CHAPTER FOUR FINDING and ANALYSIS A. Academic Freedom: from the Ancient Greek Civilization to the End of World War II the Pionee
CHAPTER FOUR FINDING AND ANALYSIS A. Academic Freedom: From the Ancient Greek Civilization to the End of World War II The pioneer of academic freedom is believed to occur at time of the Trial of Socrates. It was pioneered by the principle to seek and to reveal the truth to the public during Socrates’ life and after his death by Plato.1 Through the centuries, Frederick I Barbarossa established Authentica Habita as the source of legal protection for scholars in 1155 AD, where roads were unsafe, and dangers were everywhere threating everyone.2 Nearly eight centuries later, during the World War II, Franklin Delano Roosevelt3 introduced Four Freedoms in 1941 namely Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Fear, and Freedom from Want4 which was declared as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN in 1948. From the Declaration, bore many legislations in respect with freedom of academic and its enforcement through decades.5 1 Waterfield, Robin, 2009, Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, p. 14 2 Moraw, Peter, Op.Cit. 3 Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as the 32nd President of the United States of America from 1933 until his death in 1945. He was a statesman and political leader of Democrat Party. 4 These Four Freedoms were introduced by Franklin Delano Roosevelt on his speech at the 1941 State of the Union Address “The Four Freedoms” in 6th of January 1941. See further his speech text at http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/fdr-the-four-freedoms-speech-text/, accessed on 24th of December 2018 at 12:15 am 5 Hannum, Hurst, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law”, Health and Human Rights, Volume 3(2), 1998, Boston, Harvard University Press, p.
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