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4 to Skylab's Life Science Experiments DOCUMENT RESUME ED 181 001 SP 015 415 AUTHOR . 'Van 'Huss, Wayne D.: Heusner, Williaa W. TITLE. Space Fli.ght Research Relevant to Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, With Particular Reference.. to Skylab's Life Science Experiments. INSTITUTION American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, -j Recreation' and DanceJAAHPERD)-.: National Aeronautics ....2! j, and Space Aclpinistrat ion.. Wash;pcitu4 D.C..,- _,,,,,A4...., , , , PUB DATE ' Jun 79 . ' 1 NOTE, 5y. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing . Office, Washington,'D.C. 20402 (St-cick-No. , 033-000-00778-7, $2.501 , A, 1 . EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus hostage. PC Not Available fromAgES. DESCRIPTORS Aerospace technolo y: Heart Rate; *Human Body; Human Posture:. Mtscula Strength: Physical ActivItyleyel; *Physical Envir tment: *Physical Fitness; *Scientific . Research:. *S..pace Sciences . IDEUTIFIERS Astronauts: *Skylab: *Space Biology: . Weightlessness ' ABSTRACT &An ovefview of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAST) studies dealing with the effect of extended space flight on the human.body is presented. The results of' ex,periments'investigatipg"Weight loss, pgsture change, sleep habits, limb size, and motor skins are oome of the topics discdssed. Bibliographies, source lists, charts, and tables are given to supplement the text.A glcssary'of terms is included. (LH) A Il , iv" 4 I. 7,4 e . , 0 , , . , . ./, ********A*************************'****************,*****************,***, * - Reproductions supplied by 7DRS are the best411pt.can'ibe made * r'" * * . , from the'original'document. **************,14***************************************************,***. , 4. 'I - . , vr..iestomm* Space ROM Rearch Relevant to Hegel Physical Educati 4 and Recreation 4A+1Aretvivp., PWith Particular Refer to Skylab's Life Scien,,, Experiments DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 445 jEDUCATION a WELPARE ITIATIONAL INSTITUTE OF Wayne D. Van HUas ' EDUCATION MIS CRIMENT MAS BEEN REPRO- ,Professor of Physical Education OU(1O EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM 1 11 E tPOOR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- Michigan StattyUniversity ATING' IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STA TEI12 do NOT NECESSARILY REPRE- 1 SEN T (OF-KIN. NATIONAL INSTITLJTE and FoOcAT ION POSITION OR POLICY William W. Heusner \ A \ Professor of Physical Edultion "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Michigan State UniversitY MATERIA It1MICROFICHE ONLY HAS liEt GRANTEDBY ca-/ A4 A project of the Ambricari kilance for Health, Physical 'Education, Recreation, anit,,Dahce,with the support and TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)." 'assistance of the National Aeronautic§ and Space 5 Administration'. kr) National Aeronautl,ps and SRace Administration, Washington, D.C. 20516, June 1979 40, N , , 31, Por snIo by Om Huperilltendont alloeinnonts, H. (loyernInolt PINTINIK Oillvo WnsbIng4no, !MHO kiwi< Nuothar411-000.01177K-7/Catalog NunibOr NAH I.Itb148 Preface 1n the following pages Dr. !Wayne D. Van Hu Raymond A. Clue*, the Alliance's Associate and Dr. Willtam W. Heusner, Professors of Phy Executive Director, who had responsibility for ical Education; Michidan State University,a d thisproject, and Professors Van Huss and active researchers in MSU's igluman Energye- Heusne!, the authors, INIA'S')I alsolapprestates-, search L'aboratorSI, oil:Nide for the Professi nal the helpful guidance provided to the author0 by fields of health, physical education, andret ea- the Life Science staffs at NASA HeadquartVs tion an overview of. the NASA studies that deal and the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Oen- with the effects*.of space flight <xi, the map ter, and by the authors' colleagues? friends, and 1 organism. students. The NASA technical monitor for this The authors orient their readers to the setting project waa Dr. Wayland E. Hull, Technical As- of these life scienifa,studies, partimila ly Sky- sistant to the Director of Life Sciences, SOnson lab's experiments, within thespace p ogram's Space Center. Project coordinator was Dr. P. vastrange ofprojects and tAeir umerous B. Tuttle, former director of NASA's educational societal benefits. For graduate stu ents, re_ programs. searchers, and ;directors of resear , forIn- Special acknowledgement is made of thecon- structivnal staff members dealing wi physical tribution of Dr. William C. Schneider, NASA's fitness and measurement, and for state and Associate Administrator.for Space Tracking and local professional leadere in heal , physical Data Systems, whb, When Director of the Sky- education, and recreation, -thea thors have lab Program, gave the necessaryencourage- opened the doors to new fields study and ment and support to make, this.project possible. new clues to principles of pfiacticTheir work issupplernentedby use(ful liographies, sOurce lists, and charts and tablesi In line with its mandate, "to expand human knowledge of 'phenomena in the atmosphere and, space" and. "to disteminate information concerningtheseactivitsandtheresults thereof," NASA is pleased/to maIO this publica- tion available. It apprecia es the opportunity to work on this project with the le dership of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration American Aliiince for"H alth, Plhysical Educe- Washington, D.C. ion, Recreation, and D nce, particularlyDr. June 1979 0 iii lb Table of Contents' Chapter 1 Introduction Development of a Manned Launch Vehicle ,. ,1 Formation of a Viable Space Agenoy 1 People in Space .. 2 P References .3 . 4 , Chapter II The Skylab Missions .. ._ 4 .., Mission Plans and Objectives 4 '' ' ''' ' I . , 4 Skytaty4perlr.nents -. `OD, Nr* 5 . 4t . Missidn Schedules ,,_ 1 .,.. --27,. 7, The Orbital Workshop -t -1E- Weighing in Zero Gravity 1 - t, 8 .,.. 1 Objectives of Life Science Experiments ,9 Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT) 10. Selected SMEAT Experiments and Conclusions ,, 12 ,kower Body Negative Pressure Measurement '13 Work Metabolism Measurement and Selected Results 14 Mineral Balanoe Measurement , ., 14 Mission Performance I V f- ,. 16 References 16 4. Chapter III Selected Findings: Skylab Life Sciences Research i 18 , Crew Health ._lr 18 . Changes in Body Welght ,_ i19 I ,.. Anthropometric Changes 4 '19 Fluid Shifts and Blood Changes__ 21 Orthostatic Tolerance Difference 23 Hemodynamic Changes - -,.. 24 Changes in Work Tolerance . 25 Mineral and Nitrogen Balance Alterations 26 Exercise Regimens During Flight _i_ 28 Responses to the Exercise Regimens 28 I T 1 Time and Motion Stodies ,- .+ 29 Vestibular Function/rests ,29 Biochemical Alterations- . 30 ,,. References bo . la. Chapter 'IV Significance to HealthPhysical Education, and Reoreation 32/. Space Program's Significance to Mankind. ___ ___ _ _ __ ___________ 32 Significance to Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 35 Attitude Toward Change 35 Responsea to Multiple Stressors 35 Astronaut Modelsl r Young People- V Ecology, and Land se . ..I37: , . .... Bioinstrurnentation , 38 . Research on the Effects of Exercise 39 Contributions to Our Body .of knowledge ,_ 39 'References t \ - -\ , ,, - 42 . "4. Glossary _ _ _ _ 46 Recent NASA Special Publicationson Skylab 50 Index 51 e , # Chapter I Introductiori Interest in the development of rockets as po- ico, to work with the Ameri6ans. It Is ironic and tential vehjcles for space travel was evident as unfortunate that Dr. Goddard died that year. eirly as World War I. Dr.iRobert 3oddard of the United ,States tested the tirst liquid propellant rocket. in 1923 (ref. 1-1). pr. Hermann Oberth Development of a -in-Gerrnany published his doctoral thesia "Die. Manned Launch Vehicle Rokete ztideh Prarteten laumenn (-By Rocket to , Inteiplanetary Space) the same-year irefs:-1-72-, Durincithe period from 1950 to 1960, interest and 1-3). In Saiellites, long'-range bAllistic .missiles, and Dr. Goddard continutd his rocket develop- especially the placing.of man In orbit increased. ment with Guggenheim-Fund and Smithsonian It was an intensive period of investigation In 4, Institution support and then later became in- racket: development.tMany fuels were studied volved .inmilitary applications. Among God- in the search for greater reliability, higher ex- dard's aignificant developments were the im haustvelocities,lessweight,lighterthrust portant propellant pump for liquid rockets and chambers, and higher combustion pressures. the bazooka for army use (ref. 1-4),- A point of historical significance ,is that God-. pr.Oberth "Sb,fishedseveralpaperback dard founded the fieldoftiquidpropulsion books. 'They rEeived *so much attention that (refs. 1-1 and 1-4) and that tne V-2 served as he was recruited as the technical advisor for a the* model fOrsubsequentlargeliquid-fuel science fiction movie ih 1930. His real interest, rockets (ref.1-5). The Army Redstone rocket, however, was in thejesting of h'isiicleas with a used -for the initial suborbital flights of Alan Working model. During his brief movie career, Shepard and Virgil Grissom In 1961, was a di- he attempted to build such a model. A 17-year- rect,descendant of the V-2 and *as developed old volunteer helper who joined himin. this essentially by the Peenemunde team. The larger work, the late Dr. Wernher von Braun, was rockets from Atlas to Saturn V, used for the destined to become a giant In rocketry. Moon missions, have been of the same basic Although a German rocket organization was type (refs.1-5,1-6, and 1-7). The history of formed, little money was available for research rocket development Is covered in references 1-1 and development. The model built by Oberth through 1-7. - andhiscolleagues was nevertested,but
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