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Wh-Constructions in Cape Verdean Creole

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Wh-Constructions in Cape Verdean Creole UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGUÍSTICA GERAL E ROMÂNICA WHWHWH-WH ---CONSTRUCTIONSCONSTRUCTIONS IN CAPE VERDEAN CREOLE: EXTENSIONS OF THE COPY THEORY OF MOVEMENT NÉLIA MARIA PEDRO ALEXANDRE DOUTORAMENTO EM LINGUÍSTICA (Linguística Geral) 2009 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGUÍSTICA GERAL E ROMÂNICA WHWHWH-WH ---CONSTRUCTIONSCONSTRUCTIONS IN CAPE VERDEAN CREOLE: EXTENSIONS OF THE COPY THEORY OF MOVEMENT NÉLIA MARIA PEDRO ALEXANDRE Tese orientada por: Inês da Silva Duarte (Professora Catedrática, FLUL) DOUTORAMENTO EM LINGUÍSTICA (Linguística Geral) 2009 Esta dissertação foi realizada com o apoio da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, POCI 2010, através da bolsa SFRH/BD/13536/2003 Acknowledgements I believe that what really matters is not the finding but the searching. In the process of searching, many people contributed to the completion of this dissertation, whose support I want to acknowledge. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Inês Duarte. Her insights, knowledge and never ending search for perfection were my stimuli. I also thank her for the guidance, the coaching, for pushing me further and further, always questioning everything about my data and redirecting me for what was the nucleus of my work. Most of all, I thank Prof. Inês for teaching me so much and for respecting my pace and my idiosyncrasies. Between October 2003 and September 2007, my research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (program POCI 2010). Their grant – SFRH / BD / 13536 / 2003 – allowed me to discuss my work in national and international conferences and to carry out fieldwork in Santiago Island in 2005 and 2006. For that, I am extremely grateful. I have also received funding from Onset-CEL and, more recently, from project SILC (CLUL), funded by program POCTI-SFA-17-745, which I gratefully acknowledge. This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of Cape Verdean Creole speakers, especially those who come from Santa Catarina district in Santiago Island inland. In fact, it is very difficult to put into words the debt that I have to the people who let me feel the ‘tic’ of their language and culture. I hope this work honors their embrace of me. At Santiago’s institutions, some of the people who contributed to this project were Amália de Melo Lopes (who so gently received me in Instituto Superior de Educação (ISE) of Praia, and introduced me to some of her students from Assomada, Santa Catarina); the Minister of Culture, Manuel Veiga (who encouraged me to do my fieldwork and shared some of his experience on the study of Cape Verdean Creole grammar); Tomé Varela da Silva, writer and researcher on Cape Verdean oral tradition (who lectured Fernanda Pratas and I on Cape Verdean Creole officialization issues); Adelaide Lima (whose ideas on the officialization of CVC and whose serious work on the field are an inspiration to me) and Etelvino Garcia (who so i kindly pointed me some typical places and aspects of Santiago, from the perspective of a Fogo man). I also thank Nélida Lush, Jorge Lima Gomes and Carlos Alberto Delgado for helping me on some Barlavento data. Nevertheless, my crucial debt goes to, by order of appearance, Nho Fortunati (Eduíno Furtado, from Achada Além, Santa Catarina), who opened his house to me, introduced me to his relatives, allowed me to record him telling some local stories, and gave me his time, his smile, his knowledge of Capeverdean traditions – ‘Dios da-u benson! ’); Josiene Cardoso (from Praia, for having spent hours with me, telling me, always ‘na Kriolu ’, how young people live in Santiago); to my main informants, for being so patient with me on my data elicitation sections, discussing all dubious data, Gil Moreira (my precious guide and friend); Maria Nascimento ; Nha Ilídia Fortis ; Nha Vitalina ; Isa ; Ti Betu ; Landu ; Mirlina Correia ; Ito ; Adalberto T. Varela ; Maria Moreira ; and Danny Spínola . When in Portugal, the work on the data was distilled by Ermelinda Furtado ; Virgílio Varela; Jeremias Fernandes ; Emanuel de Pina ; Aleide Veiga ; Antónia Varela ; Karina Tavares ; and by my dear friends, to whom I can never thank enough, Arlindo Costa ; Zé Maria Moreno and especially Catarina Oliveira . I am also grateful to some professors and colleagues whose suggestions, scientific debate, bibliographic help and data were a tremendous support for me, as Muhsina Alleesaib, Marlyse Baptista, Hans den Besten, Ana Maria de Brito, Madalena Colaço, João Costa, Sónia Cyrino, Maria Eugênia Duarte, Stephanie Durrleman, Naama Friedmann (for Hebrew data), Sónia Frota, Anabela Gonçalves, Fernanda Gonçalves, Tom Güldemann, Liliana Inverno, Claire Lefebvre, Telma Magalhães, Ana Isabel Mata, Gabriela Matos, Philippe Maurer, Matilde Miguel, Jairo Nunes, Mikael Parkvall (for Swedish data), Fernanda Pratas, Gaétan de Saint-Moulin, Isabel Seara, Dominique Swolkien, Tonjes Veenstra, and Marina Vigário. A significant part (if not all) of this dissertation has also benefited from the fruitful discussions with my colleagues and dear friends Ana Luísa Costa (who always makes sense out of nothing), Ana Lúcia Santos (whose never ending questions forced me to clarify my ideas and proposals – Eva is just like you, after all!), Tjerk Hagemeijer (always playing the role of the ‘Devil’s attorney’, he made me grow in Creolistics, he also made me follow a path which I would never have the courage to pursue – thank you for pushing me into this rich field!), and Nuno Soares (whose accurate observations are always pertinent and so valuable). The technical help and the emotional support you gave me all these years have been so important to me that I could not imagine doing ii Linguistics without having you around. I particularly thank Ana Lúcia, Nuno and Tjerk for carefully reading some parts of this dissertation. I must also express my gratitude to some other close friends who rejoice my life greatly, as Susana Agostinho (I miss you so much my dear friend, but in my heart you are still following my linguistic adventure), Susana Carrusca, Domingos, Clara, Patrícia and Marta Gomes, Isabel Falé (for always being there when most needed), and Fátima Tomás. Thank you all for those pleasant moments we have had together, almost always with great food and wine, and especially for the concern and support in bad times. And thanks to the most important people of my life, my parents, Amílcar and Etelvina, for their unconditional love, pillar of all things, and for having taught me that (hard) work makes us grow as persons. To Ricardo, for all the paths we have followed together (so many, so hard, so rewarding), and to Mariana, for being the biggest challenge of my life and my strength. This dissertation is dedicated to you. iii iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments …………………………………………………….. i List of tables and Map …………………………………………….. ix Abbreviations …………………………………………………………….. xi Abstract …………………………………………………………….. xiii Resumo …………………………………………………………….. xv 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The language under study: Cape Verdean Creole .…………...... 01 1.2. Methodological issues ……………………………………………... 04 1.3. Theoretical framework ……………………………………………... 06 1.4. Outline of the dissertation …………………………………….... 07 2. ASPECTS ON THE SYNTAX OF CAPE VERDEAN CREOLE 2.1. Introduction …………………………………………………….. 11 2.2. Clause functional structure and verb movement ……………… 11 2.2.1. V-to-T movement in CVC (Baptista, 2002) ……………… 16 2.2.2. “An almighty TP”: absence of V movement in CVC (Pratas, 2007) ……………………………………………… 21 2.2.3. No verb movement in CVC ……………………………… 23 2.3. The pronominal system ……………………………………… 38 2.3.1. A tripartite pronominal system ………………………. 40 2.3.2. Wh-constituents ……………………………………… 43 2.3.2.1. Ken/kenha ……………………………………… 44 2.3.2.2. Kusé ……………………………………………… 48 2.3.2.3. Kal(s) / kantu ………………………………………. 51 2.3.2.4. Modi / pamodi ………………………………. 53 2.3.2.5. Undi ……………………………………………… 54 2.3.2.6. Ki N ……………………………………………… 56 2.4. DP structure ……………………………………………………… 60 2.4.1. Determiners and quantifiers ………………………………. 61 2.4.2. Relative clauses ………………………………………. 70 2.5. The complementizer system ………………………………………. 76 2.5.1. The data ………………………………………………. 76 2.5.1.1. The complementizer di ……………………….. 76 2.5.1.2. The complementizer ki ……………………….. 78 2.5.1.3. The complementizer ma ……………………….. 80 2.5.1.4. The complementizer pa ……………………….. 83 2.5.1.5. The complementizer pamodi ……………………….. 85 v 2.5.1.6. The complementizer si ……………………….. 86 2.5.1.7. The complementizer Ø ……………………….. 87 2.5.2. The non-Split-CP hypothesis ……………………………….. 89 2.6. Summary ………………………………………………………. 91 3. WH-QUESTIONS IN CAPE VERDEAN CREOLE 3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………. 93 3.2. Wh-Questions with overt wh-movement ……………………….. 94 3.2.1. The gap strategy ………………………………………………. 95 3.2.2. The gap strategy with PP pied piping ……………………….. 98 3.2.3. The preposition stranding with a spelled out trace (PSST) strategy ………………………………………………. 99 3.2.4. The P-chopping strategy ………………………………………. 102 3.3. Wh-Questions without wh-movement ………………………………. 107 3.3.1. The resumptive strategy ………………………………………. 108 3.3.2. In situ wh-questions ………………………………………. 111 3.3.2.1. In situ wh-questions and LF movement ……….. 114 3.3.2.2. In situ wh-questions and remnant movement .. 119 3.3.2.3. In situ wh-questions without wh-movement .. 124 3.3.2.4. In situ wh-questions and the Clausal Typing Hypothesis ………………………………………. 125 3.4. Towards an analysis of wh-questions in CVC ………………. 128 3.5. Summary ……………………………………………………… 138 4. RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES IN CAPE VERDEAN CREOLE 4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………… 141 4.2. Relativization Strategies ……………………………………… 141 4.2.1. Relativization with A´-movement ……………………… 147 4.2.1.1. The gap strategy ……………………………… 147 4.2.1.2. The preposition stranding with a spelled out trace (PSST) strategy ……………………………… 151 4.2.1.3. The P-chopping strategy ……………………… 158 4.2.2. Relativization without A´-movement - Resumption ……… 161 4.3. The structure of restrictive relative clauses ……………………… 167 4.3.1. The complement-of-Nº analysis (Platzack, 2000) ……… 167 4.3.2.
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