Lithuania: a Problem of Disclosure
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Lithuanian Jews and the Holocaust
Ezra’s Archives | 77 Strategies of Survival: Lithuanian Jews and the Holocaust Taly Matiteyahu On the eve of World War II, Lithuanian Jewry numbered approximately 220,000. In June 1941, the war between Germany and the Soviet Union began. Within days, Germany had occupied the entirety of Lithuania. By the end of 1941, only about 43,500 Lithuanian Jews (19.7 percent of the prewar population) remained alive, the majority of whom were kept in four ghettos (Vilnius, Kaunas, Siauliai, Svencionys). Of these 43,500 Jews, approximately 13,000 survived the war. Ultimately, it is estimated that 94 percent of Lithuanian Jewry died during the Holocaust, a percentage higher than in any other occupied Eastern European country.1 Stories of Lithuanian towns and the manner in which Lithuanian Jews responded to the genocide have been overlooked as the perpetrator- focused version of history examines only the consequences of the Holocaust. Through a study utilizing both historical analysis and testimonial information, I seek to reconstruct the histories of Lithuanian Jewish communities of smaller towns to further understand the survival strategies of their inhabitants. I examined a variety of sources, ranging from scholarly studies to government-issued pamphlets, written testimonies and video testimonials. My project centers on a collection of 1 Population estimates for Lithuanian Jews range from 200,000 to 250,000, percentages of those killed during Nazi occupation range from 90 percent to 95 percent, and approximations of the number of survivors range from 8,000 to 20,000. Here I use estimates provided by Dov Levin, a prominent international scholar of Eastern European Jewish history, in the Introduction to Preserving Our Litvak Heritage: A History of 31 Jewish Communities in Lithuania. -
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter Utgivna Av Statsvetenskapliga Föreningen I Uppsala 194
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 194 Jessica Giandomenico Transformative Power Challenged EU Membership Conditionality in the Western Balkans Revisited Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Brusewitzsalen, Gamla Torget 6, Uppsala, Saturday, 19 December 2015 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor David Phinnemore. Abstract Giandomenico, J. 2015. Transformative Power Challenged. EU Membership Conditionality in the Western Balkans Revisited. Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 194. 237 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9403-2. The EU is assumed to have a strong top-down transformative power over the states applying for membership. But despite intensive research on the EU membership conditionality, the transformative power of the EU in itself has been left curiously understudied. This thesis seeks to change that, and suggests a model based on relational power to analyse and understand how the transformative power is seemingly weaker in the Western Balkans than in Central and Eastern Europe. This thesis shows that the transformative power of the EU is not static but changes over time, based on the relationship between the EU and the applicant states, rather than on power resources. This relationship is affected by a number of factors derived from both the EU itself and on factors in the applicant states. As the relationship changes over time, countries and even issues, the transformative power changes with it. The EU is caught in a path dependent like pattern, defined by both previous commitments and the built up foreign policy role as a normative power, and on the nature of the decision making procedures. -
Conde, Jonathan (2018) an Examination of Lithuania's Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation
Conde, Jonathan (2018) An Examination of Lithuania’s Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation. Masters thesis, York St John University. Downloaded from: http://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/3522/ Research at York St John (RaY) is an institutional repository. It supports the principles of open access by making the research outputs of the University available in digital form. Copyright of the items stored in RaY reside with the authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full text items free of charge, and may download a copy for private study or non-commercial research. For further reuse terms, see licence terms governing individual outputs. Institutional Repository Policy Statement RaY Research at the University of York St John For more information please contact RaY at [email protected] An Examination of Lithuania’s Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation. Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Research MA History at York St John University School of Humanities, Religion & Philosophy by Jonathan William Conde Student Number: 090002177 April 2018 I confirm that the work submitted is my own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the works of others. This copy has been submitted on the understanding that it is copyright material. Any reuse must comply with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and any licence under which this copy is released. @2018 York St John University and Jonathan William Conde The right of Jonathan William Conde to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Acknowledgments My gratitude for assisting with this project must go to my wife, her parents, wider family, and friends in Lithuania, and all the people of interest who I interviewed between the autumn of 2014 and winter 2017. -
Fighters-For-Freedom.Pdf
FIGHTERS FOR FREEDOM Lithuanian Partisans Versus the U.S.S.R. by Juozas Daumantas This is a factual, first-hand account of the activities of the armed resistance movement in Lithuania during the first three years of Russian occupation (1944-47) and of the desperate conditions which brought it about. The author, a leading figure in the movement, vividly describes how he and countless other young Lithuanian men and women were forced by relentless Soviet persecutions to abandon their everyday activities and take up arms against their nation’s oppressors. Living as virtual outlaws, hiding in forests, knowing that at any moment they might be hunted down and killed like so many wild animals, these young freedom fighters were nonetheless determined to strike back with every resource at their command. We see them risking their lives to protect Lithuanian farmers against Red Army marauders, publishing underground news papers to combat the vast Communist propaganda machine, even pitting their meager forces against the dreaded NKVD and MGB. JUOZAS DAUMANTAS FIGHTERS FOR FREEDOM LITHUANIAN PARTISANS VERSUS THE U.S.S.R. (1944-1947) Translated from the Lithuanian by E. J. Harrison and Manyland Books SECOND EDITION FIGHTERS FOR FREEDOM Copyright © 1975 by Nijole Brazenas-Paronetto Published by The Lithuanian Canadian Committee for Human Rights, 1988 1011 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6H 1A8 Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 74-33547 ISBN 0-87141-049-4 CONTENTS Page Prelude: July, 1944 5 Another “Liberation” 10 The Story of the Red Army Soldier, -
Please Download Issue 2 2012 Here
A quarterly scholarly journal and news magazine. June 2012. Vol. V:2. 1 From the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Academic life in newly Södertörn University, Stockholm founded Baltic States BALTIC WORLDSbalticworlds.com LANGUAGE &GYÖR LITERATUREGY DALOS SOFI OKSANEN STEVE sem-SANDBERG AUGUST STRINDBERG GYÖRGY DALOS SOFI OKSANEN STEVE sem-SANDBERG AUGUST STRINDBERG also in this issue ILL. LARS RODVALDR SIBERIA-EXILES / SOUNDPOETRY / SREBRENICA / HISTORY-WRITING IN BULGARIA / HOMOSEXUAL RIGHTS / RUSSIAN ORPHANAGES articles2 editors’ column Person, myth, and memory. Turbulence The making of Raoul Wallenberg and normality IN auGusT, the 100-year anniversary of seek to explain what it The European spring of Raoul Wallenberg’s birth will be celebrated. is that makes someone 2012 has been turbulent The man with the mission of protect- ready to face extraordinary and far from “normal”, at ing the persecuted Jewish population in challenges; the culture- least when it comes to Hungary in final phases of World War II has theoretical analyzes of certain Western Euro- become one of the most famous Swedes myth, monuments, and pean exemplary states, of the 20th century. There seem to have heroes – here, the use of affected as they are by debt been two decisive factors in Wallenberg’s history and the need for crises, currency concerns, astonishing fame, and both came into play moral exemplars become extraordinary political around the same time, towards the end of themselves the core of the solutions, and growing the 1970s. The Holocaust had suddenly analysis. public support for extremist become the focus of interest for the mass Finally: the historical political parties. -
Antanas Smetona
Antanas Smetona Bibliografijos rodyklė (1935–2016) Leidinio sudarytojos: Zina DAUGĖLAITĖ, Irena ADOMAITIENĖ Redaktorės: Gražina RINKEVIČIENĖ, Regina KNEIŽYTĖ Kalbos redaktorė Lina ŠILAGALIENĖ Maketuotojas Tomas RASTENIS Viršelio nuotr. iš leid.: 1918 m. vasario 16 d. Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signatarai. V., 2006. Leidinio bibliografinė informacija pateikiama Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų banke (NBDB) 2019 04 03. 21 leidyb. apsk. l. Išleido Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka Gedimino pr. 51, LT-01504 Vilnius ISBN 978-609-405-179-1 Turinys Turinys 1954 metai ..........................................................................................................70 1955 metai ..........................................................................................................70 Turinys ................................................................................................................................... 3 1956 metai ..........................................................................................................70 1958 metai ..........................................................................................................71 Pratarmė ............................................................................................................................... 6 1969 metai ..........................................................................................................71 Biografija ............................................................................................................................. -
Nacionalinio Muziejaus Idėja Ir Kolektyvinė Atmintis Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje 1918 –1940 M
KULtūrinė aTMINTIS Dangiras MAČIULIS Nacionalinio muziejaus idėja ir kolektyvinė atmintis Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje 1918 –1940 m. Dangiras Mačiulis – humanitarinių mokslų daktaras, Lietuvos istorijos instituto XX a. Istorijos skyriaus mokslinis darbuotojas; adresas: Kražių g. 5, LT-01108 Vilnius; el. paštas: [email protected]; mokslinių tyrinėjimų sritis – kultūros politika tarpukario Lietuvoje, kultūros istorija, istorijos politika. Straipsnis parengtas įgyvendinant Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą tyrimo projektą „Atminties kultūrų formavimo strategijos miestų urbanistinėse erdvėse“ (Nr. VAT-01/2010). Anotacija. Straipsnyje, analizuojant tarpukario Kaune Nastazijos Keršytės monografiją, ir tyrimų, skirtų atskirų veikusių muziejų veiklą, siekiama nustatyti, ar 1936 m. muziejų istorijai, ir labiausiai lietuviškai muziejininkystei duris atvėrusiame Vytauto Didžiojo muziejuje buvo pri- nusipelniusių asmenų, tokių kaip Paulius Galaunė ir Vladas statomas „pavyzdinis“, lietuviško nacionalizmo lūkesčius Nagevičius, biografijas [17; 22; 28; 30; 47; 58]. Tačiau taip atliepiantis nacionalinės istorijos pasakojimas apie Lietuvos ir liko neatsakytas klausimas, ar 1936 m. duris atvėrusio valstybingumo ir lietuvių tautos istoriją. Vytauto Didžiojo muziejaus erdvė įkūnijo „pavyzdinį“, Prasminiai žodžiai: Tautos muziejus, Karo muziejus, lietuviško nacionalizmo lūkesčius atliepiantį nacionalinės Vytauto Didžiojo muziejus. istorijos pasakojimą apie Lietuvos valstybingumo ir lietuvių Abstract. By analyzing the activities of the museums tautos -
Brazauskas in Power: an Assessment
Brazauskas in Power: An Assessment * JULIUS SMULKSTYS The victory of Lithuania's Democratic Labor Party (LDDP) in the parliamentary elections of October and November 1992 was lamented by many in the West as the return of the former Communists to power in a country that had played a major role in the dismantling of the Soviet Union. If just a few years ago Lithuania had been the trailblazer in the struggle for independence and democracy, now it seemed to be the leader in efforts to reverse the trends that began in 1988. But to those familiar with the recent history of Lithuania, the election results had no such ominous implications. They merely reflected the growing sophistication of the voters and their reliance on democratic institutions to settle political differences and to redirect as well as to reaffirm economic, social and political reforms. It was the case of a young democracy coming into its own. As in other former republics of the Soviet Union, democratization in Lithuania had to overcome numerous obsta- cles—the most visible ones being the absence of democratic political culture, relentless pressure from Moscow and the resultant siege-like atmosphere, and the rapidly deteriorating economic conditions. One of the important forces that helped to preserve fledgling democratic institutions was the Communist Party of Lithuania (Lietuvos Komunistų Partija—LKP) and its successor, Lithuania's Democratic Labor Party. Without their early commitment, the struggle for democracy and indepen- dence in Lithuania would have been much more difficult. The meaning of the 1992 elections, therefore, can only be fully evaluated and understood in the context of the party's role in promoting change, a role that originated six years ago. -
The Culmination of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement by Vylius M
Volume 11, 2009 Baltic Security & Defence Review “Forest Brothers” 1945: The Culmination of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement By Vylius M. Leskys* The conventional acceptance of the Lithuanian partisan movement against the Soviets from 1944 to 1953 typically delineates the effort into three stages according to distinguishable patterns of operations and centralization of effort (Kuodyte & Tracevskis, 2006:34). Operationally, however, the Lithuanian resistance fought by the “forest brothers” (Ibid., p. 17) may be more clearly divided by defining the unacknowledged culmination that occurred in 1945—a point when overwhelming Soviet combat power caused a decline in partisan capabilities that continued until the conflict’s final demise in 1953. Although the resistance effort maintained its strength ideologically, the Lithuanian partisan movement never recovered from the culminating point because of a shortfall in resources, a lack of external support, and the inability of resistance leadership to adapt rapidly enough against a comprehensive Soviet assimilation campaign. Cold War delineation of the Lithuanian partisan movement generally divided the war into two stages, “four years of strength (1944-48) and four of gradual decline (1949-1952).” (Vardys, 1965:85) With the elucidation provided by previously classified documents of the NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), the generally accepted post-Cold War division of the partisan movement is segmented into three stages: 1) July 1944-May 1946, 2) May 1946-Nov 1948, and 3) Nov 1948-May 1953. The first period encompassed the years of “victory and romanticism” when partisans “would gather in the hundreds in the forests and arrange well- fortified camps” to plan large scale attacks against the Soviets (Kuodyte & Tracevskis, 2006:36). -
Landsbergis, Vytautas
LIETUVOS NACIONALINĖ MARTYNO MAŽVYDO BIBLIOTEKA VADOVYBĖS INFORMACIJOS SKYRIUS Tel. 239 8558 0BVYTAUTO LANDSBERGIO KNYGŲ BIBLIOGRAFIJA 1963 – 2012 m. Landsbergis, Vytautas. Kaip muzika atspindi gamtą / Vytautas Landsbergis. - Vilnius : [s.n.], 1963. - 24 p. - Antr. p. viršuje: Lietuvos TSR polit. ir moksl. žinių skleidimo draugija ir Lietuvos TSR kompozitorių s-ga. - Rankraščio teisėmis. Landsbergis, Vytautas. Muzika ir literatūra : (medžiaga lektoriui) / Vytautas Landsbergis. - Vilnius : [s.n.], 1964. - 2 t. - Antr. p. viršuje: Lietuvos TSR "Žinijos draugija. Lietuvos TSR Kompozitorių sąjunga. Meno mokslo-metodinė taryba. Landsbergis, Vytautas. M.K. Čiurlionis ir jo muzikos kūriniai = М.К. Чюрленис и его музыкальные произведения = M.K. Čiurlionis and his musical work : [M.K. Čiurlionio 90-jų gimimo metinėms skirtas leidinys] / [V. Landsbergis ; apipavidalino dail. Arūnas Tarabilda]. - Vilnius : [s.n.], 1965. - 23, [1] p., įsk. virš. : iliustr., nat. - Aut. nurodytas str. gale. - Virš. antr.: M.K. Čiurlionis. Landsbergis, Vytautas. Pavasario sonata / Vytautas Landsbergis. - Vilnius : Vaga, 1965 (Kaunas : Valst. K. Poželos sp.). - 351, [1] p., [10] iliustr. lap. : nat., iliustr. - Vertimai: Соната весны. Ленинград : Музыка, 1971. Čiurlionis, Mikalojus Konstantinas. Zodiako ženklai : [reprodukcijos] / M.K. Čiurlionis. - Vilnius : Vaga, 1967. - 1 apl. (19 p., 12 iliustr. lap.). - Santr. rus., angl., pranc., vok. Kn. taip pat: Įž. str. / V. Landsbergis. Landsbergis, Vytautas. Соната весны : творчество М.К. Чюрлeниса / В. Ландсбергис. - Ленинград : Музыка, 1971 (Вильнюс : Вайздас). - 327 p., [19] iliustr., portr., nat. lap. : faks., iliustr., nat. - Versta iš: Pavasario sonata. Vilnius : Vaga, 1965. Čiurlionis, Mikalojus Konstantinas. Pasaulio sutvėrimas [Grafika] : [reprodukcijos] / M.K. Čiurlionis. - Vilnius : Vaga, 1972 (Kaunas : K. Poželos sp.). - 1 apl. (13 atvirukų) : spalv. - Gretut. tekstas liet., angl., rus. Leid. taip pat: Pasaulio sutvėrimas / V. -
Culture of Memory and Politics of History in Lithuania in 1989–2018
119 Professor Alvydas Nikžentaitis The Lithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius, Lithuania ARTICLES CULTURE OF MEMORY AND POLITICS OF HISTORY IN LITHUANIA IN 1989–2018 Abstract This article aims to analyse the transformation of the culture of memory in Lithuania and the most important directions of Lithuanian politics of history in the period from 1989 to 2018. While discussing these questions, special attention is paid to the role of political factors (internal and external) and inter- state relations, as well as to changes in the relationship between Lithuania’s culture of memory, and the cultures of memory and identity of the national minorities in Lithuania. The paper emphasises the processes of transformation of the Lithuanian culture of remembrance which started around 2005, when it was most recently updated. The research material presented herein shows that Lithuania’s culture of memory is full of contradictions and conflicts, and that its central figure has changed. Keywords: culture of memory, politics of history, identity, inter-state relations, national minorities Financial disclosure: The article has been written as part of the research project “Modernisation of Identity? Challenges of ‘Europeanisation’, Nationalism and Post-Sovietism for Memory Cultures” (No. MOD-17006, supported by the Research Council of Lithuania). Institute of National Remembrance 1/2019 120 n recent years, a number of works have been published on Ithe culture of memory and politics of history (Erll, Nünning 2008). I have discussed the terminology of these concepts in other publications (Nikžentaitis 2013, pp. 517–538), throughout which one can clearly see a certain trend: these concepts are often used interchangeably (synonymously) (Łuczewski and Bednarz-Łuczewska 2011), although in my opinion they should not be. -
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE in LITHUANIA a Story of Peaceful Liberation
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE IN LITHUANIA A Story of Peaceful Liberation Grazina Miniotaite The Albert Einstein Institution www.aeinstein.org 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Nonviolent Resistance Against Russification in the Nineteenth Century The Goals of Tsarism in Lithuania The Failure of Colonization The Struggle for the Freedom of Religion The Struggle for Lithuanian Press and Education Chapter 2: Resistance to Soviet Rule, 1940–1987 An Overview Postwar Resistance The Struggle for the Freedom of Faith The Struggle for Human and National Rights The Role of Lithuanian Exiles Chapter 3: The Rebirth From Perestroika to the Independence Movement Test of Fortitude The Triumph of Sajudis Chapter 4: Towards Independence The Struggle for Constitutional Change Civil Disobedience Step by Step The Rise of Reactionary Opposition Chapter 5: The Struggle for International Recognition The Declaration of Independence Independence Buttressed: the Battle of Laws First Signs of International Recognition The Economic Blockade The January Events Nonviolent Action in the January Events International Reaction 3 Chapter 6: Towards Civilian-Based Defense Resistance to the “Creeping Occupation” Elements of Civilian-Based Defense From Nonviolent Resistance to Organized Civilian-Based Defense The Development of Security and Defense Policy in Lithuania since 1992 Concluding Remarks Appendix I Appeal to Lithuanian Youth by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania Appendix II Republic in Danger! Appendix III Appeal by the Government of the Republic