Apie Dvi Propagandines Kampanijas X X A. Tarpukario
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Antanas Smetona
Antanas Smetona Bibliografijos rodyklė (1935–2016) Leidinio sudarytojos: Zina DAUGĖLAITĖ, Irena ADOMAITIENĖ Redaktorės: Gražina RINKEVIČIENĖ, Regina KNEIŽYTĖ Kalbos redaktorė Lina ŠILAGALIENĖ Maketuotojas Tomas RASTENIS Viršelio nuotr. iš leid.: 1918 m. vasario 16 d. Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Akto signatarai. V., 2006. Leidinio bibliografinė informacija pateikiama Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų banke (NBDB) 2019 04 03. 21 leidyb. apsk. l. Išleido Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka Gedimino pr. 51, LT-01504 Vilnius ISBN 978-609-405-179-1 Turinys Turinys 1954 metai ..........................................................................................................70 1955 metai ..........................................................................................................70 Turinys ................................................................................................................................... 3 1956 metai ..........................................................................................................70 1958 metai ..........................................................................................................71 Pratarmė ............................................................................................................................... 6 1969 metai ..........................................................................................................71 Biografija ............................................................................................................................. -
Nacionalinio Muziejaus Idėja Ir Kolektyvinė Atmintis Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje 1918 –1940 M
KULtūrinė aTMINTIS Dangiras MAČIULIS Nacionalinio muziejaus idėja ir kolektyvinė atmintis Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje 1918 –1940 m. Dangiras Mačiulis – humanitarinių mokslų daktaras, Lietuvos istorijos instituto XX a. Istorijos skyriaus mokslinis darbuotojas; adresas: Kražių g. 5, LT-01108 Vilnius; el. paštas: [email protected]; mokslinių tyrinėjimų sritis – kultūros politika tarpukario Lietuvoje, kultūros istorija, istorijos politika. Straipsnis parengtas įgyvendinant Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą tyrimo projektą „Atminties kultūrų formavimo strategijos miestų urbanistinėse erdvėse“ (Nr. VAT-01/2010). Anotacija. Straipsnyje, analizuojant tarpukario Kaune Nastazijos Keršytės monografiją, ir tyrimų, skirtų atskirų veikusių muziejų veiklą, siekiama nustatyti, ar 1936 m. muziejų istorijai, ir labiausiai lietuviškai muziejininkystei duris atvėrusiame Vytauto Didžiojo muziejuje buvo pri- nusipelniusių asmenų, tokių kaip Paulius Galaunė ir Vladas statomas „pavyzdinis“, lietuviško nacionalizmo lūkesčius Nagevičius, biografijas [17; 22; 28; 30; 47; 58]. Tačiau taip atliepiantis nacionalinės istorijos pasakojimas apie Lietuvos ir liko neatsakytas klausimas, ar 1936 m. duris atvėrusio valstybingumo ir lietuvių tautos istoriją. Vytauto Didžiojo muziejaus erdvė įkūnijo „pavyzdinį“, Prasminiai žodžiai: Tautos muziejus, Karo muziejus, lietuviško nacionalizmo lūkesčius atliepiantį nacionalinės Vytauto Didžiojo muziejus. istorijos pasakojimą apie Lietuvos valstybingumo ir lietuvių Abstract. By analyzing the activities of the museums tautos -
Brazauskas in Power: an Assessment
Brazauskas in Power: An Assessment * JULIUS SMULKSTYS The victory of Lithuania's Democratic Labor Party (LDDP) in the parliamentary elections of October and November 1992 was lamented by many in the West as the return of the former Communists to power in a country that had played a major role in the dismantling of the Soviet Union. If just a few years ago Lithuania had been the trailblazer in the struggle for independence and democracy, now it seemed to be the leader in efforts to reverse the trends that began in 1988. But to those familiar with the recent history of Lithuania, the election results had no such ominous implications. They merely reflected the growing sophistication of the voters and their reliance on democratic institutions to settle political differences and to redirect as well as to reaffirm economic, social and political reforms. It was the case of a young democracy coming into its own. As in other former republics of the Soviet Union, democratization in Lithuania had to overcome numerous obsta- cles—the most visible ones being the absence of democratic political culture, relentless pressure from Moscow and the resultant siege-like atmosphere, and the rapidly deteriorating economic conditions. One of the important forces that helped to preserve fledgling democratic institutions was the Communist Party of Lithuania (Lietuvos Komunistų Partija—LKP) and its successor, Lithuania's Democratic Labor Party. Without their early commitment, the struggle for democracy and indepen- dence in Lithuania would have been much more difficult. The meaning of the 1992 elections, therefore, can only be fully evaluated and understood in the context of the party's role in promoting change, a role that originated six years ago. -
Lithuania: a Problem of Disclosure
Lithuania: A Problem of Disclosure TOMAS SKUCAS s centripetal forces spun the Soviet Union out of control and, ultimately, out A of existence in the late 1980s and early 1990s, an unlikely country became the vanguard of those USSR states seeking independence. Through political maneuverings and public demonstrations, Lithuania gained independence and resisted the half-hearted attempts of the Soviet Union to prevent the secession of its Eastern European satellites. Since then, Lithuania has struggled with its Soviet-era demons. Like the rest of the former Soviet Union, Lithuania had been controlled by the KGB and its predecessors. The KGB’s historic power, and its pervasive influence on Lithuan- ian society (which persists even today), has been a defining feature of the coun- try’s tortured path toward democracy. The First Soviet Occupation Following the collapse of the Russian and German empires in 1918, Lithuania finally was able to assert its statehood. On February 16, 1918, Lithuania declared its full independence. However, a mere two years later, Lithuania’s capital and province of Vilnius was annexed and subsequently controlled by Poland until World War II. Following the onset of the war, specifically the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact by Iosif Stalin and Adolph Hitler in August 1939, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were forced to accept Soviet occupation. In October 1939, Soviet troops arrived on Lithuanian soil. The following May, the Soviet Union delivered a note to the Lithuanian government accusing it of complicity in the kidnapping of two Soviet soldiers. Through these and similar instruments of intimidation, the Soviets forced the creation of a new government led by the Soviet Deputy Commissar for Foreign Affairs and a quasi-elected Peo- ple’s Diet. -
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE in LITHUANIA a Story of Peaceful Liberation
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE IN LITHUANIA A Story of Peaceful Liberation Grazina Miniotaite The Albert Einstein Institution www.aeinstein.org 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Nonviolent Resistance Against Russification in the Nineteenth Century The Goals of Tsarism in Lithuania The Failure of Colonization The Struggle for the Freedom of Religion The Struggle for Lithuanian Press and Education Chapter 2: Resistance to Soviet Rule, 1940–1987 An Overview Postwar Resistance The Struggle for the Freedom of Faith The Struggle for Human and National Rights The Role of Lithuanian Exiles Chapter 3: The Rebirth From Perestroika to the Independence Movement Test of Fortitude The Triumph of Sajudis Chapter 4: Towards Independence The Struggle for Constitutional Change Civil Disobedience Step by Step The Rise of Reactionary Opposition Chapter 5: The Struggle for International Recognition The Declaration of Independence Independence Buttressed: the Battle of Laws First Signs of International Recognition The Economic Blockade The January Events Nonviolent Action in the January Events International Reaction 3 Chapter 6: Towards Civilian-Based Defense Resistance to the “Creeping Occupation” Elements of Civilian-Based Defense From Nonviolent Resistance to Organized Civilian-Based Defense The Development of Security and Defense Policy in Lithuania since 1992 Concluding Remarks Appendix I Appeal to Lithuanian Youth by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania Appendix II Republic in Danger! Appendix III Appeal by the Government of the Republic -
Why Are Suicides So Widespread in Catholic Lithuania?
religions Review Why Are Suicides So Widespread in Catholic Lithuania? Danute˙ Gailiene˙ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Vilnius, Universiteto 9/1, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania; [email protected] Received: 20 December 2017; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 5 March 2018 Abstract: Religion as a protective factor against suicide was introduced in Durkheim’s theory of suicide and analysed from various perspectives in multiple studies. The Lithuanian case is intriguing because before WWII, along with Catholic Poland, it showed much lower suicide rates than its Protestant neighbours Latvia and Estonia. However, today Lithuania is among the leading countries in terms of the prevalence of suicide. Interestingly, not much has changed in Lithuania in terms of religious denomination—about 80% of population call themselves Catholic. The aim of this article was to explore which factors might have affected religions’ protective function against suicide during radical historical processes. The method of study consists of an analysis of historical sources, and of recent studies in suicidology and sociology of religion about suicide and religion in Lithuania. The results of this analysis show that two factors seem to be most important—heroicizing resistance suicides and experiencing long-term politics of atheisation. Keywords: religion; suicide rates; Lithuania 1. Introduction Religion as a protective factor against suicide was first introduced in Durkheim’s (Durkheim 1979) theory of suicide. He observed that the Protestant countries in Western Europe have higher suicide rates than the Catholic ones and related it to the stronger social cohesion and social integration among Catholics. Since then the association between religion and suicide has been analysed from various perspectives in multiple studies. -
Memorandumai Prezidentui Antanui Smetonai: Opozicijos Vienijimosi Pradžia
ISTORIJA MEMORANDUMAI PREZIDENTUI ANTANUI SMETONAI: OPOZICIJOS VIENIJIMOSI PRADŽIA Dr. Audronė Veilentienė Kauno technologijos universitetas Kaunas university of technology K. Donelaičio g. 73, LT-44029 Kaunas El. paštas [email protected] Santrauka Straipsnyje analizuojami opozicijos lyderių memorandumai Lietu- vos Respublikos Prezidentui Antanui Smetonai, rašyti 1935–1938 me- tais, atskleidžiamos jų atsiradimo priežastys, parodoma Vyriausybės reakcija ir veiksmai prieš memorandumus pasirašiusius asmenis. Auto- ritarizmo laikotarpiu opozicinių partijų lyderiai, nepaisydami valdžios represijų, reaguodavo į svarbius Lietuvos vidaus ir užsienio politikos įvykius kalbėdami partijos narių susirinkimuose, darydami pranešimus opozicijos renginiuose, taip pat rašydami memorandumus Prezidentui Antanui Smetonai. 1935–1938 m. Prezidentui buvo įteikti trys opozi- cijos lyderių pasirašyti memorandumai. Tautininkų Vyriausybė ėmėsi sankcijų prieš pasirašiusius asmenis stengdamasi valdžią išlaikyti savo rankose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: memorandumas; opozicijos lyderiai; Vyriau- sybė; Seimas; koalicija. Parlamento studijos 21 | 2016 Mokslo 136 darbai istorija Įvadas Autoritarizmo laikotarpiu opozicinių partijų lyderiai, nepaisydami valdžios represijų, reaguodavo į svarbius Lietuvos vidaus ir užsienio politikos įvykius pasisakydami partijos narių susirinkimuose, dary- dami pranešimus opozicijos renginiuose, taip pat rašydami memo- randumus Prezidentui Antanui Smetonai. 1935–1938 m. Prezidentui buvo įteikti trys opozicijos lyderių pasirašyti memorandumai. -
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Klaipedos universitetas Lietuvos istorijos institutas Vilniaus universitetas • • Skiriama lonG Puzino 1OO-meCio jubiliejui , VILNIUS 2005 UDK 902/904(474.5) Li-227 • Redaktoriq kolegija: • Algirdas Girininkas (ats. redaktorius ir sudarytojas) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas) Rimantas J ankauskas (Vilniaus universitetas) Vytautas Kazakevicius (Lietuvos istorijos institutas) Mykolas Michelbertas (Vilniaus universitetas) - Evalds Mugurevics (Latvijos universiteto Latvijos istorijos institutas) Vytautas Urbanavicius (Pilill tyrimo centras "Lietuvos pilys'j Gintautas Zabiela (Lietuvos istorijos institutas) v Vladas Zulkus (KJaipedos universitetas) v Jurgita Zukauskaite (ats. sekretore) (LietlLVos istorijos institutas) ISSN 0207-8694 © Lietuvos iSlorijos instilutas, 2005 ISBN 9986-23-124-8 © Straipsni4 au loriai, 2005 L1ETUVOS ARCHEOLOGIJA. 2005. T. 29, p. 55-70. ISSN 0207-8694 JONO PUZINO BmLIOG FUA 1926 Mamanto dantys Kaune II Lietuvos aidas. Nr. Ill, Neo-Lituanios korporacijos ketveritt mettt sukaktu geguzes 18, p. 3. yes II Lietuvis. Nr. 46, p. 10. Tadas Daugirdas ir jo darbai II Lietuvos aidas. Nr. 249, spalio 31, p. 2-4. 1927 IS Dauksos rasttt (skirtas prof. E. Volteriui) II Jaunoji 1930 Lietuva. Nr. 8, p. 14. 900 met4. senelis II Ateities spinduliai. Nr. 2, p. 10. A. Smetona: Vienybes gairemis II Vairas. Nr. 2, 1928 p. 483. Apuoles piliakalnio senove II Lietuvos aidas. Nr. 241, Grltzintas senasis Kauno archyvas II Savivaldybe. lapkricio 22, p. 7. Nr. 8(87). IS mustt savivaldybitt istorijos: Ukmerge ar Vilkmer Kada statyta Kauno rotuse? II Savivaldybe. ge? II Savivaldybe. Nr. 4(59), p. 10- 15. Nr. 12(91), p. 15. IS mustt savivaldybitt istorijos: Kaunas kant sukury Kaunas ir jo lankytinos vietos II Mokykla ir gyveni iki Zalgirio kovai II Savivaldybe. Nr. 5(60), p. -
Baltic Tribunal Against the Soviet Union in Copenhagen, July 25 Ahd 26, 1985
PUBLISHED BY THENWORLD FEDERATION OF FREE LATVLANS Rockville, Maryland 20850 Edited by Ingrida Kalnins Cover Design by Teodors Liliensteins Photographs by Liutas Grinius Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85 - 63678 TABLE OF CONTENTS * Preface .... ..... 1 by Olg'erts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman, Baltic World Conference * Introductory Remarks at the Baltic Tribunal . 2 by Olgerts R. Pavlovskis, Ph.D. Chairman, Baltic World Conference * The Indictment Against the Soviet Union . 3 Introduction .... 5 Indictment .... 6 -Conspiracy, aggression, and the illegal annexation of the Baltic States . 6 -Exploitation of the Baltic States . 7 -Deportation and systematic Russification of Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians with the purpose of eliminating their national identities, cultures, and languages . 8 -Violations of human rights . 9 Illegal actions of the Soviet Union . 9 -Soviet conspiracy against peace in Europe . 9 -Annexation of the Baltic States . 11 Intervention . 11 Occupation . 17 Annexation . 19 -Sovietization of the Baltic States . 24 Subjugation through terror . 25 Political subjugation . 27 Expropriation . 30 Colonization . 31 Economic exploitation . 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS Militarization . 45 Russification . 47 Genocide . 52 Violations of human rights 56 The Helsinki Agreement and the Baltic States 60 Summary . 62 References . .. 64 * The Panel of Judges Dr. Theodor Veiter, Chairman . 72 Per Ahlmark . 73 The Rev. Michael Bourdeaux . 74 Jean-Marie Daillet . 75 Sir James Fawcett . 76 * The Witnesses Kenneth Carter Benton Biography . 78 Testimony . .................................... 79 Rita Bruvere Biography . 83 Testimony . 84 Helena Celmina Biography . .. 92 Testimony . 94. Kestutis Jokubynas Biography . 100. Testimony . * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 Imants Lesinskis Biography . 108 Testimony . : .. : : : : : : '. '. ., '. .. '. '. .. 1 0 9 Leila Miller Biography . 120 Testimony . .: . .. .. ., 121 TABLE OF CONTENTS Valdo Randpere Biography . -
Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas
STUDIEN zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 32 Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940 Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas, Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940 STUDIEN ZUR OSTMITTELEUROPAFORSCHUNG Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft 32 Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940 VERLAG HERDER-INSTITUT · MARBURG · 2015 Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar Diese Publikation wurde einem anonymisierten Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen. This publication has undergone the process of anonymous, international peer review. © 2015 by Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg, Gisonenweg 5-7 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg Druck: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Ferdinand-Jühlke-Straße 7, 99095 Erfurt Umschlagbilder: links: Cover of the journal „Trimitas“ (Trumpet) of the Riflemen’s Union of Lithuania. Trimitas, 1930, no. 41 rechts: The fi rst watch of Lithuanian soldiers at the tower of Gediminas Castle. 10 28 1939. LNM ISBN 978-3-87969-401-3 Contents Introduction -
Press/Journalism (East Central Europe)
Version 1.0 | Last updated 08 October 2015 Press/Journalism (East Central Europe) By Paweł Brudek The situation of the press in East Central Europe worsened after the outbreak of the First World War. There was a temporary growth in readership as a result of a desire for information. This did not, however, improve the financial situation for the press. The press could not avoid the effects of war migration, its readers’ poverty, the growing costs of printing, or the return of censorship. The newspapers were cut off from their correspondents at the front, and journalists without other sources of information had to rely on propaganda. The German authorities limited the freedom of the press in the Polish Kingdom and liquidated the national press in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. In Finland the national press played a major role during the Russian Revolution. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 The Polish Kingdom 2.1 The Press After the Outbreak of War 2.2 The Warsaw Periodicals 3 Lithuania 3.1 The Press Prior to 1914 3.2 The German Occupation, 1915-1918 4 Latvia 5 Estonia 5.1 The Press Prior to 1914 5.2 During the War 6 Finland 6.1 The Press Prior to 1914 6.2 The Finnish Press, 1914–1918 7 The German Occupation Press in the East, 1915 -1918 7.1 Zeitung der 10. Armee 7.2 Deutsche Warschauer Zeitung 8 Conclusion Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Introduction Before 1914, the national press in East Central Europe grew significantly. This is revealed in the number of publications, the growing circulation, and the more modern organisational and technical aspects that were used. -
In 1917–1918 Did Lithuania Separate from Russia Or Poland?
LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 13 2008 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 101–117 IN 1917–1918 DID LITHUANIA SEPARATE FROM RUSSIA OR POLAND? Rimantas Miknys Abstract. The author attempts to reconstruct the rhetoric of national ‘sep- aration’ of Lithuania in 1917–1918, and to inquire into its purports. To this end the article presents and discusses the facts underlying the circumstances of the separation formula, analyses the causes, and generally surveys the genesis of the ‘separation’ idea. The issue of the historical ‘separation’ of Lithuania in 1917–1918 has not been analyzed specifically in the relevant scholarship 1 although, in describing facts memoirs and studies discussing the creation of the modern independent state of Lithuania do mention the moment of separation as a context of such creation. My considerations are intended to reconstruct the implications behind the separation which was recorded in the main document declaring independence of Lithuania. To that end I will discuss cir- cumstances and reasons for the thesis marking the separation and in general survey the genesis of the ‘separation’ idea. It should be noted that the resolution adopted by the Council of Lithuania on 16 February 1918 declared: The Council of Lithuania in its meeting dated 16 February 1918 unanimously de- cided to address governments of Russia, Germany and other states with the following statement: The Council of Lithuania as the sole representative of the Lithuanian nation on the grounds of the recognized right of nations to self-determination and the resolution of the Lithuanians adopted at Vilnius Conference dated 18–23 September 1917 hereby declares that it restores the independent state of Lithuania functioning on democratic principles with its capital Vilnius and accordingly separates the state in question from all national ties with other nations.