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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS JUDAICOS E ÁRABES THAILY VIVIANE ANDRÉ As crianças no gueto de Łódź: Vidas e mortes no segundo maior gueto judeu da Polônia ocupada, 1941-1944 São Paulo 2018 THAILY VIVIANE ANDRÉ As crianças no gueto de Łódź: Vidas e mortes do segundo maior gueto judeu da Polônia ocupada, 1941-1944 Versão original Dissertação de Mestrado apresentado ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Judaicos e Árabes da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Área de Concentração: Estudos Judaicos Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Marta Francisca Topel São Paulo 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. ANDRÉ, Thaily Viviane. As crianças no gueto de Łódź: Vidas e mortes do segundo maior gueto judeu da Polônia ocupada, 1941-1944. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora: Prof(a). Dr(a).: Instituição: Julgamento: Prof(a). Dr(a).: Instituição: Julgamento: Prof(a). Dr(a).: Instituição: Julgamento: Dedico o presente trabalho ao jovem idealista Dawid Sierakowiak, cujo diário inspirou a escolha do tema de minha pesquisa de mestrado, e a todas as crianças e jovens que viveram e sofreram no gueto de Łódź na espera de um futuro que nunca veio. Que suas vidas e seus sofrimentos não tenham sido em vão. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação de Estudos Judaicos e Árabes pela oportunidade da realização do curso de mestrado. Agradeço à minha orientadora, a Profa. Dra. Marta Topel, por ter aceito o desafio de me auxiliar na concretização do meu sonho de pesquisar sobre o gueto de Łódź. Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior – Brasil (CAPES) pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado que me permitiu realizar o presente trabalho. Agradeço à minha família pelo apoio constante e pela paciência a mim devotada ao longo do mestrado e da realização dessa pesquisa. Sem eles, nenhuma linha desse trabalho teria sido escrita. “Pois nós só temos um objetivo: durar mais do que a crise e viver. Nós precisamos viver e ver o momento em que poderemos dizer: Tudo valeu a pena, tendo suportado todas as dificuldades e sofrimentos.... Nós queríamos ser as testemunhas de uma nova era e é isso que somos. Se não fosse por esse momento, então tudo que aconteceu (miséria, humilhação, fome, frio, doenças) teria sido em vão. O propósito de nossa vida, que eles queriam roubar de nós, é: viver esse momento. Todo o resto empalidece perto disso, é insignificante, efêmero. Esse momento até compensa pela morte de centenas de milhares, que morreram antes de serem redimidos. No lugar de todas essas coisas que não podermos dar a vocês, paciente, vocês devem substituir com fortaleza de espírito, resistência ao sofrimento, orgulho diário, e a consciência de ser inocente. De alguma maneira, algum dia, a libertação chegará. Isso é atestado pela nossa história e pela eterna máxima que reinou no mundo até agora: Justiça triunfa sobre a iniquidade. Portanto, é aconselhável ficar em silêncio, morder os dentes, sofrer, e estar preparado para esse momento...” Oskar Rosenfeld, 17 de fevereiro de 1942 (ROSENFELD, 2002, p. 3) “Tenho certeza de que uma vida maravilhosa e brilhante ainda está esperando por nós”. Dawid Sierakowiak, 30 de abril de 1941 (ADELSON, 1997, p. 187) RESUMO ANDRÉ, Thaily Viviane. As crianças no gueto de Łódź: Vidas e mortes do segundo maior gueto judeu da Polônia ocupada, 1941-1944. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. A cidade de Łódź na Polônia abrigava a segunda maior comunidade judaica da Europa, somente superada pela capital Varsóvia. Ocupada pelas tropas alemãs em 8 de setembro de 1939, apenas uma semana após a invasão da Polônia, essa grande cidade industrial foi escolhida pelas autoridades alemãs para se tornar uma cidade digna de pertencer ao Grande Reich. Para tanto, foi feita uma reestruturação da cidade, renomeada Litzmannstadt, que incluía torná-la Judenrein, livre de judeus. A etapa inicial desse processo seria a criação de um gueto, uma medida temporária a ser empregada enquanto o futuro dos judeus de Łódź não fosse decidido. Contudo, a escolha de Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski como Judenälteste do gueto pelos alemães e sua tática de garantir a salvação de sua comunidade através do trabalho o tornou o gueto mais longevo do Holocausto. Em um gueto voltado ao trabalho, as crianças exerceram um papel central que oscilava entre a proteção e a exclusão, ambas de responsabilidade de Rumkowski, o homem que se dizia seu protetor e que acabou por deportá-las ao campo de extermínio de Chełmno. Essa deportação de crianças colocou o gueto de Łódź e seu líder Rumkowski no debate historiográfico, que acabou por marginalizar a história do alvo principal das deportações: as crianças. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo preencher essa lacuna historiográfica. Palavras-chave: Holocausto. Gueto de Łódź. Crianças. ABSTRACT ANDRÉ, Thaily Viviane. The children in the Łódź ghetto: Lives and deaths of the second largest jewish ghetto in occupied Poland, 1941-1944. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. The city of Łódź in Poland housed the second largest Jewish community in Europe, only surpassed by the capital Warsaw. Occupied by German troops on September 8, 1939, just one week after the invasion of Poland, this great industrial city was chosen by the German authorities to become a city worthy of belonging to the Great Reich. To this end, a restructuring of the city, renamed Litzmannstadt, was made, which included making it Judenrein, free of Jews. The initial stage of this process would be the creation of a ghetto, a temporary measure to be employed as long as the future of the Jews of Łódź was not decided. However, the choice of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski as the Judenälteste of the ghetto by the Germans and his tactic of securing the salvation of his community through labor made this the longest-standing ghetto of the Holocaust. In a work-oriented ghetto, children played a central role that oscillated between protection and exclusion, both of which were the responsibility of Rumkowski, the man who claimed to be his protector and eventually deported them to the Chełmno extermination camp. This deportation of innocent children placed the ghetto of Łódź and its leader Rumkowski in the historiographic debate, which ended up marginalizing the history of the main target of the deportations: the children. The present work aims to fill this historiographical gap. Keywords: Holocaust. Łódź Ghetto. Children LISTA DE IMAGENS Imagem 1 – Sinagoga reformada ao lado de mansão em Łódź (circa 1900)...............36 Imagem 2 – Homem posa diante da Grande Sinagoga de Łódź .............................. ..37 Imagem 3 – Membros do Conselho Judaico com Rumkowski ao centro (1940). ..... ..59 Imagem 4 – Placa anuncia a mudança de nome de Łódź para Litzmannstadt .......... ..61 Imagem 5 – Entrada do gueto assinalada com uma placa datada em 22 de abril de 1940 proibindo a entrada de poloneses e alemães no gueto....................................63 Imagem 6 – Hans Biebow posa diante de um carro com os dizeres Gettoverwaltung ....................................................................................................... 64 Imagem 7 – Polícia Judaica em 1940 com o chefe Leon Rozenblat ........................... 66 Imagem 8 – Stanisław Jacobson, presidente da Corte, em sessão em 25 de maio de 1942 .......................................................................................................................... 67 Imagem 9 – Placa na entrada do gueto ...................................................................... 68 Imagem 10 – Mapa do gueto de Łódź ........................................................................ 69 Imagem 11 – Dois funcionários do serviço postal do gueto entregando correspondências. .................................................................................................... 71 Imagem 12 – Rumkowski discursa perante uma multidão em 15 de junho de 1940 ... 75 Imagem 13 – Cozinha n° 452 do gueto ....................................................................... 83 Imagem 14 – Adolescentes puxam um carro de mão com pães para o gueto ............ 84 Imagem 15 – Funcionários de um centro de distribuição pesam alimento dos cupons. ..................................................................................................................... 85 Imagem 16 – Mulher do gueto carrega pedaços de madeira em suas costas. ............ 86 Imagem 17 – Himmler visita o gueto em 5 de junho de 1941 e recebe Rumkowski. ... 92 Imagem 18 – Entrada do campo cigano no campo de Łódź ....................................... 96 Imagem 19 – Selecionados para deportação aguardam na prisão central do gueto a ordem de partida (setembro de 1942). .................................................................... 102 Imagem 20 – Rumkowski discursa em cima de sua carruagem ............................... 127 Imagem 21 – Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski conversa com Hans Biebow ................ 131 Imagem
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