The Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society in St. Petersburg, 1902-1917

CEU eTD Collection LITERARY SOCIETY IN ST. PETERSBURG, THE MACEDONIAN SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC AND MACEDONIAN THE In partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Second Reader: Professor Roumen Reader:Professor Second Daskalov Supervisor: Professor TolgaEsmer Professor U. Supervisor: Central European University Central European Aleksandar Zdravkovski Aleksandar Department of History 1902-1917 Budapest, Hungary Submitted to Submitted 2011 By CEU eTD Collection be made without the written permission of of the permission Author.” written the made without be part of any in made.Furthercopies made maynot copies such instructions with accordance Central the Library.European may Details be obtainedfrom librarian. Thisthe pagemust forma mayin be part, made only in with accordance instructionsthe givenby the Author andlodged in “Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or i CEU eTD Collection Macedonia was by challenged social and political circumstances. in implementation whose platform national intricate an developed organization student Idemonstrate this letters, that bytheMSLS asmemoirs and aswell publications produced Bulgaria or Russia to further their own agendas. Through an examination of documents and in St. Petersburg led by Dimitrija this idea to accommodate local realities such as the Balkan Wars. of modification and development the trace I Church. Orthodox autocephalous an and nationality autonomous Ottoman with protectorate for an provisions officially recognized language, wasinitiallyMacedonian state.Thisindependentfor imagined asan aprospective state a platform into translate to sought students the identity that Slav Macedonian a separate of ideas resolution of MacedonianQuestion.the Iarguethattheemergence of MSLSthe by wasinspired at(MSLS) by of theUniversity a group students of PetersburgSt. in itsand involvement the ABSTRACT Contrary to what was believed at the time, I show that the movement of Macedonian students Society Literary and Scientific Macedonian the of formation the concerns thesis This ý upovski was not an implementnot upovski was of governments the of Serbia, ii CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 52 CONCLUSION...... 48 CHAPTER THREE: BARRIERS ...... 37 TO ENTRY CHAPTER TWO: DEVELOPING A PLATFORM...... 26 CHAPTER ONE: FORMATIVE INFLUENCES...... 16 THEORETICAL APPROACH...... 9 ...... 1 INTRODUCTION Contents SECONDARY ...... 52 SOURCES PRIMARY ...... 52 SOURCES 3.3 FEATURES OF THE POPULATION ...... 45 IN MACEDONIA 3.2 COMPETING NATIONAL PROJECTS...... 41 3.1 THE RIFT BETWEEN THE MSLS AND IMARO...... 37 A BALKAN FEDERATION ...... 35 (1917) MACEDONIAN2.3 THE REVOLUTIONARY ANDCOMMITTEE THEPROGRAMFOR 2.2 MAKEDONSKIY ...... 28 GOLOS (1913) ...... 26 SOCIETY (1903) OF SCIENTIFIC “CONSTITUTION” THE MACEDONIAN AND2.1 THE LITERARY 1.3 THE ST. PETERSBURG SLAVIC BENEVOLENT SOCIETY...... 23 ST.IN THESECRETMACEDONIAN-ADRIANOPOLITAN 1.2 CIRCLE PETERSBURG20 1.1 THE MACEDONIAN ...... 16 CLUB IN BELGRADE iii CEU eTD Collection 2 1 Empire. Ottoman of the a largepart anintegral still was,to extent, Macedonia INTRODUCTION early as the turn of 18 of the turn the early as featuresof demographic region the itwhereoriginated. distinguishable national peculiarity, hashad ahistory is that as andconflicted divergentas the aspecific and with people matter ofaMacedonian orthe Question of a Macedonian therefore, processthe offormingnew identities and newself-understandings. The eventual prominence, ethnic the in development ideologies, religiousheterogeneity of and impetusto give often rival saw which society, communities Ottoman bydiverse wascharacterized time atthis Macedonia the vilayets of Kosovo, Bitola 20 beginningthe of (Monastir) and Salonica atthe understood itself, itwas as Macedonia in north. the Montenegro and eastSerbia and the (Selanik). As a veritable in Principality Bulgarian the in south, andthe the Sea Greece Aegean in the west, Sea Ionian the microcosm of between a stretch landclenched to of eroded inEurope Ottoman presence the enfeebling treaties, number of territorial concessions to the emerging Balkan states, effectuated by a string of terms of period. post-1850 the in realistically nationalism of Macedonian can speak one of region, the dialects Slavic vernacular The appearance of a literary language based on the vernacular may be framed largely in the struggle to supplant to struggle the in largely framed be may vernacular on the based language literary ofa appearance The On the shifting historical context of Macedonia's general locationsee H.R. Wilkinson, Macedonian Literature” in Literature” Macedonian Old Church Slavonic as the language of liturgy and the high style of writing. Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia In the early 1900s, the territory associated with the geographic and ethnic notion geographic the with andethnic associated of In the territory 1900s, the early While attempts at identifying and validating a Macedonian identity While at identifyingmayattempts aMacedonianidentity andvalidating be as traced th century,fragment perimeter, sprawled within across asanindistinctlay this Harvard Slavic Studies th century, with ecclesiastic efforts towards a codification of the 2 This was a period of significant ferment in the direction of a 1 (1953): 363-369. 1 , (Liverpool:University Press, 1951). See Horace Lunt, “Survey of “Survey Lunt, Horace Maps and Politics: A 1 Following a CEU eTD Collection 4 3 societies. by Expatriated economicdifficult due living conditions to hardship and political andliterary organized lands from associations, instudentscholarly circles Macedonian the of émigrés networks of consisted that one landscape, ofagreater a part wasjust organization be however,upon national neglected; upheaval cannot for its all complexity this and attraction, struggle as a means of “liberation.” securing armed of campaign its on focus a by overshadowed been have Macedonia for program national Bulgaria. modern both the of Macedoniaand scholarship Republic of inthehistorical controversial debate Uprising of failure, hasbeen muchof August 1903andits subject the subsequent analysis and andlanguage ina post-Ottoman Macedonia. The Ilinden culmination the of endeavors, IMARO's nationalism on policy cultural clear a deliver and formulate to inability an from suffered IMARO Empire, Ottoman the from autonomy political Macedonian of ideology the of manifestation Macedonia. across of network militantcommittees mostandArguably enduring the in resulted extensiveorganizational intricate activities revolutionary a wideand society whose asasecret operated Organization Revolutionary (IMARO) Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Internal whose groups aims andmotivations differed frequently notably, they as as Most overlapped. the several of activism the in predominately expression found that movement political and national For anobjective narrative of the decade spanning establishmentthe of IMARO and Ilindenthe Uprising see The closest to an official history of IMARO inBulgaria is the four-volume University Press, 1988). Duncan Perry, – One Hundred– Years of Revolutionary Tradition], formiranjeto na VMRO – stogodini revolucionerna tradicija [One Hundred Years from theFormation of IMRO Sciences, 1994-2000). InMacedonia, definitivethe history of IMARO isIvan Katardzhiev, Four Volumes, (Sofia: Macedonian Scientific Institute, Institute of History at the Bulgarianna makedonskite i trakiyskiteAcademy balgari of The significance of studying IMARO asamovement both caused that anddeveloped 3 organization'sAs the construction the aresult, intellectual of towards contributions a The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1903 [National Liberation Movement ofMacedonian and Thracian Bulgarians] 4 (Skopje: Kultura,1993). 2 Natzionalno-osvoboditelnoto dvizhenie , (Durham: Duke Sto godini od CEU eTD Collection 6 culmination of the development of nineteenth-century Macedonian nationalism, particularly from particularly nationalism, Macedonian culmination of of development the nineteenth-century arguingseminal book aMacedonian for language, literary and hasbeen asa described factor to the publication of “Za makedonckite raboti” (On Macedonian Matters) Macedonian (On raboti” “Za makedonckite of publication to the factor Thiswasacontributing concretization. for national as aninstrument standardization and reform many members itsMacedonian nationalism.of language Inaddition, of supporters wereardent 5 for in provides reevaluating of an abundance avenues shaping20 factors early national program a preparation of the upon acting of concepts aconfluence Macedonia). Such of population the than rather Slavs Macedonian of interests the representing (i.e. nationalism Macedonian exclusive and self-determination federalism, Balkan solidarity, Slavic and Slavism aspan- by ideas such influenced were of MSLS the output intellectual and lifespan, politics the in its points various at instance, For principles. and communities expatriate of tradition fertile diplomacy in a way pertinent to the resolution of the Macedonian question, the MSLS drew on applied study themselves tothe linguistics, philology,a of history, ethnography and international abroad. 1917,from would1902 to become thepreeminent society representing the Macedoniancause andLiterarySociety(MSLS), Macedonian Scientific inof St. Russia thatagroup Romanov twenty students atPetersburg University formed the tribulations, intellectual activity arose in regional centers such as Belgrade and Sofia. Yet, it was Authorof “Za makedonckite raboti” is Krste P. Misirkov, afounding memberof the MSLS and one of its chief The Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society has been called the called been has Society Literary and Scientific Macedonian The 1874-1926 activists. A comprehensive study onMisirkov’s life and times canbe found in Blaže Ristovski, historiography. the acronym MSLS, the full title or simply the Macedonian Colony. This is also most widelyMethodius” used inMacedonian Slav-Macedonian Student Society Initially founded from bystudents Macedonia atthe University Petersburgof St. who , (Skopje: Misirkov, 1986). and variants thereof. For the sake of simplicity and the purposes of this thesis, I will be using either , the Slav-Macedonian National Educational Society “Ss.Cyril and 3 5 a scholarly itsa scholarly during existenceclique that, Macedonian Colony in St. Petersburg Krste Misirkov,Krste 6 in 1903, a th century , the CEU eTD Collection 7 view. of point linguistic the for acommon purpose in the Russian capital, came from disparate backgrounds and occasionally inMacedonian state one form another.or Moreover, foundingthe members,although assembling outset of the 20 in Colony Macedonian St. Petersburg understandingideological emergencebackgrounda bridgeto the to the of organization.this The Society Literary and Scientific Macedonian of the institutional predecessors Macedonian movement. diplomats with the correspondence foreign its and publications MSLS,the borders, with newacross of the Great intelligentsia much cast domestic of the that Treaty of Bucharest Powers assumed 1913 the inof aftermath confused Indeed, the its course. shaped that political circumstances the and functioned MSLS the in which environment the the about also but members, the by espoused unwittingeighteen months, the roleperiodical is a crucial source of information not only concerningof the notions a consulatemedium for supportive affiliates could be provided. While it was in circulation for little over implement by alobby forwhich for Macedonian integrity territorial could be andarticulated a the nascentPrompted by the members with byboth and contributions statehood. causeofMacedonian sympathizers the conclusion of (Macedonian of “Makedonskiy Voice),Golos” an in featuring periodical theeleven-issue Russian Second Balkan War, the periodical was conceived as an Victor A. Friedman, “Macedonian Language and Nationalism During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Early and Nineteenth the During Nationalism and Language “Macedonian VictorFriedman, A. Centuries” in Centuries” With this in mind, the aim of this paper has several aspects. First, the intellectual and intellectual the First, aspects. several has paper this of aim the mind, in this With with publication Undoubtedly,the was substantiated activity of scholarly the apogee the Macedonian Review th century century and had in its roots various clubs across Balkansthe a which supported 7 XVI (1986): 287. was a salientfeature of the expatriate topography at the 4 in disarray and, in many cases, in many and, in disarray will be discussed as CEU eTD Collection Slavic population in Macedonia, aided the conceptualization of a policy of cultural autonomy as idiosyncrasies of and systematizingthe the collecting, disseminating on centered preserving, intelligentsia of Macedonian work sense, the the intellectualattributes of a culture as a Macedonian developingelite inself-imposed exile. this In MSLS the institutions, academic national side. Fourth, other the MSLS on members of the of the project national the home side,and one on region the it will be shown calling this population time andthe Macedonia at governing between existed gulf authorities the that, in circumstancesdistributeMacedoniaideological propaganda material, inorderto andeducational considerable a penetrate despite1917-18). ItwillbeMacedoniathat, several to illustrated (from 1913 to plans of statelessness1913) and in then uptopost-Bucharest in Macedonia1902 Ottoman (from first ground the on and circumstances real the and Petersburg St. in a decisions the between nonexistencemade be will connection ofScientific Literary and Society and their be relationship will scrutinized closely. Third, a Macedonian of the and endurance import tothe establishment society were of figures inRussian of operating out of Russianimperialthe duringcapital thisperiod. Namely, several notable in from determining their to1917and factors implications development sociopolitical 1902 the its “Makedonskiy localization periodical golos”, a beits in agenda will of conducted terms of by documents including concerning issues rhetoricthe of MSLS, the andproduced of eleven the investigation point apposite of interpretation an Second,through and analysis. relevant of special attention to the charisma of the president of the MSLS, Dimitrija Dimitrija MSLS, of the of president the charisma the to attention special with dynamic organizational internal the on reflection a Additionally, agenda. its in involvement external of measure the as well as taking was Society the direction the on views dissenting held was engagedprimarily in extracting structuring and the 5 in St. Petersburg, represented by the MSLS and ý upovski, will be an will upovski, CEU eTD Collection and, aside from organization’sthe using from and,main publication aside documents several pertinent befeature will II. ThisChapter will be of chapter subject the state members. Society's to their beview institutions with analyzed background academic totracing will of a the the involvement both of Great and Power Balkan in politics attracting the youngminds of region the the Moreover, project. top-down contrived, a as than rather ideas and people of confluence a of out emerged it that demonstrate to in order movement Petersburg St. the contextualize of MSLS the influenced thedevelopment and howeach discuss of groups Macedonia. Iwill the organizedthe assembly Universitystudents atthe of of PetersburgSt. originatingfrom “Macedonian”. provide to framework for meaningsof discussing epithet various ascholarly the the behindin identity emergence the the theories factors forward concerning order a Macedonian of nationalistproducing sentiment. Additionally,will whoseveral have put examineauthors I process for the reference identity of formation todiscussintellectual and the in agency of elites most theoretical in recent willdebate challengepurpose regard. this be The frames of to existing the on emphasis overt an with be addressed will topics these on discourses traditional The others. and identities, attendant and geographies imagined ethnicity, nation-state, the and nationalism as notions such key of underpinnings conceptual the chapters. be to paid will Attention for constitutinga prerequisite Macedonian aprospective state. The ideological platform MSLS the of platform The ideological inspiredinformed,mostwillgroups that andaided to the significant Chapter Ibedevoted core three and chapter theoretical one in expanded be will points aforementioned The 6 in Macedonian Petersburg St. for aprospective Makedonski Golos Makedonski , I will include an include will , I CEU eTD Collection the SecondWorldthe War. Certainly, would haveinvaluabledocuments these proved anresource day affairs of organizationthe lost followingwere tohistory thedevastation of Leningrad during Macedonian language and a Russian-Macedonian dictionary, as well as documents on the day-to- in a standardized astextbooks such schools, Macedonian disseminate across to was preparing correspondence and memoirs.used in may be personal this paper categories: to three publishedperiodicals, assigned Unfortunately, sources primary the of Most disposal. their at facilities and resources the despite considerable much of the educational material that measurable in force region the during 1902-1917. the MSLS the territory for envisioned andpolicies on ground thecultural the sentiments disconnectbetween popular the of Macedonia of analysis an Furthermore, states. neighboring by region the on designs willcompeting on emphasis serve to challengesociopolitical realities in Ottoman and, subsequently, Macedonia post-Bucharest with an the historicaland it the as MSLSperceived the state Macedonian of the political program the between narrative In addition, accomplishing statehood. bewill towards Macedonian acomparison made methods of the MSLSPetersburg diaspora with IMARO willbein examined of terms their respectivevisions and as a practical “on inMacedonia.In particular,to ground” the work relationship of the St.the concerningdevelopments regional anditsreaction Macedonia to from turmoil 1902 to1917. group’s principles and goals, the modification of its platform in response to political affiliated By authors. reviewing theIwill availabledocuments, evolutionthe demonstrate of the MSLS- from saw contributions that and pamphlets periodicals later and earlier of analysis The written material created by the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society was Society Literary and Scientific by material Macedonian created the The written platform their in translating MSLS the facing obstacles the examine will I III, Chapter In 7 CEU eTD Collection 8 and have would been much subjectof informativethe scholarship. The archive of the MSLS in St. Petersburg has not been preserved. The archival material was destroyed in 1942 in destroyed was material archival The preserved. been not has Petersburg St. in MSLS the of archive The (Skopje: Kultura, 1978), 245. drugarstvo vo Petrograd [Dimitrija save his home and family. Blaže Ristovski, sonRostislav pushed thebomb out of windowthe withalong the rubble thatcontained documentsthe in order to whenGerman a incendiary bomb fellthrough the roof of ý upovski and the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society in Petrograd], Dimitrija ý 8 upovski (1878-1940) i Makedonskoto nau ý upovski’s house.Since it failed to ignite, 8 þ no-literaturno ý upovski’s CEU eTD Collection 11 ostensibly modern developments. modern ostensibly which of all schooling,” mass hence, and literacy, mass “printing, on contingent as and nation of a trait asaconstitutive language aboutan standardized emergence a of wrote Hobsbawm industrialbut and industrial societies do.” nationalism, engender not do civilisations “agrarian that declaring by nation-building successful to asa prerequisite industrialization of matter upthe Gellner took nations. Ernest of character modern the concerning debate atheoretical of initiation the to contributed book the publication, schools andconscription. infrastructure, form of postulated that putative the was bond nationhood forgedof by industrializationsweeping in the 10 9 naturemodern of phenomenon.the Inhis 1976 the on insist nationalism of theories Classical aspects. various from scientists social of plethora andgroup aninstitution features. peculiarwith addition, I will look will the house cultural MSLS.In framework that political the program of and conceptual at some notions that willwill delve reinforce into an analysis of anthe aptobjectfields. Specifically,in relevant debates the I current encapsulate Society, to attempt andIwill presentation of national ideology – theof nation the Literary and Scientific Macedonian my the research, – of subject with are associated the andthat MSLS I will asidentify a a APPROACH THEORETICAL Eugene Weber, Eugene Eric Hobsbawm, Ernest Gellner, Ernest University Press, 1976). The genesis and nature of the nation and nationalism have been critically examined by a by examined critically been have nationalism and nation the of nature and genesis The In thefollowing chapter, Iwill thetheoretical discuss underpinnings of several concepts Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization ofRural France, 1870-1914 Culture, Identity, andPolitics Nations and Nationalism since1780: Programme, Myth, Reality 11 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 18. 10 Continuinghistorian the trend, MarxistEric 9 9 muchAlthough criticismsubject to its since Peasants intoFrenchmen (Cambridge: Cambridge (Stanford: Stanford (Stanford: , Eugene Weber, Eugene CEU eTD Collection 13 14 12 traditions and heritages whichhaveoverthe generations.” andheritages traditions coalesced ethno-symbolism“nations andsaying that theproducts andnationalisms of are... preexisting paradigm. instance,For Anthony student,has his Gellner's Smith, by opposed mentor referring to has on nationalism largelythat been tooessentialistmodernity andon the as surpassed dependent competition between states), “revolution from competition by between states), (spurred above” of ideals mobility),social classification into five types: “the logic of the asocial society”incisive Hall's (whichJohn is callsexample forOne continual nationalisms. multiple into concept monolithic the an effluence of typologies. This is why, start the at of 1990s,scholarsthe break werelikely up to to led have model operational and flexible sufficiently a constructing in difficulties nationalism, capture and itsmaneuvering symbol's effects.” to the legitimizing definition multiplehaving offered meanings, and over by asalternatives competed different groups as nationalism given any and symbol a as nation treat “should one that writes Verdery scrutiny, nationthe as isa phenomenon, something that perceived rather fixed. than Inviting closer strangers. of acommunity essentially sharing, “imagining”, runsthat is a asensefiber or belonging of connectivewhat across Anderson's understanding of nationthe havingas symbolic valueforits members who are such as inrecast culture, Benedict terms of discussion the have emergedseekingto since Benedict Anderson, Katherine Verdery,“Whither 'Nation' and 'Nationalism'” in Ernest Gellner and Anthony D. Smith. "The nation: real or imagined? The Warwick Debates on Nationalism.” on WarwickDebates The orimagined? real nation: "The Smith. D. and Anthony Gellner Ernest 1983). Nations and Nationalism University Press, 1991), Yet, for all their scholarly merit, these authors represent a tradition in theoretical debates intheoretical atradition represent Yet, theseauthors merit, all scholarly for their Despite the value of scholarshipprevious inarriving atauniversal hypothesis of Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism 10. 2, no. 3, 1996. 357. 1996. 3, no. 2, 13 Katherine Verdery echoed Anderson when she described she when Anderson echoed Verdery Katherine 10 Daedalus , Summer, 1993. 37. 12 viewpoints Alternative 14 (London: Verso, (London: CEU eTD Collection 18 17 16 exclusively to the national ideologies of Peninsula. the of ideologies national to the exclusively unfortunate dichotomy of civic and ethnic nationalisms, the latter being ascribed almost support for the continuation of the typological practice albeit with reserve. expressed have Some fragmentation. considerable for makes that a tendency themselves, unto areclasses categories andsome across cover. blendfeatures not often nationalisms does Indeed, typology the area that gray lie intheenormous nation, asthe comprehended notion as disparately inconstitutionalism setting. a developed capitalist the old regime before a civil society or a constitutional order, and d) national ferment under under already mass character c) reform, constitutional after delayed masscharacter with regime old the under ferment national b) movement, labor nascent a on contingent character mass distinguished four movements: types a)national national ferment oldof under the regime with that “[n]ation-building was never a mere project of ambitious or narcissistic intellectuals” and 15 ambiguitiesmodel by of this decrying the“normatively loaded, one-sided” labeling of civic nationalism” from (ethnicity taking over civic obligation). “ of Latin andfear“desire blessed by (characteristic opportunity” nationalism),American risorgimento John Plamenatz, “Two Types of Nationalism,” in “[U]nified periodisations of nationalism have their Miroslav Hroch, “From National Movementto the Fully-Formed Nation: The Nation-Building Process in John A. Hall, “Nationalisms: Classified and Explained,” Eugene Kamenka (Canberra: AustralianNational University Press,1973). 214. superdiscourse.” AlexeiMiller, “Nationalism and Theorists,” particular nationalisms and of the process of establishing and reproducing a world-wide nationalist Europe,” In the context of Balkan nationalisms, the region has been frequently subject to the to subject frequently been has region the nationalisms, Balkan of context the In The intrinsic flaws of such systems, or any categorization that purports to structure a New Left Review nationalism” (stressing civic loyalty within a democratic regime), and “integral and regime), a democratic loyalty within civic nationalism” (stressing 1 (98),1 1993, 8. Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea raison d'etre 11 Daedalus 16 CEU HistoryDepartment Yearbook , but only as periodisations of the interaction of , Summer 1993. 18 Rogers Brubaker has indicated the indicated has Brubaker Rogers 15 Miroslav Hroch, in turn, asserted in turn, Hroch, Miroslav 17 , 1996. 207- , edited by CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 into meaning forconverted ushere.” are distance of reaches or anonymous vacant the whereby process, of poetic sense byakind rational even and emotional “space acquires that space. Hewrites objective of concretization the individuationthe Oneof space. InChapter his of Said book, uses evoke a metaphorof a houseto Orientalismthe of discourse conceptEdward Said, the adramatization to refers distance of and of an space isthat of such a perception of implications varyingmonopolies withideas grandthe power.groups of of A considerhelpful to concept the larger state.” a into incorporation to prior history political distinct a of possession the or privileges, provincial historic “territory, of idiom in the couched be may members Society's the of “nationalism” such by eitheras been not had recognized territory – that delimited ofacartographically Macedonian Slavs the Ottoman Scientific Literary and haddefinedanation inSociety cultural terms – and ethnic the state oranalysis arequite pertinentto nationalthe ideology of Petersburg St. the group. Namely, the any politicalopposed to the “territorial and institutional frame” of entitythe existent state. in ofthe meaningfulformer, the nation isclout. congruent Aswith such, the state, the in the latter, it is different and possibly 19 andexclusive.” particularist, “illiberal, ascriptive, as nationalism ethnic and inclusive” and universalist, voluntarist, “liberal, as nationalism distinction in what he calls what in distinction Edward Said. Ibid., 145 Ibid., 144. Rogers Brubaker, Rogers Macedonia's historically protean Macedonia's historicallyit hasperimeter protean left notional open to incorporation into 21 Orientalism Ethnicity without Groups, , (London: Vintage Books, 1978), 55. state-framed 22 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,2004), 140-41. While it is true that Said uses this term to develop ideasdevelop Said that to is usesthis term While it true and counter-state 12 19 His “modest alternative” drawsafiner Hisalternative” “modest imaginative geography understandings of nationhood. understandings ofnationhood. While 20 The implications of this of implications The . Coming out of Coming out . CEU eTD Collection 25 24 a siteidea land of the “anyaccounts, not itself of ethnicity.”frequentwas proper 23 self-identification. their for supported, they bandits armed the and established they schools the asbetween such Patriarchate, andGreek Exarchate identity,” relyinginstead on outcomethe ofvarious antagonismsBulgarian between the national of sense clearly “nodeveloped had Macedonia Slavs of the has that theorized Danforth Loring Macedonia. of Ottoman context in geotemporal the subjects are very problematic rhetoricfrequently conflated this simply “Macedonian.”designation with andidentity Ethnicity its inMacedonia, living towards Slavs Macedonian directed was agenda Society's While the entity. ethnic distinct a as people Macedonian a of notion the with had Society the relationship up the lives of the majority, and in some cases the totality, of the population.” on culture society, imposition a high of general [as] the low hadtaken cultures previously where his in to refers Gellner that by “self-deception” Hence,asnationalSociety's the markedenvironment. were members elites, cultural and agenda political informed by a territorially-removed perception of social the including leaders, the largest spent the part of livesformulatingtheir outside a of Macedonia, members Petersburg St. the of Society.since Indeed, members, thisisimportant most of the the among community and belonging national of sense intensified and constructed that practices Westernabout may the in useful be equally describing the concept of experience Orient, the Tchavdar Marinov,“'We, Macedonians':the PathsThe of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878-1912),” in Loring Danforth, Loring Ernest Gellner, Ernest Press, 2009). 108. the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe University Press, 1995), 59. The gulf between realities in Macedonia and in the Russian the capital characterized inMacedonia and The between realities gulf Nations and Nationalism, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism ina Transnational World, Nations and Nationalism Nations and (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), 57. 13 24 Tchavdar Marinov has maintained that, by that, maintained has Marinov Tchavdar , regarding the perception of “nationalism of perception the , regarding , edited by Diana Mishkova (Budapest: CEU 23 (Princeton: Princeton (Princeton: 25 Additionally, We, CEU eTD Collection 29 sense of past achievement, and to legitimize the present. the legitimize to and achievement, past of sense larger, linguistic nation, c)which a historyprogressive dissolution of religiousin identities among the and factors, of absorption Balkan interplay an of localof identities result the is and into a accounts states nationalist standard than hascomplex a tradition of being used to exportable identity states themselves andthe reliantupon patrons,b)group morefosterisexternal a non- cultures their renders that provincialism” “cultural from suffer states Balkan a) points: implicitin attempting totackleproblems national identity of in theBalkansby advancing three Feroze Balkan condition. Yasameebroader symptom the of ambiguities pitfalls the and captures a Macedoniancase into the as onnationalism andencountered scholarship ethnicity translate 27 26 19 late the Macedonia during to for Bulgarian claims acriterion have represented similarities linguistic that been recognized necessarily lend credibility identifying to leanings strong towardsneighboringidentities. has It terms ofvictimization myths of a beleagueredanddefenseless people. mass in of aninchoate people as portrayal Macedonians of this has characterized Brunnbauer Reflecting in toassertadistinctused byhistoriography 'ethnic national order Macedonian the character.'” on a is often Slavs common Macedonian of mass' 'floating the of thesis the that by chance is not “it that adding trope in heinterpreting potential for hasasserted “alackthe ofnational identity a kindofidentity,”as regional historiography that is yet to be overcome, Ulf 28 Feroze A. K. Yasamee, “Nationality in the Balkans: the Case of Macedonians,” in Ulf Brunnbauer, “Historiography, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Ibid., 109.Macedonia,” in Fikret Adanir, “The Macedonians in the Ottoman Empire, 1878-1912,” in 1878-1912,” Empire, Ottoman inthe Macedonians “The Adanir, Fikret 161-91. edited by Andreas Kappeler et (Aldershot,al. Hants: Dartmouth New / York:New York University 1992),Press, Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism, Nonetheless, the amorphous character of the Slav population of Macedonia does not th and early and early 20 th (Munster: Lit-Verlag, 2004), 186. 14 century. 28 In this sense, the general challenges general the sense, this In 29 it Thus,isconsidering worth how The Formation of National Elites 27 Balkans: A Mirror oftheNew (Re)Writing History. , 26 CEU eTD Collection categorization. conventional of treatment conceptual the eschew that idiosyncrasies of in view context, local this to be applied should nation-building and nationalism on theories general eagerly World Order , (Istanbul:, EREN, 1995), 121-133. 15 CEU eTD Collection 31 underpinnings. This largely studentorganizationbe calledcame to the empirical Petersburgin would receive St. Colony future Macedonian the that literature Belgrade School of Great until atthe it of was not students intellectual a group complex outpourings, of similar sequence BELGRADE IN CLUB MACEDONIAN 1.1 THE summary of the platform of the MSLS. Finally,will I use the discussion émigré the regarding arrive topography to atafunctional and MSLSdrewon experiences. the how these forpromote Macedonian statehood cause to the everything Bulgarian.” everything rather itthan being from aproduct “sonsof of by hatred forMacedonia …inspired Serbomans legacy organized the of informed activism of Macedonian the activity inColony Petersbubrg St. the establishment of the MSLS. By doing so, I will demonstrate that a substantial intellectual 32 30 19 late the during continent European the across as well as Serbia and Bulgaria in community émigré the among inMacedonia andand groups committees espoused byvarious associations, concepts INFLUENCES ONE:FORMATIVE CHAPTER Hristo Šaldev, Until 1905, the University of Belgrade was known as the Some of these are the http://promacedonia.org/en/gphillip/hs/index.html Osnovopoložnici namakedonskata literatura [Founders of Macedonian Literature], both based inSofia, as well as the law students. of Engineering, Faculty of Philosophy and Faculty of Law. Most of the members of the Macedonian Club were While the process leading up to the establishment of the MSLS in was Petersburg a of MSLS the St. establishment the upto leading While theprocess The Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society undoubtedly emerged on the basis of basis the on emerged undoubtedly Society Literary and Scientific Macedonian The th and early 20 Memoari [Memoirs], Slav-Macedonian Literary th century. 31 I will present a picture of the networked character of societies seeking ofsocieties character thenetworked of a picture Iwillpresent 32 assembled for the purpose of reading and circulating separatist of circulating and reading for purpose the assembled 30 Student Society “Vardar” (Adelaide: Macedonian Patriotic Organization “TA”, 1993), 15. Available at This chapter will discuss the organizations that were essential to Circle 16 (1888) and the Great School in Belgrade (1893). Young Macedonian Literary Circle (Velika škola) See Macedonian Club Aleksandar Aleksiev, Aleksandar and comprised the Faculty the comprised and (Skopje: Misla, 1972). andhad (1891), CEU eTD Collection 35 34 33 Dedov a dozenmembers at time the ofits founding in Itwas 1901. led bylaw students Stefan Jakimov securing “autonomy,securing local neutrality, aSlavic language-dialect, Turkish vassalage andfree trade dialect.” Macedonian providing towards everyone endeavor Macedonia its will with autonomy Slavic and recognizing in in interest of Slavdom Balkans is the “[i]tthe that hoped message that with the concludes linguistic making national element instance, appearance. afirst For issue an in article fourth the werepresentedin a and with state a discursive manner elaborated prospective Macedonian glasnik” was thefirst platform where the goalsof a rising intelligentsia national regarding a for promoting anew Macedonian movement for national individuation. Specifically,“Balkanski French andwas Serbian.a seminal It becausepublication itwas intended byits as editors a space glasnik” (Balkan apublication Gazette), ran that for 8issues duringthe summer in of 1902, on the constitutive document of the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society in St. Petersburg. names their sign later would them of Both Macedonia. in hometowns respective intheir groups In the aftermath of the Serbian government’s crackdown on nationalist institutions, Mišajkov left for St. for left Mišajkov institutions, on nationalist crackdown government’s Serbian of the aftermath the In Balkanski glasnik [Balkan Gazette] Dedov may be rightly considered one of the core members of MSLS as his publishing and organizational and publishing his as ofMSLS members core ofthe one considered be rightly may Dedov for openingfor Macedonian schools the in Bitola region aswell aswriting textbooks. Ibid.,157-163. prompted by a perceived necessity was 1903 in by the MSLS, Macedonia to specifically return His circles. the Slavophile capital’s Russian the publicizing for among Question program a Macedonian developing in active was he MSLS, of the president first and member founding a As Balkans. the from by experiences inspired ferment intellectual significant already was there where Petersburg allegedly because of his Serbiansympathizer, affiliations.Bulgarian by a of1914 Ristovski,September in Sofia in assassinated He was dialect. Macedonian ina articles published he where Makedonija” to“Avtonomna heavily contributed and issues, twelve to reach managed which “Balkan”, periodical, second a published He also MSLS. of the a branch establish and Matters” Macedonian St.the Petersburg Colony,Dedov moved toSofiawhere he helped Misirkov print and publish hisbook “On activities were particularly fruitful. He was successful at initiating many publishing activities. After coordinating The most significant accomplishment of the Macedonian Club was the periodical “Balkanski 33 and Dijamandija Trpkov Mišajkov Trpkov Dijamandija and 35 In another issue, the resolution to the Macedonian Question is seen in , I, 4,(Belgrade, 28.07.1902), 2. 34 who already whohad already experience in organizing similar 17 Dimitrija ý upovski and Misirkov, to investigate the potential ý upovski , 172-176. CEU eTD Collection 38 37 36 (probably in author issueof writes penultimate Dedov) the periodical:the for first the time thebenefits ofanintact Macedonia within aBalkan federation. An anonymous force, discussing needed regional stabilizing project topitch theirnational asagravely attempted in Belgrade Macedonians why reason the was this that likely is It region. in the climate political long alternativein torevolutionary seen asopportunistic due tothe better struggle run the a neighboring governments.Preserving Macedoniawithin borders the of Ottomanthe Empire was its primary by propaganda was perceivedasdeleterious that wascurbingwhat concern meansforming to anindependent Macedonian state, articlesthe in“Balkanski indicate glasnik” in Petersburg.St. MSLS of initial the the program into directly ideas tied such Russia. These Power as by a Great autonomous language,entity integrity whose territorial security andbrokered regional would be nominallyprospective state framework of Macedonian thewithin as an Ottoman Empirethe of inby future a Macedonianstate that: the declaring asBulgaria.” aswell with Serbia Ibid., 2. Balkanski glasnik [Balkan Gazette] Balkanski glasnik [Balkan Gazette] While inarmednot rule didWhile Club principle struggle theMacedonian inBelgrade out asa From this,it may be gathered that the national ideology of the Macedonian Club envisioned a cultural, economic and financial interests.” financial and economic cultural, peaceful their to themselves commit would units] [federal provinces all rather, aggrandizement; fraternal states inciting revolutions, and orthatfree Serbia, Bulgaria other across and Montenegro wandering wouldMacedonians seek fear to territorial reason be no would there federation, and its politicians?” Questionand other issues that are contentious among Balkan nations to the Russiangovernment would not exist or progress. If this is so, why not . . . entrust the resolutionof both the Macedonian“…the hopes of [every country] in the Balkans are directed towards . . Russia without which they “…if an autonomous Macedonia were to be formed and incorporated in a neutral Balkan a neutral in incorporated and formed be to were Macedonia autonomous an “…if 37 , I, 7,(Belgrade, 18.08.1902), 1. , I, 5,(Belgrade, 05.08.1902), 3. 36 Furthermore, the Club identified Russia as a deciding factor as Clubidentified Russia adeciding the Furthermore, 38 18 CEU eTD Collection 40 northern Macedonia. northern and Metohija) OldSerbia(Kosovo and in Serbia assist obtaining would Austria-Hungary turn, In Empire. German the with had Saxony and Bavaria that kind the of monarchy Habsburg yield Serbian railroads, create a customs and military union and proposing a relationship with the Serbian society. Alexander,looked for analternative thus, allyin Austria-Hungary,offering to facet of from every increasing attack under time when wascoming of spouse choice Alexander’s particularly angered Tsarbe theprincipalwitness weddingina II,whoagreedto Nicholas at the dealt a severe blow afterconsulate in and Mitrovica a Russian-brokered assignment of a Serbian inbishop Skopje, were it was revealed thatby relations a new reinforced with Russia, good His and of coups arbitrary dismissals. sequence the Queen was lying his andaseemingly marriage with Draga Mašin for dueto time some had wavering been about her pregnancy. dissident on organizations tofurther thatsought theirNamely, projects. national King pressure Alexander’sThis popularity additional put relations foreign its as well as kingdom the in situation informed during his 1902 tour of that Austria-Hungary of itself region the his if Serbia informed 1902tour annex will during unsuccessful, Russia’s Foreign Minister Vladimir Nikolayevich Lamsdorf was nonetheless 39 hallmarks ofGarašanin’s the still carried Macedonia concerning Vladimir Vladimir The 9 Pan-Serbism: The 1844 Na of Modern Origins “The N.Hehn. seePaul document of the background historical and perspective a critical For ‘Na The integral text of the document was first featured in Dragoslav Stranjakovi Dragoslav in featured first was document of the text integral The Croats and Hungarians Bosnians, on the basis Montenegrins, of Albanians, the view Macedonians, that by Bulgarians, South Slavs inhabited were that were tolands claims Serbs whoSerbian spoke various Serbian dialects. influenced Serbian foreign policy withvarying intensity up to the start of the Second World War. It justified Such ideas did not sit well with the Serbian government considering that its official policy , no. 2 (1975). 153–71. Na þ ertanije’” [“How Was Garašanin’s ‘Na Was [“How Garašanin’s ertanije’” þ ertanije (Draft) û orovi ü , Istorijasrpskog naroda [History ofthe Serbian People], was asecret document drafted in 1844 by Serbia’s Minister of InteriorIlija Garašanin that 40 While Alexander’s diplomatic maneuverings were ultimately were maneuverings While diplomatic Alexander’s þ ertanije ofGarašanin: Ilija An Analysis and Translation.” þ ertanije’ Created”], ertanije’ 19 Spomenik SKA (Belgrade: Janus, 2001), 450. ü , “Kako je postalo Garašaninovo postalo je “Kako , , XCI (Belgrade,1939), 76-102. Na þ ertanije East European Quarterly . 39 The political The CEU eTD Collection 43 42 41 media. inthe Belgradeprinted increasingly demanded thethat termination of expulsion MacedonianClubandthe the itsof organizersbeing were was in figures andledby military of aftermath immediate It a general. the this coup November dissolved Parliamenta andnew,instituted conservativepopulated byhardline government becomeRussia in to ever decided involved Macedonian the turmoil. place inplace 1900.Towards year, the end of that Macedonian- formed Secret students adozen the 19 PETERSBURG ST.IN CIRCLE MACEDONIAN-ADRIANOPOLITAN SECRET 1.2 THE inPetersburg 1902. October St. for left both Serbia, from expulsion formal Anticipating administration. Law of Faculty unsustainable duetomounting pressurenotonlyfrom Serbianthe alsobut government from the power. Stefan Dedov and Dijamandija Mišajkov their found residency in Belgradeincreasingly substantial base in atreadership or least Serbian the amongfigurescapital received exposure in a reached may have it that issue) suggests first its after months (two extinguished was periodical the which with immediacy The disbanded. was Club Macedonian the and banned was glasnik” Writing about his supporter and close friend, Misirkov summarized the circumstances as follows: “The “Ma Ibid., 450. th Macedonian committees and expelling him from Serbia.” Misirkov, Serbia.” from him expelling and committees Macedonian created such acommotion against publishing ‘Balkanski glasnik’, accusing its editor of being a sympathizer of publicationof that newspaper could not have appealed to Serbian chauvinists which is why the Serbian press they are not – we will still not let them because we need them.” Ristovski, article that “Macedoniansa counter- in areasserting either vocal, most the was Serbs“Srbin” or Bulgarians. these, Of glasnik”. If “Balkanski they in are articles Serbs the to – weresponded will not let anyone have them. If After Nicholas II refused to receive the Serbian King and Queen at his court, at Alexanderand Queen King receive theSerbian to refused II After Nicholas century, Petersburg in organizedMacedoniancommunity St. the earliest activity took of the late the to traced be may Russia in nationalists Macedonian of stirrings initial the Although ü edonija”, “Srbin”, “Srbobran”, “Delo”, “Liberal” were some of the representative jingoist periodicals that periodicals jingoist representative the of some were “Liberal” “Delo”, “Srbobran”, “Srbin”, edonija”, 43 20 42 Following apublic outcry,“Balkanski Za makedonckite raboti Dimitrija 41 ý upovski, , 90-91. 123. CEU eTD Collection doubt about his knowledge of about Krste became Misirkov his by the doubt of SMAC as the knowledge of operation the 1902 be any ceasesto there Nonetheless, of them. all with ties hadhe personal that understanding the to certainly contributes factthat MSLS,a the for constituting sign to petition went on the later and hadbeen foreshadowing viewsinof those promoting Macedonia his MSLS. an neworganizationthe of awareness sincehehad been a memberof as IMARO as 1895 early organization in his autobiography.it However, may be maintained plausibly that hehadatleast members joined underpseudonyms. ismention there Furthermore, no of any with ties this 45 membersdozen of SMAC, some of at them studying samethe theological school as Macedonian for years two andwasacquaintedhavingmain Question. with inthe astake the actors resolving It theology of Petersburg atSt. studies MSLS,hadalready been pursuinginitiator the University is uncertain whether volunteers for the armed struggle in for thearmedvolunteers struggle Macedonia. Macedonian intoa network against enabling Ottoman uprising the Empire of the movement for apan- of preparations however,role,the intensification with Its wasaltered lotteries. Macedonia and drives, sending charity goal through clothes concerts donations, aidto of undergroundhadmembership toa theprimary organization25-30 activistsand grew baseof that 44 and.observe progress.” its provide cause Macedonian the material was “to to aid goal primary whose in Russia, IMARO of branch a effectively (SMAC), Circle Adrianopolitan An impassioned letter from a certain Trim acertain from letter impassioned An Document words.” from Macedonia] autonomous Bulgarophiles, an [of idea Serbophiles the and Grecophiles, defending the culprits fervently were of you 1901 our misfortune, in how while weI recalled eagerly listened Petersburg, to your ý History Institute of the Republic of Macedonia. At the time of the demise of the Macedonian Club in Belgrade, Dimitrija Dimitrija in Belgrade, Club Macedonian the of demise the of time the At upovski’s activities Macedonia:in “When Ifound out that youwere publishing a Macedonian periodicalSt. in Makedonskiy Golos ʋ 13, Protocol Book of the Archive of SMAC in St. Petersburg , II,, 9,no. (St. Petersburg, 1914), 16. þ evski from Kruševo, a reader of “Makedonski Glas”, reflected on reflected Glas”, of “Makedonski a reader Kruševo, from evski 21 ý upovski was a member of SMAC as many , Archival Section of Nationalthe 45 ý In addition, a upovski, the upovski, 44 ý It was an It upovski, CEU eTD Collection attract relevantitsinquiry into agenda, Russian scholarly image of figures MSLSandthe inserting elements of linguisticethnographic, and folkloric with ofan theinterest SMAC thatin among networks and Russian directiveshome from a dependenceon Slavophiles werefeatures the the region support establish MSLS to inability strife, internecine of in times IMARO with andcommunication consciously promote amongcertainly recognized by attempted them the to avoid. In societies. expatriate addition, By and,consequently, loseorganization community of its local in coherence its significance the advancing a difficulties and challenged allegiances within the ranks of SMAC, a problem that saw the 47 promotion. TheGorna aswell for society support student call as future could upon the itself that capital in Russian the of however,nature circle, clandestine the and of lackeda contacts SMAC network sympathizers andinformation channel among seekingwhile support the Russianintelligentsia. the Dueto SMAC’s intricate ties with revolutionary in actors Macedonia could be usedtopreserve asupply ofexperience. model asource organizational mainlyasan as structuringand of MSLS the role 46 organization’s president in the wake of the Gorna A sessionof SMAC chaired by Misirkov inOctober 1902 displayed the level of disarray within the group. After A failed armed uprising organized by the Supreme Macedonian Committee in eastern Macedonia, it was supported was it Macedonia, eastern in Committee Macedonian Supreme by the organized uprising A armed failed Committee in Salonica. Ristovski, coordination and response to theuprising, SMAC decided to directall messages and to aid Centralregarding the correspondence to Macedonia in representatives by IMARO replies official receive to failure 1903], vilaet 1893 –1903 [Freedom or Death: TheMacedonian National Movement in the Vilayet of Salonica1893 – by Ferdinand I of Bulgaria. Van A departure from an overtly political and secret form of assembly was necessary and this was The work of The work SMAC inSt. Petersburg gaveanimportant impetus totheestablishment and (Skopje: Tabernakul,2003), 256. 47 ý upovski sought todevelop acommunity intellectualsof thatwould umaja debacle and the failed Ilinden Uprising caused logistical Uprising caused Ilinden failed the debacleand umaja ý þ o Gjorgjiev, upovski and his associates. Failureupovski andhisassociates. maintain effective to KrsteP. Misirkov Sloboda ilismrt: Makedonskoto nacionalno dviženje vo Solunskiot , 170. 22 umaja crisis. 46 CEU eTD Collection representative cross-section of Russian society, from a couple of Grand Dukes at the top, several top, at the Dukes Grand society,from of a couple Russian of cross-section representative 48 decline. capital the in grew toseveral members which 1870safter the thousand asteady itentered St.immigrating Petersburg. to its As importance, Society theSBSin lost theMoscow gradually WarSlavsprovideditself that reinvent to acharitable group aid causedas SBSto the its Russo-Turkish the The exigenciesof commission. literature through published educational branch built Slavs Petersburg of St. tothe Ottomanmoral Empire, the andAustria-Hungary support and the on the practicesCommittee established adecadeearlier. Moscow material provideAs alearned seeking to society of Moscow and studied indiaspora Petersburg.St. Slavic culture, Macedonian of the the activities “consecrate” approval would whose asaninstitution identified wrotePetersburgin was St. (SBS) Society Benevolent Slavic the For this purpose, capital.Russian dictionariesin tosanction order emergencethe of amonga Macedonianelement Balkanlobbiesthe inthe and wasnecessary factor legitimating had,some diaspora Bulgarian Czechand the linesof the what Macedonian-Adrianopolitancreate an Circle. “official” Since intention the was to along group 1.3 THEST. SLAVIC SOCIETY PETERSBURG BENEVOLENT people. Slav distinct andethnically inhabited by as a culturally understandingMacedonia a territory of Sergei Aleksandrovich Nikitin, during 1858-1876], The Slavic Benevolent Society inThe Society founded St.Petersburgbranch BenevolentSlavic in ofthe was 1868asa Secret the of erosion during the underway were already society form anew student Plans to 48 century,the At turn the of included and“it afairly SBSnumbered 600members the (Moscow, 1960). Slavianskie komitety v Rossii v1858–1876 godakh 23 [Slavic Committees in Russia CEU eTD Collection 52 51 50 Bulgarian youth and Serbian instudying St.Petersburg assemble.” Czech, the that basis same the “on hall its in assemble to be permitted to asking Narishkin, ý 49 Berlin (1878)andsubsequently with the Treaty of San (1878). Stefano for Russia’sin continued involvement Balkansafter the diplomaticthe atthe failure Congressof motives the into may bereceived insight policy, areflection Imperial of further sponsor causes to SBS may be effectively considered a politicalyear toolof theof theMSLS, Russian thefor anew of rallyingby Consideringsupport state Slavs inthe that founding 1902,the Balkans. SBSEmpire was andin a itsstate selection isof SBS,itthe understand to possible the pan-Slavismhad notionsrole and of in solidarity Slavic decline, of between reasons. byinspecting MSLSandfiguresin rapport the the membersof two First, the ministers and government highest officials, priests and to studentsat bottom.” the (among them (among and Misirkov them SBS. the and MSLS the between interaction the through perceived maybe MacedonianQuestion the suggest towards Russianattitude the that plausible to Ljuben Lape, “Dokumenti za formiranje na Slavjano-Makedonskoto nau Slavjano-Makedonskoto na formiranje za “Dokumenti Lape, Ljuben “Afteran initial period of fairly autonomous development (1868-1878) it became more increasingly scrutinized by Ibid., 264. A study by Zdenko Zlatar providing an exceptionally detailed quantitative analysis of SBS’sthe structure around upovski’smanagedbe project endorsed to byprominentRussian Slavophiles. since the Second, pliant to the views and wishes of the government, at worst a semi-official 20 early inthe that bodymeant of the government.” Ibid., 264. Imperialthe government, and finally 1900after its presidents-electhad to be approved government. bythe This Portrait of 1913” in – A Society Collective Benevolent Slavic Petersburg St. ofSlavdom’: Sake the “’For Zlatar, Zdenko century.” 19 ofthe eighties and seventies the in phase initial its during than membership in regular smaller much 1913 reveals dwindling “Innumbers: early the 20 The involvement of the SBS in the emergence and course of the MSLS was important for On October 28 On October th East European Quarterly, , 1902 Dedov and Mišajkov submitted a by , 1902Dedovand signed Mišajkovsubmitted petition 19 students th century the St. Petersburg Slavic Benevolent Society was at best an organization an best was at Society Benevolent Slavic St. Petersburg the century ý upovski) to the vice-president of vice-presidentthe SBS, the of upovski) to Aleksandr Alekseevich XXXVIII, no. (September3, 2004), 263. th century the St. Petersburg Slavic Benevolent Society was Society Benevolent Slavic Petersburg St. the century 24 50 it is interesting to see why and how seewhy and to is interesting it þ no-literaturno drugarstvo i negoviot i drugarstvo no-literaturno 52 Four days Four later, the request 51 Specifically, it is it Specifically, 49 th CEU eTD Collection Lamsdorf. minister the to memorandum a presented they where Affairs Foreign of Ministry the to admitted were and Church, Orthodox Russian the of Synod Holy the of Ober-Procurator the Sabler, with Karlovich Vladimir cause.establishedcontacts They Macedonian the with sympathizers promotional for campaign the MSLS, Dedov and Slavophiles visit Mišajkov noted and 53 MSLS. newly-founded the of societies Serbian and Czech Bulgarian, the notify decidedto andit language was of of particularity Macedonian the the borders Macedonia, the discussed members the meeting, the During month. the the endof meeting towards first held its Society Literary Macedonian and Scientific formally andconstituted was the granted Ristovski, Makedonski jazik [MacedonianLanguage] ustav” [Documents for the Formation of the Slav-Macedonian Scientific-Literary Society and its Constitution] in Krste P.Krste Misirkov , 229-230. , 193. 25 53 Moreover, as part of a CEU eTD Collection label “Macedonian” and what it was attemptinglabel “Macedonian” and what achieve. to the of had MSLS the understanding the into insights important give several Constitution, the regulations affairs regardingin financial Nonetheless, archivalprocedure. and 21articles the of for established standards conduct, administrative hierarchy the organizationthe of and provided SBS along with expanded for requests financial supportandsponsorship,mainly prescribed Itsdocument,fundamental principles of political state. which a prospective bythe was approved the determining for basis the become to document the for intend not did and character statutory its emphasizing merely at aimed MSLS the as a“constitution”, document tothe referring formal documentintended toregulate various aspects of the society’s operation. However, by byintroducinga its structure consolidate to newand sought had configuration MSLS a the SBSforthe sponsorship its andsubmitted so-called for Constitution review. On occasion,this (1903) SOCIETY LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MACEDONIAN OF THE “CONSTITUTION” 2.1 THE in circumstances was created. program the which Colony’s werefrequently a response tothe for statehood Macedonian political program in the Macedonian contained principles the that will show I ofits transformation. course are importantdiscerningduring 1902-1917that to national the platform MSLSof the and the created andpublications inspect documents several therefore, will, MSLS.This the chapter of history in the milestones several identify to is possible it consolidation, this of development Intracingthe in Petersburg. St. Society Literary and Scientific Macedonian the activities within CHAPTER TWO: DEVELOPINGAPLATFORM Almost a yearAlmost a first the after session MSLS,the of inDecember re-petitioned group 1903,the consolidative wasapush there towards legitimation, accomplishing After successfully 26 CEU eTD Collection 54 ý contain the fundamental principles of the MSLS: articles that of isselection mostthe Thefollowingunder relevant of SBS. a the the sponsorship of the Constitution acharacter. such of a society Accordingly,writers to the credibility imparting doagent preeminent not fail the as SBS the of to mentionidentification its with consistent is document this and formation its insince the beginning of the document that the MSLS is Lape, “Dokumenti”, 198-202. upovski, Misirkov and the other members designed their goals in such a way that they inmemberswould they suchaway that goals designed theirupovski, other Misirkov andthe The Constitution was a further step towards acquiring legitimacy step towards the The Constitution MSLShadpursued was afurther the Composed just monthsComposed just theafter failed theseIlinden articles showthat Uprising, essays conduct and discussions during its meetings only in Russian -the pan-Slavic language.” and nationality (Russians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians etc.), the Society allows theformer to read In order to disseminate the idea of solidarity and spiritual unity of all Slavs, regardless of religion and protocols willessays be written in this Macedonian); (Slav language language as well. Macedonian the in be held will Society the in Conversations and Albanians). Greeks Vlachs, Macedonians, (Slav Petersburg St. in living [Makedonjanki] women Macedonian and [Makedonci] men Macedonian are Society the of members Eligible figures. Slavic separate as well as circles and societies Slavic other with countrymen, especially during theirfirst arrival to Russia, and(e) developing mutual relations (c) folklore collecting and historical objects Macedonia; concerning (d)spiritualsupport of etc.; our poems stories, essays, reading (b) lectures; and meetings (a) are: Society ofthe activities The borders. its outside and inMacedonia Macedonians among aforementioned the spread conviction,and in the ofname commontheir origineducation and integrity the their of of their country; (d) and to regardless Macedonians all unite and reconcile to (c) perspective; geographic and ethnographic an from ofMacedonia history and customs songs, language, the study (a) to develop national consciousness among theMacedonian Colony St.in Petersburg; (b) to Article 13 Article 12 Article “Article 1 “Article Article 3 Article 2 Article 27 54 CEU eTD Collection periodical that would constitute an official medium for the “supporters of an independent (1913) GOLOS 2.2 MAKEDONSKIY orphans. andmonasterieschurches in for as scholarships Macedonia Macedonian well as providing increased scopeschools of suchas and objectives demolished Orthodox restoring opening Educational Society“Ss.Cyril andMethodius” toregisterin MSLSattempted the underthe 1912when name publications of the MSLS. Slav population of a consistent samethe region. Thisdegree inwas usedto convention further with markerwas gradually the conflated as “Macedonian” that a geographical understanding of wasageneral there MSLS, the for that, surmise isto it possible Therefore, with. was concerned in of it Slav living whileemphasizingas Macedonian the ethnic the character Macedonia group MSLS treated Serbs andAlbanians, Bulgarians) Vlachs of anoticeableabsence (with andGreeks in any context. Macedonian language as anofficial introduces that first organ identify of is Macedonians. In to people documentthe as wishing addition, this themselves developits network of view of affiliates andassume to the representative standing an official providing guidance to recent émigrés (inethnographic conduct research, ambition organizeto symposiums and inter-institutional emulation With an of their expatriates. of group mere a sponsor,than rather institution an of the operation the SBS), reflect eventually the MSLS had a By ambition 1913, the of MacedonianScientificthe publish Literary and Society to a Finally,form must resurfaced inarevisedandexpandedit beadded thatthis Constitution ispeculiar. Macedonian” “Slav Evidently, and “Macedonian” the between The distinction 28 . Themajor included version tothis additions an Slav-Macedonian National CEU eTD Collection 56 MSLS. “Vardar”, published byKrsteand Misirkov during edited hisactivities in Odessaonbehalf of the initialsunder or apseudonym. Dimitrija interesting that over 50 of the featured articles were authored by the editor and publisher himself, in 211Bulgarian) publishing Itis 10 Russians,participated and a 33 pictures. aSerb and articles public discussion concerning the implications of a Macedonian state. However, state. ofaMacedonian implications Misirkov’sthe concerning public discussion perceived integrity of Macedonia. Both are similar in their purported aims – namely, salvaging the of itsto imperative “moral” the its stress initiatearticles of circumstances inthat emergence a Macedonians” in post-Ilinden the “Makedonskiyperiod, is golos” a reflection the of 55 published by publicationthe variousof andletters resolutions memoranda, of protest. through concerning the Macedonian raise1913. Themagazinequestion awayto was awareness 9 June on circulation its began and May by ready was issue first the for material The Question. Voice), (Macedonian golos” Macedonian the “Makedonskiy to exclusively dedicated a periodical In Marchbeing MSLSannounced 1913,the to realized. Macedonia” wascoming closer “Vardar” is considered the first scientific, literary and political publication in Macedonian. Krste P. Misirkov, In the registration certificate granted to “Dimitriy DimitrievichPavlechupovskiy” [Dimitrija Vardar in the Beginning of the XX c.] in o deyatelynosti voprosu “K Strukova, L. makedonskoy K. See intelligenciy v Rossii v advertisements.” nachale (9) and XX v.” [The section, Activities informative of(8) the Macedonian Intelligentsia portraits, and in Russia (3) feuilletons, (4)short stories and verse, (5) chronicles, (2) review of Russian and foreign literature, and press, (6)bibliography, art science, history, (7)drawings politics, foreign with dealing articles “(1) follows: as described Mayor of St. Petersburg approves the publication of publication the approves Petersburg of St. Mayor 56 The character of “Makedonskiy golos” warrants a comparison with an periodical an earlier with acomparison warrants golos” “Makedonskiy of The character In the course of a year and a half, eleven issues were edited by an editorial board and board editorial an by edited were issues eleven half, a and year a of course the In , Odessa, September 1 While “Vardar” attempts to offer a rational argumentation for “a national separatism of separatism “afor national argumentation While“Vardar”offerrational to a attempts ý upovski. Additionally, most of the articles in the periodical were either signed with signed either were periodical the in articles the of most Additionally, upovski. ý upovski himself. upovski st , 1905. Slavyanski arhiv 55 Spanning more than 200 pages, 42 authors (30Macedonians, Spanningmore 200pages,42authors than [Slavic Archive],(Moscow, 1963), 184. Makedonskiy Golos 29 [Macedonian Voice] whose program is ý upovski], the th , CEU eTD Collection 59 58 57 The Memorandum received alot of exposure after itwas published in “Makedonskiy golos” ý at the MSLS in letters Russian publications, from maps,readers, photographs andillustrations. criticismleveled to andnon-Slav), responses MacedoniaSlav thepeople Macedonian and (both Ilinden period. inthepost- for Slavs conceived national of Macedonian separatism carefully argumentation “Vardar” is a much smaller collection of pamphlets that was written with a view to provide a Macedonia's territorial integrity would be effected. An excerpt from the Memorandum states: of preservation the ideally, towards hoped, asitwas some considerations Peace Conference that London of the delegates the to delivered MSLS’sthe was Memorandum The national program. through as expressed people theMacedonian of national preferences with Powers the Great the “Memorandum Macedonians”. calledof the outcomethe of with Balkan Warsconcerned the andin theso- compiled context Macedonian the Ibid., 23. Dimitrija Ibid., 2. upovski toured Paris upovski importantly,moreand,toured London wherehe several authored articles Petersburg, June 9 June Petersburg, elaborate its internal organization and to determine its relations to neighboring states.” 2. A Macedonian national parliament to be constituted in Salonica, borders. byeconomic and popularvote, cultural tofurther and historical ethnographic, 1. Macedonia to remain aunited, indivisible and independent Balkanstate in its geographical, Twodocuments were created ofimport during summer the of 1913. During period, this Slavdom.” unjust act in the history of nations, the trampling of human rights and a shame to all of and spiritualunfortunate Fatherland [ life ofone's demise the observe ofOne cannot country... our an todismember conspiring are entire – faith and nation.indifferent while neighboring Balkan states (Bulgaria,The remain Serbiaand Greece) cannot brothers and –our in bloodprotests separation Macedonians”, to “Macedonia slogan the supporting knowingly and of Macedonians“...the MacedonianColony St.in Petersburg, fulfilling its responsibility byand debt to its native itsland brothers is the most ý upovski,“Memorandum,” [Memorandum] in “The Macedonian people need: people Macedonian “The 57 58 In comparison, “Makedonskiy golos” featured articles about the history of th , 1913, 22. sic ] without feeling pain over the funeral and destructionof the political Its purpose was to familiarize the governments of 30 Makedonskiy golos [Macedonian Voice], no.1. St. Voice],no.1. [Macedonian 59 CEU eTD Collection 60 isdocument Memorandum, another issued onJune 9 its intended recipientsalthough it meetwith did by sympathy Russian Slavophiles. The second by was nottaken territory seriously inwas bythat which time Salonica within Greek-conquered with a capital state aMacedonian constituting of rhetoric. Theidea its separatist due to especially ý Balkan War. of Second inthe anticipation states Balkan “Makedonskiy golos” that was characteristic for having incontemporary for some resonance thatwascharacteristic “Makedonskiy golos” issue in of featured first were the of letters these Both Empire. Ottoman than the integrity rather contrived as the MSLS had traditionally identified Macedonia’s neighbors as the true threat toits is characteristically “liberators” as“allies” and states Balkan the to appeal The of MSLS. the idea”“great of surfaced unity Slav-Hellenic thathadnot – atopic in previousof the any writings however,interesting including for Greecein imaginedan Balkan Federation and referring toa Dimitrija upovski reiterates many of the demands featured in the first Memorandum. The latter oneis,latter in Memorandum. first The featured many of the demands the upovski reiterates [Macedonian Voice] preserving justice in the world.” forSlav-Hellenic unity in the Balkans which iswhy it is needed of you to cultivate interest in The sooner the better for allof us. Suchyourselves. asolution among stemsconcord from and the peace materialization create will and state the of the great ideaMacedonian pursue will independent of an future, creation your of interest the in and Russia munificent of example the in you, that and Brothers, allies-liberators! We hope ourthat words will findway their to yourhearts and minds state. Macedonian of the organization internal the elaborating the underauspices of by state and the of vote,popularmeans withthe purpose offurther 5. Itis necessary to elect anational assembly the in city of Salonica at the earliest Syrian-Arab. opportunity, the and Romanian the Serbian, the Bulgarian, the Russian, the Greek, the – churches Orthodox related with coexistence canonical a in it incorporate and ofOhrid Archbishopric ancient the restore to necessary is it matters, ecclesiastical In 4. its general borders. 3. The Macedonian state should constitute a distinct and equal entity parliament. in aBalkanfederation by a national within represented state independent 2. Macedoniashould ethnographic, its be in geographic andcultural-historical borders, an statehood, ideologies as well as the right to self-determination. 1. Macedonia is inhabited by similarSlavic tribes, eachhaving theirown history, genesis, brothers, to consideryou, the weask following: integrity practical ofsheer name the in history, of name the in justice, of name the “In ý upovski, “Memorandum Makedoncev,”[Memorandum of Macedonians] in , no.1. St Petersburg, June 9 60 th , 1913, 19-20. 31 th , 1913,and intended for neighboring Makedonskiy golos CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 sufficient tact, foresight seekout “the in Macedonian will Misirkov 1925 that Krste instance,wrote organization. For and selflessness the of ideology anddedicated attitude sober reassert the to serves which figures leading Society's to attain a commonpreservation. good Moreover, national romanticismin is conspicuouslythe absentfrom theBalkans writings of the making that itknown international to the for publicsensibilities would appeal of to cultural which it domesticon a wider situation “political andmadeit in plane sense a veritable phenomenon” the “Srpske “Štampa”,“Beogradske novine”novine”, andkolo” arealso “Srpsko featured. Serbian Social Serbian “RadniParty Social newspaper Democrat on Serbianreflected and Bulgarian press aswell. most The publication eagerly the quotes neither inneither nationality, letlanguage, customs alone culture.” recognizednot language, customs, Macedonians are national freedom and culture, of their a have Poles the “while that conclude to on goes It Macedonia. of plight the Wars and Balkan 61 country.” ungratefulthe intrigues directedneighbor-states conquering againstabraveof butunfortunate grasp“only that in areable to Polish beingthe for Balkans” people the Macedonia of a“Poland makesthe case golos” “Makedonskiy issue publication. in of the integrity of fifth the An article press a which suggested concern both with inciting interest in foreign media and reinforcing the Russian press as well. Ibid. Blaže Ristovski remarks that the Memoranda were reprinted in “Rech’”, “Novoe vremya”, “Slavyanin’”, “Den’”, “Slavyanin’”, “Novoe vremya”, “Rech’”, in reprinted were Memoranda the that remarks Ristovski Blaže Makedonskiy golos Makedonskiy golos, “Russkaya molva” and other newspapers. other and molva” “Russkaya The intellectuals of Society the The intellectuals The periodical frequently commented on articles written about Macedonia in the foreign Macedonia in the written about onarticles commented frequently The periodical 62 The article was a response to writings in Polish media concerning the chaos of of the chaos the media concerning in Polish writings to aresponse was The article , I, 7, I, 5, 5.IX.1913, 95. 61 4.XI.1913, 124-125. See transformed culture into an instrument for projecting the projecting for instrument an into culture transformed Ristovski, 32 Dimitrija þ ke novine” while other publications such other while ke novine” as ý upovski, 63 In addition, “Makedonskiy golos” 167. 64 CEU eTD Collection 66 Macedonian Colony’s future Macedonian perspective on a state. Ultimately, itaspect animportant of represented wasafailurealthough the project the Bucharest talks which disintegration saw the of Macedonian ethnic andterritorial unity. of inclusion prospectiveTurkey. the during found acceptance stream ideological particular This projected Balkan Federation rooted in pan-Slavism yet unconventionally forward-thinking in its ideas favorably by liberal influenced looked MSLS,the nations of a commonwealth a of on Nonetheless, while IMARO movement. “liberation” any of chronology the in prominently more figures nationalism militant sincethe outcome of historiographers veneration among greater receive frequently IMARO of methods hands-on The ideologically. and physically both territory the from removed colony in promoting the Macedonian plight as insufficiently involved and ineffectual, being academic is circles across It Europe. dismiss easy theto energy invested by St.Petersburgthe Society memberbaseof the the boosted that informal projects were Macedonia from and to information and people of circulation and agitation constant of means by networks information Creating “homeland”. the from isolation their to due in Macedonia climate political indignation and any claims tohistorical prerogative. idle all aside casting ranks, its amidst prevailed spirit a pragmatist that evident immediately is it Society andLiterary in Macedonian of the Scientific context the and emulation”, intelligentsiaEuropean was inspired of by two mostthe powerful instincts of humankind: pride 65 wouldbe enoughtoplainly a nationalguarantee and personal dignity.” RobinOkey, Krste Misirkov, “Makedonski nacionalizam” (Macedonian Nationalism) in Press, 1982) It is crucial to emphasize that these expatriate intellectuals were not insensitive to the to insensitive not were intellectuals expatriate these that emphasize to is crucial It Eastern Eastern Europe 1740-1985: Feudalism to Communism, , 76. served actuateto an ideology of liberation and autonomy at all costs, 33 66 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Mir , XXXI, 7417 (Sofia, 1925), 1. 65 If East “the nascent and other similar other and CEU eTD Collection establishing Macedonianschools. Balkan armies further complicating the Society's project of national individuation by means of by for thecoming to mobilization inthree conflict Macedonia wassubject population ethnic the ground, the On favorelites. with Russian out of went causegradually Macedonian the that Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society since Russia's increasing supportof Serbia meant class. middle urban afledgling with ina society sentiments peasant national instillingbe needed doneon to work taken fortaken by granted and idealized was The nation and Patriarchate. Exarchate the of schools church tothe limited by learninghigherMacedonia were MSLSasinstitutions 1913wasoverestimated around the of embraceto autonomy. As mentioned, responsiveness of the generalpopulacethe livingin of motivesbelieved intherectitude aswell in their as of eagerness Macedonia of the people the Macedonian firmly to structure and scholars ingiving culture Petersburg vehemently engaged history of the Macedonian people was discussed inaformal framework for the first time. The St. the mapMacedonia, ethnic of and accompanying golos”, “Makedonskiy the ideas.their In developments in indisturbMacedonia byworking anenvironmentthatdidnot cultivation the of organization benefitedunwittingly from their previously mentioned distance from tumultuousthe in unity Themembers thelegacy asameanstosecuringnewstate. political cultural of this adistinct with identity Macedonian particular a of notion the advanced MSLS The movement. revolutionary “endemic” the of ambiguities the resolve to attempting were they as much as The precarious political climate leading World upto climate political The precarious War of the activity the paralyzed I In a way, the intellectuals of the St. Petersburg colony were attempting to create anation create to In away, colony were attempting St.Petersburg of the intellectuals the ý upovski and hisfellowupovski scholars whoindication gaveno substantial that ý upovski and Misirkovmemorandum upovski andanother the delivered to 34 CEU eTD Collection 68 67 (1917) FEDERATION A BALKAN FOR PROGRAM THE AND COMMITTEE REVOLUTIONARY MACEDONIAN 2.3 THE due towhich he turned back, nevervisit to Macedonia again. by hostility thwarted plans regional developing toMacedoniathe His return were via Romania. beyondhadbeen repair. complicated spring In the of 1916, situation international the However, institutions. relevant of attention the to question Macedonian Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs attempt in garnera desperate and to support bring the countries (excludingRomania and Turkey) federal mixed whereby republics populations with after the Second many suggests a shares with system similarities political that the Yugoslav Federation (SFRY) World inhis this accordingly Autobiography. War. For instance, the Program called for the union of all Balkan establishedJuneon 18 Scientific and Literary Society in St. Petersburg. golos”. “Makedonskiy of of Editors and Board Cyril Methodius”, the Fellowship Macedonian and “Ss. the Committee, denoting had The bottom document atriplethis Revolutionary of signature the Macedonian motto “The Balkans to All Balkan Peoples. Full Rights to Self-Determination of Each Nation.” the with Republic” Democratic Federal “Balkan was program the of The title democrats. social Ristovski, Blaze Ristovski,“Programata naMakedonskiot revolucioneren komitet vo Petrograd od 1917 godina za 103-117. Petrogradin from 1917 regarding Balkanthe Federal Democratic Republic] Committee in Revolutionary Macedonian of the Program [The Republika” Demokratska Federativna Balkanskata The final incarnation of the Society was the Society of the incarnation The final By time,this Dimitrija ý upovski, ý th 67 upovski is already an ardent supporter of anardentupovski isalready Bolsheviks the and expresses , 1917thatsaw its program featured in various publications of Russian This is, lastinfact, the known Macedonian the of activity public 104. 68 The content of the Program is interesting because itbecause is interesting of Program the The content 35 Macedonian Revolutionary Committee ý upovski unsuccessfully upovski tried to unsuccessfully Istorija [History], VII, 1, 1971, CEU eTD Collection by in set and structures of tradition firmly Macedonians on place accountthe publishing established will ahub expatriate character. St. of Petersburg Nonetheless, remain lexicographic and Kiev,frequently to travels andbegins of OdessaandMoscow works outputtingan ethnographic St. Petersburg. From 1917 onward,decentralization thereis a greater of as activities development national for the circumstances in arise of agenda by Macedonian intellectuals the governments. Balkan violent the ofBalkan monarchies deposition beingreason for as providing by identified a threat departure from the ideology and rhetoric of Imperial governments of the Balkans pronounced us to be law.’” ‘outside ofthe Imperial usto the pronounced governments Balkans revolutionary activity against protests and our thelooting andviolence of imperialists,the the 70 69 Balkans.the provinces. would havefullrights toself-determination and self-governmentwith provisions for autonomous Ristovski,“Programata”, 106. ý ý upovski upovski well hisup to death in 1940. After the October Revolution, in which most of the Society's members take part, new part, take members theSociety's of in most which Revolution, October After the The publication of this Program itsThe ofthis signatoriesallegedly in criminalizedpresence of publication Program the , 104-105. 69 ý upovski wouldinlater write his Autobiography “as atestimony that our to ý upovski’s former projects, the Program calls for a 36 70 In what is a ý upovski CEU eTD Collection IMARO in Macedonia IMARO in as he and between Macedonia Russia, Bulgaria frequently travelled Macedonia. Empire theRussian and community across student Macedonian the link between was anessential IMARO as well. Krste Misirkov himself, asfounding member and one-time President of SMAC, the signatories of the MSLS’s constitutive petition were members of SMAC and, by extension, of Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Circle (SMAC). Aswas mentioned it One,majority inChapter a of relations with 3.1 THE RIFTIMARO BETWEEN THE MSLS AND IMARO as represented competingthe irredentisms neighboringof states. and Macedonia in population the of character the IMARO, and MSLS the between relationship by theirMacedonia. findingsa combination point My to factors: three shiftingthe of nature of the main obscurity organand inability to effect lasting changes in the social consciousness of the population in in PetersburgSt. intoPetersburg, practice of theirmain for reasons coming was together an eventual translation policies of in developed St. in Macedonia, I willMSLS’s gain failure in to traction Macedonia during their1917. from existence 1902 to As one identifythe the for cause the discuss will I chapter, and this In MSLS. Secret the with discussinvolvement their throughout the causes for their eventsmany in membersits theBalkans, with in developments ties of keptstrong Macedonia relative from frequentphysical removal Regardless theirof nation-state. for Macedonian aprospective Dimitrija Dimitrija CHAPTER THREE: BARRIERS TO ENTRY After the failure of the Ilinden Uprising, however,massive of crisis IMARO a Uprising, experienced of Ilinden the After failure the Until outbreakthe of Ilindenthe in MSLSthe Uprising maintained1903, close ties and good In it previousthe was chapter shown Macedonian in the that Colony St. Petersburg led by ý upovski placed a significant emphasis on forming a comprehensive national platform national a comprehensive forming on emphasis significant a placed upovski 37 CEU eTD Collection 73 72 Petersburg. delegacy inSt. IMARO of only legitimate becametheleaderof the SMAC and effectively Šaldev.Theological Academy, Hristo 71 from and students “Bulgarian Macedonia livingin “to his perseverePetrograd” encouragement theExarch’sin he acknowledges interest instance,in letter gratefully For one Istanbul. Exarch’s hemonitoredtheactivities of request, the At I. Joseph Exarch Bulgarian the and in Salonica IMARO of (CC) Committee Central Dimitrija between conflict seeninacontrived were rather within independence a Balkan federation. political or autonomy –Macedonian goal of IMARO ultimate the and decentralization reforms, structural internal as such issues on opinions diverging reconcile and itself consolidate their demise. With likelihood the factionalismof it increasing, was desperately to trying crumblein wakeof began the to andlocal chapters of network function, committees order the to lossmany leading of figures. Since heavily IMARO was leaders in its charisma the on reliant of the dueto chaos complete in was organization The in themaking. years been had that identity While his name was among the petitioners to the Slavic Benevolent Society for the recognition of MSLS, Šaldev of MSLS, recognition the for Society Benevolent Slavic the to petitioners the among was name his While Born in Gumen in Born Hristo Silyanov, state. revolutionary endeavors shouldthe strive that and towardsBulgarian but autonomy anything were as a meansMacedonia to in eventual Slavs the that unificationconviction with thepersonal any Bulgarian had never against MSLS at the request of the Bulgarian Exarch.” Ristovski, played of one the most negative roles in recentMacedonian history … by succeeding opposingin IMARO Ristovski writes that “seen from the perspective of the national program of MSLS,member Hr.of MSLS,Šaldev Šaldev undoubtedly would go has on to become one of its most ardent opponents. IlindenConcerning Uprising, washe elected president of this,importantthis IMARO Blaže outpostthe inRussia.in Initially a founding participation his following and SMAC of secretary and member a becoming Academy. After Theological the Seminary in Poltava. His arrival in the Russian capital in 1901 was on the occasionof his admittance to the Ilindenskata organizacija, 1943), 58-61. The initial signs of tension between the MSLS and IMARO were not manifested directly but directly manifested not were IMARO and MSLS the between tension of signs initial The 73 By followingthe year, Šaldev an had developed extensive correspondence with the Osvoboditelnite borbi na Makedoniya [Macedonia’s Liberation Struggles], e, Šaldev completed his education in Salonica and the Bulgarian seminary in Istanbul as well as well as Istanbul in seminary Bulgarian the and Salonica in education his completed e, Šaldev 72 In November 1903, Šaldev President InNovember 1903,waselected of 71 38 ý upovski and his associates and to andhisupovski reported associates Dimitrija ý upovski and his colleague at the at his colleague and upovski ý upovski , 143. (Sofia: Izdatelstvo na CEU eTD Collection 76 75 “fiends of the Bulgarian people”, Šaldev wrote: Exarchon these the to Reporting of IMARO. inform CC the agreedto unanimously attendants within the Empire’s borders. This was read by meeting letter a SMAC which after Šaldev the at the MSLS was in collusion with the Ottoman embassy in Russia to secure Macedonian autonomy 74 SMAC memberin Moscow, sent by in IMARO Salonica. by CCof A the doa intercepted samewith the letter to and proceeded to “gradually assume control over it and bring it to the straight path.” order in society student the into infiltrated and Academy Theological the to sent be should spirit” Bulgarian students heasteadfast that from Macedonia “with suggested conclusion of letter the ideasimpossible for aMacedonian and nationality kindly outpoint their absurdity.” the In campaign againstdirected nationality.” of Macedonian somecreate sort to students ofsome attempts perverted the in crushing Nikola Steriov Ni Ibid. Cited inSlavko Dimevski, “Dve pisma na Hristo Šaldev za Makedonskoto nau Unable to secure funding for his studies, towards the end of 1903 he transferred to the University ofMoscow University the to where he was active transferred he in of1903 forming end the a branchtowards of MSLS studies, at thehis for instruction funding of secure to Unable Ni bepublished, to ceased Glasnik” “Balkanski and banned Paris. SerbianThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied his request. After theMacedonian in Club Belgrade was difficulties that prompted him to directly appeal to the Serbian king forsponsorship in studying diplomacy and Serbianthe gymnasium in Istanbul.in In 1901, he enrolled in Faculty the of BelgradeLaw in but financialhad “Sv. Kliment” in Petrograd] inSociety Scientific-Literary Macedonian the Concerning Šaldev Hristo by [Two Letters vo Petrograd” Kliment’ As President of SMAC in St. Petersburg, Šaldev easily turned the circle against the MSLS Macedonian patriarch, to introduce the Macedonian language in schools and to assign amember assign to and schools in language Macedonian the introduce to patriarch, Macedonian by a headed ofOhrid old Archbishopric the reinstate to Empire, Turkish the within Macedonia preparing a propositionto the Sublime Porte to grant ecclesiastical and cultural autonomy to told you know, employed is Russianby the government to dealas with theMacedonian who, question… HeDurnovo N. N. Professor contacted people These idea… national Macedonian the spread have unrestricted support and permissionby the Turkishembassy acrosstravel to Macedoniaand Society Literary and Scientific Petrograd ofthe members the that men ofour one from learned I ý 74 upovski that the Russiangovernmentupovski the that the with along Austro-Hungariangovernment is One learns that Šaldev Onehis thatŠaldev and from learns affiliates an espionage on SMAC embarked þ ota was born in 1880, a Vlachfrom Smederevo. He was raised and educated partly inSalonica ý Razgledi upovski andthe in to“seeminglyMSLS approach order their , X, 4, (Skopje, 1967),515. ý upovski tohis Ni Nikola colleague 39 þ ota left Serbia for Russia and joined MSLS in 1902. in MSLS joined and Russia for Serbia left ota ý upovski. þ no-literaturno drugarstvo ‘Sv. 75 ý upovski þ ota, , 150. 76 suggested that suggested CEU eTD Collection 79 preserving the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans (and Šaldev cleverly uses (andŠaldevcleverly Balkans inpreservingEmpire the theOttoman Macedonia evenin its post-Ilinden condition. The CC responded: between breakmost MSLSthe developed network in revolutionary andstrongest the July 9 to bedelivered.textbooks haveinthat interest having in expressed andschools dialects local leaderstheir arrange for with Ni and Macedonia. Nikolovski Ni aforementioned the and for members (FilipNikolovski two documents travel several securedspecial and legation times that true nonetheless was it Petersburg, in St. embassy Ottoman the with 78 77 Document Through Šaldev’s later correspondence with the Exarch, one learns of the scope of this project. According to to him, According project. this of scope of the learns one Exarch, the with correspondence later Šaldev’s Through Dimevski, “Dve pisma”, 516. National History of Republicthe of Macedonia (09.07.1904). Activity Activity of Macedonianthe Student Group in Petrograd] in makedonisti to the United States where the material was supposed to be printed. Slavko Dimevski, “Edenout for34 interested taen villages in izveštaj Skopjethe and Bitola (Monastir) za Vilayet.” For that purpose,a delegate was sent at one of the MSLS’s meetings, it was decided that “1500 copies of a Slav-Macedonian primer would be printed While it is clear from the letter that IMARO is an uncompromising enemy idea the enemy of to thatIMARO from is isanuncompromising While it letter clear the IMARO’sfrom Šaldev’s amonth the response wasreceived after Salonica communiqué, on of liberties exactnature takingthe MSLS’s ininterpreting While the was certainly Šaldev ties th decry the Organization for wanting autonomy for the whole of Macedonia, not for Bulgaria, Serbia Bulgaria, orfor others. not Macedonia, of whole the for autonomy wanting for Organization the decry Macedonians from Bulgarians and Serbians, as a distinctSlavophiles ofnation St. Petersburg …and are onsympathetic the otherto them. On one hand, hand, they they are trying to separate are going to visit, where they are going to be heading and where they were born. It is odd that the travel to Macedonia [Nikolovski and Ni not to havebe careful but youcan as anyletters many as Intercept of them. yours observe and of them Be wary Empire. the intercepted. We willYour learn Slav-Macedonians seem tobe about genuine Turkish spies if they want to workthe with them to save names of the two who are going to be of some European royal dynasty as governorof the three Macedonianvilayets whose title would , 1904. A an constitutes success for Šaldev’s effective intrigues,resounding letter the knez ʋ 112, þ . kata dejnost na Makedonskata studentska grupa in Petrograd” [A Secret Report on theMacedonist 77 79 Letter from the Central Committee of IMARO to the SMAC 78 þ ota) that would guarantee undisturbed movement throughout movement undisturbed guarantee would that ota) þ ota were tasked to make visits to villages in their home villages regions intheir visits were tomake to tasked ota þ ota] from B., but write if youfind out whichtowns they 40 Razgledi , X, 3, (Skopje 1967), 411. , Archival Section of the Institute for Institute of the Section , Archival ý ý upovski’s tothe ties upovski visited the visited upovski CEU eTD Collection 81 after theafter Ilinden Uprising withincritical exposed ruptures hold the Ottoman onMacedonia. intensified that amore formidable inMacedonia.tendency There existed substantial presence PROJECTS NATIONAL 3.2 COMPETING ofincome were exacerbated source IMARO. by an uncongenial that gain a foothold in Macedonia primarily problemsdue to in locating andmaintaining asteady would it which through contacts of system new a construct to unable was MSLS the chapters, local disseminate found andsetup schools textbooks, founded plansto Despite byteachers. rift(1904), IMARO had anextensivealready developed network of and schools was itself breakMacedonia certainly its with and overwhelmingfactor.IMARO was an By of the time the toclarify that: attempted in to Petersburg. Macedonian of nature the Colony Inaletter CC,he St. the misrepresenting the from subversion lackat aimed proceeded communication of and deliberate a fundamental thisdeterioration of that Misirkov concernedties networks. about particularly of utilization was 80 Indeed, interests. its against work to attempting not was MSLS the CC), the antagonize to embassy For instance, when in 1905 1905 in when instance, For A letter by Krste Misirkov cited in Slavko Dimevski, “Obidite na Krste Misirkov i na Makedonskoto studentsko Stoletija na makedonskata svest Ristovski, makedonskata na Blaže Stoletija IMARO. of chief pro-Bulgarian a local Alyabaka, Naumov Ivan by gunpoint at town the from Attempts of Krste Misirkov and the Macedonian Student Society in Petrograd to Achieve Autonomy for Empire], Turkish the Autonomy in to Achieve Macedonia Petrograd in Society Student Macedonian the [The and Misirkov Imperija” ofKrste Turskata na Attempts vo ramkite Makedonija na avtonomija izdejstvuvanje za Petrograd vo društvo Antagonizingnot the onlyhindrance the IMAROwas facedMSLSset upa plans inits to in materials their for channels distribution establishing at unsuccessful was MSLS The equivalent to adventurism.” ambiguous Macedonianthought untimely national (2)the struggle and is nowadays that armed “We [the MSLS] are not against IMRO. We are merely pointing out two of its weaknesses: (1) the ý upovski must have recognized the potential for cooperation in terms of for potential cooperation reciprocal have the recognized must upovski ý upovski tried to organize a pan-Macedonian conference inVeles,expelled was he conference apan-Macedonian organize to tried upovski [Centuries of Macedonian Consciousness] 80 Paper presented at Krste Misirkov –Scholarly Assembly 41 , (Skopje: Kultura, 2001), 35. 81 , (Skopje 1967), 110. CEU eTD Collection 83 82 þ incursion Serbian of Struggleand the Macedonian the of escalation the with was accompanied of peopleinhabitingthe of territory Macedonia. the IMARO within bloodshed The internecine propaganda ofvarious kinds,cultural religious, over allegiances the armed, and clashed political geography projects. imagined individual their fulfilling on contingent as seen be may time this at nations Balkan of towards setting the endeavor as a matter of national importance. Indeed, the foreign policy tactics were, ostensibly, top-down projects that sought to mobilize the population in the state and abroad nationalist they elites of “historical” work demarcations. As thecreative designated spuriously matching in existencethe targeteddomains,focuson choosing of the insteadto ethnic diversity overlapped and assuch political for Frequently,were grounds conflict. disregarded projects the frequentlyincorporate to Macedonian sought territoriesterritories. theseprojects As arule, the claim to “historical” actualize their as ameansto a inMacedonia presence establishing of pursuit aggressive an commenced andBulgaria) (largelyNamely,Serbia Greece, states Balkan etniks Ipek Yosmaoglu, While each Balkan state competed over the hearts and minds of Macedonia’s checkered population, Greece, population, checkered ofMacedonia’s minds and hearts the over competed state Balkan each While Identity inOttoman Macedonia 1878-1908 (Zagreb: CroatianInformation Centre, 1998). Serbia is covered in the edited volume Modern Bulgaria, 1870-1895 Press,2006), 134-193. For theBulgarian case Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship Smith, “Venizelos' Diplomacy, 1910-23: From Balkan Alliance to Greek-Turkish Settlement” in Smith, Serbianpolicy the for region.On the topic of Greek irredentism and Grandthe of Idea agenda the in up crept also empire Tsar medieval Dušan’s ofrestoring rhetoric policy. The foreign Bulgarian SanStefano was of sufficient Treaty the in to envisioned create as a myth Bulgaria of “nationalexpansive of an catastrophe”notion and short-lived propelthe Even its fulfillment Seas”. Five and to a focalContinents point of of Two a“Greece of becoming dream national its in persisted government Greek the Warof 1897, Greco-Turkish ofthe the humiliation after even instance, For struggle. the in involved key actors the were Bulgaria and Serbia During peakof the activities bytheMacedonian Colony in Petersburg St. (1902-1905), and Greek and Ionian Vision :Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922 The Priest's Robe and the Rebel’s Rifle: Communal Conflict and the Construction of National andartes 82 into Macedonian territories. Macedonian into , (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993). The evolutionof the idea of Greater , edited by Paschalis M. Kitromilides, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Greater Serbia: From Ideology to Aggression , unpublished PhD dissertation, (Princeton University, 2005), 56. see Duncan M. Perry, 42 , (London: Allen Lane, 1973) 83 Serbian bandsin predominant were the Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of see , edited by Ante Beljo et al., and Michael Llewellyn Michael Michael Llewellyn Eleftherios CEU eTD Collection 85 individual itselfinsympathizers. The was Patriarchate creating involvedof Greek networks funded by and government wereaided by Greek the Letters of Greek for Dissemination the 84 aclaim.” legitimate “thatleast toinfluence they a lay Greeksmaintained couldBulgarian as region attempts at organizations and the operation of armed bands. sponsorshipof bythe apparatus power. The Greek element with interests political for national agenda campaigning outwardly-directed generous was largely provoked aswell an internationalsupport as aggressive, and recognition infrastructures”, “national by Neighboringenjoyed states independent thebenefits of an firmly government, grounded principles of the MSLS, but also fundamental the with only not conflict in were direct national Theseprojects geography projects. with each other, creating a incorporatehad infulfillment variouscomplexof imagined andsoughtto designs on region the parts their topography of ambitions. by in of Macedoniaweresupported governments Serbia, andGreece,all Bulgaria the which of violently as well. manifested of Jane Sandanski Leftists Sarafov the and Boris of Supremists between the IMARO within split ideological The andSerres. Salonica Kastoria, around operated Greekbands whereas Macedonia and northwestern Kosovo of region Yosmaoglu, The conflict reignited former rivalries that emerged out of the bitterness concerning the failed Ilinden Uprising. Ilinden failed the concerning bitterness out ofthe emerged that rivalries former reignited conflict The Assassinations in Bulgarian History] by Todor Garvanov Ivan with Panica in Sofiaalong in 1907. Krum Blagov,assassinated was he order, Sandanski’s At scrutiny. increasing under himself found Sarafov Asa result, Federation. a Balkan within independence ofMacedonian idea the supported and During the period of 1905-1907, the supporters of SandanskiJane distanced themselves from the Bulgarian state Propaganda elements in Macedonia were twofold: penetration of ecclesiastical and civil penetration of weretwofold: inMacedonia Propaganda elements it was clearthat their bands, activities armed these of background theundisciplined Despite The Priest’sThe Robe, 85 Organizations such as the Macedonian Society of Athens and the Society the and Athens of Society Macedonian the as such Organizations 56. , (Sofia: Reporter, 2000), 25. 50-tenay-golemi atentata v b’lgarskata istoriya [The 50 Most Important 43 84 CEU eTD Collection 89 88 perceived intrusion of the neighboring element was a more immediate urgency than the “corrupt the than urgency immediate more a was element neighboring the of intrusion perceived dialects as an official and general Macedonian literary language.” literary Macedonian asan dialects official general and oneMacedonian of introducing the and Macedonia from national removal propagandas of Macedonia.” and the strategiesof incompeting states breaking up“the unity of in Slavicelementthe 87 86 organize bygroups. to paramilitary region attempting violence incontested Mišajkov discuss the “liberation in Macedonia of “liberation discuss the Mišajkov memorandum Russian the governmentto from November 1902,Stefan Jakimov and Dijamandija borderslobbyingBalkan and a in this their activities Russiatestify awareness. In to Macedonian regional interestsdecisive ifnot asasignificant, in determiningagent the viability of a state. The MSLS aptly its operation notrecognized only in the Vilayet of Skopje but the Vilayet of Bitola (Monastir) as well. received increasing amounts of state funding.the As aresult, the St. Sava Society was able toexpand agencyevident in the fact that it wasincorporated of as a departmentin the Ministry Foreignof AffairsEuropean and of in Theimportance is this Serbianrepresentatives Macedonia. organization to the government powers in gainlobbying influence for activitiesSerbian consular of through andmanaged to children the shaping in created in Belgrade 1886. itsininvolved St. Macedonia Savathrough Society, an for cultural organization propaganda Ibid. Document The topic of propaganda activities in Macedonia at the turn of the century is analyzed in detail in Antoni Giza, in Antoni detail in analyzed is century the of turn the at Macedonia in activities ofpropaganda topic The Douglas Dakin, National History Institute of the Republic of Macedonia. makedonskiya v’pros [Balkan States and the Macedonian Question] in c.] of XIX End atthe Lands [Macedonian c.” XIX na vkraya zemi “Makedonskite 120-124. Taking these factors into account, the MSLS looked to Great Power politics politics their and GreatPower to looked MSLS the account, Taking into factors these ʋ 88 49, The memorandum further declares that “by national liberty we refer to the to refer we liberty national “by that declares further memorandum The The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897-1913, Memorandum of the Student Society in St. Petersburg, 87 The society in languagespecialized schools establishing Serbian 44 political, national (Thessaloniki: Institute forBalkan Studies, 1966), , (Sofia: Makedonski Nau 12.11.1902, Archival Section of the Section Archival 12.11.1902, 89 Therefore, to the MSLS, the and Balkanskite d’ržavi i ecclesiastical þ en Institut, 2001). 86 Serbia was Serbia terms” CEU eTD Collection 90 in had [Macedonian] the population interest inits little wheeler-dealingthe and conducted name” in any conventional national terms. In the words of Robin Okey, it was “plain that the mass of necessarily identifying not themselves Macedonian were Slavs, Macedonia andmore specifically remarked that the3.3 FEATURES OF THE POPULATION INMACEDONIA intended it than had sucha everbeenfor precarious discussion. beneficiaries moment,the extinguished and would laydormant in a political atmosphere waslikelythat more for aftermath inwas, by war's the MSLS the pursued alternative as policy Balkan an Federation of this later. Finally,grand the idea of Macedonia as an independent nation or an equal, autonomous entity inyear a a Warin Worldmerely I Powers Central the join voluntarily to decision project,Bulgaria's influence Balkan War Second of the outcome the in Bulgaria, Catastrophe directly National would namely way.First as the Known traumatic in a particularly Bulgarian war the however, experienced government, theThe programs. national their populationfulfilling of reach within came both territory, than their anddoubling for More of Greece Serbia. clashed. The success warswerearesounding government. their of policies the of had interests broader whose intensity waxed andwaned with passagethe of time and the shifting pursuingautonomy. Macedonian thecauseendorse MSLS of However,figures thatprofessed to for cause primary the as identified IMARO that mismanagement” and administration Ottoman Mišajkov and Trpkov received areply by Professor Anton SemyonovichBudilovich, vice-presidentof the SBS, 190. Ristovski, neutralized.” be Greece and Serbia Bulgaria, ofneighboring claims the can then created temporarily be into an should autonomousMacedonia provincethat agree “wemust without that view deciding reserved the the fate expressed of nationalNarishkin, with groups withinconsulting itafter … onlywho, In light of the efforts put into bringing the ideal of nationhood closer to reality, itmust be The Balkan Warsnational ideologies maybeseenasastaging groundwhereconflicting 90 45 Dimitrija ý upovski , CEU eTD Collection 94 93 92 91 identification. for loyalties regional age-old on relied still communication infrastructure to disseminate the national identity narrative, identity Macedonia’s todisseminate the infrastructure national communication a and institutions cultural and educational of establishment the on contingent was sentiments negotiation. of a culture and institutional elites of on pressures loyaltiesthe as depended and constructed ostensibly designed identity.” of collective andcategories notions Macedonian insociety by 1903 itreferring toas “an organic system preceded that modernthe Ipek Yosmaoglubargained coerced, andconflated. of representation bought, a good gives frequently intoactors, identity potentwas subjects former of anddisintegration transformation society In intense of such times bywarandperennial imperial ravaged conflict. turmoil,political bringingworking towards processes these to international attention. in this Turkish province bycapturing Orthodoxthe control of Church,” MSLSbusily the was infrastructures national buildup to competed Bulgars “as Greeksand Serbs, Hence, disregarded. grossly and irrelevant were identity in nuances rivals, two the to concessions alternate Ottoman governmentwhose interest lay in preserving the territory within the Empire bymaking the as aswell Macedonia of dynamics social the with unfamiliar spectators foreign eyes of purpose of reshaping theidentity of regionthe creatingand newcategories ofbelonging. In the the with Patriarchate Greek the and Exarchate Bulgarian the of behalf on activities intensified of The “subtlety” of Yosmaoglu’s organic system included “gendarmes torturing villagers to make them accept their accept them tomake villagers torturing “gendarmes included system of organic Yosmaoglu’s “subtlety” The Ipek Yosmaoglu. “Counting Bodies,Shaping Souls: The 1903 Census and National Identity in Ottoman Ibid., 141. Okey, Christians.” Ibid. simply were they that insisting kept who peasants and category), a national or areligious was “Serb” whether identity cards, local administrators relentlessly reporting protests to their superiors (some of whom did not know Macedonia,” National identity in Macedonia was pliable and reflected local circumstances – a local peasant circumstances andreflected was pliable in identity Macedonia National Eastern Europe International Journalof Middle EastStudies , 142. 94 Moreover, since in many respects the emergence of national Moreover, emergence the of many in since respects 93 46 Indeed, the social reality of a national body was body national a of reality social the Indeed, , v.38, no. 1(2006): 70. 91 This “wheeler-dealing” took form the This “wheeler-dealing” took 92 CEU eTD Collection elaborate network of institutions. of network elaborate neighbors had a clear advantage over the MSLS in both proximity and resources to set up an 47 CEU eTD Collection Macedonian-Adrianoplitan Circle (SMAC),asafunctional inIMARO embassy Russia, supplied movement background.how the with anidentifiable Furthermore, IdiscussedSecret as progressive it characterizing thereby theMSLS, of platform official ofthe those with there referencing its important publication, “Balkanski glasnik”, several Iassociated ideasfeatured Stefan Dedov MSLSin by the Petersburg. conceptual the society developed drew on St. platform The student and Dijamandija Mišajkov institutions. state as part was faced bytheaggressivepartially they inthese for propaganda motivated state aMacedonian of the Macedonianactivism theirarriving inRussiaand to prior Serbia in or Bulgaria either education received their Club members agendas. further MSLShad to theirthe The core of own Serbia, Bulgaria andRussia in Belgrade.students in PetersburgSt. led by Dimitrija By Wars Balkan as the such local realities a Balkan accommodate Federation. andsuggest autocephalous Church. Orthodox developmentthe traced modification Ihave and ideato this of withprotectorate provisions for an officially recognized language,nationality an and independent state.was This initiallyimagined Macedonian autonomous state asan Ottoman a platform identity Macedonian into they sought totranslate forSlav that aprospective byideasof inspired a separate was (MSLS) Society Literary and Scientific Macedonian emergencethe the have argued of that Question. I Macedonian the of resolution ininvolved the CONCLUSION In Chapter I, I discussed the groups that had a meaningfulhad that influenceof establishmentIn Idiscussed on groups a the Chapter I, the of Macedonian movement thatthe I showed time, the at believed what was to Contrary atthe were Petersburg of University St. of students how agroup have I In thisthesis shown ý upovski animplementwas not upovski of governmentsthe of 48 CEU eTD Collection communication between the two organizations that was madeby was SMAC-MSLS that difficult organizations between two the communication lack of regular in the and Balkans Empire the of Ottoman the preservation the concerning IMARO and MSLS the between sides –thedisagreement two had divergence for this reason the that Ihavegroups. demonstrated of two the theleadership between ideological rift considerable a was there activities, in IMARO-related another, form in or some MSLS participated, Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization. members Whilemost of of the the Internal – the Macedonia for autonomy accomplish to seeking group another with had MSLS located inits inof the the relationship program nature the I the Macedonia. disseminate problem dissolution. activity Colony in Macedonian significant recorded the Petersburgitsof St. before informal MSLS andtheirfor aBalkan Federation program which simultaneously thelastrepresented Balkan Wars of product atlooked incarnation final the of chapter,the I Concluding exigencies. ideologicalterms publicationimportant an “Makedonskiy platform of and theirmost golos” as a through its official documentsassociates. and publications. I analyzed the Constitution of the MSLS in venerated collection Slavophilesof was soughtfor approval and recognition by whose MSLS the of history in the factor legitimizing a as Society Benevolent Slavic the of role reflection of IMARO’s factionalism and unclear goals for autonomy. Finally, Ihave portrayed the wasa instability as theSMAC itself alsoto latter exposed MSLS, the into members SMAC a strongmembership baseandrevolutionary impetus MSLS.to the However, with entry the of In Chapter III,Idetermined why experienced MSLS the failure upon attempting to Chapter IIfocused on platform the of 1917 MSLSanditsfrom the evolution as 1902 to seen 49 ý upovski andhis upovski CEU eTD Collection Characteristically, the eventual descent into obscurity was largely due to the regional political regional the to due largely was obscurity into descent eventual the Characteristically, especially modern the inthe linguisticstate Macedonian sphere. andethnographic Slav withinpopulations imagined state. the non-Macedonian of role the discussed rarely theiryet rhetoric Federation for aBalkan agenda initial advocacy of autonomy within the framework of the Ottoman Empire was supplanted by an quality of theirintentions. The group failed to maintain a consistent policy with clear goals. Their with elites, they neglected to confront fundamental contemporary actualities despite the elevated is Macedonia. However, case as the independent an realizeof goal the to intended MSLS the lexicons as that extensivepublication books, as well grammarof a peoplesuchasdictionaries, through means of diplomacy,intensive lobbying and indispensablework on cultural necessities statehood was consistently within the sights of its main ideologue, Dimitrija uprising against“Turkish slavery” or the“liberating” neighboring incursions Eventual of states. armed Macedonian–either an autonomy causefor the narratives of championing traditional itself. Macedonia in ground” the “on realities reflect necessarily not did that aspects several had identity Finally,institutions. and how propaganda MSLS’sthe discussed I of a Macedonian concept Ilindenthe further opportunity took the Uprising, to irredentistboth their aims using violence by andfrailty exhibitedthe Serbia, Greece Bulgaria, of emboldened Empire Ottoman after the concerning an Macedonia factor of as states neighboring complexity.additional explained how I antagonism in the Russian capital. On a different level, I positioned the competing designs of Modern Macedonian has historiography steadily and theirwork rediscovered contribution to from adeparture represented Society Literary and Scientific Essentially,Macedonian the 50 ý upovski, yet it was CEU eTD Collection archives of Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, the Greek Patriarchy and Turkey. a monumental the MSLS would aresearch constitute undertaking requiring across campaign obtainingmaterial would agenuinely that provide into comprehensive the nature insight of the in and sources written inaccessible Indeed,languages. frequently consolidatingseveral disparate independence. Accomplishing this,however, would considerable require inlocating effort and into insightprovide pursuing additional between theinteraction various groups separatism and Petersburg Colony's endeavors on indigenousthe nationalMacedonian movementis sureto developments of theday shiftingsponsorship. 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