Incremental Diagnostic Value of Stress&Nbsp;Computed
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JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING VOL. 12, NO. 2, 2019 ª 2019 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER ORIGINAL RESEARCH Incremental Diagnostic Value of Stress Computed Tomography Myocardial Perfusion With Whole-Heart Coverage CT Scanner in Intermediate- to High-Risk Symptomatic Patients Suspected of Coronary Artery Disease a a,b c,d a Gianluca Pontone, MD, PHD, Daniele Andreini, MD, PHD, Andrea I. Guaricci, MD, Andrea Baggiano, MD, Fabio Fazzari, MD,e Marco Guglielmo, MD,a Giuseppe Muscogiuri, MD,a Claudio Maria Berzovini, MD,f Annalisa Pasquini, MD,g Saima Mushtaq, MD,a Edoardo Conte, MD,a Giuseppe Calligaris, MD,a Stefano De Martini, MD,a Cristina Ferrari, MD,a Stefano Galli, MD,a Luca Grancini, MD,a Paolo Ravagnani, MD,a Giovanni Teruzzi, MD,a Daniela Trabattoni, MD,a Franco Fabbiocchi, MD,a Alessandro Lualdi, MD,a Piero Montorsi, MD,a,b Mark G. Rabbat, MD,h,i Antonio L. Bartorelli, MD,a,j Mauro Pepi, MDa ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of stress computed tomography myocardial perfusion (CTP) for the detection of functionally significant coronary artery disease (CAD) by using invasive coronary angiography (ICA) plus invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) as the reference standard in consecutive inter- mediate- to high-risk symptomatic patients. BACKGROUND Stress CTP recently emerged as a potential strategy to combine the anatomic and functional evaluation of CAD in a single scan. METHODS A total of 100 consecutive symptomatic patients scheduled for ICA were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent rest coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) followed by stress static CTP with a whole-heart coverage CT scanner (Revolution CT, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Diagnostic accuracy and overall effective dose were assessed and compared versus those of ICA and invasive FFR. RESULTS The prevalence of obstructive CAD and functionally significant CAD were 69% and 44%, respectively. Cor- onary CTA alone demonstrated a per-vessel and per-patient sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy of 98%, 76%, 99%, 63%, and 83% and of 98%, 54%, 96%, 68%, and 76%, respectively. Combining coronary CTA with stress CTP, per-vessel and per-patient sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy were 91%, 94%, 96%, 86%, and 93% and 98%, 83%, 98%, 86%, and 91%, with a significant improvement in specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy in both models. The mean effective dose for coronary CTA and stress CTP were 2.8 Æ 1.4 mSv and 2.5 Æ 1.1 mSv. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of stress CTP for the evaluation of patients with an intermediate to high risk for CAD is feasible and improved the diagnostic performance of coronary CTA for detecting functionally significant CAD. (J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2019;12:338–49) © 2019 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. From the aCentro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; bDepartment of Cardiovascular Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; cInstitute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Hospital “Policlinico” of Bari, Bari, Italy; dDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Hospital P. Giaccone, Palermo, Italy; fRadiology Institute, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; gDepartment of Cardiology, Policlinico Umberto I,“Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy; hLoyola University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; iEdward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois; and the jDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco,” University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Dr. Pontone has received institutional fees ISSN 1936-878X/$36.00 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.10.025 JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING, VOL. 12, NO. 2, 2019 Pontone et al. 339 FEBRUARY 2019:338– 49 Stress CTP in Intermediate- to High-Risk Patients oronary computed tomography angiography for ICA were prospectively screened. The ABBREVIATIONS C (CTA) has been introduced as an excellent exclusion criteria are listed in Figure 1.Pa- AND ACRONYMS alternative imaging modality to rule out coro- tients meeting all selection criteria were CAD = coronary artery disease nary artery disease (CAD) with low radiation exposure askedtosignaninformedconsentform CTA = computed tomography (1) and strong prognostic ability (2). However, the data before undergoing any study-specificevalu- angiography are conflicting regarding the optimal diagnostic strat- ation. A structured interview was performed CTP = computed tomography egy when comparing anatomy alone using coronary to collect clinical history and cardiac risk myocardial perfusion fi CTA versus functional testing (3) due to a lack of func- factors. The nal patient population con- ED = effective radiation dose tional information resulting in increased resources or sisted of 100 patients. FFR = fractional flow reserve revascularization (4,5).Therefore,coronaryCTAisrec- PATIENT PREPARATION. Patients were HR = heart rate ommended only in the subset of patients with a <50% asked to refrain from smoking and caffeine ICA = invasive coronary pre-test likelihood of CAD; patients with intermediate for 24 h and to observe a fast for 6 h before angiography to high risk for CAD should undergo a stress imaging– the scan. In patients with a resting heart rate ICD = implantable cardioverter based strategy. (HR) >65 beats/min before the scan, meto- defibrillator In this regard, stress computed tomography prolol was administered intravenously with a PM = pacemaker myocardial perfusion (CTP) recently emerged as a titration dose up to 15 mg to achieve a target SCCT = Society of potential strategy to combine anatomic and func- HR #65 beats/min. Before the rest scan, all Cardiovascular Computed Tomography tional evaluation in a single scan (6). Preliminary patients received sublingual nitroglycerin – single-center and multicenter trials (7 30) illustrated (2 puffs of 300 mgeachone). the promising diagnostic accuracy of this approach. REST CORONARY CTA. We performed rest coronary However, in most cases, these trials were performed CTA with a Revolution CT scanner (GE Healthcare, with previous-generation scanners, did not include Milwaukee, Wisconsin) according to the recommen- patients at intermediate to high risk for CAD, and dations of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed typically compared coronary CTA versus invasive Tomography (SCCT) (3). The following parameters coronary angiography (ICA) alone or versus the com- were used: slice configuration 256 Â 0.625 mm with bination of ICA plus noninvasive stress testing. scintillator detector; gantry rotation time 280 ms; Recently, a newer coronary CTA technology was tube voltage 120 KVp and 100 KVp in patients with introduced featuring 16-cm wide coverage, 0.23 mm body mass index >30 kg/m2 and #30 kg/m2,respec- of spatial resolution, faster gantry rotation time with tively; and an effective tube current of 500 mA. One- an intracycle motion-correction algorithm, and the beat axial scan was used in all patients with a variable latest generation iterative reconstruction. However, padding ranging from 70% to 80% and 40% to 80% of to date, no study validated its performance in stress the cardiac cycle in patients with HR #65 beats/min CTP. The aim of the present study therefore was to and >65 beats/min. All patients received a 70-ml evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of stress CTP to bolus of iodixanol 320 (Visipaque 320 mg/ml, GE detect functionally significant CAD in consecutive Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) at an infusion rate of 6.2 intermediate- to high-risk symptomatic patients us- ml/s followed by 50 ml of saline solution at the same ing ICA plus invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) as rate of infusion. The scan was performed by using the reference standard. visual assessments to determine timing of image SEE PAGE 350 acquisition. An adaptive statistical iterative recon- METHODS struction algorithm was used instead of the standard filtered back-projection algorithm. Datasets of each coronary CTA examination were transferred to an The institutional ethics committee approved the study image-processing workstation and analyzed accord- protocol,andallpatientssignedinformedconsent. ing to the SCCT guidelines for reporting (18) by 2 SCREENING PROCEDURE AND ENROLLMENT. In this cardiac radiologists (G.P. and D.A.) who had $8years single-center study, a total of 846 consecutive pa- of experience and who were blinded to the clinical tients with chest pain symptoms who were scheduled history and ICA findings of the patients. as a speaker and clinical research grants from GE and Bracco; institutional fees as a speaker from Medtronic and Bayer; and an institutional research grant from HeartFlow. Dr. Andreini has received institutional fees as a speaker and clinical research grants from GE, Bracco, and Heartflow. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Manuscript received July 19, 2017; revised manuscript received October 18, 2017, accepted October 19, 2017. 340 Pontone et al. JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING, VOL. 12, NO. 2, 2019 Stress CTP in Intermediate- to High-Risk Patients FEBRUARY 2019:338– 49 FIGURE 1 Flowchart of the Study Population Low pre-test likelihood of CAD according to updated Diamond-Forrester risk model score (n = 80) Prior myocardial infarction