (philistine/vulgar and 338–339, 341, 343 531 elegant tastes) Wang Yucheng, 482 Twelve Views of Landscape, 330 Wang Yueshi, 63 Twin Pines and Level Distance Wade-Giles system of Wang Zhen, 75–76 (painting), 49, 50, 367 Romanization, 123 Wang Zhenpeng, 31, 37 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  559

Wang Zhideng, 1, 257 Westernculture,6–7,8–9, as taxpayers, 74, 75 Wangchuantu (Painting of 10–11, 43, 195, 250, 341, transgressive aspects of fans, Wangchuan Villa), 301, 387, 469 402 339 influence on China, attempts transgressive peeping, 519 Wanshu zaji (notes by Shen to show, 8–9 visibility in Ming dynasty, 523 Bang), 61 Western Han, 95 women’s quarters, art in, 38 Wanzhang, tomb at, 248 Western Jin court, 117 “Women in a Pavilion and Warring States period, 48, 103, Western painting techniques, Children Playing by a 179, 215, 393 adoption at Chinese court, Lotus Pond,” 437 Watching Geese (painting), 467 32 woodblock printing, 74, 75, Water Village (painting), 469, Western Paradise of the Buddha 266 490 Amirabha, 162 benefits of over movable type, wei (phony), 85 “Western Regions” (Chinese), 76 Wei Xian, 485 160 Woods and Valleys of Mount Yu, Weidner, Marsha, 43 Western scholars and collectors, 468, 469 Weimojie jing (Vimalakirti 1, 84, 93, 94, 389 n1, 474, words in Chinese painting, 457 sutra), 169 479 significance in medieval China Weishan, Shandong (shrine), Western terms and use for and Europe, 459–460 227–228 describing other cultures, workshops, artists’, 20, 65, 73, Weitz, Ankeney, 476 10–11 272, 356, 372, 387, 398 weiyou suqi (vulgarity), 288 Western Zhou, 103, 108, 241, “world in a jar” (hu zhong tian Wen, Emperor, 207, 248 245 di), 416 Wen, King, 410 ritual bronzes, 246 woyou (reclining journeys), 182 Wen Fong, 404, 478 Whirling Snow in the North Wu Changshuo, 341, 342 Wen Tong, 154 Wind, 33, 506 Wu Dacheng, 323 Wen xuan (Anthology of White Deer Grotto Academy, Wu Daozi, 31, 122, 268, 288, Literature), 269 417 358, 462, 484, 486, 492 Wen Yanbo, 505, 506 White Lotus Society, 489 Wu Ding, King, 245 Wen Yiduo, 432, 434, 436 Withered Tree, Rock, and Wu family funerary shrine, 48 Wen Zhengming, 54, 55, 57, Bamboo, 486–487, Wu Hung, 393, 416, 528 258, 317, 338, 339, 421 488–489 Wu Li, 9 calligraphy, 323 Wittfogel, Karl, 5 Wu Liang funerary shrine, 103, and counterfeiting, 64, 65 wo dang (factions), 482 459 and forgers, 57, 64 Wolfe, Christian, 3 Wu Qizhen, 53, 58, 62–63 garden records, 530 women, 14, 530 Wu Rangzhi yinpu (a catalog of Wen Zhenheng, 54, 79 as authors, 75, 359 seals), 335 Wenfu (Rhymeprose on as “beauties” (meiren), 399 Wu Ruzuo, 242 Literature), 331 as consumers of books, 75 Wu Taisu, 80, 513 wengui jingxia (literary cabinet as calligraphers, 317–318, Wu Ting, 52, 53, 58 comb box), 399 364–365 Wu Wei, 124 wenren see literati as collectors, 51, 365, 471 Wu Xizai, 334, 335 wenren zhi hua (painting of the depictions of the female body, Wu Youru, 399, 405 literati), 478, 479 127, 128, 129 Wu Yuanzhi, 489 wenwu (cultural relics), 93 and eros, 435 Wu Zetian (Empress Wu), 260, Wenxian (Confucian temple), eroticism, 446 372 505 and fans and mirrors, 366, Wu Zhen, 307 Wenxin diaolong (The Literary 393, 399, 402 Wu, Emperor, 93, 259, 380, Mind and the Carving of and gardens, 425–426 519 Dragons), 277 and the law, 359 Wu, Mandy Jui-Man, 249 Wenyuan Ge, 208 and literary gatherings, 366 Wu, Nelson I, 169, 204 wenzhang (writings), 207 as literati, 364–366 Wudi, Emperor, 179 Western art, Chinese terms for, and masculinity, 365 Wujin Jiangsu, 243 10 nudity, 446 Wujun danqing zhi (written Western Asia, visual world of, role in the arts, 364–367 work), 257 382 self-gazing girl/woman, wuxiang (images of things), Western Capital Rhapsody (Xidu 432–435, 436, 433, 438, 185 fu), 206 440 Wuxing (city), 49, 63 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

560  INDEX

Wu Xing (Five Xie He, 48, 92, 143, 147, 256, Xu Beihong, 445 Elements/Processes), 255 257, 357, 358 Xu guhua pinlu (Continuation Wuyang, tombs at, 246 esthetic practice, 445 of Classification of Classical Wuyong (monk), 177 Six Laws, 259, 280–282 Paintings), 280, 591 wuyou (nothingness, absence), Xie Huilian, 492 Xu hua pin (painting), 148 199 Xie Jin, 403 Xu Junji, 442 wuzi dengke (five sons pass the Xie Kun, 502 Xu Mian, 413 exams), 398 Xie Zhaozhe, 402 Xu Shen, 196, 312 Wuzong, Emperor, 51 xie (to write or record), 147 Xu Xi, 508 xiemao (to make a physical Xu Xianxiu, tomb of, 165 xi (spatial interval), 198 likeness), 147, 148 Xu Yahui, 249 Xi Chun, 437, 439 xiesheng (life drawing) Xu Yang, 39, 40 Xi Kang, 502, 503 xieyi (sketching ideas), 477, Xuande, Emperor, 37, 39 Xia dynasty, 244 500, 507–510, 513 Xuandi, 142 Xia Gui, 308, 330 as Asian expressionism, xuandui shanshui (mystic Xia Wenyan, 79, 82, 116, 476 124 contemplation of Xi’an, 107, 259 xiezhen (to make a true landscape), 279 Xianbei, 381 likeness), 147 Xuanhe bogu tu (Illustrated xiang (auspicious), 372 Xiezhen mijue (written work), Catalogue on the Ancient Xiang, Duke (Xiang Gong), 341 Vessels of the Xuanhe 207 xiezhen xiang (sketching a true Reign), 53 Xiang Yuanbian, 53, 467, 469 likeness), 148 Xuanhe Calligraphy Catalogue, Xiangguo Monastery, xiezhen xiemao (sketching the 59 restoration of, 32 actual appearance), 148 Xuanhe Painting Catalogue xiangta (echoing copy), 295 xihao (“White Luminosity”), (Xuanhe huapu), 35, 43, Xiangtangshan, 162 224 120–121, 149, 271–272, xiangwai (beyond the visible Xihu zhi (Gazetteer of West 294, 361, 508, 509–510, image), 279 Lake), 78 518 xiangwai zhixiang (an evoked Ximen Qing, 521, 522, 523, Xuanhua, 108 image beyond the visible 524, 527, 528 xuanming (dark murk), 224 image), 345 xin (new, novel), 483 Xuanxue (Mystical Learning) Xiansheng Temple, 505 Xin’an, 74 movement, 278, 279, Xiao Gang (Emperor Jianwen), xing (form, shape, body), 277 282 281 xing–shen polarity, 277–278 xuanyin (mystical sounds), Xiao Tong, 269 Xinglongwa, 376 279 Xiao and Xiang Rivers, 470 xingshu (running script), 321 Xuanzang (monk), 299 Xiao Yuncong, 80 xingsi (resemblance or “formal Xue Jinhou workshop, 398 xiaobao (journals of opinion), likeness”), 483, 507 see also Xuehua zaklun (painting), 339 434 similitude and Xunyi, 104 Xiaoqing, 434–435 verisimilitude Xunzi, 240, 518 Xiaoqing zhi fenxi (Analysis of Xiong Bingming, 335 xuquan (empty fist—brush Xiaoqing), 434 Xiongnu, 380 handling), 335 Xiaoxiangiang region, 470, Xiping Stone Classics, 248, xushi (emptiness-substance or 489 263–264, 295 implied versus apparent xiaozhong jianda (revealing a Xishan woyoulu (written work), imagery) larger significance in small 344 in the art of the Chinese things), 416 Xishen (portrait), 79 literary garden, 332–333, Xiaozhong xianda (Manifesting Xiwang mu see Queen Mother 334 the Large Within the of the West and calligraphy, 335–336 Small), 267 Xixiang ji (Story of the Western defined, 329 Xiaozong, Emperor, 33 Wing, The), 520, 521, 523, development of, 330 Xiayi lou (“A Summer 528, 530 history of, 331 Pavilion”) (short story), xizuo (to paint playfully, and literati painting, 335–345 531 spontaneously), 313, 364 and relationship between xu Xidu fu (Western Capital xu (implied rather than explicit and shi, 332 Rhapsody), 206 content in a painting), seal engraving, 333–335 Xie An, 501, 502, 503 329–339 Xuzhou, 380 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

INDEX  561

ya see su and ya Yi li (Etiquette and Rites), 17, Yuan brothers, 85, 87 (philistine/vulgar and 238, 240, 241, 246, 248 Yuan dynasty, 122, 145 elegant tastes) Yijing (Classic of Changes), 205, tombs of, 94 yakuai (art brokers), 60 206, 255, 502, 517 Yuan Hongdao, 87, 368, 530 Yan Cong, 148 yin (cold/inert), 159, 160, 235 Yuan Mei, 424 Yan Liben, 60, 122, 141, 462 expanded meaning of term, Yuan Ye (Treatise on the Craft of Yan Pingyuan (Yan Zhenqing), 301–303 Gardens), 422 483 and yang, 215, 218, 220 Yuan Zhen, 520 YanshouHuanfei(idiom), 128 Yin (Shang capital), 235 Yuan Zhongdao, 368 Yan Song, Grand Secretary, 64 Yin Zhongkan, 562 Yuanhe, 92 Yan Zhenqing (Yan Pingyuan), ying (shadow, reflection), 147 yuanji (garden records), 530 483, 320, 335, 492 Yingchun, 523 Yuanmingyuan, 298, 299 yang (hot/active), 159, 160, yinghuang (hardened yellow), yue axes, 98 205, 220 295 Yue Fei, 481 and yin, 215, 218, 220 Yingjing Zhang, 432 Yue jue shu (Distinction of the Yang, Empress, 51 “Yingying’s Story” (Yingying Yue, The), 242, 244–245 Yang Erzeng, 84 zhuan), 520, 523, 530 Yuelu Academy (Yuelu Yang Guifei (Precious Consort yingzao (building, architecture), Shuyuan), 417 Yang [Yuhuan]), 128–129 196, 260 yuhuaren (painting sellers), 60 Yang Huiya, 443 Yingzao fashi (Building yun (manner or bearing), 281 Yang Mausoleum, 101 Standards), 260, 271 Yun Shouping, 403 Yang Meizi, 466–467 Yingzhou (mythical mountain), yun yan guo yan (mists and Yang Wujiu, 489 169 clouds that pass before the Yang Xi, 166 yinji lixing (hiding the traces as eyes), 492 Yang Xuanzi, 413 you present the form), 282 Yungang, 382 Yangshao culture, 97 yinsu (faddish), 486 yunian (desire), 520 Yangsuju huaxue goushen yipin (“unbridled” category of Yuqingzhai Collection of (painting), 339 painters), 256–257 Calligraphy Rubbings Yangzhou, 258, 394–395 Yishan Yining (Issan Ichinei), (Yuqingzhai fatie), 53 forgeries and collecting, 65 418 Yunlin shipu (Stone Catalog of mercantile elite, 424 yixiang (image left behind), 147 Cloudy Forest), 258 yantian (ink stone rice field), 75 yixing xieshen (using the form yurong (imperial likeness), 147 yanxia pi (addiction for mists to depict the character or “Yushan zhu” (“Footnotes to and clouds), 421 personality), 278 Allegory Mountain”), 333 Yanxian qingshang jian (Notes yixue (apprentice artists), 34 Yushitai, 359 on Things for Pure Yizhou minghua lu (painting), Appreciation in Life of 256 zao (to create, invention), 63 Leisure), 54 Yongle reign, 396 Zen Buddhism see Chan Yao (sage ruler), 182 yongwu (topical poems, odes), Buddhism Yao Dajuin, 520 509 Zeng, 379 YaoLiben,31 yongyi (intentionality), 483 Zeng Guofan, 318, 319, 321 Yao Mengqi, 318 Yongzheng, 267 Zeng Jize, 318–319, 320 YaoNai,269 you pi (addiction for travel), 421 Zhan Jingfeng, 56–57 Yao Zui, 9, 143, 280 YouQiu,129 Zhang Bi, 396 yaokeng (pit within a tomb), 98 youqing (hidden feelings), 290 Zhang Dai, 87 Yaoshan, 243, 244 youwu (presence and absence), Zhang Daqian, 58–59 yaren (art brokers), 60 331 Zhang Feng, 343–344 ye (uncultivated), 483 yu (jade), 239 Zhang Hua, 461 Ye Qianyu, 443–444 Yu, Anthony, 523 Zhang Huaiguan, 256, 320 Yeh, Catherine, 436 Yu, Pauline, 332 Zhang Huangmei, 59 Yellow Court Classic, The, 324 Yu Anlan, 338 Zhang Ji, 489 Yellow Emperor, 182, 245, 379 Yu He, 48 Zhang Jingfeng, 64 Yellow River region, 377 Yu Jianhua, 121 Zhang Jingyuan, 435 yi (idea, intent, meaning), Yu Jianwu, 48 Zhang Lian, 423, 424, 425 284–287, 293, 421, 500, Yu Shinan, 298 Zhang Sengyou, 462 506 “Yuan An Sleeping During Zhang Shi, 344, 417 Yi, Marquis, 99, 106, 107, 379 Snowfall,” 289 Zhang Shicheng, 49 JWST592-IND JWST592-Powers Printer: Yet to Come September 8, 2015 10:31 Trim: 244mm × 170mm

562  INDEX

Zhang Shinan, 294–295 Zheng Qian, 461 Zhu Xi, 248, 249, 417 Zhang Suiyang (Zhang Xun), Zheng Xie, 65, 334 Zhu Xiangxian, 486 483 Zheng Xuan, 240 Zhu Yuanzhang, 49 Zhang Taijie, 59 Zhen’gao (Declarations of the Zhu Yunming, 317, 323 Zhang Wo, 490 Perfected), 166 zhuang you lingyan Zhang wu zhih (Treatise on Zhenshangzhai tu (The Studio of (numinousness of the Superfluous Things), 54, True Connoisseurship), 55, natural forms), 279 79, 258 57, 421 Zhuangyu ouji (Random notes Zhang Xu, 324, 492 zhenxing (“true appearance” of written after conserving Zhang Yanyuan, 32, 60, 79, 92, natural objects), 285 and mounting), 59 105, 131, 212, 282, 296, Zhenzong, Emperor, 34, 42, 43 zhuan shu (seal script), 321, 358, 362, 502 consort, 386 341, 464–465 on calligraphy, 335 Zhi Dun, 460 Zhuangzi (text), 160, 345, 517 and classification system, 257, zhihou (assistant painters), 34 zhuanzhi (despotism), 5 270, 484 zhishi zhangzu (keeping your zhuiying (ephemeral), 147 on landscapes, 258, 283 fingers full and your palm Zhulin pingu (Judging on paintings, 265 hollow), 335 Antiquities in a Bamboo on portraits, 143, 146–147 Zhiyong (monk), 61, 297 Grove), 55, 56 Zhang Yingjing, 435 zhong (loyal opposition), 7, 88 Zhulin qixian (Seven Worthies of Zhang Zao, 182 Zhong brothers, 53 the Bamboo Grove and Zhang Ze, 358 Zhong Changtong, 413 Rong Qiqi), 130, 141, 152, Zhang Zeduan, 485 Zhong Rong, 255 460, 501, 503 Zhang Zhu, Emperor, 60, 464 Zhong You, 60 zhuming (Red Brightness), 224 Zhanghuai, Prince, tomb of, Zhong Ziqi, 510 zhuo (artistic awkwardness), 182 zhongchen (courageously 483 Zhao (board vice president), forthright officer), 7 Zhuo Wenju, 31 143 zhonggong (center hall of a Zhupu xianglu (A Detailed Zhao Boju, 308, 488 house), 206 Treatise on Bamboo), 80 Zhao Bosu, 488, 492 Zhongguo hualun leibian Zidanku, silk manuscript from Zhao Chang, 483 (Anthology of Discourses on tomb at, 213–214 Zhao Danian (Zhao Lingran), Chinese Painting), 121 art from, 221–222 307 zhongmin and zhongjia ziran (naturalness, spontaneity), Zhao Feiyan, Empress (Zhao (middle-income families), 279, 483, 500 the Flying Swallow), 117, 359 zitie (calligraphic model books), 128, 129 Zhongren, 507, 513 318 Zhao Huanguang, views on Zhongshan, tomb at, 214, 215, Zong Bing, 170, 181, “how-to” books, 85 247 279–280, 281 Zhao Kui, 510 zhongyong (Confucian middle on advantages of pictures Zhao Mengfu, 49, 58, 131, way), 417 over reality, 280 188, 306, 321, 336, 367, Zhou, 245 on landscape, 282, 283 469, 476, 479, 485, 486, Zhou, Duke of, 249 zongbo (chief ceremonial 492, 490 Zhou, King, and steppe officers), 238 paintings, 475 invasion, 379 Zou Yigui, 32 writings, 461 Zhou Fang, 492 Zoucheng Wohushan, 215 Zhao Mengjian, 50,58 Zhou li (Rites of the Zhou), 238, zunshiyi (honorific title), 159 Zhao Xigu, 258 248 zunxun guzhi (adhering to Zhao Yong, 485, 490 Zhou Lujing,¨ 84, 279 classical regulations in Zhe School paintings, 470 Zhou Weiquan, 423 court ceremonies), 248 zhen (authenticity), 84, 85, 87, Zhou Wenju, 31 zuo (to make or create), 364 183, 284–287 Zhou yi, 101 Zuo zhuan (Commentary of and landscape, 285 Zhu Da (Bada Shanren), 86, Zuo), 207 zhen and yi (real appearance 154, 338, 339, 340, 403 Zhuqin tu (Finches and versus meaning or feeling), Zhu Derun, 490, 492 Bamboo), 35 284–286 Zhu Jingxuan, 143, 256 zuxian hua (paintings of Zheng Daozhao, 170 Zhu Shunshui, 423 ancestors), 147