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The Relationship Between Local Content, Internet Development and Access Prices

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The Relationship Between Local Content, Internet Development and Access Prices THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL CONTENT, INTERNET DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS PRICES This research is the result of collaboration in 2011 between the Internet Society (ISOC), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The first findings of the research were presented at the sixth annual meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) that was held in Nairobi, Kenya on 27-30 September 2011. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of ISOC, the OECD or UNESCO, or their respective membership. FOREWORD This report was prepared by a team from the OECD's Information Economy Unit of the Information, Communications and Consumer Policy Division within the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. The contributing authors were Chris Bruegge, Kayoko Ido, Taylor Reynolds, Cristina Serra- Vallejo, Piotr Stryszowski and Rudolf Van Der Berg. The case studies were drafted by Laura Recuero Virto of the OECD Development Centre with editing by Elizabeth Nash and Vanda Legrandgerard. The work benefitted from significant guidance and constructive comments from ISOC and UNESCO. The authors would particularly like to thank Dawit Bekele, Constance Bommelaer, Bill Graham and Michuki Mwangi from ISOC and Jānis Kārkliņš, Boyan Radoykov and Irmgarda Kasinskaite-Buddeberg from UNESCO for their work and guidance on the project. The report relies heavily on data for many of its conclusions and the authors would like to thank Alex Kozak, Betsy Masiello and Derek Slater from Google, Geoff Huston from APNIC, Telegeography (Primetrica, Inc) and Karine Perset from the OECD for data that was used in the report. The report was peer-reviewed by Abhimanyu Singh, Andrea Cairola, Qingyi Zeng, Min Bahadur Bista from UNESCO‟s Office in Beijing, Jaco Du Toit from the UNESCO Office in Windhoek. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of ISOC, OECD, or UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the co-publishers (ISOC, OECD, UNESCO) have made every effort to ensure that the information contained in this publication is correct and current at the time of publication but takes no responsibility of its frontiers or boundaries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 9 SECTION 1: KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND LOCAL CONTENT ......................................................... 11 Information theory ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Steps of knowledge sharing ....................................................................................................................... 12 SECTION 2: EXISTING TOOLS AND THE INTERNET SUPPORTING LOCAL CONTENT .............. 15 Oral knowledge sharing ............................................................................................................................. 15 Paper/printing ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Communications and Multimedia .............................................................................................................. 16 Recording media ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Personal computers .................................................................................................................................... 20 The Internet ................................................................................................................................................ 21 SECTION 3: A FOCUS ON DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................... 30 Infrastructure investments that can reduce costs ........................................................................................ 31 Local content and IXPs .............................................................................................................................. 33 A focus on competition .............................................................................................................................. 33 Policy coherence for local content, Internet development and access prices ............................................. 33 SECTION 4: DATA AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSES ................................................................................ 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 61 ANNEX 1: MOBILE LOCAL CONTENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE ..................................................... 64 Mobile content markets.............................................................................................................................. 67 Examples of mobile content development ................................................................................................. 69 ANNEX 2: CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................................ 82 Arab Republic of Egypt ............................................................................................................................. 82 China .......................................................................................................................................................... 88 Brazil .......................................................................................................................................................... 94 France ....................................................................................................................................................... 103 Kenya ....................................................................................................................................................... 110 Republic of Korea .................................................................................................................................... 118 Senegal ..................................................................................................................................................... 125 3 MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Societies have a rich heritage and knowledge base that should be recognised, recorded and shared for the benefit of people throughout the world. Much of the world‟s content remains inaccessible even to the local population, not to mention at a broader level. There are many reasons for the existence of this “content divide”. The content that is most important to people is typically in their own language and is relevant to the communities in which they live and work. These communities may be defined by their location, culture, language, religion, ethnicity or area of interest and individuals may belong to many communities at the same time. Further, communities evolve so what is relevant will change over time. This relevant content is often referred to as “local content”. The term community is used in a broad way to include not only local professional communities (public and private), but also non-professional content creators and users. Technology can help support the recognition, creation, preservation, dissemination and utilisation of local content and there have been several important technological advancements in recent history. Technological developments such as the printing press, the phonogram, telephony, radio, television, photocopying machines, recording media, mobile phones and personal computers, among others, have greatly increased our ability to create and disseminate content. The Internet represents another historical advancement in the development and dissemination of content. It has, first and foremost, helped empower users as content creators. The Internet has provided a platform for crowd-sourced content creation and community-developed and peer-reviewed knowledge bases such as Wikipedia. It has also allowed individuals to exercise greater choice and control over the content they consume, in contrast to the limited channels of traditional broadcasting. It plays a key role in all steps from content creation to its distribution but perhaps its largest contribution is the potential it gives to creators to disseminate information their content widely and nearly instantaneously
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