Ministry of Transportation and Meteorology World Bank Ministry of Public Works E524 Volume 1 Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Transportation Project

Environmental and Social

Public Disclosure Authorized Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized

December 2001

Prepared by Transport Sector Project (TSP) NGO Lalana Basler & Hofmann

Based on the preliminary designs of the following consulting firms:

Public Disclosure Authorized DINIKA (Tananarive) MICS - ECR - AEC - SECAM (Fianarantsoa) ESPACE - MAHERY (Taomasina) EC PLUS - JR SAINA (Mahajanga) 4 A OSIBP - SOMEAH (Toliary) F CO PY EIIRA - ANDRIAMBOLA - BIC (Antsiranana) Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux

Table of Contents

1 Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment ...... 1

1.1 Proposed Project ...... 1 1.2 Transport Sector Environmental Assessment ...... 1 1.3 Environmental Assessment for APL 2 ...... 1 1.4 Policy and Legislative Framework ...... 1 1.5 Methodology ...... 2 1.6 Participatory approach ...... 2 1.7 Rural transport rehabilitation component ...... 3 1.8 Potential environmental impacts ...... 3 1.9 Resettlement and cultural heritage ...... 4 1.10 Rail and port infrastructure rehabilitation component ...... 5 1.11 Community Environmental Management ...... 6 1.12 Environmental Management/Monitoring Plan ...... 6 1.13 Implementation of EMP ...... 6

2 Environmental impacts ...... 7

2.1 General description ...... 7 2.2 Environmental impacts and abatement measures ...... 8 2.2.1 Province of Antananarivo ...... 8 2.2.2 Province of Fianarantsoa ...... 8 2.2.3 Province of Taomasina ...... 9 2.2.4 Province of Mahajanga ...... 10 2.2.5 Province of Toliary ...... 11 2.2.6 Province of Antsiranana ...... 11

3 Social impacts ...... 13

3.1 Improved access ...... 13 3.1.1 Summary estimate of project impact ...... 13 3.1.2 Current transportation situation and characteristics of provinces ...... 14 3.2 Job creation ...... 15

4 Summary and conclusion ...... 16

4.1 Project financing package and scope ...... 16 4.2 Impacts ...... 16 4.3 Implementation of environmental management plans ...... 17

Annex 1 List of roads studied, by province ...... 18

Section 1.01 Tananarive ...... 18 Section 1.02 Fianarantsoa ...... 22 Section 1.03 Taomasina ...... 25 Section 1.04 Mahajanga ...... 28 Section 1.05 Toliara...... 29 Section 1.06 Antsiranana ...... 31

Annex 2 List of communities selected for socio-economic study ...... 33

17.0 1.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux

Annex 3 Model Environmental Management Plan (example of Road No. 41201 Befandrino - Ambararata) ...... 36

Note: The graphs used in this rcport werc copicd from UNDP and NEO publications and are intended solely for internal use.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux

1 Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment

1.1 Proposed Project The purpose of the transport sector program is to reduce transport costs and to improve accessibility in rural areas. This project is one of the parallel phases of an Adaptable Program Loan (APL) aimed at helping the Government of Madagascar to implement its transport sector policy and strategy. The entire APL program consists of various investment phases/packages, which include support to the various transport sub-sectors, i.e., essential reforms of the transport sector, and of critical and high priority investments, strengthening the civil aviation and railway sub- sectors, and providing major investments in the road sub-sector.

Given Madagascar's unique ecological assets, environmental degradation is a major concern in the country. Its devastating effects are far-reaching, ranging from siltation of rice fields to the destruction of transport infrastructures. This project will finance the rehabilitation of existing transport infrastructure: i.e., provincial roads, and railway and port infrastructures in the Fiananrantsoa-Manakara corridor.

1.2 Environmental Assessment of the Transport Sector Prior to program appraisal, an environmental assessment was prepared for the transport sector. The three-volume Transport Sector Environmental Assessment provided an overview of the context in which the sector currently operates. The EA report: a) defined and analyzed the general environmental impacts relevant to each sub-sector; b) identified the potential environmental impacts of activities planned under APLI; and c) recommended an environmental management plan (EMP). The EA report provides project managers in the sector with a permanent working document enabling them to better understand the situation at each project site, taking social, biological, and physical factors into account. The EA was prepared and disclosed in accordance with World Bank guidelines and national environmental policies concerning infrastructure and environmental protection. The sectoral environmental assessment also provides the basis for the separate environmental and social assessments to be undertaken for each APL phase. The preparation of environmental and social assessments is a built-in trigger for each APL phase.

1.3 Environmental Assessment for APL 2 Environmental and social assessments were undertaken for 8,500 km of rural roads in various provinces throughout Madagascar. A general EMP was prepared that included moderate and high impact roads. Provincial workshops were held to select roads to be rehabilitated under this APL phase. It was determined that only those road links with low environmental impact would be selected, and individual EMPs will now be prepared for those selected roads. These EMPs will be prepared, disclosed and approved prior to project effectiveness. However, the environmental and social assessments resulted in a general EMP that describes the likely magnitude and range of negative impacts and their mitigation measures. Following the selection carried out in the provinces, it has been established that no resettlement or compensation would be necessary.

The Fiananrantsoa-Manakara corridor relies heavily on the FCE railway and the port of Manakara. The Government has committed itself to placing both the railway and the port under a concession regime. It has been established that the Project will not finance any works under this component until this concessioning agreement has been worked out. It is estimated that it will take about a year for this to be completed. It has been agreed that, in order to comply with national environmental regulations and those of the Bank, an environmental audit and EMP will be prepared for the rail infrastructure rehabilitation and an environmental assessment and EMP will be prepared for the proposed port infrastructure rehabilitation within this timeframe to supplement/complement various existing feasibility studies. This requirement/condition has been articulated in the project's legal agreements in the sector policy letter contained in the DCA package.

1.4 Policy and Legislative Framework The impact assessment is based on the following material: * 'Environmental Charter" (Charte de l'Environnement), 1990 * Decree on incorporation of environmental investments into national accounts (Decret de Mise en Compatibilite des Investissements avec l'Environnement) (MECIE), Nov. 2000 * NEO: Maps of the national parks (Management Plan for National Parks - "Plan de Gestion du Reseau National des Aires Protegees de Madagascar", May 2001); natural reserves and national forests (GEF Design

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 2

Assistance to PE2, Dec. 1995); "Priority for preserving Madagascar's Biodiversity" (Prioritede conservation de la biodiversite a Madagascar), 1999 * Transport Sector Environmental Study (Etude environnementale du secteur des transports), MOT. MOW (report for the transport project), July 1999 * "Use of Labor-Intensive Technology" (Utilisation de la technologie HIMO), NORAD/BIT, Feb. 2001 * Procedures Manual for Preliminary Designs (Manuel de procedures pour avant-projets sommaires (APS)), SEP/NGO Lalana/Basler & Hofmann, July 2001, with comments provided to firms dealing with engineering and social aspects during the workshops (June-July 2001) by specialists from the PES, the World Bank and the NGO Lalana * Preliminary designs provided by firms handling engineering and social aspects for each province, Sept./Oct 2001.

1.5 Methodology The environmental and socio-economic studies carried out by the environmental and social firms for the preliminary designs are based on the Procedures Handbook for Rural Roads and include in particular: * a description of the current environmental situation (as evaluated on the field); * an assessment of the potential impacts of road rehabilitation during the preparation, implementation, and operation and maintenance phases; * the specification of mitigation measures and an estimate of their associated costs (to be included in total costs); * a detailed socio-economic study carried out in the selected communes (listed in the annex) with communal and household level surveys used as the baselines for future project impacts.

The Handbook describes the approach to defining appropriate interventions and contains the following instructions for minimizing negative environmental and social impacts:

* changes in road alignment can be made only if they are absolutely necessary and do not require resettlement of people or property; * care will be taken in the siting of construction camps, borrow pits and quarries to avoid resettlement, and measures will be taken to rehabilitate after completion; * there will be an effort to identify drainage areas and other zones which could be stabilized through local community involvement, i.e., through in-kind contributions.

The preliminary designs and conclusions prepared by the environmental firms have been reviewed by experts at the PES, by Lalana (the NGO charged with oversight), and by the World Bank's rural transport specialists, to ensure that: * studies were carried out in a timely manner; * NEO's environmental maps (i.e., integrated maps of biological assets, eco-regional maps) were integrated into the analysis.

1.6 Participatory approach Stakeholders have played a key role in preparation of the project as well as of the environmental and social assessment, and will continue to do so during project implementation. Decentralized levels of Government, i.e., the stakeholders' elected representatives, ensure the ownership and management of rural roads. Beneficiaries and their representatives have been consulted in the final selection of roads to be improved and will be advised on how to maintain these roads. Stakeholders will decide whether they want to take advantage of the project's intent to provide support for environmentally-sound exploitation of reforested areas. These environmental enhancement initiatives and/or micro-projects will then be executed under the responsibility of community-based organizations.

During project preparation, a number of workshops were held to define the "Promotion of Intermediate Means of Transport" component. NGOs were instrumental in defining this component. NGOs and civil society also participated in the final selection of roads to be improved under the project and will thus have a major role in shaping this component. The local NGO Lalana played a leading role in providing guidance to the consulting engineers that performed the summary design studies on environmental and social impacts. NGOs will also play a key role by helping to define the project log frame. Some of these NGOs may be national (e.g., Lalana, FJKM), international (e.g., CARE, CRS, Veterinaires sans frontieres, Agro Action, Intercooperation), credit agencies, and community associations. Depending on their qualifications, they may be involved in outreach, technology transfer, micro-credit, etc. Community-based organizations will also be involved in informing communities about the

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 3

options for environmentally-sound watershed management and will assist those communities who opt to participate in this component. These initiatives will be coordinated by ANAE, an NGO with extensive experience in community-based environmental management and ecological services delivery.

The environmental and social assessments have been prepared by a process involving built-in consultation. Communities, local provincial authorities, local NGOs/CBOs were consulted during these assessments. NEO was also consulted on the recommendations emerging from the assessments. As a quality assurance measure, a national NGO has been hired by the PES to oversee the environmental and social inputs for the feasibility studies and provide support to the environmental and social teams who prepared the studies/surveys.

1.7 Rural transport rehabilitation component Separate environmental and social analyses were carried out for the proposed roads and for a part of the work proposed for the Fiananrantsoa corridor. The planning process for the rehabilitation of provincial roads is similar to that of CDD projects. Roads will be selected based on a prescribed set of financial, technical, social and environmental criteria. On the basis of these criteria, the provinces will establish their annual road improvement programs each year through a consultative process. Preliminary environmental and social analyses were carried out for 8,500 km throughout Madagascar, with the likely impact of interventions being rated as high, medium, or low for each road segment. Prior to the assessment, teams of environmental and social specialists conferred at a workshop to establish a common framework for field visits, environmental and social inputs and levels of analyses.

Direct and indirect environmental and social impacts at the road construction site and in the immediate environs of the right of way may include: stripping of top soil and loss of vegetation due to the creation of borrow pits; soil erosion on road cuts and fills and stripped borrow areas; silting of roadside ditches and subsequent downstream sedimentation of water; soil contamination and water pollution due to spillage of toxic materials; problems with slope stability due to erosion and/or poor drainage; various forms of temporary land occupation; and impacts on human settlements (e.g., spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, higher accident rates). In order to mitigate these impacts, an Environmental Management Unit has been established and made responsible for overall environmental management of the Program and for the implementation and monitoring of separate environmental management plans for each road segment..

The first year's road rehabilitation program was established during a series of provincial workshops. It was determined that only those roads having little or no environmental and social impact were to be selected. Therefore, for the first year's program, no sensitive natural habitats will be affected and no resettlement and/or compensation will be necessary. For subsequent programs, based on these preliminary analyses, further environmental and social assessments will be prepared, disclosed and approved prior to any civil works, as required by the project's Environmental Management Unit, the National Environmental Office (NEO) and the Bank's safeguard policies, where applicable.

1.8 Potential Environmental Impacts Road rehabilitation has a positive overall impact, particularly on the social and economic environments. The major potential downsides are physical (e.g., damage to soil, flora and fauna, loss of habitat, deforestation) and social (disruption of life, resettlement, loss of cultural sites).

The potential effects of road rehabilitation on soil, flora and fauna have been assessed on every road, especially in the biologically diverse eco-regions. Five of the 350 roads provide greater access to sensitive areas (i.e., national forests). This could intensify existing pressure on virgin forests and on native fauna. Nevertheless, such effects will be mitigated by measures such as the creation of the Gestions Locales de Securite (GELOSE) and other similar institutions to protect the environment. About 25 roads traverse sensitive areas that have already been damaged or that are close to virgin forests. For damaged areas, rehabilitation will have a fairly positive impact, whereas nearby virgin forests may experience a fairly negative impact. For these roads, a detailed EMP, including responsibilities and follow-up measures, will be prepared and implemented. For roads going through damaged areas, environmental measures (e.g., reforestation, drainage pit stabilization) will be appraised in the field during preparation of the detailed design studies. Such measures will be adapted/modified appropriately for every road segment having any negative environmental impact. No physical works will be implemented until an EMP for each road segment is prepared, approved, included in contract documentation and costed.

In conclusion, the few potential negative impacts on the environment can be adequately offset.

17.01 .02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 4

1.9 Resettlement and cultural heritage The project will improve existing roads, which are often in very poor condition. These improvements will provide more reliable access throughout the year (including the rainy season). Preliminary designs prepared thus far by the engineering and social firms show that very few road layouts should be modified. So far, no one is expected to be resettled, nor is any cultural site expected to be damaged.

The overall assessment of impacts is shown in the following table. Rough studies provide a general view of the project. Detailed studies analyze roads on a case-by-case basis.

Potential impact Assessment Phase Importance Study Environmental Soil: erosion, silting Erosion (e.g., bush fires, creation of "lavaka") is a - Execution, Medium Detailed problem relevant to Madagascar. Roads that traverse /+ operation already-damaged areas have a positive effect in general, since they help supplant wood fuel with kerosene, and educate the population. The impact is enhanced when environmental measures (e.g., reforestation, stabilization of drainage areas) are promoted in the form of local contributions to road rehabilitation. Water: pollution, Road drainage will be improved. However, during -/+ Execution. Low No drainage modification project execution, pollution may be an issue at operation construction sites/camps. Air: dust, emissions There are very few engine-powered vehicles on rural - Execution, Low No roads, which are generally unpaved. Paving roads in operation villages and using labor-intensive methods can prevent dust cloud problems, especially during works. Fauna: loss of habitat Madagascar's broad biodiversity suffers from human - Execution. Medium Detailed activities. Today, there are 46 natural reserves and operation national parks. Roads provide access to them, which is both good (in terms of audits and tourism) and bad (since it facilitates illegal exploitation of natural resources). Road works may temporarily disturb a reserve or a park. Flora: deforestation, Same assessment as for the fauna. -/+ Execution, High Detailed reforestation Deforestation has always been a problem in operation Madagascar, mainly due to movements of the population, which needs wood and fields for agriculture and cattle. In the highlands, deforested slopes are deteriorating quickly (causing so-called "lavaka" to appear). The proj ect should have a positive impact, especially through the promotion of environmental measures (e.g., reforestation, stabilization of drainage areas, etc.). See "Soil: erosion." Illegal deforestation is closely linked to road access. Improved access to forests will facilitate these illegal activities. Landscape: esthetic Roads are not being built and are fairly narrow. - Execution, Low No modification operation

Potential impact Assessment Phase Importance Study Social Providing access People will have increased access to basic services. + Operation High Rough, Roads will be more reliable, providing access at any detailed time of the year (spot maintenance/rehabilitation). low-level

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 5

study, appraisal later on Improved access Transportation costs and times will be reduced. + Operation Medium Detailed Moreover, better access can discourage local low-level monopolies on agricultural goods in some areas. Such study, monopolies have often prevented similar works from appraisal being carried out in the past. The environmental and later on social consulting firms have taken this potential consequence into account. The project focuses mainly on providing access and improving means of transport, without improving road surfaces significantly. However, spot maintenance/rehabilitation will shorten travel times. Job creation The private sector will execute works. This will + Execution High Rough provide jobs to local populations, especially in labor- intensive SMEs. The various training efforts are also aimed at promoting jobs for women in SMEs. Resettlement Since roads are being rehabilitated and not built, - Execution Medium Detailed resettlement should be minimal. Compensation will be available for relocated and/or affected populations. A resettlement policy framework is being prepared. For the first year's rehabilitation program, no one is expected to be relocated. Disruption of life Rehabilitation works (e.g., bush clearing, temporary -/+ Execution, Medium No widening) may cause disruptions. In addition, the operation great number of workers may disturb local populations, but will at the same time generate economic transactions. Labor-intensive training for SMEs will train site managers to deal with those issues. An information campaign on AIDS, in collaboration with the AIDS project, will be specifically aimed at road users (e.g., truck drivers). Loss of cultural sites Cultural sites in Madagascar are mainly cemeteries - Execution Medium Detailed and sites associated with the dead. The firms handling environmental and social aspects have been careful to avoid disturbing such sites. Under the first year's rehabilitation program, no cultural sites will be affected.

1.10 Rail and port infrastructure rehabilitation component The environmental assessment for rehabilitation of railroad infrastructures has been carried out. The 163 km railway traverses a unique ecosystem consisting of the last remnants of virgin forest in the highlands. The EA for the railway has highlighted the negative environmental and social impacts of a permanent closure of the railway, i.e., conversion from cash crop production to subsistence crops, especially manioc and rice, using slash-and-bum techniques on steep slopes. It is expected that an additional 110,300 ha would be put under cultivation. Secondary impacts due to erosion and reduced rainfall in the immediate vicinity of the corridor are estimated by NEO at US$16 million.. No estimates have been developed for the cventual loss in biodiversity and tourism potential. Ongoing community activities for slope stabilization have already demonstrated the positive effects of converting fields adjacent to the railway from manioc cultivation to vetiver, fruit trees and spice crops. Where appropriate, these experiences would be applied and adapted to mitigation measures for provincial roads rehabilitation programs.

Several preliminary feasibility studies have been carried out for the rehabilitation of port infrastructures. A study examining various rehabilitation options was prepared, but an environmental assessment of the selected option has yet to be prepared. The port environment has been assessed as part of the preparation of a GEF project that is providing emergency equipment for oil spills. The project will finance the rehabilitation of the port, which includes rehabilitating a land-based oil pipeline and container facility.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 6

The corridor relies heavily on the FCE railway and the port of Manakara. The Government has committed itself to placing both the railway and the port under a concession regime. It has been established that the Project will not finance any works under this component until this concessioning agreement has been worked out. It is estimated that it will take about a year for this to occur. It has been agreed that, in order to comply with national environmental regulations and those of the Bank, an environmental audit and EMP will be prepared for the rail infrastructure rehabilitation and an environmental assessment and EMP will be prepared for the proposed port infrastructure rehabilitation within this one-year timeframe. This requirement/condition has been articulated in the project's legal agreements in the sector policy letter contained in the DCA package.

1.11 Community Environmental Management On a pilot basis, community participation in environmental management (e.g., watershed management, reforestation activities, etc.) would be introduced in areas where NGOs are already active. Community contributions to road improvement could be in the form of making land available for reforestation and ensuring its environmentally-sound exploitation. Given the extreme poverty in Madagascar, it is clear that communities would only invest in the environment if there is a direct economic benefit. During project preparation, the project therefore explored the various forms of community-based environmental action that can be undertaken. Strategies for the sustainability of such environmental activities (e.g., inclusion in road maintenance programs) were also explored.

1.12 Environmental Management/Monitoring Plan Under APL I of the transport program, several environmental management recommendations were implemented. The PES recruited an environmental specialist who will receive technical assistance not only to implement and monitor the EMPs of all APL activities, but also to assume leadership of the "Environmental and Social Protection" component of the project. This project will continue to support improved environmental management in the transport sector, particularly as this relates to rural transport. International technical assistance is currently being put in place at the PES to reinforce local staff.

The socio-economic baseline study, which would be an integral and ongoing instrument of the project's M&E system, would monitor the project's impact on poverty. The surveys would collect economic data (e.g., the cost of traveling to the nearest market town, prices of consumer goods and basic staples) as well as socio-development data (e.g. number of children completing primary school, incidence of diseases, and assistance of agriculture extension workers.) The studies would also collect information about the quality of life in communities.

1.13 Implementation of EMP

Measure Entity responsible Schedule Preparation of the EMPs Engineering and In the preliminary environmental/social design reports (Oct firms 2002) Incorporation of the plan's measures into the detailed Engineering and Depending on the phases design (description, quantity, costs) environmental/social (Ist phase early 2002) firms Inclusion of the measures in the request for proposals Engineering and Depending on the (specific clauses in the contracts) environmental/social phases (1st phase early firms 2002) Creation of local organizations dedicated to Province / GTDR Before the competitive environmental protection (GELOSE) for the five roads bidding selected Follow-up and decision to launch competitive bidding for PES and CE of the the five roads selected MOW Implementation of the measures that must be taken out Companies prior to and during the works Follow-up of the measures Audit firms, PES, ONE Audit of the measures PES and CE of the MOW

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2 Environmental impacts

2.1 General description Based on the overall assessment of the project, the following environmental impacts are examined in greater detail: * soils: erosion, sand encroachment * fauna: habitat loss * flora: deforestation, reforestation Negative impacts are likely in areas of great biodiversity. Roads crossing or facilitating access to such a zone are described in this report under the summary of the consulting firms' notes and clarifications. The size of these areas is indicated on the NEO map presented below.

Measures to mitigate negative impacts during the implementation phase are, in general, similar for all the roads, with specifications differentiated according to the placement or nature of critical spots. The measures are documented in the environmental management plans for each road, which are partially completed (see example in annex), to be completed at the time of the detailed designs and included in the bidding invitations and resulting contracts. The most important measures include the rehabilitation of borrow pits, construction of the necessary deviations while road works are occurring, defining and preventing access to sensitive areas, and measures to monitor the virgin forests with the relevant institutions.

ONE: Plan de Gestion du Reseau National des Aires I tM*a. - Protegees, Mai 2001 Eco-r6gion Haute A S Terres du Nord La carte illustre la distribution des aires actuellement protegees (blanc) et les aires Eco-region Ouest protegees futures et UN"M potentielles (noir)

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17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 8

2.2 Environmental impacts and abatement measures

2.2.1 Province of Antananarivo The province belongs to the Central ecological region, according to NEO's classification. Practically all the region's natural vegetation has been cleared or modified by human activity. Roads mainly traverse agricultural areas.

The environmental chapters of the consulting firms' preliminary designs are not yet available. In order to identify the sites with potential negative environmental impacts, maps of the roads under consideration and of the sensitive areas have been superimposed. The result shows that no road passes through a sensitive area. Most of the roads traverse areas of savanna-type vegetation (whether wooded or not), as indicated in the list attached as an annex.

2.2.2 Province of Fianarantsoa The province's terrain belongs to the ecoregions of the Center (like Antananarivo) and East. The latter region includes low- and medium-altitude virgin rain forest and mossy forest. It consists of a discontinuous band of natural habitats running from north to south in a strip ranging in width from 30 km at the widest point to only a few kilometers towards the south. According to NEO, the most severe pressure is being exerted on the low-altitude forest, with a large portion of the original natural habitats having been transformed, through human activity, into secondary habitats. Most of the medium-altitude forest is protected, to a certain extent, by its inaccessibility. Some of the project's roads will facilitate access to this region, and these have been examined more closely.

Information provided by the consulting firm's environmental specialists indicates that the impacts of rehabilitation works are generally deemed low (see table in annex). Information provided by the consulting firms was merged with, and supplemented by, environmental databases such as the <>.Eighty-eight percent of the roads have low or non-existent environmental impacts, and 9 percent are judged to have moderate impact. One existing road (N° 20601 linking RN25 to Andrangavola in the fivondronana of Ifanadiana) has a high impact, since it is being developed in a dense rain forest and crosses the Androrangavola Forest Preserve.

No Itinerary Impacts Description Measures 20601 RN25/ high The road linking RN25 to Andrangavola Establish a collaborative process Andrangavola (fivondronana of Ifanadiana) has a high with the various parties impact since it is being developed in a dense responsible for the Reserve. rain forest and crosses the Androrangavola Require compliance with Forest Preserve, where there are high- insertion measures developed by priority research and conservation sites for the consulting firm. mammals and aquatic species. Trunk road Set up a management and N°2060 1 is an existing thoroughfare, the monitoring structure (appoint a rehabilitation of which could facilitate manager from the consulting access, thus increasing pressure on the forest firm to handle works oversight through illegal woodcutting. The Reserve's and liaison with the Ministry's managerial organization is in place. Environmental Unit.) 20603 Fasintara Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of Ifanadiana) Monitor abatement measures /Marohatra crosses an evergreen tropical forest and proposed by the consulting firm touches part of the Fasintsara Forest for preparation and Preserve. The trunk road is in the zone of implementation (management high priority for mammals. plan, with measures to be carried out during implementation) 20809 lalatsara/ Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of ditto Marofototra Ambohimahasoa) is near the large Ambohimiera Forest Preserve. 21302 Ambalatany / Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of ditto RN 27 Farafangana) crosses a wooded savanna area and emerges in the Anosivelo Forest Preserve. This is an area at high risk for rain erosion.

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22201 RNT 16 / Pk 42 a Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of lakora) is ditto RNS 27/ lakora being developed near the Kalambatritra Special Reserve and the lakora Forest Preserve. This thoroughfare crosses a seasonal evergreen tropical forest. 22202 Befotaka/ Moderate The other trunk roads in the fivondronana of ditto 22203 Marovitsika et Befotaka traverse a mosaic of savanna-type Beharena/ forest adjacent to dense mountainous Ranotsara tropical forest at moderate risk for rain atsimo erosion. This area is also classified as having priority for research and conservation purposes. 22205 Beharena/Antani Moderate Trunk roads being developed near the ditto 22206 narenina/ Befotaka Forest Preserve are in zones Promotion of reforestation Manambo ats classified as having priority for research and measures where possible. and conservation. The rain erosion risk is Befotaka/ classified as moderate in this zone. Antondabe

2.2.3 Province of Taomasina The province is part of the ecoregions of the Center and East. A wide band of low- and medium-altitude virgin rain forest exists, mainly in the northern part of the province.

The consulting firm has not yet provided data on impacts on the physical milieu (i.e., soils and erosion), but the Province of Toamasina includes areas presenting high risk of rain erosion, as well as areas said to be susceptible to the formation of lavaka. The available information has thus been merged with, and supplemented by, environmental databases such as <(Priorities in Biodiversity Conservation in Madagascar>> and «State of the Environment in Madagascar»>. The impacts of rehabilitation works are generally deemed to be low to moderate (see table in annex. Thirty-nine percent of the trunk roads present little or no environmental impact, 43 percent present a moderate impact since they affect areas of virgin forest or priority sites for research and conservation of avian and aquatic species One thoroughfare (N°31309 in the fivondronana Ambatondrazaka) has a high impact.

No. Itinerary Impacts Description Measures 31309 Andreba/ high The trunk road in the fivondronana of The main measures include Antokazo/ Ambatondrazaka has a high impact, since it physically demarcating the Manakambahiny serves the Zahamena Integrated Nature 'footprint' of the RNI in order to Ats Reserve which is located in an area of great avoid any incursion into the human-generated pressure. park, and establishing a collaborative process with the various parties responsible for the Park. 31801 Moramanga/ Moderate Virgin forest, Forest Preserve and classified Monitor abatement measures Anosibe an'ala forests, priority research and conservation proposed by the consulting firm site for plants and birds High risk of rain for the preparation and erosion. implementation phases (management plan with measures to be carried out during implementation). 30901 (RNT 23) - Moderate Virgin forest, classified forests, priority site ditto Mahanoro / for research and conservation of aquatic Marolambo species. High risk of rain erosion. 31102 Antanambao Moderate Virgin forest. ditto Manampotsy/ Area susceptible to formation of lavaka. Promotion of Antanandehibe reforestation/stabilization measures where possible. 31103 Antanambao Moderate Virgin forest. ditto Manampotsy/ Area susceptible to formation of lavaka. Mahela 31302 Amboarabe/ Moderate Virgin forest, priority site for research and ditto Didy conservation of mammals. Area susceptible to formation of lavaka.

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31401 Ampasimpotsy/ Moderate Virgin forest, classified forests, priority site ditto Lakato for research and conservation of reptiles and birds. High risk of rain erosion.

2.2.4 Province of Mahajanga The province's terrain descends from the central highlands (Center ecoregion) to the western coast (West ecoregion according to NEO's classification). The 'West' ecoregion consists of seriously damaged and fragmented natural habitats that are still under severe pressure. The roads being studied under the project do not cross any park or preserve.

Of the 31 trunk roads, 17 have had environmental reports done by the consulting firm as of early October 2001, including 8 socio-economic studies. Analysis of these reports indicates that the roads having moderate impact require surveillance since they are being developed in proximity to sensitive areas or areas at risk of non-negligible socio-cultural impacts. Information supplied by the consulting firms has been merged with the environmental database on <>.

The required abatement measures are set out in detail in the consulting firms' reports and contain in particular an environmental management plan indicating measures to be carried out during the phases of preparation, implementation and operation/maintenance of the trunk road (see annex.) Responsibilities are clearly indicated. Estimated costs of the environmental measures are on the order of FMG 1 billion, included in the total cost of rehabilitation of FMG 320 billion.

No Itinerary Impacts Description TMeasures 40501 Ambato boeni- Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of Ambato- Apply abatement measures Madirovalo boeni) is located between the Ankarafantsika proposed by consulting firm for Forest Preserves (to the north of the trunk preparation and implementation road) and the Classified Forest of phases (management plan). Tsintondraindahy to the south. There is Support to Gestion Locale de currently an influx of population towards the S&urite (GELOSE) vicinity of the preserves. 41201 Befandriana - Moderate The trunk road (fivondronanaof ditto Ambararata Befandriana) crosses a savanna and second- growth forest stands. It is bordered on the north, near Ambararata, by a dense tropical forest, on the south by a dense temperate forest and the Classified Forest of Antsinjomorona. Its western portion contains an area of priority for western flora. This trunk road is located in an area of immigration from the North-East to the South-West. 41001 Mandritsara - Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana Mandritsara) ditto Marotandrano is being developed in an area of savanna, wooded savanna and dense tropical forest. The Special Preserve of Marotandrano is located to the right of the thoroughfare. The village of Marotandrano is part of this region's migration area (i.e., an area generating human pressures). 41002 Mandritsara - Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of ditto Antsirabe Mandritsara) crosses wooded savanna. This thoroughfare is bordered at Antsirabe by dense rain forest. This region is part of the migration area. 41003 Besamaka- Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of ditto Ambalakirajy Mandritsara) is located in a migration area. 41004 Ambalakirajy - Moderate The trunk road (fivondronana of ditto Andoajango Mandritsara) is located in a migration area.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 11

2.2.5 Province of Toliary The province's terrain is part of the South ecoregion, which is naturally protected to a great extent by its aridity and shallow soils. However, vast tracts that were previously protected are now being invaded by human and bovine migration and by land clearing. According to NEO, biodiversity is relatively low in the South ecoregion, in comparison to other regions of Madagascar.

The roads sometimes cross lowlands and/or marshy areas with submerged road crossings. According to those responsible at the consulting firms, no change in the road path has been envisaged and the issue of population displacement will not arise. Some roads are located close to sensitive areas, but do not affect them directly. The negative environmental impacts of the road rehabilitation project are low or negligible.

However, an inventory of the current situation points up the injurious effects of natural scourges from which this region suffers, such as drought and endemic insect pests, and population pressure on the environment (as manifested by rapid acceleration of erosion caused by brushfires, deforestation and uncontrolled mining of precious stones and sapphires). The establishment of measures to prevent damage and protect the environment during the rehabilitation phase, which is a hoped-for environmental improvement effect of the project, will not be easy since it will require raising awareness of the need to change longstanding practices, and therefore a long-term program. Nevertheless, the possibilities for local contribution in the form of reforestation (climate, siting, organization) will be evaluated concretely at the time of the detailed designs.

2.2.6 Province of Antsiranana This province consists of several ecoregions of great value and importance in terms of preserving the country's biodiversity. Some roads are located near sensitive areas and sometimes cross them. These are semi-arid erosion- prone areas, forest stands, mangrove swamps and special preserves. The consulting firm's report mentions that these areas are currently subject to heavy population pressure. The practice of tavy (i.e., slash-and-bum rice cultivation), the growing of qat, illicit forest use (e.g., for lumber or wood fuel), and sapphire mining are the main activities causing environmental deterioration in the region. Several organizations (such as the Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protegges (ANGAP), WWF, LDI, etc.) are active in the region, trying to slow the spiral of environmental degradation. Roads contribute to the expansion of this process by facilitating access to sensitive areas, and rehabilitation of these roads could accelerate the process. Nevertheless, these roads are deemed necessary in order to interconnect the villages located in these regions.

The consulting firm classified the roads according to their environmental impacts. Eight of the 17 roads studied are rated as "very high impact" and 3 as "high impact". These roads were examined more closely and reclassified if necessary depending on the nature of the impacts. They are described in greater detail in the following table, which indicates the abatement measures envisaged. The group's environmental specialist recommends the strengthening or creation of so-called GELOSE (Gestion Locale Securisee) structures in order to ensure the sustainability of environmental protection activities. The plan is for these structures to regulate and monitor the use and exploitation of land and forests, particularly by means of zoning and annual usage limitations.

For all the roads mentioned below, the creation and implementation of an Environmental Management Plan is very important, especially to identify measure to be carried out during the rehabilitation works (demarcation of preserve areas, use of minimal equipment, etc.).

One problem mentioned by the consulting firm is the lack of respect for laws pertaining to the roads. Lands adjacent to roads are often used for agriculture (tree crops) right up to the road shoulder. This poses a problem in marshy areas, since the roads do not dry out sufficiently due to the trees' shade. Since brush clearing is necessary for rehabilitation and maintenance, this conflict of interest must be handled with care, and the local population consulted and informed prior to the works (to be included in the road management plans).

No Itinerary Impacts Description Measures 61101 Nosiarina - high The road crosses a forest preserve, including Measure: Implementation of Bevonotra virgin forest stands, that is already being GELOSE ._____ illegally exploited. 61501 Antanamitarana fort The road links the Ambre National Park with No intervention by the project - Sakaramy Diego, and is paved. The illegal cultivation (no critical points.) of qat is creating problems of water Recommended measures: diversion, wood gathering is accelerating creation of GELOSE and soil erosion and siltation of water. efforts to counteract through planting of eucalyptus for wood supply.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural. Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 12

61504 Antsakoabe - high The road ends at the edge of the Ambre No intervention by the project Antsalaka Mountain Forest Preserve, where illicit qat (no critical points). Atsimo growing is creating water diversion Recommended measures: problems and wood gathering is accelerating creation of GELOSE and soil erosion and water siltation. efforts to counteract through planting of eucalyptus for l______wood supply. 61505 Sadjoavato - high The road crosses the Analamerana Special Measure: Creation and Irodo l Preserve and emerges at the coast in a region implementation of zones by of intense maritime activity. The economic the GELOSE possibilities attract people, who then exert pressure on the forest. 'lahe GELOS has been in place for two years but does not seem to be functional. Plans for residential and industrial zone development, in particular, are lacking. 61503 Anivorano - Moderate The road veers off from RN6 and constitutes Monitor abatement measures Ampasimbengy the first access segment towards the proposed by consulting firm Ankarana Preserve (potential tourist area, for preparation and sapphire mines). It crosses a livestock implementation phases raising area where brush fires are set. The (management plan with negative environmental impact of the road measures to be carried out itself is thus deemed less high, since the during implementation). preserve is located fairly far from this segment. 61701 Tanambao - Moderate The road constitutes the first access segment No intervention by the project Antsaravibe towards the grotto (tourist attraction) located (no critical points). east of Antsaravibe. It crosses sugar cane fields. Associated issues are soil degradation and pressure on mangrove swamps from wood gathering (both for household use and for the sugar refinery). 61702 Mantaly - Moderate Same as for 61701. Measure: Study of possible Ambodibonara The road is thus not the cause of these measures to improve the effects, but nevertheless contributes to the efficiency of cookstoves and process of degradation. It does not appear of the sugar refinery, prior to possible to compensate through rehabilitation. reforestation. The consulting firm recommends simultaneous implementation of an improved cookstove project to promote more efficient wood use (along the lines of the USAID project in Mahajanga) 61901 Ambanja - Moderate The road crosses a deforested and often Monitor management plan Marotolana eroded area. Rehabilitation of the road is with measures to be carried supposed to have a positive effect by out during implementation. promoting environmental protection Promotion of reforestation measures in the watersheds. efforts as local contribution. 61102 Befandrana - Moderate Same as for 61901 ditto Ambatoafo 61703 Ambakirano - Moderate Same as for 61901 ditto Ambodimadiro 61704 Anjiabe ambony Moderate Same as for 61901 ditto - Bobatany

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 13

3 Social impacts

3.1 Improved access

3.1.1 Summary estimate of project impact It is estimated that the Rural Transportation Project will improve access for about 5.5 million rural inhabitants, or about one third of Madagascar's rural population. About half of the country's rural population currently lacks year- round access between their villages and the outside world, whether by road or other means of transport (river, ocean), and has a road or other transportation channel usable only during the dry season and more or less non- existent during the rainy season. The project will improve this situation significantly for about 2.5 million inhabitants, or for about a third of those currently lacking year-round transportation access.

Estimate of po ulation served by project roads Province Roads studied Population Estimated costs Resources Roads built by Population (km rounded off) served by roads of roads available (in the project (4) served by roads studied (in studied FMG billion) built (in millions) millions) (1) (FMG billion) (3) (5) (2) Antananarivo 1,850 3.7 160 130 1,400 km 2.0 Fianarantsoa 1,800 2.5 230 130 1,400 km 2.0 Taomasina 1,350 (450 (6)) 0.7 (7) 150 (7) 130 1,200 km 0.5 Mahajanga 1,200 0.5 320 150 800 km 0.3 Toliary 1,850 (889 (6)) 0.5 (7) 150 (7) 130 1.500 km 0.4 Antsiranana 450 0.5 100 80 400 km 0.3 Total 8,500 1,110 750 6,400 km 5.5 (1) according to consulting firms in the preliminary designs (2) based on consulting firms' estimates, plus 25 percent for contingency and oversight. (3) presumed distribution according to needs and indications from donors (4) estimate based on available resources; detailed program is defined on an annual basis. (5) based on percentage of roads built with correction of indications from consulting firms (e.g., population of Antananarivo obviously overestimated, since 3.7 million is more than the rural population of the province.) (6) preliminary designs completed as of early October 2001 (7) estimate based on preliminary designs already completed (one third in Taomasina, half in Toliary) exchange rate (as of Oct. 2001): US$ I = FMG 6200

Comparison of opulation served with population lacking access Provinces Rural Population Population Population Population Population served by population lacking lacking year- lacking year- served by project project roads and (in vehicular round vehicular round access roads (in currently lacking year- millions) access (2) access (2) (millions) millions) round access (in millions) (3) Antananarivo 3.3 0.5 0.6 1.1 2.0 0.6 Fianarantsoa 2.8 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.0 0.6 Taomasina 2.5 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 Mahajanga 1.7 0.3 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.3 Toliary 2.2 0.7 1.1 1.8 0.4 0.3 Antsiranana 1.3 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.3 Total 13.8 2.7 4.7 7.4 (53%) 5.5 2.5 (1) estimate based on available census data and UNDP information. (2) estimate based on EU information. (3) estimate based on fact that the project's transportation interventions are essentially concentrated on existing roads.

Access problems are the following: * Western coast (Antsiranana, Taomasina, Fianarantsoa): difficult roads for travelling from the coast to villages and fertile areas located on lands rising up in a westward direction, with very heavy rains (cyclones) and rough terrain. * Highlands and central plains (Mahajanga, Taomasina, Antanananrivo, Fianarantsoa, Toliary): roads difficult in some places (in hilly areas) with degraded and very erosion-prone terrain. * Western coast (Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliary): long distances between villages, crossings of wide rivers with highly variable water levels. In general, road rehabilitation costs per inhabitant served are higher in the coastal areas and fairly low in highland areas. The tables and graphs show that the population is concentrated mainly in the central part of the country,

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural. Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 14 particularly in the highlands and along the eastern coast. By distributing its resources in a balanced fashion over the country and among the provinces, the project can reach somewhat more people in the highlands, without neglecting the coastal areas.

MADAGASCAR Antsiranana

Taomasina

*\itananarivo

DEITSITE (HAB/KM2)

R S_ z ~~~~~~~~~~~10. 0- 2 0. 0 r -> lli9 ~~~~~~~~~20 . 0 - 6 0 .0 Toliary 60. 0- 500 0 Densite de la population selon 500.0-9864.4 recensement 1993 (source undp)

3.1.2 Current status and characteristics of transportation in the provinces a) Antananarivo This province has the country's highest population density, and not only because of the high concentration in Antananarivo. The rural road network is correspondingly dense and heavily used. Traffic counted on the roads amounts to about 300 vehicles per day (VPD) on average, and sometimes even exceeds 1,000 VPD, of which 80 percent, on average, are intermediate means of transport (IMT). This rather high figure is attributable in particular to 15 roads studied that have vehicular traffic exceeding 100 VPD. However, access for a large percentage of the population of the hills is not guaranteed on a year-round basis. Roads are often cut off during the rainy season, and rehabilitation carried out under the project will eliminate many of these service interruptions. The roads studied are located in regions of high potential and traverse agriculturally productive areas in which the evacuation of products is still a significant problem because of the poor condition of road infrastructures.

b) Fianarantsoa This province is heavily populated and located partially in the highlands (in a situation comparable to that of the province of Antananarivo) and on the country's eastern coast. Isolated villages are found especially in the area rising from the coast up towards the highlands, an area that is at the same time fertile and difficult to reach. The region's traffic averages 125 VPD, of which 25 motor vehicles and 100 IMT (80 percent). Average daily motorized traffic ranges from 0 vehicles for road No. 21703 (fivondronana of Vondrozo) to 579 vehicles for road No. 20402. The communities (communes) affected by roads Nos. 21301,21302, 21303, 21304 (fivondronana of Farafangana), 20905 (fivondronana of Mananjary), 21102 (fivondronana of Ikongo), 21207 (fivondronana of Vohipeno), 20801 (fivondronana of Ambohimahasoa) have stated a willingness to build and maintain the infrastructures. These roads represent 9 percent of those studied. On average, the roads in this region serve 1,489 inhabitants/km, a relatively high ratio in comparison to other provinces (e.g., 487 inhab/km in Mahajanga). Available manpower makes up about 7 percent of the population served, on average.

c) Taomasina

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 15

The province is located on the coast, with the same access constraints already described for Fianarantsoa. A fairly large portion of the roads studied are located in the region of Ambatondrazaka, located at somewhat higher altitude to the west of Taomasina and characterized by high agricultural production. The province's roads serve an average of 5391 inhab/km. Other socio-economic information, including traffic counts, has yet to be received from the consulting firms. d) Mahajanga This province is traversed by wide rivers that pose a considerable obstacle to access on the part of the communes, particularly along the coast. Distances between villages are usually rather long, and traffic light in general. Average traffic in the region amounts to 170 VPD, of which 23 are motor vehicles and the rest (85 percent) IMT. Counts of motorized traffic on the roads studied range from 56 vehicles for road No. 41201 in the fivondronana of Befandriana to 2 vehicles for road No. 40801 in the fivondronana of Tsaratanana. The project will improve accessibility for a number of villages, especially on the plains. Given the high costs (both in absolute terms and in terms of cost per inhabitant served) of the road studied along the coast headed southward (roads Nos. 40201, 42101, 42103, and 42001), improving access to the southwestern portion of the province may not become a part of the Rural Transportation Project but deserves to be considered from the standpoint of the national road network. The dossiers of the consulting firm indicate that some communes have already demonstrated their willingness to contribute actively to development. Indeed, the communes along roads N°41201 (fivondronana of Befandriana) and N°41004 (fivondronana of Mandritsara) have made great contributions to the construction of the existing infrastructures. e) Toliary The area crossed by the roads studied is a semi-arid region with a dry climate, characterized by savanna and brushlands, and with sedimentary soils predominating, especially in the west. The region has some potential, but has difficulty obtaining supplies of basic staples and evacuating agricultural products. Production sites and agricultural lands are relatively scattered, but are located within the area of impact of the roads studied. Moreover, ox-drawn carts with iron-rimmed wheels, the only means of transport capable of ensuring year-round exchanges between communes, also contribute to the rapid deterioration of roads. The main activities in the environs of the roads studied are related to agriculture (cotton, tobacco, rice, maize, groundnuts, sisal, cape peas, sweet potatoes, fish), livestock (cattle, goats, sheep, poultry), mining (mica, sapphires, fossilized wood) and tourism. The province is characterized by very low population density, and therefore by fairly great distances between villages. Roads often consist of sandy paths that pose no great navigability problems but which become impassable during the rainy season. Traffic on the roads studied is usually quite light: between 3 and about 60 VPD at most, of which 40 percent on average is motorized and 60 percent non-motorized (IMT). On average, roads in this region serve 274 inhabitants/kin, a fairly modest ratio compared to other (e.g., 1,489 inhab/km in Fianarantsoa and 487 inhab/km in Mahajanga). f) Antsiranana The province includes lands with characteristics of the eastern coast (i.e., heavy rains) and of the western coast (dry climate.) The roads studied are generally located in an area of high agricultural potential (rice, sugar cane, coffee, vanilla, clove, cocoa, pepper, etc.) and mining possibilities (gold, sapphires.) However, the lack of water in some areas, and the flooding and destruction of produce resulting from cyclones in other areas, as well as the poor condition of road infrastructures, are major problems for the region's population. This last factor, if one takes the average stated in the consulting firm's socio-economic report, forces people to make trips of over three hours on foot to reach the nearest town or commune. The project will improve this situation. Traffic counts on the roads studied average 450 VPD, of which about 40 are motor vehicles (10 percent of traffic) and 90 percent non- motorized transport. It should be noted here that the consulting firm also counted pedestrians carrying goods as non-motorized traffic. Seven of the 15 roads studied (Nos. 60601, 61001, 61102, 61202, 61203 and 61705) are impassable for motorized traffic but still bear considerable IMT traffic.

3.2 Job creation It is estimated that about 500,000 person/months of employment will be created during works execution, which translates into short-term work (i.e., an average of about five months) for about 100,000 people living along the improved roads. If these figures are translated into permanent employment terms, about 10,000 jobs of 5 years' duration will be created, mainly due to the use of labor-intensive techniques where possible.

Estimated number ofjobs created during construction Site development works FMG Percentage Salary amount in Person/months (@ billions labor FMG billions 250,000 FMG) Execution by SMEs with labor-intensive method 300 30% 90 360,000 Execution by large enterpnses 350 10% 35 140,000 Total 750 125 500,000

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural. Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 16

A comparison of available manpower and project needs shows that the use of labor-intensive methods is generally feasible. A shortage of manpower is possible in some cases, however, particularly if the road crosses a depopulated area (e.g., in the southern part of the country). The situation will be evaluated on a road-by-road basis in the detailed designs.

Available manpower and estimated needs Provinces Available manpower along the Manpower required for the roads (1) project (2) Antananarivo 81,000 20,000 Fianarantsoa 176,000 20,000 Taomasina No data 20,000 Mahajanga 49,000 20,000 Toliary 111,000 (3) 20,000 Antsiranana 24,000 10,000 (1) data from the consulting firms (2) rough estimate based on construction costs, assuming an average work period of 4 months for each site, and therefore with the possibility of tailoring road works to agricultural work schedules. (3) estimate based on preliminary designs already drawn up (one third in Taomasina, one half in Toliary)

4 Summary and conclusion

4.1 Financial package and project scope Financial package The Rural Transportation Project, financed by various sources (e.g., such donors as IDA, ADB, EU, NORAD and IPPTE, etc.) is estimated to come to a total of FMG 750 billion (US$ 115 million) (see Aide-memoire of June/July 2001 pre-appraisal mission) over the next five years, of which about 30 percent (US$ 34 million) would be financed under the APL-2 credit of the World Bank Transportation Project.

Project scope Under the project, 350 road itineraries, totaling 8,500 km of rural roads, were studied. It is estimated that about 6,000 - 7,000 km of these roads will be rehabilitated, representing about one third of Madagascar's rural roads network, which totals about 20,000 km.

4.2 Impacts General The general assessment of impacts resulting from road rehabilitation indicates that impacts are of a more or less positive nature, especially as regards the socio-economic milieu. Potential negative impacts of moderate to high intensity relate to the physical milieu (i.e., soils, flora, fauna, habitat loss, deforestation) and the social milieu (e.g., lifestyle disruption, displacement, loss of cuttural sites.)

Impacts on the physical environment The potential impact of the roads on the soils, flora and fauna were studied for each road, especially in the ecoregion that possesses great biodiversity. Five of the 350 trunk roads improve access to sensitive areas (i.e., preserves), and this could increase existing pressures on virgin forests and indigenous fauna. However, these potentially high impacts are deemed to be mitigated by measures such as the establishment and support of local management entities (Gestions Locales de S&urite, GELOSE) or similar structures for environmental protection. About 25 trunk roads cross sensitive areas that are either already highly deteriorated or close to virgin forests, with impacts deemed moderate, particularly during the works implementation phase (positive in the former case, negative in the latter.) The measures planned for these roads consist of preparing and implementing a detailed environmental management plan. This plan regulates the precautions to be taken, including responsibilities and follow-up. For roads crossing areas that are already degraded, options for including environmental measures (e.g., reforestation, stabilization of catchment areas) will be assessment concretely during preparation of detailed designs. These measures are also planned, albeit in less elaborate form, for all other roads rated as having low environmental impacts. In conclusion, the few potential negative impacts on the physical environment can be adequately offset by the proposed measures, in such a way that the rehabilitation of all the roads studied becomes acceptable.

Displacement and cultural sites The project will in general improve existing or old roads, many of which are in poor condition and have navigability problems that impede passage during the rainy season, or even in any weather. Therefore, the road paths exist

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural. Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 17 already. Preliminary designs available thus far for most of the project roads confirm that very little routing change required and, if this is the case, that it can be done without displacing people or causing damage to cultural sites.

Improved accessibility It is estimated that the Rural Transportation Project will improve access for about 5.5 million rural dwellers, or about one third of Madagascar's rural population. The project will improve access significantly for about 2.5 million inhabitants who currently lack year-round access, i.e., for about one third of the population currently lacking year-round access. At this stage of project processing, the hypotheses that there is a link between improved access and poverty reduction can only be supported by project studies carried out in other countries. In-depth socio-economic surveys have been done in 87 communes scattered throughout the country. These baseline data will make it possible to assess transport-related, social and economic indicators during project implementation and upon completion, with a view to supporting the hypothesis.

Job creation It is estimated that about 500,000 pcrson/months of tcmporary employment will be crcatcd during works execution. These figures, translated into permanent job terms, mean that about 10,000 jobs will be created for five years, mainly due to the use of labor-intensive methods wherever possible.

4.3 Implementation of environmental management plans

Measure Entity responsible Scheduling Preparation of environmental management plans Consulting firm With preliminary designs (October 2002) Inclusion of plan measures into detailed design Consulting firm According to tranches (description, quantities, costs) (I0 tranche early 2002) Inclusion of measures in bidding documents (specific Consulting firm ditto contract clauses) Establishment of local environmental protection Province / GTDR Prior to bidding structures (GELOSE) for the 5 roads identified invitation Follow up and decision to issue bidding invitation for 5 PST and CE of MTP roads identified. Implementation of measures to be taken before and Enterprise during construction works Monitoring of measures to be taken before and during Consulting firm charged construction works w/ works oversight Verification of measures to be taken before and during PST and CE of MTP construction works

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 18

Annexe 1 List of roads studied, by province

Section 1.01 Antanarivo

o~~~~ E ) 0 0 ~ EU CD CD o ~ ' a) E Ca _0 r_ CD _ lB_ _ _ _ u v .5 .~~~~~~~~~~~3~~L 4- aCL E u .' V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CL 0) '<'1 C: C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c -?"~~~~~t 0 a ) ! I0 20b 2 RN3 An4 aiv 1 3 _ L co 2 _ ,- _-_ 0 P Y _ u n a v ail _.. 3v a3 r 2a 1d r Aa nb oh d r2 t0 i o M n3 ak1 a1 1 2 . L o L o w R c a d u n v i 9 0 , , > E 0 Y 0 o 0 z0 z20 3 nkadinndrianAmbatfotsy (N7) 20 13,685 yes 11 97 _ Low Lo Ric unavailuail.>ade Co 7 3201 1 RN 58/Alasora Abohijanaka 8 27,307 - - - Low Low. Rice paddies . 25 Rice t~~~Frs under6 _20 1 mbohimanambola Ankadinandrana 24 29,148 yes 161 351 Low Low unavail. 1,817 3301~~ ~ ~ ~Amohmnjk ~~~~~~~c 10 1344 75 Mahts Lo0oiepdy_uaal )20 3 nkadinandriana Ambatofotsy RN7) 20 13,68 110 97 Low Low Rice paddies c_ unavail. 9711

3303~ ~~ ~ Anaetb~ ~ ~ ~~( 8 1 9,170 Mais ye 22 19 ic ad )204 2 RN3 Ankadivoribe 4 15,123 - - - Low Low Forestp unavail. 237Co'o2 Rice )20 2 Ankadikely Vilihazo 18 23,953 yes 24 159 Low Low - addy/forest unavail. 1,283 Forest under )206 3 Fieferana Manankavaly 6 7,901 y 0 0 Low Low - restoration - unavail. 425

)301 3 Mahitsy Ambohimanjaka 10 13,447 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 418 unavail 330 1 mbohidratrimo Manjakavaradrano 20 31,112 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy _ . 951 unavail 3303 1 Mahitsy a ntanetibe 8 19,179 yes 2201199 Low Low . paddy _ u 323

)304 2 Medrimandroso mbato 24 20,687 - Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 1,373

)305 2 Antsahafilo Ambohipihaonana 1n3 1,835 2 90 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 827

)30; 3 RN4 Mahabo 7 12,803 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 369

3307 1 RN58 Antanifsaka 22 56,11 yes 214 603 Low Low - Rice paddy unavail.

)308 2 Ampangabe Soavinimena 7 8,675 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy _ unavail. 392

)309 2 Soavinimenna RN11 Alakamisy 4 19,491 Low Low - Rice paddy unavail. 219 Rivers, rice

)5011 2 Arivonimamo Andranomiady 57 57,000 - 16 98 Low Low - paddies - unavail. 6,122

)502 2 Imentsiatosika Behenjy 50 50,000 yes 0 0 Low Low - - unavail. 1,836 Rice paddies,

)503 3 Sabotsy Antsahadita 18 20,000 yes 0 0 Low Low - rivers - unavail., 3,886

)601 2 RN2 Antelomita 19 48,771 yes 14 69 __Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 1,268

)60~ 2 Manjakandnana Alarobia 15 69,136 yes 207110351 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 811 Rice unavall

)603 1 Manjakandriana Andriambazaha 6 44,364 yes 184 328 __Low Low Daddy/forest -318

)604 2 Andnambazaha Mantasoa 8 11,284 - _Low Low - iepdy - unavail. 461 Ambohitrandriaman

)605 3 Andnambazaha itra 29 19,572 yes 168 533 Low Low - iepdy - unavail. 1,494

)60q 3 MAianaa mbahinia 12 27,694 yes 126 666 Low Low -Rice paddy - unavail. 913

360~ 1 RN2 Manankavaly 7 18,787, yes 52 187 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavaill 314

17.0 1.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 19

Andriampamaky unavail 260o 1 RN2 (RN3) 21 45,116 yes 19 64 Low Low - Rice paddy _ 573 Rice 2701 2 Anjozorobe Analaroa 32 78,891 - - - Low Low - paddy/river - unavail. 2,073

2702 2 Analaroa Ambatomanoina 18 46,486 yes 13 16 Low Low - - unavaif. 301

)703 2 Andakana Ambohibary 4 28,922 - - - Low Low - - unavail. 1,021

2704 2 Ambohibary Ambatomitsangana 11 28,922 - Low Low - - unavail. 921 unavail )70 1 Mangamila Andranomadio 12 12,139 yes 32 134 Low Low - 499

)706 2 ANARALAROA ANTANETIBE 17 71,655 yes 41 111 Low Low - unavail. 913 unavail 2707 1 Anjozorobe Betatao 28 21,210 yes 164 43 Low Low - . 1,104

2708 2 Andreba Amboasary 26 25,996 _ Low Low - unavail. 1,607 Lake, rvers, rice paddies, cultivated 2901 3 Betafo Ankabahaba 5 12,300 yes 0 0 Low Low yes felds- 13 570 Rivers, rce paddies, ultivated 2902 1 RN34 Fidirana 32 40,617 yes 23 285 Low Low rields _ 4,262 2,343 Rivers, rice paddies, cultivated 3903 1 RN34 Ambohimasina 23 21,493 yes 43 136 Low Low fields _ 345 1,007 3904 1 Tsarafaritra Vasiana 17 17,473 yes 11 167 Low Low _ 266 712 Rivers, rice paddies, cultivated 290s 1 Betafo Mahaiza 17 26,846 yes 35 81 Low Low fields _ 3,357 1,544 Rivers, rice paddies, Ambohimanambol cultivated s906 1 RN 34 a 10 21,399 yes 29 67 Low Low fields _ 69 710 Rivers, rice paddies, lakes, cultivated fields and 1001 1 Ambatolampy Tsinjoarivo 45 100,489 yes 10 695 _ Low Lowl forest _ 1,484 2,171 Rice paddies, rivers and Ambatondrakalava Alarobia ultivated 1002 2 Antanamalaza 17 36,355 yes 72 238 _ Low Low fields _ 1,368 1,001 Rivers, rice paddies and ultivated 100 2 Ambatolampy Manjakatompo 10 29,796 yes 18 213 Low Low Fields _ 2,614 648 Rice paddies, rivers and cultivated 1004 2 Andriambilany Namontana 14 19,545 yes 3 61 _ Low Low - ields _ 1,200 779 Rivers, rice paddies and Alarobia/Antanam cultivated 1005 1 Antsampandrano alaza 17 32,150 . _ Low Low - ields _ 498 932 Rice paddies, o1012 Ambatofotsibe Kiranomena 33 39,955 yes _ _ _ Low Low - rivers _ 185 760 Rivers, rce 110 2 Fanjakamandroso Marohazo 10 28,860 123 82 _ Low Low - paddies _ 0 310 110A 1 Androtra Amboarap6t6 6 30,222 _ Low Low - Rice paddies _ 640 266

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 20

11104~ 3 ~sarafiraisana Mahatsinjo 8 6,856 yes ____ Low LowI - - 270 375 Rice paddies,

110 2 Tsiroanomandidy Bevato 33 62,435- - 56 904 Low Low I irivers - 3,824 1,883

1106 I Manakambahiny ArboarapWt 17 44,641ye 37 59 Low Lowl -Rice paddies 90 409

1107 1 Tsinjoarivo Soanierana 31 40,854 yes 167 898 __Low Low -Rice paddies - 2,391 1,740

110q 1 Ampizaratany Abararatabe 8 19,004 34 101 Low Low -Rice paddies - 1,441 198

1109 1 Soanierana. Maroharona 24 39,311 yes -_ Low Low -Rice paddies - 5,330 411 Rice paddies, lilo 1 RN 1 bis RNI 22 31,471 yes 19 145 Low Low - rivers- 306 1,403 Antsampanimahaz Rivers, rice liii I ______Miandrarivo 6 10,994 - 12 176 Low Low -paddies - 117 356 Rice paddies, 1201. 2 RN1 (Alakamisy) Andolofotsy 15 15,797 yes Low Low -rivers - 2,220 2,423

1202 1 Miarinarivo Ambatomanjaka 14 79,053 - - Low Low -Rice paddies - 352 648

1203 1 Miarinarivo Manazary 14 56,876 yes Low Low,- Rice paddies - 688 1,420

1204 1 Analavory Anosibe 14 57,533 1yes 0 10 1 Low Low - I 1,423 1,813

1301 1 Soavinandriana Mandiavato 14 17,217 - 0 0 Low Low -- unavail. 1,074

13021 3 Soavinandriana Mahavelona 31 49,901 -12 469 Low Low -- 5,535 1,820

1303 1 Mahavelona Ankisabe 19 30,723 - 0 0 __Low Low -Rice paddies - 532 1,690 Rice paddies,

1304 2 Soavinandriana Antanetibe 20 20,000 - 0 64 Low Low -rivers, lakes - 2,088- 3,177

1401 2 llempona Antanifotsy 3 65,852 es-__ Low Low -- 525 161

140d 2 Ambohimandroso Ambatotsipihina 10 45,080 -158. 963. Low Low -- 174 941

1403 1 Ambohimandroso Antsiriribe 6 30,649 yes 26 458 Low Low - 3,377 269 Rivers, rice paddies, cultivated 1404 1 Ambohimandroso Ambatomiady 24 48,671 - 103 704 Low Lowl -Ielcls - 3,226 1,728 Rivers, nce paddies, cultivated felds, natural 1405 3 mkrbatorniacly Ankadivory 42 66,495 yes 0 0 Low Low f orest 812 6,215

1406 1 mpitatafika Andakandrano 10 31,802 yes 0 0 Low Low -- 150 434 Rivers, rice paddies, cultivated 1407 1 Antanifotsy Abatolahy 11 74,500 ys40 398 Low Low - ;ields - 895 552 Rice unavail

15011 1 RN7 (PK23 Andramasina 17 13,319 -357 292 Low Low - paddy/lake -640

1502 2 Andramasina Ambohimiadana 32 73,302 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 1,271

1503 2 Ambohimiadana Amboronosy 16 40,888 yes 0 0 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 1,312 Crossroads wi RIP 1504 2 60 Ambatofahavalo 26 42,182 yes 24 220 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 1,662

150N 2 ~Iatsinainy Bakaro Sabotsy (RIP 80) 15 58,951 -93 419 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 895

1506 3 Ambohimiadana Tsiazompaniry 15 21,637 yes 0 0 Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 894 Rice 1507 1 Andramasina Behenjy 15 10,694 yes 3 253 Low Low - adyrvr - unavail. 1,824 Rivers, rice paddies and Antsampanimaha cultivated 1601 1 Fenomanana ao 12 26,380 -15 348 Low Low fields -48 762 Rice paddies, rivers and

160~ 3 Faratsiho Miandrarivo 31 63,637 - 15 348 Low Low -cultivated - 1,208 2,364

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 21

ields Rivers, ric paddies and cultivated 160 3 ntsampanimahazo Ambatofotsy 14 44,264 yes 15 348 Low Low - fields . 148 1,962 Rivers, rice paddies and cultivated 16041 3 Miandranvo Valabetokana 17 37,738 0 0 Low Low - ields 1,460 2,319 Rivers, rc paddies and cultivated 160 1 Ambohiborona Avaratsena 4 26,360 yes 0 0 Low Low pields d a100 329 Rivers, rc paddies and cultivated 160 1 Faratsiho ndranomiady 26 54,101 6 4 _ Low Low - fields 1,078 2,088 unavail 1701 1 ndoharanofotsy Ambohijanaka 4 53,208 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy _ 575

1702 2 Ambatofahavalo Ankazobe 4 52,533 - - - Low Low - Rice paddy - unavail. 114 Rice 1703 3 Anjomakely Ambohijanaka 4 34,689 - - - Low Low - paddy/canals - unavail. 682

170 1 ndoharanofotsy Ampitatafika 7 61,375 yes 0 0 Low Low Riceunaars i 521 Rice 1705 2 Ambazaha RN7 (PK 22) 21 15,186 yes 60 431 Low ILow - paddy/marsh - unavail. 894 Rice unavail 1706 1 RNI Abohijoky 14 70,556 - 170 565 Low Low paddy/marsh 975 Rice paddies, rivers, lake, cultivated 1801 3 ritriva ambondromisotra 67 67,949 - 1 123 Low Low fields 9,102 4,217 Rivers, rice paddies and cultivated l802 3 Antsirabe Morarano 11 49,263 yes 0 0 Low Low cuields _ 12 457 Lake, rice paddies, rivers, ultivated 180e 1 Talata Tsiafahy 11 91,328 yes 40 541 Low Lowl fields 2,482 3512 rivers, nce paddies, RN7 champ dl 1804 3 (Ambalamahlasoa) Car RP122T 22 49,364 ye 18 27 Low Low - culture- 54 2,272 rivers, ice paddies, cultivated 180J 1 (Alakamisy) Betafo Tritriva 10 26,179 yes 1 123 Low Low fields 4,792 1,305 Rivers, lake, rice paddies, -ultivated 102 ~ntsirabe Soanindrariny 28 53,023 yes 62 332 Low Low f ld 4,773 3,015 Rice paddies, cultivated

1807 2 Taovalo (RN7) Ambohimiarivo 13 37,864 yes 15 41 Low Low -fields- 307 1,589

1808 2 (RN43)Ambohibary Tsaramody 25 71,042 - 218 695 _ Low Low - 1,907 3,088 RN4 Rice paddies, 1901 2 (Ampanotokana) Fenoarivobe 119 100,000 - 24 771 Low Low rivers _ unavail. 8,510

______1837 3,776,619 _ 80,888 128,487

,onsulting firm: DINIKA

17.01 .02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 22

PST Comments: Total of inhabitants served slightly exceeds rural population inthe province, and is therefore probably overestimated. Even considering that the roads cover almost the entirety of the province, figures sometimes appear to be inflated.

According to the coordinator of the environmental team, the impacts mentioned in the project briefs relate only to positive impacts anticipated from the road rehabilitation project. Th e levels of these impacts were established based on the volume of agricultural production and the number ol people served. It was emphasized, during the interview, that the project's negative socio-economic impacts will probably be negligible. The environmental impacts of the roads were verified in a cursory manner by the PST and by the NGO Lalana, and no strong negative impact was noted.

Section 1.02 Fianarantsoa

c 0) o c~~~~~c .5 0) O - .E Ei

p e A 0 CD 200 - 1 E Ec o 20304Absco -Andina204010 FnL) 13 49 a) >D LL CO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C 20402 Fisakana- Ma13 hazoarivo14,048 5 53 L_00 10 204021 RN41-Imito7 17,000 10 8 _ Lo L co 6 24 _C 0 o -~~~ o E _ ~~~~Lo -oer w 0 > 0 C oI 0

19 Low 20201 Soavina - Ambondromisotra 6 19,518 413 339 Low Low _ 195 3 597 20301 ambovombe -Vohimena 25 17,606 25 145 Low ow _ 170 12 1,011 Low Moder

20302 Ambovombe Soamandroso 19 30,296 27 53 te - 320 7 744 20303 Ivato-nAntoetra 26 11,104 10 180 Low Low 30110 1 980 20304 V7mbositra -Andina 17 13,341 47 180 Low Low 130 3 264

20305 mbinanindrano-Marolalana 16 20,690 __ 48 Low Low 420 18 3,503

20306 Ambinanindrano-Fasitsara 18 13,461 ___4 106 .Low Low - 130 23 4,896 20401 Fandoana-Tsimiarloha 5 28,000 53 585 Low Low 280 7 692 58 Low 20402 Fisakana- Mahazoarivo 13 14,048 _ 5 17953 Low - 140 10 563

204021IRN41 -Im ito 7 17,000 10 80 Low ILow - 170 1 599

20403 Tsarazaza-Sahanivotry 21 25,526 24 242 Low Low -e255 6 1,575 20404 Fandrna - Miarinavaratra 22 28,000 41 273 FOW o X 280 25 690 20405 Fiadanana-Andohawana 24 14,048 41 273 Low Low 140 16 2,317 20406 Fandmiana- Imennlmady 43 14,048 10 140 LOw Low _ 300 20 1,913

20407 RN7-Talata lary 5 6,200 0 70 Low Low - 100 3 957 Rn7/Ambinaniroa- Andonaka Low 20501 towards Fenoarivo 8 24,336 ___Low - 0 14 569 ow Moder 20502 tanambao Vohitsaoka 10 10,355 70 179 [a_te - 100 20 1,464 Low Moder 20503 Ambalavao Mahazony 26 29,436 15 15 Low te - 80 40 6,440 20601 Rn25/ Androrangavola 24 21,748 28 40 _ Fort Fort - 540 51 2,390 Fiadanana towards South Low 20602_Ambohimariga 9 66,811 32 55 Low - 485 24 1,174 Moder 20603 Fasitsara/ Marofototra 12 24,720 ___0 4 ate Low - 525 25 1,865

20701 RNS I 1-Ampasinnazava 30 28,010 7 158 Low ILow - 180 22 2,419

20702 Ampasimazava-Soavina 22 27,847 _ 5 152 Low ILow - 1,200 30 1,381

20703_Ampasimazava-Ampasinambo 50 29,866 ___7 156 Low Low - 280 70 4,497

20704 RNS1 1- Fiadanana 29 16,400 5 iso -LOW Low - 160 34 2,393 Ambatolahimavo/ Low 20801 Ambohidalangina 7 13,150 17 20 _ _ Low _ 550 7 381 20802 Soanindrana/ 16 17,811 39 201 _ _ 3 751

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 23

Andoharanomaintsoa

20803 Ambohimahasoa/ Sahave 17 50,296 7 16 _ Low Low - 1,250 12 777 Low Moder 20804 Befetal Andranomavo 28 58,268 4 20 ate _ 1,150 14 370 Low Moder 20805 RN7 Antanamaharivo/ Sahatona 20 25,000 1 10 ate 520 19 823 Low Moder 20806 Rn7 Fiadanana/ Amboasary 10 19,400 5 11 _ ate _ 1,500 19 1,567 Ambohinamboarina/Tomboarivo Low 20807 Rn7 17 28,050 7 15 Low 870 30 1,886 20808 Soarohatonina/Ambalavola 14 31,580 20 30 Low Low _ 560 10 943 Moder Moder 20809 lalatsara/ Marofototra 14 16,030 1 4 _ te te _ 250 19 642 Low Moder 20810 Vohiposa/ Sahanimira 16 28,391 24 30 ate 1,100 11 611 20901 RN 241 Morafeno 13 8,875 2 8 Low Low 320 11 592 Rnll Ambohimandroso, Low 20902 Marofototra 23 19,536 1 3 Low _ 450 18 537 20903 Rn 24/ Ambohiniaonana 22 29,746 4 12 Low Low - 1,500 27 1,812 20904 Rn 25/ Ankaranila 12 9,119 0 5 _Low Low - 19 518 20905 Rn 25/ Marokarima 8 8,252 24 26 Low Low - 200 7 127 Low Moder 21001 MarofarihyNinanintelo 28 49,003 13 8 ate _ 200 6 321 Low Moder 21002 Ambila/Loharano 20 17,785 80 12 ate _ 170 6 440 21003 Mitanty/Ampasimanjeva 12 40,000 3 12 Low Low _ 250 17 1,098 21101 Ikongo/ Ifanirea 42 83,600 12 30 Low Low _ 1,250 70 2,802 21102 Ankarmbelo/ lfanirea 21 31,003 22 35 Low Low _ 585 26 641 21103 Ifanirea/ Angado ferry 17 31,003 27 35 Low Low 250 10 484 21104 Ikongo/ Taikoho 6 29,160 0 12 Low Low _ 850 10 1,063 21105 Ambatofotsy RP 14 Belemoka 15 49,498 0 20 _ Low Low _ 380 15 1,816 21201 Ivohibe/ Vohipeno 2.4 2,374 5 19 _ Low Low _ 710 8 241 Low Moder 21202 Vohindrindry/ Anosivelo 12.6 21,430 7 93 a_te - 6,402 23 1,681 21203 Vohipeno / Angado ferry 44.8 163,676 33 16 Low Low - 40,900 67 5,487 12 Low 21204 Vohilava/ Andemaka 8 37,798 8 72 Low - 9,450 11 897 Low Moder 21205 Vohipeno/ Savana 7.7 3,185 64 53 ate _ 955 17 1,058 Low Moder 21206 Vohipeno/ lfatsy 11.8 18,200 2 28 late _ 5,460 21 2,362 Mahazoarivo (Rp 1203) towards Low Moder 21207 Ambalatany 19 45,794 64 17 ate 11,450 30 2,515 Ambalatany towards Low 21301 Mahazoarvo 9.74 26,989 0 35 _ Low _ 6,750 40 3,461 Moder Moder 21302 Ambalatany / Rn 27 41.1 46,920 27 33 _ ate ate - 11,730 50 7,409 Low Moder 21303 Mahafasa (Rp 1402)/ Beretra 12.36 17,120 0 13 ate - 4,280 29 1,834 21304 Evato/ Rp 1402 7.2 13,387 8 9 Low Low - 5,354 13 1,116 Low Moder 21305 Mahavelo/ Rp 1402 3.6 7,600 16 7 ate - 2,200 5 582 Low Moder 21306 Rns 12/ Ivandrika 10.8 9,487 40 58 ate - 2,850 13 3,358 21307 Rns 12/ Ihorombe 30.5 50,926 85 78 LoW Low - 12,730 59 4,017 Low Moder 21308 X Efatsy Anandroza 5.3 18,503 21 31 ate - 4,600 11 883 21309 Rn 27/ Etrotroka 12.3 16,964 29 203 Low Low - 4,240 20 2,571 21310 Ihorombe/ Etrotroka 20.4 30,810 18 16 Low Low - 7,700 34 3,593 Low Moder 21401 RN 12/MahatangaNohipaho 13 44,755 20 4 ate -_ 120 2 1,638 21402 Ramona (RNT 18)/Beta 13 29,470 0 4 -Low Low -_ 120 11 1,176 21403 Ramona (RNT 18)/Among 8 20,688 0 4 _ Low Low - 200 10 847

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 24

Low Moder 21404 RN 12/Soamanova/Fonilaza 11 42,674 10 2 ate _ 150 1 297 Low Moder 21405 Belays/East Ampanihy 12 3,000 0 2 te 8 1,517 RNT 18 between Vangaindrano Low 21501 and Midongy 92 147,252 17 2 Low _ 300 60 3,247 21601 Rn7(Pk 662) Satrokala 30 11,000 Low Low . 0 9 2,987 21602 Ihosy/Analalira Low Low _ ___ 0 21701 Karianga/ Mahavelo/ Vohiboreka 17.35 24,587 136 30 Low Low 0 57 7.657 21702 Rn 27/ Mariandry 14.76 20,030 8 25 Low Low 6,010 124 3,329 21703 Ivato/ Karanga 20 28,975 0 24 _ Low Low _ 8,692 0 12,133

22001 Ambalakely/ Sahambavy 12 17,412 LLowow - 0 5 1,004 22002 SahambavyAndovoka 22 17,412 32 21641 Low Low _ 120 37 2,342 22003 Mahazoarivo/ Rn42 19 13,546 __ __ Low Low _ 150 30 3,897 22004 FanjakanalRn42 15 19,023 Low Low _ 300 26 3,557 22005 Mahasoabe ALAKAMISY 14 10,801 8 2 Low Low 60 15 5,431 Low Moder 22006 Ambohimaha Safato 15 4,199 1 5 te _ 80 0 1,475 22007 Alakamisy -Itenina/ Mahasoabe 12 25,000 8 2 Low Low - 0 15 1,819 22008 Fandrandava lalamarina 10 18,371 2 8 Low Low - 100 11 1,419 15 Low 22009 Sahambavy Fandrandava 14 9,274 0 1268 Low - 80 17 2,243

22010 Mahasoabe Fandrandava 11 9,274 __ 10 8 Low Low - 1 60 21 1,950 22011 SahambavyAmpitambe 9 1,682 183 1205 Low Low - 10 120 2,096 22012 lalamaraina Ampitambe 16 16,355 20 25 Low Low - 110 31 1,767 22013 Ambalakely/ Ivoamba 3 12,651 - 0 1,694 22014 Talata Apano-Alakamisy Itenina 7 24,814 10 80 __Low Low - 200 1 5,048 22015 Soaindrana Andoharanomaitso 16 17,811 39 201 Low Low - 0 3 750 Moder 22101 RNT 16/Pk 42 RNS 27/ lakora 81 44,170 76 24 ate Low 166 14,868 Moder 22201 RNT 18 Midongy/Befotaka 42 48,589 8 5 ate Low - 200 27 2,011 Moder 22202 BefotakaJMarovitsika 36 13,878 0 2 ate Low - 380 31 6,781 Moder 22203 Beharena/Ranotsara atsimo 40 22,427 0 1 ate Low - 32 10,333 22204 Befotaka/Beharena 25 33,577 0 6 Low Low - 200 29 5,644 Beharena/Antaninarenina/Mano Moder 22205 mbo atsimo 25 36,305 0 1 ate Low - 7 1,817 Moder 22206 Befotaka/Antondabe 20 4,449 0 2 ate Low - 6 2,151

1,840 ####' 176,248 224,885

Consulting firm: MICS - ECR - AEC - SECAM

PST comments: Documentation of environmental and social impacts not yet available. Estimate of impacts based on available maps and clarifications provided by the consulting firm's environmental specialists.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 25

Section 1.03 Taomasina

C .-.,o~~~~~~~~ o - -~~~~~~) u .

z . 0~~~~~~ E ~~~~~~~~ta) o E 0 0 03016Maroantsetra /Andranofotsy/ Mahavelona 18 _ _ _ __

0.. 0 -~~~~ ca -o c ~~~~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 05 t a o a) 16 C- _0 _a) 3 CD -a 'C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- co ~~~~~~0 0 0 L) 0 0 0- 0~~~F- co 0 E~~~~~~~~~WI z Q) z >_____

.0301 Maroantsetra /Andranofotsyl Mahavelona 18 Moderate high (priority site(migration 0302 Maroantsetra I Antakota ko 16 for birds) zone) - Moderate (priority site fol Moderate human Mananara Avaratra/ Antanambac (priority sit occupatio 0401 be/Sandrakatsy 18 _For birds) n) _ 0501 Vohilengo Vohitrasontry 9 18,310 yes ? ? Moderate ? 9 2,846 .0502 Mahatsara-Vohilengo Vohipeno 20 18,310 9 _ ? 5 2,919 Moderate priority fo human 0503 Anjahambe-Ampasimbe Antsiatsiaka 21 8,214 yes 63 84 5 occup.) _? 5 3,337 Low (nlear classified 0601 Ampasimanolotra Andevoranto 24 12,226 yes ? ? 5 Forest) . ? 749 Moderate (priority Moderate for virgin human 0602 Ampasimanolotra Fetraomby 30 5,300 __ orest) occup.) ? 18 2,780 Vatomandry/Antanambao 0701 Mahatsara/Ambalabe 55 18 - .0702 X Antanambao Mahatsara/lfasina 23 0801 Rn1la (Tandroho/Tsaravinany 25 0802 Tsaravinany/Mahatsara/ Manjakandriana 15 Low (classified .0803 Ambinanindrano /Befotaka 22 _ __ _forest) ______.0804 RN1 la (Masomeloka/ Satrana/Ambodibonara) 15 ______Low (nea priorty sit for coastal zone research 0901 (RNT 23) - Mahanoro / Marolambo 132 conservation - Moderate Moderate (human .0902 Marolambo/ Betampona 22 _ _ (virgin forest) pressure) _ _ _ .0903 Ambalapaiso/ Marolambo 20 _ _ _ _ Moderate Moderate human .1001 Fontsimavo-Sahambala Ambodirofia 14 19,724 ye 55 37 _(virgin forest, ressure) - ? 3 2,022 Moderate Moderate (near RNI(human 1002 Analamalotra Fontsimavo 35 19,724 3 Betampona) pressure) - ? 7 2,642 .1003 Fanandrana Ambodilazana 39 19,724 7 .- ? 8 2,904 .1004 Mahavelona Andondabe 23 19,724 _ _ 8 ? 5 3,741

17.01 .02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 26

(RNT 20) Mahanoro /Antanambac 1101 Manampotsy 45 5 Moderate _ 1102 Antanambao Manampotsy Antanandehibe 40 7,452 I ? 19 2,577 Moderate 1103 Antanambao Manampotsy Mahela 12 9,840 19(virgin forest) _ ? 4 904 Moderate 1104 Dito/Betoko I/ Ifasina II 18 4 (virgin forest) Low (virgin 1203 RN3A/ bridge 25T/ Anosiboribory 4 forest) 1204 25 T Bridge / Edge of DO drain 5 .1205 RN3A / Anta na ndava 3 _ Rn3A / Ambohipeno and Ambonarona 1206 Ampilahoana 6 .1207 Ambohimanarivol Ambatoharanana 6 r 1208 Rn3A / Andilana avaratra 4 = Moderate Moderate (priority site high for birds andpriority fo RN3a quatic human 1209 (Amboavory/Ambohidehilahy/Mahatsinjo 15 _ s__pecies) occup.) Moderate Moderate (priority site(high for birds andprionty fo quatic human

,1210 Tanambe/ Beanana 4 _ s__pecies) occup.) - Moderate Moderate (priority site (high for birds andpriority fo quatic human .1211 Tanambe/ Vohitsara 5 _ cies) occup.) Moderate Moderate (priority site (high for birds andpriority fo quatic human 1212 Ambohijanahary/Ambohiboanjo 6 species) occup.) Moderate Moderate (priority site (high or birds andpriority fo quatic human *1213 Ambohimandroso/Ambatomainty/Ambongolava 8 _ ___ pecies) occup.) - I Low (migration 1214 Andranobe/Andramosabe / terrain 8 _-_a_ _ rea) - 1215 Sahamaria/Amboropotsy 6 _ _ _ _ Moderate Moderate priority site(high for birds and priority fo quatic human .1301 Antanadava/ Amboarabe 9 species) occu-p _ Moderate (high priority fo Moderate human (priority site occup., for birds andhuman 1302 Amboarabe/ Didy 31 ____ mammals) pressure) Low (nea priority site for Moderate human .1303 Maroantsetra / Ankofa I Marovovanana 25 _ _ _ (virgin forest) occup. I1303 Ankazotsaravolo/ Ambohimasina 8 _ _ _ _ .1304 Ambatondrazaka/ Ambonivohitra 10 1305 Ambatondrazaka/Ambarabe 2 Moderate Low 1306 Rn3a / Soalazaina 31 __ _ __ (priority sit (migration _

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 27

for birds) area)

1307 Manakambahiny/ Antsangatsangana 3 _ _ _ _ _ Moderate (priority site for .1308 Ambatondrazaka/Ambohidehilahy 6 __ _ mammals) ort (RNIlntense Zahamena, human 1309 Andrebal Antokazo/ Manakambahiny Ats 32 irgin forest) pressure _

1310 Imerimandroso/ Antendrodrano 10 _ Moderate Low (priority site migration 1311 RN3A/ Sahanindingana 18 for birds) area) Moderate Moderate :human 1401 Ampasipotsy Lakato 40 15,169 23 (virgin forest) prsure) ? 23 3,292 1402 Moramanga /Fierenana 20 _ _ _ .1501 Rn22 ( Maromitety/Ampasimazava 5 ______Moderate (migration .1502 Maromitety / Miarinarivo 32 _ _ _ o area) _ _ _ Low (near Moderate classified (migration .1503 Tsaramainandro RN 22 / Ambohibe/Sahatavy 20 forest) area) Low (near Moderate classified :migration 1504 Anjahambe Andasibe 10 14,152 1 forest) area) ? 11 2,625 1601 RN3A 65 _ 1602 Andilamena/ Antaninemabak/ X /Bemaitso 22 1603 Antanimenabaka/Tanananinfololahy 25 _ _ _ _ .1701 Anosibe an'Ala Longozabe 45 15,855 38 , ? 38 2,641 Moderate Moderate (migration .1801 Moramanga Anosibe an'ala 74 21,156 - 32 (virgin forest)route) - ? 32 2,754

.1803 Ambodiampana Ambahoabe 9 8,581 8 _ - ___ ? 8 1,392 Low (dense .1804 Soanieran'lvongo Apasimbola 10 9,040 13 rain forest) -_- ? 13 1,133 Moderate (priority site for birds & plants, Moderate dense rain (human 18021 Soanieran'lvongo ntanifotsy 4 1,236 2 forest) pressure - ? 2 452 18022 Antanifotsy Ambodiampana 5 1,220 _ _ _ _ _ ? _ 347

Roads studied 464 244,957 42,057 34% 34% Preselected roads (total) 1,360 720,000 (estimate) onsulting firm: ESPACE INGENIERIE / MAHERY

ST Comments: reliminary designs currently available cover only one third of preselected roads. gures on traffic and manpower not available.

ivironmental impact: Trunk road 30602. Road segment is quite close to an aquatic fauna site. Environmental management an will be prepared in the context of detailed designs.

17.01 .02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 28

Section 1.04 Mahajanga

0 ) -~~~~~0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - a- a) u~~~~~~~ CoE .5 .-U 0> C_ )

Z -o C: EF co E -DC C) C C.) CD C

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0L

40201 iSoalala Besalamp 178 93768 yes 33 113 50 Low - 200 60 11 Modera 40501 Ambato-Boeni Madirovalo 23 12369 yes 37 212 30 Moderate te -3590 6 214 40502 AmbatoBoen i Fonoalakely 11 7365 yes 0 268 30 Low Low 1380 10 175 40503 CRST.RN4 Anjia ia 11 9 202 es 24 23 50 Low 300 5 129

40601 Ambolomoty Bemaharivo 51 48,483 yes 8 46 50 Low Low - 250 22 316

40602 Marosakoa Ambolomoty 8 21,493 yes 11 44 35 Low Low - 200 1 295

40801 Bekapaika Betrandraka 39 16,704 yes 2 29 30 Low Low - 150 30 641

40901 Port Berge Tsiningia 20 7,956 ves 35 278 32 _ __ -1260 10 1,061

40902 Port - Berge Tsaratanana 30 11520 ves 13 197 13 Low Low -2680 7 897

41001 Mandritsara Marotandrano 42 16607 yes 26 68 30 _ __ -3289 7 1,002 Moderate (classified 41002 Mandritsara Antsirabe center 22 16369 rs 36 446 28 forest) Low 2870 9 5,698 Moderate_ (classified 41003 RN 32 Besanaka Ambalakirajy 33 12890 _ _ 28 forest) Low -1950 6 1,463 Moderate (classified 41004 Ambalakiraj Andohajango 25 8690 yes 0 280 24 forest) Low 1840 9 2,268 Moderate (classified 41101 Analalava Ambolobozo 32 5240 _ _ _ 40 forest) Low 1040 1 1,347 41102 Befotaka mbaliha 26 7350 yes 4 244 24 Low Low 2680 20 2,100

41201 Befandriana - North Ambararata 44 11454 es 56 158 16 _ - 2580 24 1,483 fort, Moderat 41202 RN 32 (bridge at Sofia) ntsakabary 82 17365 es2237 020 Moderate e 4250 55 790 41301 RN6(Anjialava) Ankozany 26 6320 _ 50 Low Low 1340 26 1,576 41302 RN6(Anjiamangirana II) mbodimanary 25 5,120 _ _ 22 Low Low 1480 1 2,910

41303 Antsohihy empandriakilandy 3 54,590 _ 40 - 1270 2 2 ,585 41401 mbatoriha Mangindrano 27 8,960 yes 12 189 34 L 1950 3 30,793 41402 Ambovonomby nesika 14 4,750 es 27 92 30 1820 17 1,830 41403 mbatosia mpaminty 18 8624 es 8 187 28 Low Low 1380 93,496

42001 Mai ntirano Antsalova 123 82,255 -0 0 75 -2000 28 2,293 42101 Besalampy Maintirano 215 113,701 yes 33 113 75 Low 500 100 2,520

42102 X-roads RNT19 Marohazo 17 2789 -0 0 20 Low Low - 150 6 11,982

421 03 Tambohorano X -roads RNT19 37 10025 ys17 60 30 Low - 50 14 2,972 42201 Mampikony Ampasimatera 22 9680 yes 27 215 28 Low Low 2860 14 93,151 42202 RN 6 Beta ramalhamay 18 3570 - 18 fores) Lw 1986 23 4,792 42203 Mampikony Ambohitoaka 2 9456 _ 4624 rest) Lw 182040 0 72,903

1,224 595,665 49,445 253,693 Consulting firm: EC PLUS - JR SAINA

17.01 .02 Projet de Transpon Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 29

PST comments: Indicated socio-economic impact is considered to be positive.

Environmental impact: Trunk road 40501 linking Amabto Boeni and Madirovalo. It is located between the Ankaranfantsika Forest Preserve and the Antsitondraindahy Classified Forest. Direct impact of works is therefore minimal since the ;i j does not cross these two areas. An Environmental Management Plan will be prepared in the context of the detailed Environrnental impact: Trunk road 41003 linking Besakana and Ambalakirajy. The thoroughfare does not cross any preserve or classified forest. An Environmental Management Plan will be prepared in the context of the detailed designs.

Section 1.05 Toliara

U, 0)

C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~-o co~-, T~ a, . > 0 z0 t 0 _ a,a,)201 ANDREVO 234 20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a) _. a, >A a) a~)E :E 4

)903TANAMBAOSOATANA2-o 8,640ye5a ~~~o 2 co o~~E0 _o *~-c_ 4 CZ~ - EC o 0 )U >C 2 1001 BELO SUR NS 50 0 a, o z o~~~~~~~~~~~c, CL 0)~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~0:C. z U ) I-0

)60 lAbaoait 139a,IK-ASM _0 _ _a,_ _ __ i301 BeTloha/Lavanono BELROHA 1163 16,0005- - - - 2 9 4 Ye Marshy, p501 SAKARAHA ANKAZOABO 125 20,500ye 34 22 s 34 Low f looded area 8,200 8,590 Ambatryl Soamanonga/ 1101~~~CRN3 ANRAET 11 600ys103ae)0 aNIB _ ,0 ,9 16011lAmbatomainty BETIOKY-ATSIMO 139 )701 Ampanihy/ Etreboke AMPANIHYO E1 28 ______1702A manihy/ Bevoalavo AMPANIHY 80 i210 MINDRIVAO MANJA 2HY34320,00 yes 6 60 ye 6 _ _ 31,240 5,3816 1801 MORONDAVA MANOMETINAY 48 1,250 yes 13 42 lyes 20 - - 800 14,133 1901i401 MAHABOANDREomb BEFOTAKAANAnktar 24317 20,0009,650 yes 1047ys1 25 lyes 10 I - 3,0543e,240 1,5135,8121

)902,MAHABO ANKILIVALO 7 8,500 - -- Low - 140

1903TANAMBAO SA NA2 8,640 yes 5 22 -10 -- 4,481 786

IOOI BELO SUR TSIRIBIHINA ANTSOHA 53 1,240 ------960 3,941 1101 RN34ANDRAKETA NKILIBE 11 6,000 es 10 30 yesl O I 1,200 2,496 1102MIANDRIVAZO ANTSIANIHY 32 3,200 lyes 6 60 yesi 6-- 11,000 5,388 1301 Marovator Lavanono BELOHA 33 1302Beloha/ Lava nono BELOHA 35 1401 sihombe nkatravitra 43 17,500 yes 147yes 14 1,750 1,121 1402 tsihombe Faux Cap TSIHOMBE 29 1603Faux Capt Marovato TSIHOMBE 25 Tsihombe towards 1404Antanimora towardsIMVOMBE-31 1405 sihombel Antaritarika SIHOMBE 22 AntantarikalAntanimihery/ towards Ambondro

1406(Rnl3 ______TSIHOMBE ______15 Fenoarivo (1,6kmn from ____ Ifara ______Soanierana 12 15,000 yes 25 2 yes25 -- 2,500 895

1502 ___1ta___y Manambaro 15 8,500__ - - - - 1,250 940

1503 Ranopiso Analapatsa 17 16,000 ------3,500 838 1601 Antantarika I AmbovombeAMBOVOMBE 43 Antanimora towardsAMBOVOMBE- 1602Tsiombe ANDROY______30 _____ 1603 lmanombo Ampamanta 24 3,600 _ _ _ _ 1,750 1,783 ye 1604 ntanimora Jafaro 19 23,000 yes 1 2 s 1 Low _ . 1,500 534 1701 Betroka livahona BETROKA 23 _ __ _

17 .01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 30

1702 Betroka /Ambalamasoa BETROKA 9 1703Betroka /Analamary BETROKA 21 Betrokaltowards 1704 Andriamdampy BETROKA 11 Ambatomainty/ Bekily 1801 Bekitro BEKILY 69 Low Manakompy/Mhiakondro 1802 RN13 (Beboay) BEKILY 26 1901 Ifotaka/ Bekiria MBOASARY-ATSIMO 11 ndoahela N~.ature 1902 Amboasary South Tranomaro / Esira 49 12,300 yes - - - Low _ Preserve _ 1,570 2,683 Amboasary South 1903 Tranomaro/Anadabolava AMBOASARY-ATSIMO 110 ______Ifotakal Amboasary 1904 tsimo AMBOASARY-ATSIMO 36 Low _ Ankiririaka/Beraketa x 1905 Bevaho Bezaha AMBOASARY-ATSIMO 44 Crossroads w/ RN7 '001 (PK907) StAUGUSTIN 16 9,560 - 0 1,132 Crossroads w/ RN7 '002(PK107) AMBOHIMAHAVELONA 14 10,500 _ _ 0 1,502 Tourist attraction, Sarodano '003 ANKARONGA St AUGUSTIN 20 15,030 yes 15 12 yes 15 Icaves 5,225 1,114 '004 Andrevo Manombo Atsimo 15 18,000 - - 0 1,649 (RNTI 7 A) RNIOI Bezaha/ !101 Belamoty/Benenitra BENENITRA 104 __ Low ___ _

Roads studied 889 243,970 52,960 61,073 48% 48% 48% Preselected roads (total) 1,860510,000 (estimate) 111,000(estimate)

Dnsulting firm: OSIPD I DMEAH iT comments: irrently available preliminary designs cover only half of the preselected roads.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 31

Section 1.06 Antsiranana

(0~~~~~~~0

_, _ (0 ~ 0 '~(5~~~~~~~~~~ tp 2 a) C> u CC C

-~~ W n 0 ~~~~~.~~ fl~u EE CD ci U) U tt:: a) a) C D

(0 0 . .~~~~~~~ .a a, ~~~~a) ' -oCl 0 a) C U U -U 0 (s Co> t .5 Tz C 0 oEC 0U

6060 Vohmar Am boral 84 4898 0552 sO 92 Lo o oe. 1811,0 Very ype 2 Q V~ ~~~~ _ _- type 2: zon _

Manambery ye ye emi-aridMode

60601 Btaotsako Amborfialga 84 487,980 0e 5512 ys 92' Low Low s on - 1,841 10,977 _ ype 2 zo Mriskjy 61200 1 Doianyn2aba y 57 34,299 0 504 es 923 Low Low es strbane . 1,92,1 81,773 Vey ype 2: Farsca 61101 XNosrinaa Aevnotira 60 86,846 ye 14 388 yes 351 Low hLgh yes freservstn 4,155 12,30 Moder Vr mr 611501 Befandmrana mSakaram 10 50,7868 09yes 682 0 71p at es hiLo_ 567 6450

61201 etakotako617 njabeambny Ampasimaengayobaany6 11 72,1538273yes28 ys 181 19256 es3s 5 Lowat higHigLow s- _ 2,89re12167 3,77113 6170 mbilobematoben'Anjao16 3,863 0 32 es 22 Lo Lo - 40 ,5

610 bAtakoamanAs taaaAsmy 1,0 e 18 yes7 Fothg yes mountain_ 0 2,3 ModerVeryn-ron 6120;61901 VhmbanraSajavt Amborotalaarodo_ 2584 25,1280137,2815e ye 01 55261ys268 ys 167148 Lowtate Lowhhigh ysson prangre 1,85278,05 11,05090,985 _ tpe 2 :tropica _ Moder Very mbeas 61501 ntanamitaran Aktaraviy 10 10,926 _ 7 101 yes 39C ate high yesNAtitsar arkb _ 557 6424 ye ye ~Moder Very y krn

6150 nivokrano Ambodimadiro 11 14,125 ye 15 105 ys 480 atder High s Preere1065 4103

6150 Antsakobeab ny tsoalaa Aty m 7 17,500 yes 618035es 79 Fote High e_onti 1,0121,9133

6150' Adbioabat Amraod e'nao 25613,715 _e 21 3246yes 67 ForthwL eo rsew _- 785 14,997

Moder Very

6170 Ambakrnoa Mbodimadir 58 15,925 yes 92 6312yes 208 ate high -- 1,1052 9,036

Total 438 453,060 24,06575,772

Consulting firm: EIIRA-BIC-ANDRIAMBOLA

PST Comments: The consulting firm rated the socio-economic impact in relation to the impact on the physical milieu, which is presumably positive.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 32

Environmental impact: Trunk road 61503 linking Anivorano to Ampasimbengy by way of Tsarabikana. The segment is located far from the Ankarana Preserve. An Environmental Management Plan will be prepared in the context of the detailed designs.

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 33

Annexe 2 List of communities (communes) selected for socio-economic study

N° Itinerary Fivondronampokontany Commune studied Antananarivo 1 1070 Ambatomitsangana/ Ambohibary ANJOZOROBE Ambohibary 2 11101 Ambatofotsibe/ Kiranomena TSIROANOMANDIDY Kiranomena 11107 Tsinjoarvo/ Mahasolo/ Soanierana TSIROANOMANDIDY Soanierana 4 11801 ritiva /Ambondromisotra ANTSIRABE II Alarobia-Bemaha ( RNT 36 ) Rn4 (Ampanotokana) 11901 Fenoarivo Center FENOARIVO-CENTRE Firavahana ( RNT 36 ) Rn4 (Ampanotokana) 11901 Fenoarivo Center FENOARIVO-CENTRE Fenoarivo Center Ambohimanambola/ 7 1020 Masindray/Ankadinandriana ANTANANARIVO-AVARADRANO Ankadinandriana rivonimamo / Manalalondo 8 10501 Andranomiady ARIVONIMAMO Manalalondo 9 ~~10708 Andreba / Amboasarv ANJOZOROBE Amboasary 1 1090 Rn34/ Inanantonanal Fidirana BETAFO Fidirana Antsampandrano/ Alarobia 11 1100 Antanamalaza AMBATOLAMPY Antsampandrano 1 1110 Soanierana/ Maroharona TSIROANOMANDIDY Maroharona 1 11201 Rn1 (Alakamisyv Andolofotsy) MIARINARIVO Andolofotsy 14 1120 Miarinarivo/ Manazary MIARINARIVO Manazary Soavinadriana/ Mahavelona towards 1' 1130 Mahasolo SOAVINANDRIANA Mahavelona 16 1140 Ambatomiady/ Ankadivory ANTANIFOTSY Ambohitompoina ndramasina/ Sabotsy, 17 1150 Ambohimiadana ANDRAMASINA Ambohimiadana 18 1150' Alatsinainy Bakaro/ Sabotsy (Rip 80) ANDRAMASINA Alatsinainy 1 1160 Faratsiho/ Miandrarvo FARATSIHO MMiandrarivo Antsapanimahazo/Ambohiborona- 20 1160 Ambatofotsy FARATS_I_HO Ambohiborona Fianarantsoa . 21 20301 AmbovombeNohimena AMBOSITRA Talata Vohimena RNT 18 between Vangaindrano and 2 21501 Midongy MIDONGY Atsimo Midongy South 2 22101 RNT 16 / Pk 42 RNS 27/ lakora IAKORA lakora 24 22201 RNT 18 Midongy/ Befotaka BEFOTAKA Befotaka 25 20303mbositral Antoetra AMBOSITRA A_ntoetra 26 20405 Fiadanana/ Ankarinoro/Andoharano FANDRIANA Ankarinoro 2 2050 Ambalavao/ Mahazony AMBALAVAO Mahazony 28 20601 RN25/ Andrangavola IFANADIANA Androrangavola Fiadanana towards Ambohimanga 29 20602 South IFANADIANA mbohimanga South 30 20701 Rnl 1/ Sahavato/Ampasimazava NOSY-VARIKA Sahavato 31 20704 Fiadanana/ Rnl1 NOSY-VARIKA Fiadanana 32 20902 RN 11 Ambohimandroso Marofototra MANANJARY Marofototra 33 2090 Rn24/ Ambohiniaonana MANANJARY Ambohiniaonana 34 21001 Marofarihy I Vinanintelo MANAKARA-ATSIMO Vinanintelo 35 2100 Mitanty/ Ampasimanjeva MANAKARA-ATSIMO Ampasimanjeva mbalatany towards Mahazoarivo (Rp 36 21 301 1203) FARAFANGANA Ambalatany 37 21307 Rn12/ Hormone FARAFANGANA Ihorombe 38 21405 Belays/Ampanihy East VANGAINDRANO Amparihy East 39 2220 Befotaka/ Marovitsika _BEFOTAKA Befotaka 40 2220 Beharena/ Ranotsara atsimo Ranotsara atsimo Taomasina

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar -Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 34

41 30901 (RNT 23) - Mahanoro I Marolambo MAROLAMBO Marolambo 42 3130 Rn3a I Soalazaina AMBATONDRAZAKA Soalazaina 4 31801 Moramangal Anosibe an'ala ANOSIBE an'Ala Anosibe an'Ala 44 3050 VohilengoNohipeno FENOARIVO-ATSINANANA Vohipeno 45 30601 Rn2 (Ampasanimalotral Andevoranto) VOHIBINANY Andevoranto VatomandrylAntanambao 46 30701 MahatsaralAmbalabe VATOMANDRY Antanambao Mahatsara 47 3080 3mbinanindrano IBefotaka MAHANORO Ambinanindrano 48 31004 Rn5 (Mahavelonal Andondabe TOAMASINA 11 Andondabe Antanambao Manampotsyi 49 3110 Antanandehibe ANTANAMBAO-MANAMPOTSY Antanandehibe Andrebal Antokazol Manakambahin 5C 3130 Ats AMBATONDRAZAKA Manakambahiny Ats 51 3140 Moramanga IFierenana MORAMANGA Fierenana 52 3150 Maromitety/ Miarinarvo VAVATENINA Miarinarivo Tsaramainandro(RN 22 y 53 3150 Ambohibe/Sahatavy VAVATENINA Sahatavy Andilamenal Antaninemabakl X 54 3160 2Bemaitso ANDILAMENA Antanimenabaka 55 31701 Anosibe An'Alal Longozabe ANOSIBE AN'ALA Longozabe 56 3180 Ambodiampana/Ambahaobe SOANIERANA-IVONGO Ambodiampana Mahajanga 57 40201 (RNT 19) Soalalal Besalampy BESALAMPY Ambohipaky 58 42001 (RNT 8A) Maintirano I Antsalova ANTSALOVA Antsorondava 5 42101 (RNT 19) Besalampyl Maintirano MAINTIRANO Berevo Ranobe 60 40501 Boeny/ Madirovalo AMBATO BOENY Madirovalo 61 40801 XRNT33A Bekapaika / Betrandraka TSARATANANA Betrandraka 62 4090 Port Berge I Ambanjabel Tsaratanana BORIZINY (Port-Berge) Tsaratanana 6 4100 Rn32 (Besakana) /Ambalakirajy MANDRITSARA Ambalakirajy 64 41101 Analalava/ Ambolobozo ANALALAVA Ambolobozo 65 4120 RN32 (bridge at Sofia)/ Antsakabary BEFANDRIANA-AVARATRA Antsakabary 66 41301 RN6 (Anjialava) / Andreba/Ankozany ANTSOHIHY Andreba RN6 (Anjiamangirana II) 67 4130 Ambodimanary NTSOHIHY Ambodimanary 68 41402X Ambovonomby/ Anesika BEALANANA Ambovonomby Toliara _ __ 69 50201 (RNT9) Manja / Bevoay MANJA Manja (RNT 15) Crossroads Ankazoabo 70 50301 Beroroha BEROROHA Beroroha 71 50501 RNT 15)Saharaha/ Ankazoabo ANKAZOABO Atsimo Ankazoabo 72 51301 Marovato/ Lavanono BELOHA Beloha 7 51403 Faux Capl Marovato TSIHOMBE Marovato (RNT17 A) RN101 Bezaha 74 52101 Belamoty/Benenitra BENENITRA Benenitra et Ambatryl Soamanonga 75 50601 lAmbatomainty BETIOKY-ATSIMO Fotadrevo 76 51001 Belo/ Antsehataka/ Antsoha BELON I TSIRIBIHINA Antsoha 77 51603 (Rn 12) Ampamatal Imamomba AMBOVOMBE-ANDROY Imamomba 78 51801 Ambatomainty/ Bekily/ Bekitro BEKILY Bekitro 7 51904 Ifotakal Amboasary Atsimo AMBOASARY-ATSIMO Ifotaka Antsiranana 80 61001 RN5 (Vinany) lAntsambalahy ANTALAHA Antsambalahy/ Antsahanoro RN5 (Nosiarina) AnamalaholMarogaomalAmboangibel 81 61101 Bevonotra SAMBAVA Marogaoma 8 6120 Ambalamanasy IIl Doany NDAPA Doany RN3 (Andrakata) I Anoviara towards 83 6120 Antoambolahy ANDAPA Anoviara 84 6150 Sadjoavato / Ankarongana/lrodo ANTSIRANANA II Ankarongana 8' 61601 Vohemar / Milanoal Amboriala IHARANA (VOHIMARINA) Milanoal Andrafaikona

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 35

86| 61701|RN6 (Antanambao) / Antsavirbe AMBILOBE bntsaviribe 871 61705Ambilobe / Ambatoben'Anjavy |MBILOBE Ambatoben'Anjavy

17-01-02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 36

Annexe 3 Model of Environmental Management Plan (example of Road 41201: Befandrino - Ambararata)

TABLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS Dirt track linking: Ambato Boeni/Madirovalo PREPARATORY PHASE

10 Direct puiewofproject

Designation PK Impacts Intervention i Quanti- cost Party Party Source Recipient Nature Type Prevention responsible Abatement responsible Restoration Responsible Compensation Responsible ficabon Definition of road site coverage and of affected areas -Entrepreneur

Beginnings -Contact property -Limit areas to -Compensate 2+450 Implantation -Soil of -Negative owneT -Entrepreneur be stripped -Administration property owner -Central

egetatio charged with f project rosion -Direct oversight Administration m2 30 180,000 Dirt road -Minor

-Immediate _

20 Areas associated with works .

Modificatio -Demarcate -Site restoration Borrow pits 4+200 Demarcation People, n of -Negative -Contact property -Project only -Enterprise after Compensate -Central work site nf borrow pits soils, lopes -irreversible owner -Enterprise those lands closure: -Project roperty owner administration vegetatio -Loss of nd I land -Major that are -Enterprise m2 50 300,000 ndispensable quarries value -reversible -Avoid sensitive for the project

Destruction of areas (lavaka, Rectification of plant slopes) slopes, cover restoration ofvegetation

Destruction -Avoid Installation of +000 Demarcation People, lf implantation -Enterprise -Demarcate -Enterprise -Restoration -Enterprise

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 37

work site o f installations Village plant n inhabited only those of plant cover nd access 4+800 oints cover areas Lands that are indispensable for the project

Wood-cutting Vegetatio Destruction Define wood- -Reforestation in 13+000 -Demarcation n Df -Negative cutting other -Enterprise area o f areas for forest areas clearly Enterprise locations U 150 300,000 in order to 13+500 wood use prevent deforestation

Storage +000 -Demarcation Sol Soil -Negative -Establishment of Enterprise Removal of Enterprise contaminati - areas o f waste on Irreversible mechanisms for waste Waste dumps 4+800 isposal areas torage of chemical after -Circulation wastes closure lof trucks rafc Transport of +000 Circulation of Road cidents -Negative Installation of Enterprise heavy materials o quipment safety Irreversible oad Arrival of heavy achinery 4+800 igns and equipment _ Soil , -Unsafe Base de vie +000 Manpower water, conditions -Negative -Educate staff -Install -Enterprise o people, in villages -Direct in environmental sanitary 4+800 village -Noise -Major matters facilities -Spread of -Immediatc -Establish in villages disease an infirmary -Register employces with local authorities Populatio Diversificat Base de vie Recruitment of n -nPositive f activity manpower and

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 38

ncreased I I I I InI I _ I I |income I I_ I_ I_ I I 30 Areas related to activities brought about by road works

Populatio Resulting Restoratioon n -Risk of -Direct -Build -Affected -Insta]l -Ministry communica conomic +000 -Soil bce -Deferred ublic village sanitary of Health activity disease atrines facilities in (e.g., cholera, +200 etc.) -Installation of villages -Air pollution kanitation barriers Providing Populafio -Other 5+200 supplied n source of -Positive

to income +200 staff of -Sale of local the enterprise products Populatio 3+000 Work within n Decline in -Negative -Adhere to Enterprise time he enterprise devoted ropping

gricultural, schedules

a_ctivities _ _ _ IMPLEMENTATION PHASE Desig- Quanti- Estimat Desig Impacts Intervention U Qu anti- ed nation Party arty ,tcation arty arty n______atio____nSource Recipient Nature Type Prevention responsible Abatement _esponsible Reparation responsible Compensation responsible cost

Destruction +000 Brush clearing Soils. f -Negative -Clear brush -Enterprise -Respecter -Entcrprise -Reforestation -Entcrprise o Stripping fauna, plant -Reversible and strip only slope of -Project in other -Project +800 Digging people, over, affected hillsides to locations flora Dust areas ensure their -Restoration

Beginnings - of Irreversible by works stability f vegetation C rosion -Use -Limit utside paved -Instability f Just areas to be rea

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 39

hillsides masks stripped of road

2+000 Embankment Compaction -Negative -Protect slopes -Enterprise -Respect angle of embankments to Soils, of soils -Direct with -Land and stability Enterprise

fauna and Modificatio 2+200 flora of -Positive plant owner of oil composition profile cover slopes -Reduction in -Respect cultivable area width of embankment

Soil, air, Destruction 7+000 Deviation fauna of -Direct -Limited as much -Enterprise -Wet down -Enterprise -Eliminate -Enterprise -Compensate to f a dirt road and flora plant -Immediate as possible along -Land frequently deviation and the land -Project 1,500,00 +4000 cover the length of owner -Restore -and du terrain -Enterprise m2 250 0 10+590 Dust the deviation original wners -Reforestation

-Dust______vegetation in other locations _ ~~~~~~~~~-Dust _. 2+200 Reprofiling -Soil clobuds -Positive -Wear dust -Enterpnse -Wet down -Enterprise

to 3+000 Unpacking -Air -Change in Irreversible masks frequently soil 3+100 structure to 5+580 -Surface -Change in -Negative -Avoid -Enterprise availability 5+610 water of -Reversible waste surface to 6+200 water

±20 Vegetatio Destruction = 6+240 n of -Negative 9 to 13+000 -Soil plant -Reversible 13+950 to 23+800 use cover -Reduction in cultivable lands -Dust Paving -Soil louds -Negative -Wear dust -Enterprise -Water -Enterprise

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 40

0+140 to vegetatio Destruction 0+150 n of -Reversible masks frequently plant cover 2+200 to 2+260 -Avoid -Enterprise waste 3±00 to 3+080 5+470 to 5+490 6+090 to6+120 13+420 to 13+460 0+200 to -Deployment Soil, +400 of fauna, -Exodus of -Direct -Control the -Enterprise -Utilize -Enterprise 2+000 to 2+200 selected people, nimals Irreversible severity of materials in 2+240 to -Noise, good condition 3+000 materials habitat vibration -Deferred ompaction nd 3±050 to 5+480 in houses -Positive -Minimize of correct type

5+610 to Exhaustion (not 6+090 f usceptible Compaction in the -Usc 6+240 water tol3+000 -Compaction resources to erosion) vicinity of hard hats

13+840 to Modificatio 14+600 n of dwellings -Respect soil -Perform structure compaction width of during the day road bed -Masonry- -Soil ined -Soil rosion -Indirect -Provide -Project -Protection -Enterprise -Protect -Project -Sand -flora, encroachme ditches river, nt into -Major mechanisms to anti- -Enterprise of life forms lavaka areas 10+490 to prevent 10+610 -crops, rice paddies -Negative undermining lownstream of through

gricultur Contaminati E a] land n -Reversible -Prevent works ppropriate c: 13+450 to f surface quipment & w 13+480 -Animal ter direct spillage -Adhere to installations with habitat pediments of water into dimensions of

17.01 .02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 41

Beginnings of ice paddies openings in erosion -Respect earthworks

Exacerbatio alowing n of lope of canals animals phenomeno n of -Construction of to continue lavaka idge-line trenches to mingle freely -Sand encroachme and additional ntinto trenches agricultural ands

Soil, Destruction -Install brush Access fauna, of -Indirect -Clear brush -Enterprise piles -Enterprise -Establishment -Ministry of water, populatio n plant -Major nd strip surfaces to prevent f a santc Fauna cover, -Negative only in erosion CSB at community 4+200 and flora -Dust -Reversible reas involved level -Soil air rosion -Occasional *nworks for monitoring -Lung ailments -Frequent wetting of population's caused by dust of materials health

estruction -Give nearby Mining People, of -Direct esidents -Enterprise -Plan a -Enterprise andscape operations , air, landscapes, -Immediate dvance waming tree screen fauna and of explosive flora -Noise harges -Airbome -Wet down material resulting from stone- ______d______ust crushing _

Hydrolog Underminin Avoid Extraction Y g, -Negative oncentrating -Enterprise -Perform Enterprise -reconstitute -Enterprise regressive superficial of sand erosion -Reversible extraction extraction stream)banks

Destruction anals in one A +200 of ocation

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 42

banks -Water -Provide turbidity mechanisms to -Soil -Sand etain sand accumulatio

downstream downstream of

______. _ _orrew b__ pit_

Deforestatio Jtilization of -Plant - -Direct -Wear -Enterprise -Replant trees -Enterprise -Risk of 13+000 onstruction cover accident -Reversible hard hats -Nearby umber -Exodus of -Deferred resident wild animals -Risk of Transport People accident -Immediate -Install -Enterprise 4+200 Other -Noise -Direct traffic infrastruc tures -Airborne -Major signage Just -Limit peed of heavy equipment -Wet down access areas -Forbid transport during the ______night _

Modificatio Restoration I of -Direct -Involve -State -Integrate -Enterprise -Fill in Soil, water, soil of sites fauna, structure -Immediate beneficiaries in -Nearby xploited areas excavated

4+200 people, and plant Irreversible protection of the residents nto their areas with . viillage, cover, environment and -Enterprise mmediate dirt left -Alteration economic f n maintenance of urroundings over from activity landscape, infrastructure excavations -Risk of pccident -Protect

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 43

-Pollution and during -Reduce slope of -Erosion, plant regeneration illsides

Disturbance of period -Replace water runoft -Install opsoil -Enterprise -Reforest -Enterprise traffic -Land other -Local ignage ownecr lands structure -State -Replant trees on the site and plant

_etiver Soil, -Pollution Clean-up water, air from -Direct -Remove -Enterprise .@23+800 f work site work site -Reversible waste and waste o ~~~~~~~~cement sacks, -Immediate unused wood, rebar, materials :L rocks, etc.) -Deposit non-recyclable waste

__ in a dump . OPERATIONAL PHASE

Im______acts______Intervention tJ Quanti- Estim. Designation PK P Party Party Party Party fstimo Source Recipient Nature Type Prevention responsible Abatement responsible Restoration responsible Compensation esponsible rication cost Soil, water, Dirt road Traffic fauna, -Noise and -Direct -Speed and -State flra, 0+000 eople, ir pollution -Deferred weight limits -Beneficiary to economic -Increased -Extensive -Traffic -Driver activity 3+800 and raffifl ignage -Risk of village accident l`

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 44

People, -Risk of Routine oil, ccident -Direct -Signage indicating -Enterprise -Re-establish -Enterprise -Reopening 0+000 maintenance water of -Deferred work in plant -Nearby to orrow pits progress cover residents 23+800 -Deposit material resulting from scraping and brush clearing in roper disposal sites -Utilize existing

Borrow pits _ eople, Risk of Capital work Maintenance oil, acident -Direct -Signage indicaing -Enterprise -Re-establish -Enterprise -Re- 12+800 of access water opening of -Deferred work in plant -Nearby to embankments borrow pits progress cover residents -Deposit material 13+000 resulting from scraping and 13+420 brush clearing in proper disposal to sites 13+480 -Utilize existing borrow pits Soil, water, Routiiie cultivated -Traffic -Direct -Traffic -Enterprise D+000 maintenance ields, nterruption -Occasional signage -Drivers -Risk of to eople ccident -Immediate -Speed 23+800 imits -Publicize maintenance schedule

MAINTENANCE PHASE

17.01.02 Projet de Transport Rural, Madagascar - Evaluation des impacts environnementaux et sociaux 45

Im acts Intervention Ujt Quanti- Estim. Designationi PK Ppcsarty Party Party Party Designation______Source Recipient Nature Type Prevention responsible Abatement responsible Restoration responsible Compensation esponsible fcatio cost

Soil, air, Destruction -Avoid Sand water of -Direct concentrating -Enterprise -Re-establish -Enterprise eople, extraction canals in Borrow pit 0+000 extraction flora landscapes -Immediate one place lant -Nearby

Destruction - to Mining nd fauna of Irreversible -Wet down cover residents [stream] 23+800 operations banks material resulting -Noise from rock crushing -Airbome -Utilize existing dust borrow pits

17.01.02