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European Union Foreign Affairs Journal European Union Foreign Affairs Journal eQuarterly for European Foreign, Foreign Trade, Development, Security Policy, EU-Third Country Relations and Regional Integration (EUFAJ) N° 01/02 – 2013 ISSN 2190-6122 Contents Editorial...................................................................................................................................... 4 The Transformation of the Ethnic Minority Political Parties in Post-communist Europe: The Example of the Albanian Minority in Macedonia, compared with the Hungarian Minority in Slovakia Josipa Rizankoska ...................................................................................................................... 5 Racial Discrimination, Deprivation, Segregation and Marginalisation as a Reinforcement of the Practice of Child Marriage Rita Sorina Sein ..................................................................................................................... 110 Canadian First Nations: Elders Telling Stories Sitting in a Circle Walter Bonaise ....................................................................................................................... 141 Immigration and Security: Should Migration be a Securitization Issue? Tsoghik Khachatryan ............................................................................................................. 156 UNCTAD Acknowledges Admission of South Sudan as Forty-Ninth Least Developed Country (LDC) .................................................................. 164 The Role of Non-State Actors in Ensuring Human Security: The Case of South Sudan Ofelya Sargsyan ..................................................................................................................... 167 Eurobarometer: 98% say language learning is good for their children, but tests highlight skills gap ................................................................................................... 179 EU sounds alarm over sharp rise in protectionism across G20 ............................................. 183 Reviews .................................................................................................................................. 187 European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1/2-2013 www.eufaj.eu, e-mail: [email protected] 1 European Union Foreign Affairs Journal (abbreviated: EUFAJ) - eQuarterly for European Foreign, Foreign Trade, Development, Security Policy, EU-Third Country Relations and Regional Integration ISSN 2190-6122 Published by: LIBERTAS – Europaeisches Institut GmbH, Lindenweg 37, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany Phone +49 7471 984996-0, fax +49 7471 984996-19, e-mail: [email protected] Managing Director: Ute Hirschburger Registered at AG Stuttgart, HRB 243253, USt ID no.: DE811240129, Tax no.: 53 093 05327 Internet: www.eufaj.eu, www.libertas-institut.eu Subscription rate: zero. EUFAJ can be downloaded free of charge in the Internet; see www.eufaj.eu. Chief Editor: Hans-Jürgen Zahorka Junior Editor: Ofelya Sargsyan Editorial Advisory Board: Židas Daskalovski, Ph.D.,CRPM Skopje, University of Bitola,Macedonia Sergey Metelev, prof., Russian State University for Trade and Economy, Omsk, Russia Martin Pontzen, Dr. rer. pol., Bundesbank Director, German Federal Bank, Frankfurt/Main, Germany Olivier Védrine, Continental University, Kiev, Ukraine Viktor Yengibaryan, President of European Movement Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia Assistant Editors: Eka Meskhrikadze, Tbilisi, Georgia Meerim Oboskanova, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Tamara Vatsadze, Tbilisi, Georgia * * * All authors are responsible for their published texts. If no author is mentioned, the Chief Editor is responsible. All texts published under a name do not necessarily represent the view of the editors or Advisory Board members. EUFAJ is committed to different views and a public discussion. * * * Copyright: Copyright requests are welcome. Reprints of certain contributions are free of charge, for others a license fee may have to be negotiated. Please ask the publisher for copyright permission. Proposal/example for quotation: EUFAJ 1/2-2013, then number of page (e.g. EUFAJ, 2-2010, 32) Papers, articles, reports, contributions: They should be sent to the Chief Editor by e-mail and as attachment in Word format (not in PDF). EUFAJ follows a generous policy towards authors, who may decide themselves if they write a scientific or more practical article, or with or without footnotes (please no end notes). We reserve the right of adding annotations and commenting shortly. No guarantee for unsolicited articles which, however, may remain in our archive. All contributions are requested in English language; abstracts in other languages are possible. EUFAJ is published in English. European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1/2-2013 www.eufaj.eu, e-mail: [email protected] 2 The EUFAJ Blog - between our issues, for topical announcements and new publications: http://libertasblogs.wordpress.com With contributions on e.g. Scotland/Catalonia, Human Rights in Azerbaijan, Armenia and the Eurasian Customs/Economic Union, the Eurasian Union, Vladimir Putin, the future of Ukraine, Ukraine's Maidan events, the language policies in the EU, Africa, the Caribbean etc. Your contributions - as a personal view - are welcome; please send them to EUFAJ. The blog has more than 10.000 views from more than 125 countries. You can of course also subscribe the blogs - then you will be alerted via e-mail. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EUFAJ in Facebook https://www.facebook.com/pages/European-Union-Foreign-Affairs-Journal- EUFAJ/564823323568021 With news on activities, publications, conferences attended, and the contents of the new EUFAJ issues. Complementary to the journal itself and the blog. If you "Like" the page, you will be alerted via Facebook regularly. European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1/2-2013 www.eufaj.eu, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Editorial Dear readers, In this issue we put an accent to, well, let's say: minority issues: to the Macedonian political landscape (compared e.g. to the one of Slovakia), to the problem-loaded issue of child marriage in Roma communities, - and to the issue of the Canadian Indians, the First Nations. For this, we let speak an Elder from the Cree people in Alberta, Mr. Walter Bonaise. We do not produce a paper on constitutional law or land rights or social policy, but on spirituality and what Elders have been taught to think by their ancestors. This gives also an excellent view of the world of the First Nations in Canada - one which is too often forgotten when discussing about this large partner country of the EU. Before this, we publish a moving article about child marriages within the Roma community - written by a Roma author. The value of this article is that it is written partly in the first person, with the author's own and her village's experiences. All this is, like the Canadian piece, a unique piece of literature, and it reminds us that the world is larger than Europe. With best regards, Hans-Jürgen Zahorka European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1/2-2013 www.eufaj.eu, e-mail: [email protected] 4 The Transformation of the Ethnic Minority Political Parties in Post-communist Europe: The Example of the Albanian Minority in Macedonia, compared with the Hungarian Minority in Slovakia Josipa Rizankoska Josipa Rizankoska, Macedonia, is a PhD candidate at the University of Siena, Italy. Her research field is ethno-regional parties in Europe. She was also a Visiting Doctorate Student at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Josipa has an MA in Interdisciplinary research and studies on Eastern Europe from University of Bologna, Italy, and a BA in political science from Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Macedonia . Since 2007 she works for the Institute for Democracy “Societas Civilis”, Skopje, as a researcher. Summary: The first two decades of independence of Slovakia and Macedonia showed different trends of evolution of the parties claiming to speak for the Hungarian and the Albanian minorities in both countries respectively. Therefore, the main research question of the thesis is: What are the factors that influence the different paths of transformation of the biggest minority political parties in Slovakia and Macedonia? Are there any cleavages that influence an ethnic minority to separate itself in different political parties or any reasons to stay together in a coalition (or one overall party)? My argumentation is that there are cleavages below the ethnic lines, however, they do not play an important role, when it comes to separation or unification of the - ethnic parties, due to the bigger cause: the minority rights interests’ protection. Methodologically the attempt to answer the research question will follow the line of comparative approach of analyses of the internal and external factors influencing the evolution and the transformation of the ethnic political parties in these countries. When I speak of internal factors, I refer to the party-internal factors such as leadership, organization, statutory and programme determination, democratization inside the very ethnic minority party etc. When I say external factors, I refer to the political environment in the very country where the European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1/2-2013 www.eufaj.eu, e-mail: [email protected] 5 ethnic minority parties operate. Here I will elaborate the influence of the political
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