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Retrocomputing As Preservation and Remix
Retrocomputing as Preservation and Remix Yuri Takhteyev Quinn DuPont University of Toronto University of Toronto [email protected] [email protected] Abstract This paper looks at the world of retrocomputing, a constellation of largely non-professional practices involving old computing technology. Retrocomputing includes many activities that can be seen as constituting “preservation.” At the same time, it is often transformative, producing assemblages that “remix” fragments from the past with newer elements or joining together historic components that were never combined before. While such “remix” may seem to undermine preservation, it allows for fragments of computing history to be reintegrated into a living, ongoing practice, contributing to preservation in a broader sense. The seemingly unorganized nature of retrocomputing assemblages also provides space for alternative “situated knowledges” and histories of computing, which can sometimes be quite sophisticated. Recognizing such alternative epistemologies paves the way for alternative approaches to preservation. Keywords: retrocomputing, software preservation, remix Recovering #popsource In late March of 2012 Jordan Mechner received a shipment from his father, a box full of old floppies. Among them was a 3.5 inch disk labelled: “Prince of Persia / Source Code (Apple) / ©1989 Jordan Mechner (Original).” Mechner’s announcement of this find on his blog the next day took the world of nerds by storm.1 Prince of Persia, a game that Mechner single-handedly developed in the late 1980s, revolutionized computer games when it came out due to its surprisingly realistic representation of human movement. After being ported to DOS and Apple’s Mac OS in the early 1990s the game sold 2 million copies (Pham, 2001). -
C1541-Manual
USER'S GUIDE STATEMENT This equipment generates and uses rad io frequency energy. If it is not. proper! installed and used in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, thi equipment may interfere with radio and television reception . This m~chine ha been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device peripheral in accordance with the specifications in Subpart 1 5 . of FCC Rul.es which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference 1n residential installation. If you suspect interference, you can test this equipment by COMMODORE turning it off and on. If you determine that there is interference with .radio or televi sion reception, try one or more of the following measures to correct 1t: .,541 • reorient the receiving antenna e move the computer away from the receiver . DISK DRIVE • change the relative positions of the computer equipment and the receiver . • plug the computer into a different outlet so that the computer and the receive· are on different branch circuits I USER'S GUIDE If necessary, consult your Commodore dealer or an e.xperienced radio / telev is ~o technician for additional suggestions. You may also wish to consult the following booklet, which was prepared by the Federal Communications Commission: " How to identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems" This booklet i available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, A Friendly Introduction to Your 1541 Diak Drive Stock No. 004-000-00345-4 ." IMPORTANT: Shield interface cable must be used according to FCC 14.8380. FOR USERS IN UK Second Edition WARNING : THIS APPARATUS MUST BE EARTHED! by Jim & Ellen Btraama IMPORTANT. -
Commodore 128 Book 2 Adva
COMMODORE C12S BOOK 2 ADVANCED PROGRAMMING COMMODORE el28 ADVANCED PROGRAMMING by Ian Sinclair Glentop Publishers Ltd MARCH 1986 All programs in this book have been written expressly to illustrate specific teaching points. They are not warranted as being suitable for any particular application. Every care has been taken in the writing and presentation of this book but no responsibility is assumed by the author or publishers for any errors or omissions contained herein. COPYRIGHT © Glentop Publishers Ltd 1986 World rights reserved No part of this pUblication may be copied, transmitted or stored in a retrieval system or reproduced in any way including but not limited to photography, photocopy, magnetic or other recording means, without prior permission from the publishers, with the exception of material entered and executed on a computer system for the reader's own use ISBN 1 85181 034 X Published by: Glentop Publishers Ltd Standfast House Bath Place High Street Barnet Herts ENS SXE Tel: 01-441-4130 Printed in Great Britain by The Eastern Press Ltd., London and Reading Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Reminders roundup • Storage space • Machine code • Principles of programming. Other languages CHAPTER 2 Why use disks? • What is a disk system? • Tracks, sectors and density. Formatting disks. Storage space. The disk filing system • Loading and saving • More disk commands • Clearing, retitling and erasing. Backing up • Copying a named flle • Deleting flles • Wildcards and wiping. Protecting disks and programs. Renaming flles CHAPTER 3 Text display. Screen clear and print location. Print fielding. Formatting numbers • Standard form • Money amounts • Titles and centering. Windows. Hard copy CHAPTER 4 Working with numbers. -
TURBO MASTER CPU™ 4.09 Mhz Processor Accelerator for Commodore C64
Owner's Manual TURBO MASTER CPU™ 4.09 MHz Processor Accelerator for Commodore C64 SCHNEDLER SYSTEMS 25 Eas'i;wood Road P.O. Box 5964 Asheville, North Carolina 28813 Telephone (704) 274-4646 Turbo Master CPU Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction; Initial Comments ................. 1 Chapter 1: Overview and Basic Operation ......... 1 1.0 Brief Description ...................... 1 1.1 Installation . 2 1.2 Quick Start Procedure ................... 2 1.3 Switch Functions ....................... 4 1.4 Special Procedures for C128 Operation ...... 5 1.5 Power Supply Considerations .............. 6 Chapter 2: Miscellaneous Questions . 7 2.0 Compatibility Questions ................. 7 2.1 Cassette Tape; Other Cartridges ........... 8 2.2 Commodore SX-64 Computer ............. 8 2.3 Turbo.. Master CPU Kernal ROMs Brief D escrlptlon ........................... 8 2.4 JiffyDOS ROM Option Brief Description ..... 9 2.5 Other Disk Drives . 10 2.6 What About Sound ..................... 10 Chapter 3: "Feature" ROM 1 Description ......... 11 3.0 Features Provided ...................... 11 3.1 Enabling and Disabling Features ........... 12 3.2 DOS Wedge Commands ................. 13 3.3 Wedge Memory Usage .................. 14 3.4 Turbo Disk Load Notes .................. 15 3.5 Turbo Disk Save Notes .................. 15 3.6 Switching Between ROM 1 and ROM 2 ...... 16 (Table of Contents continued on next page) Copyright © 1988,1989 Schnedler Systems Turbo Master CPU Manual Chapter 4: GEOS Procedures . .. 17 4.0 GEOS Overview . .. 17 4.1 Procedures for GEOS at 4 MHz in Detail ..... 17 4.2 GEOS Procedure 1 -- Program "PATCH GEOS" 18 4.3 GEOS Procedure 2 -- Program "AUTO PATCH" 18 4.4 Mouse Drivers for 4 MHz . .. 19 4.5 What to Expect from Accelerated GEOS . -
The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, 25Th Chaos Communication Congress 2008
The Ultimate C64 Overview Michael Steil, http://www.pagetable.com/ 25th Chaos Communication Congress 2008 Retrocomputing is cool as never before. People play Look and Feel C64 games in emulators and listen to SID music, but few people know much about the C64 architecture A C64 only needs to be connected to power and a TV and its limitations, and what programming was like set (or monitor) to be fully functional. When turned back then. This paper attempts to give a comprehen- on, it shows a blue-on-blue theme with a startup mes- sive overview of the Commodore 64, including its in- sage and drops into a BASIC interpreter derived from ternals and quirks, making the point that classic Microsoft BASIC. In order to load and save BASIC computer systems aren't all that hard to understand - programs or use third party software, the C64 re- and that programmers today should be more aware of quires mass storage - either a “datasette” cassette the art that programming once used to be. tape drive or a disk drive like the 5.25" Commodore 1541. Commodore History Unless the user really wanted to interact with the BA- SIC interpreter, he would typically only use the BA- Commodore Business Machines was founded in 1962 SIC instructions LOAD, LIST and RUN in order to by Jack Tramiel. The company specialized on elec- access mass storage. LOAD"$",8 followed by LIST tronic calculators, and in 1976, Commodore bought shows the directory of the disk in the drive, and the chip manufacturer MOS Technology and decided LOAD"filename",8 followed by RUN would load and to have Chuck Peddle from MOS evolve their KIM-1 start a program. -
User Manual Contents
USER MANUAL CONTENTS WELCOME TO ATTACK OF THE PETSCII ROBOTS.......................................................................................3 COMMODORE PET..................................................................................................................................5 COMMODORE 64...................................................................................................................................6 GRAPHIC MODES ON C64.......................................................................................................................7 COMMODORE VIC 20..............................................................................................................................8 USING A SUPER NINTENDO CONTROLLER................................................................................................9 COMPARISON OF GRAPHIC MODES........................................................................................................10 HOW TO PLAY......................................................................................................................................12 TROUBLE SHOOTING............................................................................................................................12 SEARCHING FOR ITEMS.........................................................................................................................14 WEAPONS AND ITEMS..........................................................................................................................15 -
300 Baud Issue 03
#3 Well, well, well! We actually did it and we find ourselves back for another issue. #"6% Its been hard going but it is now complete and in your hands. Once again thanks to everyone that made this possible, the writers in particular who gave up their time and creative efforts. And another thanks to the people who came out of the woodwork between issues to offer VCF-GB REPORT a hand in other ways. All going well we will march on forwards, towards issue four, but AN EXHIBITOR’S PERSPECTIVE honestly, we cant do it without you. Really. MARK WICKENS Going back a bit to last issue, it is worth throwing out a “Congratulations!!!” to Derek, who won the Atomic Robot competition. Well done Derek for walking to the post office and being randomly chosen! From my perspective receiving the post cards, it very was nice seeing stamps from different parts of the world. It seems I can pretty much geek out about anything. Thanks for sharing. Anyway back to this issue. As always we As the cat winks at me from a cushion on the sofa, and Stevie Wonder sings have some things of ‘everything is all right’ I start penning my thoughts on the first ‘official’ Vintage interest to the newbie Computer Festival in the UK, *ever*. Having never quite made it to VCF-E (the and to the hardcore geek. At one end of European VCF held in Munich every year in the Spring) and after my own DEC the spectrum, Gavin Legacy Event in aid of the National Museum of Computing, it seemed appropriate Picknell returns to to show up with my DEC gear at an event geared firmly towards the masses. -
Guide to Disc Formats
Guide To Disc Formats Written by Gerald J Holdsworth The technical background, in an easy to understand guide, for the Acorn and Watford Disc Filing Systems, Acorn Advanced Disc Filing System, Commodore 1541/1571/1581 and Commodore Amiga. Guide To Disc Formats Introduction 5 Acknowledgements 6 Note on Sinclair/Amstrad Format 7 Acorn Disc Filing System 8 Introduction 8 Specifications 8 Double Sided Interleaving 8 Maps 8 Catalogue information 8 Catalogue Information - Watford DFS 9 File entries (sector 0/2) 9 File details (sector 1/3) 9 File Order 10 Forbidden Characters 10 Identifying a DFS Image 10 Single Sided Images 10 Double Sided Images 11 Watford DFS 11 Acorn Advanced Disc Filing System 12 Introduction 12 Double Sided Interleaving 12 Maps 13 Old Map 13 Calculating the Checksums 13 New Map 13 Zone Header 13 Disc Record (zone 0 only) 13 Calculating Zone_Check 14 Allocation Bytes and Indirect Addresses 15 Example, using the same disc 16 Multi-zone discs 17 Example 18 Start and End of Search 19 So why these figures? 19 Where to Start 20 Directories 21 Header (Old & New) 21 Header (Big) 21 Tail (Old) 21 Tail (New) 21 Tail (Big) 22 What It All Means 22 StartMasSeq and EndMasSeq 22 StartName and EndName 22 DirLastMark 22 DirCheckByte 22 DirNameLen 23 DirSize, DirEntries and DirNameSize 23 Boot Block 23 Defect List 23 Hardware-dependent Information 23 Partial Disc Record 23 Boot Block Checksum 24 The Directory Entries 24 Entries (Old & New) 24 Page 2 written by Gerald Holdsworth [email protected] www.geraldholdsworth.co.uk 8 February -
Floppy Disk - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 22
Line printer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 5 Line printer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The line printer is a form of high speed impact printer in which one line of type is printed at a time. They are mostly associated with the early days of computing, but the technology is still in use. Print speeds of 600 to 1200 lines-per-minute (approximately 10 to 20 pages per minute) were common. Contents 1 Designs 1.1 Drum printer 1.2 Chain (train) printer 1.2.1 Band printer 1.3 Bar printer 1.4 Comb printer 2 Paper (forms) handling IBM 1403 line printer, the classic line printer of 3 Origins the mainframe era. 4 Current applications 5 See also 6 References Designs Four principal designs existed: Drum printers Chain (train) printers Bar printers Comb printers Drum printer In a typical drum printer design, a fixed font character set is engraved onto the periphery of a number of print wheels, the number matching the number of columns (letters in a line) the printer could print. The wheels, joined to form a large drum (cylinder), spin at high speed and paper and an inked ribbon is stepped (moved) past the print position. As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous paper. Because the drum carrying the letterforms Drum Printer (characters) remains in constant motion, the strike-and-retreat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_printer 2010-12-03 Line printer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 5 action of the hammers had to be very fast. -
CONTENTS Blue Reader Sogwap Softwares Excellent Program for Transferring Files Between C Page Item 64/C 128 and MS-Dos Based Machines
geoNEWSthe Journal of geoCLUB Issue 68 April 1997 EDITOR’S COMMENTS This Issue brings Part 2 of the Big CONTENTS Blue Reader Sogwap Softwares excellent program for transferring files between C Page Item 64/C 128 and MS-Dos based machines. The concluding part will be published in the May issue. 2 Library Review Another continuing saga is Terry & Sharon reproduced on pages 9 to 12 named as CMD :2. It may seem to the casual reader that the author 4 What To Do... and geoClub are praising CMD very highly. As Sharon Chambers perhaps the only supplier left to the serious C64 user it is perhaps just praise. Far too many CBM Message From... supplier have found user support very lacking GeoNut culminating it their demise. Even the original manufacturer has failed to support the very 5 Big Blue Reader people who put them where they were. CMD in Michael Miller continuing to support the C64 user deserves all the good publicity they can get. 9 C.M.D. :2 Dale Sidebottom Page 4 has a tip from Sharon on gluing back together that most important part of any plastic item that is always the one that breaks. Accompanying this is a message from geoNut with regard to a copyright free disk based LoadStar that should be available from the Library by the time you read this. Published by:- Frank Cassidy See you all in May — Happy Geosing 55, High Bank Road Droylsden (^frank Manchester M43 6FS PAGE 1 The April Disk Review Terry Watts Sharon Chambers 3, Rutland Avenue, 41, Albert Street, Borrowash, Cl HQ Crewe, Derby. -
A History of the Personal Computer Index/11
A History of the Personal Computer 6100 CPU. See Intersil Index 6501 and 6502 microprocessor. See MOS Legend: Chap.#/Page# of Chap. 6502 BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. Languages -- Numerals -- 7000 copier. See Xerox/Misc. 3 E-Z Pieces software, 13/20 8000 microprocessors. See 3-Plus-1 software. See Intel/Microprocessors Commodore 8010 “Star” Information 3Com Corporation, 12/15, System. See Xerox/Comp. 12/27, 16/17, 17/18, 17/20 8080 and 8086 BASIC. See 3M company, 17/5, 17/22 Microsoft/Prog. Languages 3P+S board. See Processor 8514/A standard, 20/6 Technology 9700 laser printing system. 4K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. See Xerox/Misc. Languages 16032 and 32032 micro/p. See 4th Dimension. See ACI National Semiconductor 8/16 magazine, 18/5 65802 and 65816 micro/p. See 8/16-Central, 18/5 Western Design Center 8K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. 68000 series of micro/p. See Languages Motorola 20SC hard drive. See Apple 80000 series of micro/p. See Computer/Accessories Intel/Microprocessors 64 computer. See Commodore 88000 micro/p. See Motorola 80 Microcomputing magazine, 18/4 --A-- 80-103A modem. See Hayes A Programming lang. See APL 86-DOS. See Seattle Computer A+ magazine, 18/5 128EX/2 computer. See Video A.P.P.L.E. (Apple Pugetsound Technology Program Library Exchange) 386i personal computer. See user group, 18/4, 19/17 Sun Microsystems Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine, 432 microprocessor. See 18/4 Intel/Microprocessors A2-Central newsletter, 18/5 603/4 Electronic Multiplier. Abacus magazine, 18/8 See IBM/Computer (mainframe) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry 660 computer. -
Partition Types
Partition Types Partition Types The number on the right is in Hexadecimal. 01 DOS 12-bit fat 02 XENIX root 03 XENIX /usr 04 DOS 3.0+ 16-bit FAT (up to 32M) 05 DOS 3.3+ Extended Partition 06 DOS 3.31+ 16-bit FAT (over 32M) 07 OS/2 IFS (e.g., HPFS) 07 Advanced Unix 07 Windows NT NTFS 07 QNX2.x (pre-1988) 08 OS/2 (v1.0-1.3 only) 08 AIX boot partition 08 SplitDrive 08 DELL partition spanning multiple drives 08 Commodore DOS 08 QNX 1.x and 2.x ("qny") 09 AIX data partition 09 Coherent filesystem 09 QNX 1.x and 2.x ("qnz") 0a OS/2 Boot Manager 0a Coherent swap partition 0a OPUS 0b WIN95 OSR2 32-bit FAT 0c WIN95 OSR2 32-bit FAT, LBA-mapped 0e WIN95: DOS 16-bit FAT, LBA-mapped 0f WIN95: Extended partition, LBA-mapped 10 OPUS (?) 11 Hidden DOS 12-bit FAT 12 Compaq config partition 14 Hidden DOS 16-bit FAT <32M 16 Hidden DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M 17 Hidden IFS (e.g., HPFS) 18 AST SmartSleep Partition 19 Unused (Claimed for Willowtech Photon COS) 1b Hidden WIN95 OSR2 32-bit FAT 1c Hidden WIN95 OSR2 32-bit FAT, LBA-mapped 1e Hidden WIN95 16-bit FAT, LBA-mapped 20 Unused 21 Reserved 21 Unused 22 Unused 23 Reserved 24 NEC DOS 3.x 26 Reserved 31 Reserved 32 NOS 33 Reserved 34 Reserved 35 JFS on OS/2 or eCS 36 Reserved 38 THEOS ver 3.2 2gb partition 39 Plan 9 partition 39 THEOS ver 4 spanned partition 3a THEOS ver 4 4gb partition 3b THEOS ver 4 extended partition 3c PartitionMagic recovery partition 3d Hidden NetWare 40 Venix 80286 41 Linux/MINIX (sharing disk with DRDOS) 41 Personal RISC Boot 41 PPC PReP (Power PC Reference Platform) Boot 42 Linux swap (sharing