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Ii. L'essor Du Journalisme Citoyen Université Panthéon-Assas école doctorale de Sciences économiques et de gestion, Sciences de l’information et de la communication (ED455) Thèse de doctorat en Sciences de l’information et de la communication soutenue le 21 novembre 2012 Le journalisme amateur à l'ère d'Internet : illusion populaire ou nouvel espace de liberté 2012 - d'expression ? 11 Thèse de Doctorat / Doctorat de Thèse Minjung JIN Sous la direction de Josiane JOUET Membres du jury : Mme Josiane JOUET, Professeur à l’Université Paris II, Directeur de thèse M.Fabien GRANJON, Professeur à l’Université Paris VIII, Rapporteur M.Tristan MATTELART, Professeur à l’Université Paris VIII, Rapporteur M. Rémy RIEFFEL, Professeur à l’Université Paris II 2 JIN Minung | Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 Avertissement La Faculté n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse ; ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. 3 JIN Minjung| Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 4 JIN Minung | Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tout d’abord Josiane Jouët, directrice de thèse infatigable, toujours présente, patiente dans l’orientation. Je ne la remercierai jamais assez pour ses remarques pertinentes ainsi que ses conseils et ses encouragements. Sans elle, ce travail n’aurait pas vu le jour. J’adresse mes remerciements aux personnes qui ont directement participé à l’élaboration de ce travail : Toutes les personnes qui ont accepté de répondre à mes entretiens. Oh Yeun-ho pour m’avoir donné la possibilité d’intégrer le journalisme amateur en tant que membre de son équipe de reportage. Les différents membres de « la commission pour récupérer la propriété d’Internet » qui m’ont permis de recueillir des informations concrètes sur le contrôle d’Internet par l’Etat. Je remercie également Marc Bortoluzzi, Léon Harosteguy, Christophe Minault, qui ont accepté de lire et corriger mon travail. Je souhaite enfin remercier tous mes amis et ma famille, qui m'ont soutenu tout au long de ce travail. 5 JIN Minjung| Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 6 JIN Minung | Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 Résumé : Rendue possible par les NTIC, une nouvelle forme de journalisme numérique privilégiant la parole publique a pris son essor. Les amateurs se retrouvent désormais au cœur de l’actualité en tant que source ou témoin. Ce phénomène est présent partout dans le monde, mais la Corée du Sud est considérée comme le pays où la participation des amateurs est la plus active. Dans ce pays, les expériences du journalisme « citoyen » sont liées à la logique d’une alternative aux médias de masse. Le succès du site OhmyNews, considéré comme précurseur du journalisme participatif, est dû à la volonté des Coréens de se saisir d'une liberté de parole dont ils ont été privés jusqu'à la fin des années 80. Initiés par ce succès, de multiples pure players et d’innombrable plateformes participatives sont apparus. Ce phénomène a favorisé le développement du journalisme « amateur » et a engendré la fin de l’ère du monopole des médias traditionnels. Le journalisme amateur à l'heure d'internet est- il et a-t-il les moyens d'être une véritable voix d'expression populaire ? Cette recherche montre que la pratique des amateurs permet une nouvelle forme de l'expression médiatique, mais produit désormais une surabondance de l’expression privée. En particulier, les sites-portails génèrent des recettes publicitaires en exploitant le contenu apporté par les utilisateurs en privilégiant de l’information divertissante. Leur domination sur le marché des médias en ligne est le facteur le plus inquiétant non seulement pour les médias traditionnels mais également pour l’avenir de l’information. En parallèle, nous avons observé l’évolution de la culture de la participation politique depuis l’explosion d’Internet. Les internautes informés par diverses plateformes ont participé activement dans les lieux de discussion proposés par la plupart des sites d’actualités. Ces espaces numériques, en favorisant l’apparition d’une nouvelle scène de débat publicque, ont accru les capacités de mobilisation des citoyens. Mais, cela a finalement provoqué un contrôle trop sévère d’Internet par l’Etat. Dans ce contexte, le journalisme amateur nous semble instrumentalisé par la logique du marché, tandis que l’espace de la parole citoyenne est de plus en plus réduit dans le champ politique. Descripteurs : Corée du Sud, Internet, journalisme citoyen et journalisme amateur, OhmyNews, participation, espace public, information alternative, sites-portails, blogs, commentaires, mouvement populaire, reporter citoyen, censure d’Internet 7 JIN Minjung| Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 Amateur Journalism in the internet era : Popular Illusion or Space for Freedom of Expression? : Thanks to the NTIC, a new form of digital journalism has arisen, which favours public speech. Amateur journalists now find themselves at the heart of the news, as a source or as a witness. This phenomenon is observed everywhere in the world, but South Korea is thought to be the country where amateur journalists are the most involved. In this country, experiments in "citizen" journalism are linked to the logic of an alternative to mass media. The success of the website Ohmynews, considered as the forerunner of participative journalism, is due to the Koreans' desire to grasp the freedom of speech they have been deprived of until the end of the 80s’. Following this success, numerous pure players and countless participative platforms have appeared. This phenomenon has fostered the development of "amateur" journalism and triggered the end of an era of traditional media monopoly. Still one may asks whether, in the internet era, amateur journalism has the means to be a real voice for popular expression. This research shows that the practice of journalism by amateurs allows a new form of media expression, but at the same time produces a superabundance of private expression. In particular, portal sites generate advertising revenues and highlights entertainment news among the content brought by the users. Their domination over the market of online media is the most worrying factor not only for traditional media but also for the future of information as a whole. At the same time, we have observed, in the internet population, an evolution in the culture of political involvement. The net surfers, who are informed through various platforms, have actively taken part in the spaces of discussion available on most news information websites. These digital spaces have encouraged the emergence of a new scene of public debate which, have increased the means of mobilization of digital citizens. But in the end, it has provoked very severe measures of State control. In this context, it appears that amateur journalism is undermined due to the prevailing rules of marketing, and that the space for citizen speech is more and more reduced. Keywords : South Korea, Internet, citizen journalism, amateur journalism, OhmyNews, participation, public sphere, alternative news, portal sites, blogs, comments, popular movement, Internet censorship. 8 JIN Minung | Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 Principales abréviations DMB : Digital Multimedia Broadcasting DPIC : Department of Public Information Control FMI : Fonds Monétaire International IPI : International Press Institute ISIS : Internet Statistics Information System IT: Information technology KAA: Korea Advertisers Association KBA : Korean Broadcasters Association KBBA : Korea Business Blog Association KCC : Korea Communication Commission KCIA : Korean Central Intelligence Agency KCIA : Korea Central Information Agency KCSC : Korea Communications Standards Commission KIS : Korea Investors Sevice KICA : Korea Internet Cooperation Association KISDI : Korea Information Society Development Institute KISA : Korea Internet Security Agency KOMAC : Korea Music Copyright Association KPF : Korea Press Foundation NEC : National Election Commission NTIC : Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication OSP : Online Service Provider PC : Personal Computer PNB : Produit National Brut PQN : Presse Quotidienne Nationale PQR : Presse Quotidienne Régionale SNS: Social Network Service UGC : User Generated Content 9 JIN Minjung| Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 10 JIN Minjung| Thèse de doctorat | 11-2012 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................15 I.La spécificité de l’histoire et du contexte politico-économique de la Corée.............16 II.Le développement rapide des technologies de communication numérique............40 III.Le questionnement et la méthodologie de la thèse...................................................48 CHAPITRE I. LA CRISE DE LA PRESSE COREENNE : PERSPECTIVE HISTORIQUE.........................................................................................6 4 I.1. Les médias sous les régimes militaires...................................................................64 I.1.i. Les médias sous le gouvernement Park Chung-hee (1961-1979)......................65 I.1.ii. Les médias sous le gouvernement Chun Do-Hwan (1980-1987).....................77 I.2. Les médias coréens après la démocratisation(1987~2007)...................................84 I.2.i. Le changement de l’environnement de l’industrie des médias..........................85 I.2.ii. Les médias pendant les gouvernements réformistes (1998-2007)....................95 I.3. La crise de la presse et le nouvel environnement médiatique............................99 I.3.i. La crise de
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