NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNELS กั หอสม ุดกลา สำน ง

By Srilak Anutararoekwong

An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2012 NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNEL

หอสม ุดกล ำนกั าง ส

By Srilak Anutararoekwong

An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2012

The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the independent study title of “Namkang Tunnel: The Cultural Landscape Management of the CPM Tunnel” submitted by Ms.Srilak Anutararoekwong as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism

…………………………………………….. (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School กั หอสมุดกล…………../…………../…….… ำน าง ส The Independent Study Advisor Assisstant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D.

The Independent Study Examination Committee

……………………………………. Chairman (Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng) …………/……………/………….

……………………………………. Member (Assistant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D.) …………/……………/………….

……………………………………. Member (Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri) …………/……………/………….

53056303: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: NAMKANG HISTORICAL TUNNEL, CULTURAL LANDSCPAE MANAGEMENT, HISTORICAL TUNNEL SRILAK ANUTARAROEKWONG: NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNELS. INDEPENDENT STUDY ADVISOR: PIBUL JINAWAT, Ph.D. 191 pp.

The Namkang National Park or Khao Namkang is located in Nathawi district, Songkhla province (in the Southern part of Thailand). It was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand in 1991 (2453 B.E.) with 212 square kilometers area. After the arrival of the Malayan communist insurgency, parts of the mountain were transformed into a maze of tunnels, which were neatly dugกั ห intoอ theส มforest.ุดก ล Khao Namkang wasำน declared as the Nationalา งpark of Thailand. However, the national park is not only ส a site of natural environment excellence but also as a location that has historic value as well. Thus, the national park can be mainly divided into two main categories; the first is the natural site and the latter one is as cultural site. They are both blended in the same area and place but with different groups of manager. Looking around the Namkang tunnels, it can be assessed as the site that can be promoted internationally with the site potential on its wholeness history and surroundings. Today, the Namkang Historic Tunnel is under the management of the old CPM members. They have established and manage the local souvenir shop and collect the entrance fee to the tunnel from tourists. However, the question arises as to whether the historic tunnel belongs to country in which it is located “Thailand”, to the country to whose history it is so central “Malaysia” or to “the CPM members”. The research project as well will study the impact and effect from humans broadly and from tourism more specifically on the Namkang Historic Tunnels. Hence, the research project will focus on three main aspects. Firstly, the research project will examine the site’s significance and its value. Secondly, the tourism capacity will be assessed together with how it might be managed on site. Finally, the question of cultural landscape management plan will be addressed. The cultural landscape management plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels is thought to be the final product that can emerge from this research project, together with the question of how it can be applied to other historic sites that have similar characteristics.

Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Student’s signature ………………………… Academic Year 2012 Independent Study Advisor’s signature ……………………… c

Acknowledgement

This thesis could not have been successfully completed without the valuable assistance of many people. Thus, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude for the cordial assistance of all those people. Firstly, I wish to convey my deep gratitude as well as appreciation to my thesis advisor, Assistance professor Dr.Pibul Jinawath, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in the research for, and writing of, this research project. I furthermore thank, Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng and Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri as the Examination committee and Dr.Jaray Suwannachart and Prof.Ross King, who gave me valuable suggestions and comments on this research and also encouraged me to go on with my research project. I also wish to acknowledgeกั ห andอส thankมุด everybodyกล who constantly supported and gave me endless moral supportำน whenever I had difficulties.าง Without these people,ส this thesis would never have been concluded.

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Table of contents

Page

Abstract ...... c Acknowledgments...... d Table of contents ...... e List of Figures ...... g List of Tables ...... l

Chapter นกั หอสมุดกลาง 1 Introduction ส ...... ำ 1 Background ...... 1 Goals and objectives ...... 9 Scope and limitation of the study ...... 10 Research methodology ...... 10 Sources of data ...... 11 Process of the study ...... 12 2 Literature review ...... 13 Cultural landscape ...... 13 Whose heritage? ...... 18 Cultural tourism ...... 20 Dark tourism ...... 22 Sustainable tourism ...... 23 Interpreting historic site ...... 25 The Communist ideology ...... 29 Case studies ...... 32 3 Site Assessment ...... 39 The original name of Namkang National Park ...... 39 The understanding of Namkang National Park ...... 41 Facilities and transportation ...... 43 The present situation of Namkang Historic Tunnel ...... 48 The landscape of NK Mountain National Park and NK Historic Tunnel .. 54

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Page The assessment of Namkang Tunnel, Namkang National Park ...... 59 Namkang Tunnel at the Present day ...... 84 The comparison of NK Historic Tunnel and Cu Chi Historic Tunnels ... 105 The universal timeline ...... 112 4 Implementation ...... 115 Cultural landscape analysis ...... 115 Statement of significance ...... 116 The SWOT analysis of Namkang Historic Tunnel ...... 118 Implementation strategies ...... 120 Heritage contestationกั ห managementอสมุด ...... กล 123 Future touristสำ นanalysis after the managementาง of historic site ...... 124 The Namkang Historic Tunnel cultural landscape management plan .... 126 Limit of growing ...... 153 5 Discussion, conclusion and recommendation ...... 154 Reference ...... 157 Appendix ...... 166 Appendix A ...... 166

Appendix B ...... 182

Biography ...... 191

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List of figures

Figures Page 1 Shows the territory of Qing Dynasty from 1800 – 1910 ...... 1 2 Shows the picture of Express Cixi ...... 2 3 Puyi, the last emperor of China ...... 2 4 Shows the picture of Sun Yat Sen, the leader of Kuomintang ...... 3 5 Shows the Xinhai Revolution under Sun Yat Sen leader ...... 3 6 Chiang Kai-shek, the political descendant of Sun Yat Sen ...... 4 7 Chiang Kai-shek, the political descendantหอสม ofุด Sunก Yatล Sen ...... 4 8 Mao Zedong, the leaderสำ ofน theกั CCP ...... าง 4 9 Mao Zedong, the leader of the CCP ...... 4 10 Show the Cultural Revolution propaganda poster, China Mainland ...... 5 11 Show the Cultural Revolution propaganda poster, China Mainland ...... 5 12 Show the Cultural Revolution propaganda poster, China Mainland ...... 5 13 Shows the very first depiction of Chinese oversea people ...... 6 14 The Chinese oversea, who worked as lower-class labors in risky tasks ...... 7 15 Shows the setting of Vinh Moc Tunnels in Vietnam ...... 34 16 Shows the map of Vinh Moc Tunnels ...... 35 17 Shows the setting of the Cu Chi tunnels in Vietnam ...... 36 18 Shows the area of the Cu Chi Tunnels at the present time ...... 37 19 Shows the map of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 37 20 Shows the map of Thailand and Songkhla Province ...... 39 21 Map of Songkhla Province ...... 39 22 Shows the Nathawi District and the location of Namkang National Park ...... 40 23 Shows the land use of Namkang National Park ...... 40 24 Shows the geographical map of Namkang National Park ...... 42 25 Show the transportation route to Namakang National Park ...... 43 26 Shows the Namkang National Park guard box and visitor center ...... 44 27 Shows the Namkang National Park guard box and visitor center ...... 44 28 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels entrance gate ...... 44 29 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels entrance gate ...... 44

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Page 30 Shows souvenir shop operated by Namkang Tunnels manager ...... 45 31 Shows souvenir shop operated by Namkang Tunnels manager ...... 45 32 Shows the parking lot area ...... 46 33 Shows the new public toilet for tourists ...... 46 34 Shows the new public toilet for tourists ...... 46 35 Shows the social characteristic of Piyamit 5th village, Namkang National Park ...... 48 36 Shows the social characteristic of Piyamit 5th village, Namkang National Park ...... 48 37 Shows the social characteristic of Piyamit 5th village, Namkang National Park ...... 48 38 Shows the social characteristic of Piyamit 5th village, Namkang National Park ...... 48 39 Shows the social characteristic of Piyamitสม 5thด village, Namkang National Park ...... 48 กั หอ thุ กล 40 Shows the social characteristicสำน of Piyamit 5 village, าNamkangง National Park ...... 48 41 Shows the South Thailand Insurgency area ...... 49 42 Shows the landscape map of Namkang National Park ...... 53 43 Shows the Pruching waterfall ...... 54 44 Shows Tondadfah waterfall ...... 55 45 Shows Tonlad waterfall ...... 55 46 Shows Tonmaipuk waterfall ...... 56 47 Shows Tonsung waterfall ...... 56 48 Shows Wangluangprom waterfall ...... 57 49 Shows the entrance of Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 58 50 Shows the atmosphere of the Tripartite Peace Agreement ...... 61 51 Shows the atmosphere of the Tripartite Peace Agreement ...... 61 52 Shows the entrance to the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 64 53 Shows the entrance to the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 64 54 Shows the staircase inside the tunnels ...... 65 55 Shows the interior function of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 65 56 Shows the interior function of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 65 57 Shows the interior function of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 66 58 Shows the interior function of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 66 59 Shows the section plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 67 60 Shows the first floor plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 67 61 Shows the second floor plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 68

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Page 62 Shows the third floor plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 69 63 Shows the CPM basketball field located under a thick shade of green ...... 71 64 Shows the CPM basketball field located under a thick shade of green ...... 71 65 Shows CPM guerrilla troop operated in Thailand ...... 71 66 The telegram room inside the Namkang Historic Tunnel ...... 73 67 The telegram room inside the Namkang Historic Tunnel ...... 73 68 The CPM food container in various sizes ...... 74 69 Shows the CPM kitchen ...... 75 70 Shows the CPM kitchen ...... 75 71 Shows the food supply barrel buriedหอ underสม theุด groundกล ...... 75 72 Shows the operation สroomำน insideกั the historic tunnel ...... าง 77 73 Shows the figure of Chin Peng ...... 78 74 Shows the figure of Madam Zainon, Chin Peng’s wife ...... 78 75 Chin Peng was awarded the OBE by the Great Britain in 1939 ...... 79 76 Chin Peng became Malaya’s public enemy no.1 ...... 80 77 Chin Peng went to Beijing and was receive by Mao Zedong in March, 1965 ...... 80 78 Chin Peng and Gen. Dato’Kitti Rattanachaya in the Hat-Yai Peace Agreement ...... 81 79 Chin Peng and Gen. Dato’Kitti Rattanachaya in the Hat-Yai Peace Agreement ...... 81 80 Today, Chin Peng still lived in Thailand ...... 81 81 The autobiography work of Chin Peng ...... 82 82 Shows an integral female member of the party ...... 83 83 Shows an integral female member of the party ...... 83 84 Shows the surgery and operation held in jungle ...... 83 85 Shows the Namkang National Park officer’s management area ...... 85 86 Shows the Namkang National Park officer’s management area ...... 85 87 Shows the Namkang National Park officer’s management area ...... 86 88 Shows the Namkang National Park officer’s management area ...... 86 89 Shows the current development by the ex – CPM guerrilla ...... 87 90 Shows the current development by the ex – CPM guerrilla ...... 87 91 Shows Songkhla tourism maps proposed by TAT Hatyai office ...... 90 92 Shows Songkhla Province tourism attractions ...... 91 93 The entrance way to the historical museum ...... 92

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Page 94 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels exhibition ...... 93 95 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels exhibition ...... 93 96 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels exhibition ...... 93 97 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels exhibition ...... 93 98 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels exhibition ...... 93 99 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnels exhibition ...... 93 100 Shows the printed brochure for visitor ...... 94 101 Signage and interpretation in Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 94 102 Signage and interpretation in Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 94 103 Signage and interpretation inกั Namkangหอส Historicมุดก Tunnelsล ...... 95 104 Signage and interpretationสำน in Namkang Historic Tunnelsาง ...... 95 105 Signage and interpretation in Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 95 106 Mr.Leong Yee Sing in the CPM uniform and in the present time ...... 96 107 Mr.Leong Yee Sing in the CPM uniform and in the present time ...... 96 108 Mr.Pang Min Sang dressed in the CPM uniform ...... 97 109 Mr.Liang Chen in the present day ...... 97 110 Shows the CPM peace gate ...... 98 111 Shows the CPM peace gate ...... 98 112 Shows the inscription to the pass away fellow ...... 99 113 The comparison between Namkang Historical Museum and the new museum ...... 101 114 The comparison between Namkang Historical Museum and the new museum ...... 101 115 Shows the memorial park of the CPM fellow ...... 102 116 Shows the memorial park of the CPM fellow ...... 102 117 Shows the memorial park of the CPM fellow ...... 102 118 Shows the memorial park of the CPM fellow ...... 102 119 Shows the atmosphere of Term Rak Kao Namkang activity ...... 103 120 Shows the atmosphere of Term Rak Kao Namkang activity ...... 103 121 Shows the atmosphere of Term Rak Kao Namkang activity ...... 103 122 Shows the atmosphere of Term Rak Kao Namkang activity ...... 103 123 The advertise poster of the tourism activity ...... 104 124 The advertise poster of the tourism activity ...... 104 125 Butler’s model of the tourism area life cycle ...... 121

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Page 126 Shows the sustainable tourism idea ...... 122 127 Shows the planned tourism route of the Namkang Tunnels ...... 130 128 Shows the mock up model of the Cu Chi Tunnels, Vietnam ...... 133 129 Shows the media room of the Cu Chi Tunnels and the Viet Cong’s meal ...... 134 130 Shows the media room of the Cu Chi Tunnels and the Viet Cong’s meal ...... 134 131 Shows the war time exhibition of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 135 132 Shows the war time exhibition of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 135 133 Shows the war time exhibition of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 135 134 Shows the war time exhibition of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 135 135 Shows the war time exhibitionกั หof theอ สCuม Chiุด Tunnelsกล ...... 135 136 Shows the war time สexhibitionำน of the Cu Chi Tunnelsา ...... ง 135 137 The media work of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 135 138 The media work of the Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 135 139 The Cu Chi Tunnels construction ...... 136 140 Shows the present activity that promoted the heritage site (2011) ...... 139

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List of tables

Table Page

1 Shows tourist statistic and tourism income in Songkhla Province from 2005 ...... 90 2 Shows the comparison detail between Namkang Tunnels and Cu Chi Tunnels ...... 105 3 Shows the SWOT analysis of Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 118 4 Shows the onsite interpretation examining at the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 132 5 Shows the offsite interpretation examining at the Namkang Historic Tunnels ...... 132 6 Shows the proposed developments at Namkang National Park ...... 140 7 Shows the proposed proposalนกั inห developingอสม ุดNamkangกลา Historicง Tunnels ...... 144 สำ

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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background Since the 20th century, the world was continually changed to the new era. Revolutions, political ideologies and political conflictions were the main factors of all those changes. The chain of political confliction in Asia especially in East Asia and South East Asia region effected one and another like a momentum. From all those changes, China was the starting point… Qing Dynasty had ruled China for over 200 years. The dynasty was known as the Manchu dynasty. In the very end of Qing Dynasty, China was ruled under the Empress Dowanger Cixi’s power. However with the unsteady in political events and continually rebellions, Qing Dynasty lost its power in 1911 in the reign of Kangde Emperor (Puyi) after the Xinhai Revolution. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty)

Figure 1 Shows the territory of Qing Dynasty from 1800 -1910 (http://www.china-mike.com/chinese-history-timeline/part-10-qing-dynasty/)

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Figure 2 Shows the picture of Express Cixi Figure 3 Puyi, the last emperor of China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty) Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命) in 1911 was the revolution that permanently eliminated the last imperial dynasty, Qing. At that time, there was a short time civil war between the revolutionist and the government. Mr. Yuan Shi Kai, the Commander of Qing Dynasty and Dr. Sun Yat Sen, the leader of Tong Meng Hui had made a negotiation to solve the social conflict. The new republic government was the coalition between Yuan Shi Kai and Sun Yat Sen. Yuan had retained his power tightly and leaded the Republic of China to another social conflictions. After the revolution, Republic of China was established and the name of “Sun Yat Sen”, leader of the revolution, became more well-known. Although the Qing Dynasty stayed in the unsteady condition, the revolutionist took years to complete their mission because the lack of revolutionist harmonious organization. Sun Yat Sen, later known as the father of the nation, was the forerunner of democratic revolution and also played the main role in overthrow the Qing Dynasty. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) Moreover, Dr.Sun was also the founder of his political party called the Kuomintang (KMT) (中國國民黨) in 1912 and was the first provisional president of the Republic of China. He also provided his political ideology known as “Three Principle of the People”. It was consisted of the ethnic nation (minzu), the people's rights (minquan), and the well-being of the people (minsheng). 3

Figure 4 Shows the picture of Sun Yat Sen, the leader of Kuomintang

Figure 5 Shows the Xinhai Revolution under Sun Yat Sen leader (http://www.china.org.cn/china/xinhairevolution/2011- 09/28/content_23510612_4.htm) Through all his life, Sun Yat Sen tried to make a good connection and relationship with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). After his death in 1925, Chiang Kai Shek took the leader place of the KMT in 1926. He finally became the president of the Republic of China. Unlike Sun Yat Sen’s political ideology, Chiang was not able to maintain a good relationship with the CCP. The Chinese civil war finally broke out in July 1946. The CCP came up with the reason that the KMT government was suffered from excess corruption and the invasion from Japan. 4

Figure 6 – 7 Chiang Kai-shek, the political descendant of Sun Yat Sen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek)

Figure 8-9 Mao Zedong, the leader of the CCP (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong http://www.photographersdirect.com/buyers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=2537135) The CCP could take the full control of the China Mainland on 10th October, 1949 under the leader of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong was the president of Chinese Communist Party from 1943 – 1976. He had contributed his ideologies from Marxism – Leninism, which was known as Maoism. Through all his revolution time, Mao had decided to depend on Chinese peasants, who he thought as the main supporters of his violent revolution. He also stated on his works “On Practice” and “On Contradiction” that of a 5

revolutionary movement and stress the importance of practical will make grass-roots knowledge obtained through experience. The idea was later become the root of Maoism guerrilla. Later in 1966, the new era of China revolution had occurred. This revolution was called “Cultural Revolution”, which took 10 years long. The revolution had leaded to more than the loss of 100 thousands lives as its aim, eliminating the capitalism and the divided of social class. Chinese Cultural Revolution ended in 1976 after the death of Zou Un Lai and Mao Zedong. (www.thaichinese.net/History/history-modern12.html)

Figure 10 – 12 Show the Cultural Revolution propaganda poster, China Mainland (http://applianceadvisor.com/content/miele%E2%80%99s-mao-moment-and-canadian-cultural- revolution7400 http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9wenge.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html) The brief history of China above implied the flowing of Communist ideology in South East Asia region. The influence of Chinese Communism ideology could be seen in the region such as Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Chinese ideology in South East 6

Asia region normally came from the Chinese oversea movement. From the history, the immigration of Chinese people can be divided into 3 waves as followed; The first wave of Chinese immigration was in Ming Dynasty around 1371 – 1435. The objective of the immigration was for trading in South East Asia region and India. Some of the merchants and explorers had settled down in Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia for prosperous and opportunity.

Figure 13 Shows the very first depiction of Chinese oversea people (http://chineses-coming.exteen.com/20081207/entry-1) Due to the colonialism in the 19th century, a huge wave of Chinese people had decided to make a migration. Poverty and starving were the push factor for Chinese people to escape from the unsteady political situation of Qing Dynasty. In the second wave of migratory, most of the immigrant headed to South East Asia, North America, Australia and other colonial countries. 7

Figure 14 The Chinese oversea, who worked as lower-class labors in risky tasks (http://www.manager.co.th/China/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9540000128431&TabID=3&) The third wave of Chinese people movement happened in 1984 after the UK promised to return Hongkong back to China. Although they were looked as second – class citizen, they were hard workers and talented traders. They finally succeeded and stood in a main role that driven countries’ economic such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. (http://hakkapeople.com/node/1157) The push factor to the oversea Chinese migratory came from the unreliable political situation of the Qing Dynasty. Most of them immigrated to Nan Yang or was known as South East Asia region. Even they moved to the new countries and started their new lives; they never forgot China as their motherland. Chinese identities and cultures could be clearly identified as the original Chinese people. Settled down in the new countries, China’s political, diplomatic, economic, psychological and subversive instrument was promoted in the Nanyang as well. (William B. Roop, 1966) It was also found that most of Chinese people had migrated to other countries between the ages of civil war. In general, countries in South East Asia; such as Thailand, Burma, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore were their migratory destinations. Most of Chinese people settled down in these countries and never came back to their mainland. However Chinese people in Malaysia and Singapore were different from their groups of people in other countries. They tended to settled down in group and retained 8

their identities. Fortunately, their different attitude didn’t obstruct good relationship between them and local people because of the multi cultural society. Oversea Chinese people also played the main role in political events in China as well. In Xinhai Revolution (1911), the oversea Chinese sent their money back to the mainland as to support the revolution. Moreover, some of them had to migrate for political reason while some were the main investor in their mainland. They also played their roles in the Malayan political situation. Receiving the revolution ideology from Maoism, the Communist Party of Malayan operated their mission under Mao’s tactic and political aspect. Their political role in Malayan could be seen from the anti-Japanese movements in World War II and anti-British sentiment after World War II. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) The political wave later woke Chinese-Malay peoples’ nationalism up. The Communist ideology firstly came to Chinese Malayan people through the propaganda of Kuomintang since 1924. The Malayan nationalism ideology was penetrated in Chinese Malayan people, schools and associations. Later in 1927, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had sent the party’s representative to Malayan. The role of the Communist Party of Malayan became more prominent in World War II from the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese army. After cooperation with the British to repell the Japanese army, the CPM had dissension with the British government. They decided to fight against the British as to release Malaysia from the United Kingdom’s imperialism. The CPM followed Mao’s tactic by fighting back as Guerrilla warfare. After the British gave the independence to Malayan in 1957, the CPM was looked as the illegal underground movement that had to be eliminated for state’s peace. With the harsh suppression from Malayan government, the CPM, which was the underdog, had to move to the Thai – Malaysia border. The history of Kao Namkang had started since then… The Namkang National Park or Khao Namkang is located in Nathawi district, Songkhla province (in the Southern part of Thailand). It was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand in 1991 (2453 B.E.) with the area of 212 square kilometers. From the name Khao Namkang, “Khao” means mountain and “Namkang” means dew in English. 9

In the old day, the Namkang tunnel area was a fertile rainforest without human habitation. After the coming of the Malayan communist insurgency, parts of the mountain were transformed into a maze of tunnels, which were neatly dug into the forest. The Namkang mountain and the surrounded area could be called as the restrict area for more than 40 years since the age of World War II. The area was adapted as the base controlled the Communist Party of Malaya. The entire communist insurgency incident ended up in 1989 after the Hat Yai Peace Accord. Today, Khao Namkang was declared as the National park of Thailand. However, the national park is not only a site of natural environment excellence but also as a location that has historic value as well. Thus, the national park can be mainly divided into two main categories; the first is the natural site and the latter one is as cultural site. They are both blended in the same area and place but with different groups of manager. Looking around the Namkang tunnels, it can be assessed as the site that can be promoted internationally with the site potential on its wholeness history and surroundings. Hence, the research project will focus on three main aspects. Firstly, the research project will examine the site’s significance and its value. Secondly, future management plan of the historic site must be able to conserve and retain the heritage authenticity and integrity supporting with tourism. Finally, the question of cultural landscape management plan will be addressed. The cultural landscape management plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels is thought to be the final product that can emerge from this research project, together with the question of how it can be applied to other historic sites that have similar characteristics.

1.2 Goals and objectives The research has the main objectives as following; - To understand the nature and the characteristic of the site as a basis on which to plan the cultural landscape of the site - To understand the thoughts of the local people toward Namkang National Park and verify the existing data on site 10

- To analyze the past and present management plan for the site so as to observe the present situation of the national park - To examine and evaluate the universal value of the Namkang Historic Tunnel in order to promote a proper landscape management plan on the site in the future for a tourism industry in the international level.

1.3 Scope and limitation of the study The research project aims at the study of the Namkang Tunnels as the primary site and the Namkang National Park and related areas as the secondary site. In addition, the project also scopes at the formation of the Namkang Tunnels period of time until the incident came to an end. The present situation of the tunnels was also brought to the consideration as well since it is an indicator of the site management direction. This research is focusing on the Namkang Historic Tunnel as the main monument and its associated areas as followed: - The Namkang Historic Tunnel - The Piyamit village of the old Malayan communist people - The related intangible heritage attached on the site

1.4 Research methodology 1.4.1 Literature review The literature review will provide the details and the history and the origin of the Namkang Historic Tunnels. In this section, the available information, images and other visual data, together with the site geographical features will be analyzed. The details of the literature review are as followed; - Whose heritage theory? - The Maoism idea toward the built of the historic tunnel - The tourism in the historic site - The interpretation plan of the historic site

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1.4.2 Comparison method of study A comparative method will be invoked The Namkang Historic Tunnel, which is the old CPM tunnels to underground tunnels near Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Vietnam. Commonalities and differences between these emblematic sites of Cold War resistance can reveal in sights for conservation, interpretation and tourist presentation. 1.4.3 Quantitative research Questionnaire survey will be another method used in the study. The data will be collected from people into 3 categories. The first group is local people, the second group is visitors or tourists and the last group covers the related government section. It is hoped that the questionnaire will elucidate how different groups of people see the Namkang Historic Tunnel in the variety of its aspects. 1.4.4 In-Depth interview Like questionnaires, in-depth interviews will seek the view of different groups of people toward the Namkang Historic Tunnel. The results of the in-depth interviews will be useful to the research project because they will show the different viewpoints, opinions, aspects and information regarding the historic site. 1.4.5 Data analysis The data analysis will bring together information from both primary and secondary sources in the form of raw material. When analyzing the data with appropriate methods, the synthesized information will be useful for drawing final lessons from the research project.

1.5 Sources of data The source of data will be basically separated into two categories. The first is the primary source of data and the latter is the secondary data. The primary source of data will be collected from the field survey, the interviewing of the tourists and the local manager and from the aerial photographs. The secondary source of data is principally from books, internet and related media of the site.

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1.6 Process of the study

Research Project

Site examining Site evaluating

Cultural Landscape Significances Integrity and

authenticity - Cultural site on - Historic value natural site - Scientific value - Story telling - Social value - Believes - Aesthetic value - Way of life

Collecting information from source of data

Interviewing and questionnaire

Field survey

(Monitoring)

The Namkang Historic Tunnel:

Cultural Management Plan

Chart 1 The model used in this research project (Drawn by Srilak Anutararoekwong)

Chapter 2 Literature review

Related literatures and theories 2.1 Cultural landscape Cultural landscapes นareกั areasหอ whereสม theุด กnaturalลาง landscape has been transformed by human actions and theสำ landscape qualities have shaped the way of life of the people. (Kasermsri Ittiphong, 2007) Conservation management aims to protect identified historic landscape values and significances of a site from the various kinds of threats it faces over time. (Taylor & Tallents, 1996) Therefore, understanding cultural significance is an important first step before making any conservation decisions (UNESCO & Institute for Tourism Studies, 2007) 2.1.1 Definition and development of cultural landscape Cultural landscape is the connection between people, places and events through time. (Ken Taylor, 1998) Each evidence and material was positioned on representing the relationship between human and their surroundings. The definition of Cultural landscape was said in a 2004 paper Understanding Cultural Landscapes that “It is now widely accepted that landscapes reflect human activity and are imbued with cultural values. They combine elements of space and time, and represent political as well as social and cultural constructs. As they have evolved over time, and as human activity has changed, they have acquired many layers of meaning that can be analyzed through historical, archaeological, geographical and sociological study.” (Ken Taylor, 2009) Since the idea of cultural landscapes is everyday landscapes, it also relates to human reaction or intervention and nature as well. As a result cultural landscape can be an evidence showing people in each generation way of life and continuous living history.

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The origin of cultural landscapes came from the European tradition of landscape painting in the 16th century but not until the early 20th century that the geographer, Otto Schluter, came with the first formally used “cultural landscape” as an academic term. At that time, he had defined two categories of science landscape (Landschaftkunde), which are original landscape or natural landscape (Urlandschaft), which is the existing landscape before generating by human and cultural landscape (Kulturlandschaft), which is a landscape created by human. However it was believe that Carl O. Sauer was probably be the most influential in promoting and developing the ideal of cultural landscapes. He pointed that cultural landscape are made upม of “the form superimposed on the physical ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง landscape”. He also gave ส the definition of the cultural landscape in his paper named “The Morphology of Landscape” that “The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural are the medium, and the cultural landscape is the result". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscape) The development of cultural landscape was continually developed since 1970. At that time the idea of the interaction between human and nature was bring to the consideration. In the same period, writers from different fields also stated that “landscape preferences were much better explained by reference to the cultural preconceptions and aspirations of human than by examination of the landscapes themselves” (David Jacques, 1995) 1980 was the year when people realized the pervasive influence of human action. The International Association for Landscape Ecology was established in two years later. (David Jacques, 1995) W.G. Hoskins, the English historian, presented cultural landscape study in the twentieth century that it was focused on “how to read the landscape” since it is the evidence of the past to the present generation. As a result, the idea of everyday landscape, related ideologies and rhythm of life over time are significant. (Ken Taylor, 2009) From David Jacques’s point of view, 1990s was “the rise of cultural landscapes”. The term cultural landscape was coincidental with a widening interest in the public history movement and everyday landscapes. Moreover landscape also became imbued with nationalistically religious and then scientific associations in Europe and North 15

America. (Ken Taylor, 2009) In 1992, the term “cultural landscape” was widely used internationally. Three categories of landscapes (natural landscape, cultural landscape and mixed landscape) were declared for World Heritage. In the same year, the World Heritage Convention became the first international instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscape. Furthermore the recognition was also extended in 1993 to World Heritage status with three categories of cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value. (Ken Taylor, 2003) The Hoi An Protocol (2001) also gave the definition of cultural landscape as a geographical area including both culturalม and natural resources, and the wildlife or ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง domestic animals therein, ส associated with historic events, activities and, persons or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values. Since cultural landscape reflects everyday ways of life, the ideologies that compel people to create places and the sequence or rhythm of life over time are significant; it can be the key indicator of how important these places have been. In the same time, cultural landscapes can tell the story of people, events and places through time by offering a sense of community and a sense of stream of time. (Ken Taylor, 2009) The Thailand ICOMOS as well also gives the definition of cultural landscape in the website as “The term of Thailand cultural landscape embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment under the limitation of setting and nature environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature.” 2.1.2 The criteria of cultural landscape In determining cultural landscape significance, UNESCO had defined the operational guidelines to implement cultural landscape sites in two kinds, which are natural and cultural site or a mixture of both. The criteria will specify the outstanding universal value, cultural and/or natural significance, which is as exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all community. The World Heritage Committee as a result had set six 16

specific criteria for cultural landscape. Heritage that was nominated in the World Heritage List must conform to one or more of these criteria. (World Heritage Paper, 1992 -2002) Criterion i represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; Criterion ii exhibit an important interchange of human values; over a span of time or within a cultural are of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design; Criterion iii bear a unique or มat least exceptional testimony to a cultural ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง traditionส or to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared; Criterion iv be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape, which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; Criterion v be an outstanding example of a tradition human settlement, land use, or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; Criterion vi be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria.) Furthermore, more four criteria are used for the nominated natural site as follow; Criterion vii to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; Criterion viii to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; 17

Criterion ix to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; Criterion x to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. 2.1.3 Cultural significance and authenticityม of heritage ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง The Burra Charter ส is a guideline for the conservation and management of places and cultural significance. The places in the Burra Charter context are places that come up with cultural value and can be applied for natural, indigenous and historic places and it also gave the principles and procedures for the conservation of the historic places. According to the Burra Charter, the cultural significance of places means aesthetic, historic, scientific and social or spiritual value for past, present or future generation. (The Burra Charter, 1999) By dealing with the understanding that the significance of heritage has the prior important, the Burra Charter had also prescribed in the charter that any changes or demolitions which may reduce the heritage significance are undesirable and unacceptable. So the practitioners have to work in the concept of preserving the significance of place in the same way as the reconstruction, adaptation and new work which the charter also stated that they are all acceptable but only in the case of incomplete through the damages and alterations and as the mean of retaining cultural significance but has minimal impact to heritage. The Nara Document on Authenticity is the applied form of The Venice Charter, 1964. However The Nara Document on Authenticity scopes on cultural heritage with concern and interest in contemporary world. This charter is pointed out at the authenticity in conservation practice as to collect memory of humanity. 18

The diversity of culture in this world is another aspect and so many expressions of this diversity, ranging from monuments and sites through cultural landscapes to intangible heritage. Furthermore, authenticity also related to cultural heritage that was rooted in specific cultural context and should be considered accordingly. (http://whc.unesco.org/archive/nara94.htm) The charter declared about values and authenticity of heritage that it cannot judge by fixed criteria but it can judged by the cultural context to which they belong. One site must have heritage value, credibility and truthfulness as the highest important. The authenticity of one site need to have criterionม in the list below; ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง - Form and design ส - Material and substance - Use and function - Traditions and techniques - Location and setting - Spirit and feeling Though the Nara charter has stated many details but authenticity is what this charter most highlighted.

2.2 Whose heritage? The word “heritage” in the ancient time means the property which parents handed on to their children though the word can be used to refer to an intellectual or spiritual legacy. In the nineteenth and twentieth century’s, the word “heritage” had changed to “national heritage”. In the present time, this word was given in the term of valuable features of our environment that we conserve and prevent it from deterioration and development. (Graeme Davison 2005: 31) It was also stated by Patrick Wright (1985) that national heritage is the historicized image of an instinctively conservation establishment. Surely, the word “heritage” can also mean an event that related to events, places and people. Moreover heritage also talked about the connection between the ordinary places that can brought back the nostalgic feeling for the related people as well. 19

As to signify the importance of a fabric, people tend to establish the heritage significances and the long history of the site. Not until the establishment of the Burra Charter, Australia was believed to be the very first country represented the “outstanding universal value” of the heritage site. Australia’s national heritage comprises of exceptional natural and cultural places, which help give its national identity. The conservation process in Australia is underpinned by the principle that change to a heritage place should not occur at the expense of its special characters and qualities, by what is describe as its heritage significances. This requires that approval beม obtained before any action takes place which ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง has, will have or its likely ส to have, a significant impact on the national heritage value of a listed place. Conflict in heritage management arises because there are many different views on how different values are managed. It is the role of the architectural historian, conservation architect and architect to creativity reveal the inherit values, to interpret them and sustain the place into the future, never losing site of the fabric unique sense of place. (Society of Architectural Historians, 2007) Whose heritage can be rescued and revived only in a common effort to create a new civilization for all mankind comprising the best tradition of each. There is in this approach a heady mixture of pride and flattery; there is also, on a more practical level, a most plausible argument for promoting cultural exchange of all kinds such as governments, lecturers and students. In our sense, heritage is thing that we pay attention to because it is still meaningful to us. It becomes the heritage not because it tells us the great stories about the past but because we use them to tell stories about ourselves. People use objects of heritage and practices of heritage to shape ideas about who we are as nations, communities and individuals. (The Open University, 2009) Furthermore, heritage can impact a sense of national identity and preserve memories and associations, but it actually deserve of specific person? In some way people constitute “heritage” depends on social and economic status, cultural and ethnical background and upon geographic location. When people identify their heritage, it must come up with factors behind. However, who has the right to decide that the fabric is worth keeping or not or 20

who did the monument mean for? (Michael Hartfield, 2001) One heritage is not one’s alone. Since the whole society bares the cost of archaeology through restrictions on behavior as well as taxation and through additional costs pasted on to customers by industry. Questions of heritage of ownership of discourses of past and present are important elements in present-day. Nonetheless, the perspective of immigrant groups is often overlooked when decisions are taken concerning preservation of heritage site. (Geografiska Annaler, 2006) And because heritage does not belong to only specific people, any decision made must come from the voices of all stakeholders. When talking about park and cultural landmarks, they areม part of the birthright. Park does not belong to ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง particular group of people ส but everyone. The minorities are counted as the heritage owner as well. Referring to the local heritage, it is not given but is made and remade over the course of time depending on the context of specific political and legal regimes. Thus, the struggle over local heritage presented in the following reveals a conflict over different normative understandings and legal practices of who has a right to ownership. (Anja Pelekis, 2006)

2.3 Cultural tourism Cultural tourism began to be recognized in the late 1970s. The contribution of the cultural tourism was derived from tourist who would like to gain a deeper understanding of the culture or heritage of destination. At the present time, cultural tourism has beaten all kind of tourism and become the mainstream of traveling. Many destination points also claim themselves as a cultural tourism places. Local culture and heritage asset have been continuously presented until the significance is lessened. And most of the time, the consideration of tourism impact is neglect. In some way, cultural tourism is a worldwide trend of people that want to explore new culture. It was recognizing in 1980 as distinct from recreation tourism. The new form of tourism was believed to be another way of conserving and realizing the value of our heritage. The power of cultural tourism came from the ability to satisfy the desire of travelling. It’s the fact that tourism is the world’s 21

largest industry since 2000. As people travel more, they do not travel aimlessly but get to know a particular place. The World Tour Organization (UNWTO) had given the definition of tourism that tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. (World Tour Organization, 1995) As to specific about the cultural tourism, Lord Cultural Resources (a global professional practice dedicated to creating cultural capital worldwide) had given the definition of cultural tourism that it is a visitation by persons from outside the hostม community motivated wholly or in part by ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง interest in the historical, ส artistic, scientific or lifestyle/heritage offerings of a community, region, group or institution. In the same time, Wisconsin Heritage Tourism Program also gave the definition of the cultural tourism that it is the practice of traveling to experience historic and cultural attractions to learn about a community’s heritage in an enjoyable and educational way. (Gail Dexter Lord, 1999) The European Association Historic Towns & Regions (EAHTR) gave the cultural tourism definition that it is the principle purpose of which is to share and enjoy physical and intangible heritage and culture including landscapes, buildings, collections, the arts, identity, tradition and language. There stated some factors that maximized the power of cultural tourism which are; - Increase in short, get away trip means people who try to pack more activities into more frequent trip of shorter duration. - Gen-X tourist (born between 1965 - 1977) tends to be more independent travelers, mobile, highly educated and looking for authenticity and adventure. - More tourists are searching for meaning of nature, heritage and culture. - Theme parks have created high expectations for cultural tourism. - With highly educated tourists, they demanded for more sustainability tourism of communities and natural environment. (Gail Dexter Lord, 1999) 22

In promoting one tourism site as a cultural tourism site, four main elements of cultural tourism need to be concerned. The involving elements of cultural tourism are tourism, use of cultural heritage assets, consumption of experiences and products and the tourist. (McKerche Bob, Du Croc Hi, 2002) However, another major point is ‘how to make the cultural tourism site sustained’.

2.4 Dark tourism Demonstrating a range of moral and ethical dilemmas, Dark tourism brings tourists to confront with recent and past มtragic history. The fascinating of the tourism ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง normally comes from provocativeส and emotive subject that arouse tourists’ emotion and feeling. Interpretation, political and managerial responses and tourists’ experiences become important tools. Dark tourism is not a new theory. The early forms of Dark tourism are such as; the Roman gladiatorial games, pilgrimages or attendance at medieval public executions. Over the last century, Dark tourism has become widespread, diverse and gain more popularity. (Smith, 1998: 205) Since being closed to a site associated with death and dark corner of human’s mind, Dark tourism seems to appeal tourists in general. Even today when technology shares parts of human lifestyle, death-related events are now allowed to report in “real time” or repeated for viewing over and over again. (http://www.citypaper.ee/dark_tourism/) Being different with other type of tourism, “Dark tourism” is a pattern of travelling and visitation in sites of death, disaster and the seemingly macabre. Dark tourism or also called Black tourism or even Grief tourism, it can be referred as “Thanatourism”, derived from the Ancient Greek word “thanatos”. By the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, more theories of Dark tourism had been presented. In 1990, John Urry discussed about the nature of the Gestapo Museum in Berlin within the context of Foucault’s “gaze”. Later in 1993, Rojek discussed about “Fatal attractions”, modern pilgrimage sites. However not until the last decade, Dark tourism was first labeled in academic world by John Lennon and Malcolm Foley (1996). They signified the 23

definition of Dark Tourism as a “fundamental shift in the way in which deaths, disaster, and atrocity are being handled by those who offer associated tourism ‘product’”. (Lennon, and Foley, 2000: 3) Important factors toward events upon Dark tourism are politics, economics, sociologies and technologies because they are central to the selection and interpretation of sites and events which become tourism products. ”. (Lennon, and Foley, 2000: 3) The Dark tourism product can also be categorized as followed; - Dark fun factories - Dark exhibitions ม ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง - Dark dungeons ส - Dark resting places - Dark shrines - Dark conflict sites - Dark camp and genocide (Philip R. Stone, 2006: 157)

2.5 Sustainable tourism Since 1872, the number of national parks throughout this world was slightly increased. However after the World War II, numbers of national parks were largely increased. Due to the increasing number of national park, it can be assumed that more people need more green space. It was also said that the growth of ecotourism came from its activities (Elliott, 1992) while a small portion of international and domestic tourist considered eco-tourist. (Durst, 1986) The idea of “green” was being popular by 1980s and 1990s. It was the reflection of the eco – friendly idea way of life. Today, the green idea is not only a fashionability concept but it also talks about human responsibility over their activities. As to create a green tourism destination, there are things that need to be established and considered, namely; - Eco – tourism is a kind of tourism relate to the well richness of nature. 24

Destinations, which take pride in their abundant wildlife, flora and fauna, have successful created travel experiences which make it possible to immerse in and involved with nature as a tourism attraction, which can be seen, felt and even contributed to. - Eco – friendly relates to the environmentally friendly practice on tourism site and so does tourism residential area. - Eco – policies has to deal with all impact from tourism industry over environment. It aims at reducing of resources and energy in use. - Eco – engineered is a way to bring more technology in the real practice for development tourism industry assets. (Anitaม Mendiratta, 2010) ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง There are also definitionsส given for the idea of sustainable development. As it was said in The Brundtland Commission (1987) that the sustainable development is the meet of what is needed in the present without adjusting the ability of future generation to meet their needs. Moreover the achievement of the effective sustainable management which based on the sustainable diagram (the balancing of environment, social and economic) is needed. (Swarbrooke, 2001) In 1993, the Europe’s natural and national Parks Federation stated that sustainable tourism designates every form of tourist development, creation or activity, respecting and preserving in the long term the natural, cultural and social resources, and contributing in a positive and fair way to the economic development and this of the individuals who live, work, and stay in the protected space. (SafeinHerit network, 2001) Later in 2005, World Tourism Organization had stated that sustainable tourism is a tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities. (WTP, 2006) In another word, sustainable development is an eco – friendly way of tourism. It is the integrating between natural, cultural and human environment harmoniously and lasting its characteristic in a long term perspective. Not so long after in 2010, the Global Sustainable Tourism Alliance (GSTA) also gave the definition of the sustainable tourism as well. They said that it is a kind of tourism envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential 25

ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems. (Milena S. Nikolova, 2010) World Trade Organization also defined the objective of sustainable tourism that it is to retain the economic and social advantage of tourism development while reducing and mitigating any undesirable impacts on the natural, historic, cultural and social environment. This is achieved by balancing the needs of tourists with those of the destination. As we knew that sustainable tourism is on the rising spot, more demanding from tourism growing among tourists, tourism มagents and local hosts are required. For this ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง reason, the Global Sustainable ส Tourism Criteria pushes its effort on making clear understanding of sustainable tourism effectively by separated them into criterions as to be the standard practice in all forms of tourism. The Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria are as followed; - Demonstrating effective sustainable management - Maximizing social and economic benefits to the local community and minimize negative impacts - Maximizing benefits to cultural heritage and minimizing negative impacts - Maximizing benefits to the environment and minimizing negative impacts

2.6 Interpreting historic site The interpretation procedure has been widely developed. Freeman Tilden was believed as one of the beginners of the interpretation theories. He set down the principles and theories of Heritage Interpretation in his 1957 book, Interpreting Our Heritage. He gave the definition of the interpretation that "Heritage interpretation is an educational activity which aims to reveal meanings and relationships through the use of original objects, by firsthand experience (learning directly from personal experience) and by illustrative media, rather than simply to communicate factual information.” (Tilden, 1977) He presented that the interpretation is the way dealing with personal experience. By visiting, man can have difference experience comparing with reading books like a 26

spiritual elevation. The interpretation process is another work of the custodians which related to revealing message, servicing visitors and giving inspiration or spiritual meaning to visitors’ sense of perceiving. Or in another word, “interpretation is a way to describe of what they believed in a simple activity”. (Tilden, 1977) He mentioned that the interpretater should not put a definition of this word as to lead his work. In the other hand he should collect all information related and concentrate on the research system. Private contemplation and contacting with public are another context that should be considered as to enrich human mind and spirit in the interpretation work. In the interpretation procedures, there are six basic principles, presentedม by Tilden as follow; ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง 1. Interpretation whichส is not related to what they interpret or too personal has no impact. 2. Interpretation is a study base on information. Only giving information does not count as interpretation. 3. Interpretation is a combination between many arts such as scientific, historical or architecture. 4. Interpretation’s aim is to provoke visitor not instruct. 5. Interpretation is a way to present a whole not a part of thing. 6. Children interpretation is difference from adult’s another program for them is needed. The related organizations are included ICOMOS who has a main role in Asian charters such as The Nara Charter on Authenticity, The Hoi An Protocol where Asian issue had brought to consider, the Xi An Declaration, the charter that conservation principle had specified and ICOM, the international organization of museums and museum professionals as well. Somehow, The ICOMOS Charter on Interpretation seems to receive the idea of interpretation from Freeman Tilden. However the intangible value was added as to serve the Eastern world idea and the idea of public communication as well. Interpretation was a new form of heritage preservation since it helps to connect all visitors to that place and shows the relationship between them. If interpretation is a part 27

of heritage preservation way, it can support tourism in the same time. However, it must be done in sustainable way for heritage places and local communities. (Apinya Arrunnapaporn, 2007) It was emphasized in the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter (1999) about the interpretation in article 25 that the cultural significance of many places is not readily apparent, and should be explained by interpretation. (The Burra Charter, 1999) The UNESCO and Institute for Tourism Studies (2007) had suggested basic guideline for interpretation historic site in order to develop the thematic interpretation as followed; ม ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง - Know your site ส Knowing your site is the realization of the heritage’s significances and its importance. It is the basis for the interpreter to identify the thought of people from different community to the heritage site. - Know your audience Tourist and visitor with different background have different expectation toward heritage monument. The decision of making interpretation method also relates to audience analysis. Target interpretation must start with a detailed understanding of the audience. (Supawadee Lormahamongkol, 2007) - Know the community Local community is a part of heritage creativity. Assigned interpreter needs to know host community’s heritage values and traditions as to avoid any conflictions. The knowledge is another route making up interpretative interpretation activities. - Identify constraints and resources It shows the accessible visitor facilities and enough space for comfortable movement throughout the site. - Giving attention to interpretation method Knowing the space, time and heritage value can be constrained by budget limitations. (Kasermsri Ittipon, 2007) 28

Today, the world of interpretation has been changed by technology revolution. The revolution had completely changed the relationship between heritage site custodians and their visitors. (Russel Staiff, 2007) Digital technology made a revolution in the world of interpretation. It played an important part in heritage interpretation. It became more daily and routine for people in the middle class to the upper class. This form of development brought heritage interpretation to the new era. It was obvious that digital technology in interpretation method can work efficiency. Now, interpretation does not limit only in heritage site. It can also reduce the cost of signage. Moreover, visitors will be able to know more information about มthe site before they really get to it. In another ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง word, interpretation form ส had moved from a written language mode to a spoken language and visual mode instead. Above all of the benefits from digital technology in interpretation, negative impacts of it do exist. It cannot deny that local guides were demised with the use of technology. Furthermore, high technology devices were restricted only for well-to-do people especially in the third world countries, where standard of living among people is distinctively different. Finally, unauthorized interpretations are hard to control, when most of the people know how to access online information. (Russel Staiff, 2007) Visitor’s experience in heritage site relates to interpretation method as well. It was clear that experience over heritage place combines of three modes of experience, which are a spatial experience, a social experience and an aesthetic experience. Somehow, each visitor’s perception can be different based on their level of education, degree of curiosity and cultural affiliation. (Russel Staiff, 2007) The limit to heritage interpretation and respecting the rights of those who “own” their heritage is challenged by a host of forces ranging from a lack of understanding through to the effects of the western Enlightenment project and secularism. (Russel Staiff, 2007) In addition, interpretation can be harder when it relates to contested area especially when there are more than one related parties. (Apinya Arrunnapaporn, 2007)

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2.7 The Communist ideology 2.7.1 Marxism Developed by Marx and Eagels from 1840’s into 1890’s, Marxism became the principal thought, theory and idea of all “Leftist”. Since the ideology had been influenced Leftist and socially critical theories, “communism”, which was the new term adopted, is understood as the synonymous of “Marxism”. Marx drew up his “Manifesto” to satisfy all parties. He entirely trusted to the intellectual development of the working class, which was result from the combined action and mutual discussion. With a great extent of Marxis Manifesto, it was a great history ofม the modern working class movement. (Karl ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง Marx, EBook# 31193, 2010)ส Movement of working class became the main key of Marxism. Marx believed that communist would empower to labor class of people. Marx was also written about the communist future in his writing “The German Ideology” in 1845 that “In communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner, just as I have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic” (Karl Marx, 1845) 2.7.2 Leninism Interpreting and developing from Marxism, Leninism is the political theory related to the establishment of socialism. The theory was developed by Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov). Leninism was a practical application of the agrarian society of Russian Empire of the early 20th century. (Townson D., 1945) The Leninist theory proposed that vanguard party, supported by the working class, would lead for the revolution. Then they would transfer power from government to the working class. Socialism society would be fully developed. Moreover as to reduce national industries from competing against each other, Leninism also established a foreign-trade monopoly to allow the productive co-ordination of the national economy. 30

The role of vanguard was also to educate working class of people from false consciousness of religion and nationalism that were constituted by the bourgeoisie. (Carr, Edward Hallett, 1979)

2.7.3 Maoism Influencing by Marxist – Leninist, Maoism on the other hand can reach the highest stage of development. The theory has contributed greatly in the fields of philosophy, political economy, scientific socialism, military science, party organization, united front and two-line struggle under มthe rubric of socialism and the revolution in ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง colonial and semi (neo)ส colonial countries are of great historical importance. (www.mohanbikramsingh.com ) It can be stated that the Communist ideology related to Mao was the most practiced theory in the People’s Republic of China. Mao Zedong (also known as Mao Tse-tung) had become the leader of the world communist movement after the death of Stalin. He had also established his party as “The Communist Party of China” (CPC) and developed the major contributions after Marxism – Leninism as followed; - New Democratic Revolution The fundamental basis of Mao’s New Democratic Revolution (NDR) developed and implemented these methods and the protracted people’s war encircling the city by the country side. Peasants had played the main role and carried out the agrarian revolution. The patriotic and democratic forces under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Part of fulfill the task of NDR. - Struggle against Modern Revisionism (MR) Under the leadership of Mao, he had struggled against modern revisionism. His struggle was occupied an equally important historical and ideological place in the history of the International Communist Movement (ICM). - Continuing Revolution in Socialist Period and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (GPCR) 31

Mao Zedong had developed the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution in a new height after the age of Marx, Lenin and Stalin. The theory emphasized on building proletarian outlook on all questions pertaining of life, society, family, party organization, politics, culture and on necessity of uncompromising struggle against all kind of opportunist and breaks off relations with them. After all the Mao Zedong’s thought and idea can be concluded from his speech, he said “It is an era in which the world capitalist front has collapsed in one part of the globe (one sixth of the world) and has fully revealed its decadence everywhere else in which the remaining capitalist parts cannotม survive without relying more than ever on the ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง colonies and semi colonies ส in which a socialist state has been established and has proclaimed readiness to give active support to the liberation movement of all colonies and semi-colonies and in which the proletariat of the capitalist countries are steamily freeing itself from the social imperialism influence of the social democratic party and has proclaimed in its support for the liberation movement in the colonies and semi colonies that is directed against imperialism, i.e. against the international bourgeois of international capitalism” (Selected Works on New Democracy, vol-II: 342) 2.7.4 The spread of Communist in South East Asia Region The return of the European colonial after the World War II brought countries in South East Asia to the front line of the Cold War. The Cold War happened because of the different political attitude between the Democracy and the Communist world. During the Cold war era (1950s to 1980s), the domino theory was promoted by the United States. It was believed by the American that if one state was influenced by communism, the surrounding countries would automatically follow in a domino effect. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia) The Communist insurgencies broke out all across South East Asia or Indo China in 1948. Even though the success of the movement could be seen only in some countries, the communist party took more than thirty years to achieve with the lost of millions of lives and the country devastation. 32

After the North Korea had fallen under Soviet domination, the war between Communists and the United States finally broke out in 1950. This war ended in 1953 with the divided into two nations between North Korea and South Korea. In Vietnam, the Communist party was believed to be the most effective movement comparing to other countries in Indo China region. The Viet Minh defeated French troops in March 1954 and took control of North Vietnam. The skill of the Vietnam Communist movement was well known from the simultaneously nationalist and Communist, and camouflaging the one behind the other when circumstances demanded it. Then in 1975, the Vietnam War had comeม to an end with the victory of the Viet Cong ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง over the United States. ส In Malaya, the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) had been formed in 1930 and laid down its arms in 1989. The party had taken responsibility in Malaya, Singapore and also active in the Southern part of Thailand. The CPM was also under the wing of Guomindang, the motherland party, and also received the idea of Maoism on their missions as well. It was noted that after the CPM offensive from the Malaya government, the CPM had drove communist guerrillas into Thai – Malaysia border. A peace talks between Thai local government, the CPM members and the representative from Malaysia brought the hard time situation to an end. It was noticed that a Communist insurgency is another choice for the operator to achieve the independence. However not different from Mao’s understanding, communist insurgencies in Asia succeed mostly in countryside. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory)

2.8 Case studies After staying as a French colony, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV or North Vietnam) had defeated over French at Dien Bien Phu in the North West corner of Vietnam. Since the French colony could no longer maintain its colony, the Geneva Peace Accords was signed in 1954. Vietnam was partitioned at the 17th parallel. The North 33

Vietnam was called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the South Vietnam was called the State of Vietnam. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam) In 1965, the US army and 6 other allies (Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Philippines, South Korea and Thai) had sent their troop to South Vietnam. Tunnels were dug followed the communist fighting ideology. Despite the huge budget on weapons from the US, the war was ended with the defeat of the US army to the North Vietnam in 1973. In 1976, North and South Vietnam were united and was called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. There are two tunnels chosen as caseม studies. The first case study is the Vinh Moc ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง Tunnels and the second ส case study is the Cu Chi Tunnels. The first tunnels have the similar character as the Namkang Historic Tunnels while the Cu Chi Tunnels can represent the tourism management in the dark tourism site well. 2.8.1 Vinh Moc Tunnels, Quang Tri, Vietnam: A similar character tunnels as the Namkang Tunnels Because of the similar character of the two tunnels, Vinh Moc Tunnel was chosen to be the first case study. With the heritage similar functions, there are some different parts too. Firstly, Vinh Moc is an underground tunnel while Namkang Historic Tunnel was dug through a mountain. Secondly, the management patterns of the two sites are also different. The Vietnam Government fully managed the site, while the self-proclaim managers (former CPM members) manage the site on their own. Finally, the touring program in Vinh Moc is professionally managed. The site can bring both domestic and international tourists on site. The Namkang tunnel is different. They do not have clear management plan and they have to face with the South Thailand Emergency incident. There are only a few international tourist (from Malaysia and nearby area) and small number of domestic tourists. With the attempt to save the local villagers’ lives in Vinh Thach, the idea of digging an underground network was brought into real practice. The Vinh Moc Tunnels located on the South China Sea, North Ben Hai River; in another word it located in the weapon free area. However, the area was believed to be the most bombed area. 34

Figure 15 Shows the setting of Vinh Moc Tunnels in Vietnam (http://adventures.worldnomads.com/destination/233/itinerary/18.aspx)

Vinh Moc Tunnels were built in 1966 and was used until 1971. The main structure of the tunnels was dense clay, which harden after it touched the air. Because of this reason, the tunnel had the perfect structure support. There are 3 floors and round staircase inside the tunnels. The underground community’s length is nearly 2 kilometers and the deepest section is 23 meters. It was said that even the strongest bomb could not reach the tunnel. Inside the tunnels, there are a hall, clinic and living quarter. The genius shown in the tunnels came from the adaptation of the benefit from its location. The linked to sea side was used as the ventilators way. The tunnels have 13 exit ways; 7 of them linked to the sea and the other 6 ways located near a hill. Surprisingly after the war ended, no live was lost due to the strong structure of the tunnel; although it was hit by more than 7 tons of bomb. 35

Figure 16 Shows the map of Vinh Moc Tunnels (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinh_Moc_tunnels) When the war ended in 1975, the tunnels were begun to rebuild for tourism. Today, the tunnels were rebuilt for tourism. It is a historical evidence and tourist destination. People from all over the world can experience the tunnels as a group tour or an individual. Moreover, there is a mute guide, who was the one out of seven children born in the tunnels. At the present time, the Vinh Moc Tunnels are opened as a well – management tourism site. The tunnels were interpreted with various approaches such as mocked up model, maps and local guide. The local people can also earn a large amount of money from tourism. With all these tourism approaches of the Vinh Moc Tunnels, it can be adapted to the Namkang Historic site well. Since the two sites are almost similar in many aspects, the management and interpretation procedures of the Vinh Moc Tunnels can become a model for Namkang Historic Tunnels management pattern.

2.8.2 The Cu Chi Tunnels, Saigon, Vietnam: A well – known dark tourism site Being an important part of the Cold War and have similar characteristics to the Namkang Historic Tunnel, Cu Chi tunnels were selected to be a case study of the site. The historic site management plan and tourism management plan of Cu Chi Tunnels can be good example of the Namkang Historic Tunnel. It can be said that Cu Chi Tunnels are 36

well known dark tourism site, where tourists can perceive the feeling of the warfare incident. Vietnam War happened in 1955. It was part of Cold War era military conflict on political and administration aspects. The country, as a result, was divided in 1954. The Northern part was ruled by the communist, which received the ideology from Maoism. They were leaded by Nguyễn Sinh Cung (and also known as Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn Ái Quốc) under the pseudo name Ho Chi Mihn. And the USA and allies supported the Southern part. As to fight back, the underground tunnels network was dug as the base for Viet Cong operations some of which was the infamous TET Offensive in 1968. The Cu Chi Tunnels locate in the Northwest of Saigon. The Iron Triangle Area was the name of the tunnels location. In the war era, tunnels were dug at approximately 200 kilometers long in the 40 square miles of jungle. The Cu Chi Tunnels were first dug in 1948 and spent over 25 years in building process.

Figure 17 Shows the setting of the Cu Chi tunnels in Vietnam (http://adventures.worldnomads.com/destination/233/itinerary/18.aspx) 37

Figure 18 Shows the area of the Cu Chi Tunnels at the present time (http://maps.google.co.th/maps?hl=th&q=cu%20chi%20tunnels&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw., cf.osb&biw=1280&bih=693&wrapid=tlif133969204538810&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=il) During the Vietnam War, approximately 200 km tunnels were constructed underground. The dug underground tunnels had connected the Viet Cong villages, districts and provinces altogether. The more the US army annihilated them, the wider the tunnels were dug underground. The removed clay from the tunnels were used in the basement of local houses, furrows for potato growing, banks for communication of combat trenches.

Figure 19 Shows the map of the Cu Chi Tunnels (http://www.carrieandjonathan.com/cu-chi-tunnels-of-the-viet-cong/) 38

Cu Chi Base camp relied on local workers for support. The Cu Chi Base Camp, the Viet Cong and the Iron Triangle had the strong connection with each other. The Viet Cong in Cu Chi district and the Iron Triangle were consistently given a few days to a few hours notice before any attack was carried out against them. The operation had stopped in 1975, when Vietnam War came to an end with the victory of the anti-American resistance war. Today, there is no more war or the sound of the bullet at Cu Chi tunnel. The tunnels were adapted as a tourism site that related to the country’s history. In one of the most bombed area, it has been managed into a war memorial park. Most tourists would be able to visit the war museum, where interpretation theory and old elements from the war period were shown. Tourists can feel like they are a part of the war memories by traveling with the well trained local guide, who dresses in old guerrilla uniform or tasting “guerrilla meal”. With the above tourism plan and activity of the Cu Chi Tunnels, it can bring all the tourists to the Cold War Era again. Tourist will understand the life and fight of the Viet Cong and the hard time of the underground guerrilla. It can be said that the Cu Chi Tunnels had raised the idea of experiencing their intangible heritage (food) to be another activity of all visitor.

Chapter 3 Site Assessment

3.1 The original name of Namkang National Park

Figure 20 Shows the map of Thailand and Songkhla Province

Figure 21 Map of Songkhla Province (http://maps.google.co.th/maps?hl=th&q=songkhla&tab=il)

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Figure 22 Shows the Nathawi District and the location of Namkang National Park (http://kanchanapisek.or.th/kp8/culture/skl/sklmap.html)

Figure 23 Shows the land use of Namkang National Park (http://www.dnp.go.th/ims/wwwhome/Service2004/Park47/Park.html) 41

The Namkang National Park was first known in the local language as “Khao Namkang”, which means Namkang Mountain. From the name of this mountain, “Khao” means mountain and “Namkang” means dew in English. It was told from the original legend that the temperature on hill top of the Namkang Mountain is quite low throughout the year. In the old day, people, who climbed up the mountain, said that they tended to find a web like dew on the grass even it was at noon. Since the different perspective of the mountain, it was named after the natural beauty of its own as the Namkang Mountain. Later in 1991 (2534 B.E.), the Namkang Mountain was declared as “Namkang National Park”, which is the 65th national park of Thailand with the 212 square kilometers. (http://park.dnp.go.th/visitor/nationparkshow.php?PTA_CODE=1065)

3.2 The understanding of Namkang National Park 3.2.1 Geography The Namkang National Park consists of long and high range of mountains along the national border between Thailand and Malaysia. The famous hilltops are as followed; Kuan saya, Kuan Kaomai and Kao Namkang, which is the highest hilltop (648 meters from sea level). Moreover, all these forests are the headwaters of rivers such as; Klong Nathawi, Klong Prick, Klong Tubchang and Klong Saikao. Soil types in the national park can be categorized into three groups, which are clay, loose soil and clay loam. And there are two kinds of stone type, which are lime stone and granite. 42

Figure 24 Shows the geographical map of Namkang National Park (http://park.dnp.go.th/visitor/nationparkshow.php?PTA_CODE=1065) From the figure above, it can be noted that the tropical rain forest covers most part of the national park. However, some deserted field can be seen as well. The deserted field was the result from Piyamit village’s farming and agriculture in the national park area. 3.2.2 Climate Like other part of the region, climate in Namkang National Park is influenced from the Northeastern and Southwestern monsoons, the rainfall level is high as a result. With the same reason, it takes 9 months of rainy season (May - January) and only 3 months of summer (February - April). 3.2.3 Plant and wild life Because the Namkang National Park is the fertile rain forest, there has biological diversity of plants and animals. From the survey, there are varios kinds of plants founded in the national park such as Hlumpa ,Iron Wood ,Meranti ,Mesawa ,Orange Champak ,Bullet Wood ,Mangifera Caloneura Kurz ,Rattan ,Bamboo ,Orchid ,Fern and Moss. Moreover, it was also recorded that boar, bear, gibbon, turtle, barking deer, 43

chamois, tapir, panther, mouse deer, palm civet, lizard, hornbills, pheasant, arborophila, peacock, hill myna and magpie are found in Namkang National Park. (http://park.dnp.go.th/visitor/nationparkshow.php?PTA_CODE=1065)

3.3 Facilities and transportation 3.3.1 Transportation The best transportation way for travelling to Namkang National Park is personal car and private bus. Tourists can choose two access ways. The first option is by using highway number 4113 (Nathawi - Baanprakob). And the latter option is by taking highway number 4243 from Sadao District.

Route no. 4243 (Sadao District) Route no. 4113 (Nathawi – Baanprakob)

Figure 25 Show the transportation route to Namakang National Park

(http://www.tourismmart.com/storefront/zoommap_province.asp?countryid=1&pvid=490&lid=En&picid=1461&memid=5212) With the benefit from road system expansion, the central budget had come in the district. The new road has four lanes and asphalt top. Tourists and visitors can drive to the center of the national park easier comparing to the past. 44

3.3.2 Information center and security The Namkang National Park and the Namkang Historic Tunnel were separately managed. At the first arrival point for tourists, they will see the security box of the forest officers. The box uses for collecting the national park entrance fee and providing basic information for tourists in case they need. If tourists wish to stop by the national park area, they can park their cars or vehicles in the parking lots area. However, if the tourists also intend to go to the historic tunnel, the entrance fee at the first entrance does not include. For the tunnel’s detail and information, tourists can ask from indigenous local guide or the heritage manager.

Figure 26 – 27 Shows the Namkang National Park guard box and visitor center (Taken by Srilak A., 2012)

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Figure 28 – 29 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnel entrance gate (before and after renovation) (Taken by Srilak A., 2011, 2012) 3.3.3 Residents and facilities - Housing and resident Today, the Namkang National Park office had provided camping ground in various places around this national park. Besides the camping ground, rooms and bungalows were also available. However, they were in a deterioration state since there were fewer tourists, who stayed overnight. - Shop Souvenir shop is also available in Namkang National Park. There is only one shop provided. It is located at the historic tunnel area. Tourists can buy local souvenir such as postcard, book and CD and local herb at this shop. 46

Figure 30 – 31 Shows souvenir shop operated by Namkang Tunnel manager (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) -Parking lot Both of the national park and the historic tunnel had provided parking lots for tourists. The parking lot also supports all kind of vehicles including personal car, bus and motorcycle.

Figure 32 Shows the parking lot area (Taken by Srilak A., 2011)

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- Public toilet Public toilet for tourists is available at the Namkang Historic Tunnel. The new public toilet located opposite to the historic tunnel office. It was built from the ex – guerrilla’s budget.

Figure 33 – 34 Shows the new public toilet for tourists (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) 3.3.4 Activities related Knowing that Namkang National Park consists of natural and cultural tourism site, there are various categories of activity related as a result. Those activities are as followed; - Sun rise spot For the sleep over tourists, they can appreciate nice and beautiful atmosphere of the Namkang Mountail hilltop. Moreover, they can feel natural cool breeze while the sun rises in the middle of the sky. - Tracking along fertile rain forest In a day time, tourists can also enjoy tracking along Namkang National Park rain forest. Except the beautifying of the nature, tourist can also study the diversity biological life and plant in the provided route. - Learning from the history Namkang Historic Tunnel is the representative evidence of the Cold War era where communist ideology had infiltrated in Thailand. Both international and domestic 48

level visitor can surely learn the site history while tracing back part of this world crucial incident.

3.4 The present situation of Namkang Historic Tunnel 3.4.1 Social Character of the Piyamit Village After the Agreement of Peace Talks was signed between Internal Security Operations Command Region #4 and the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) was signed up in 1989, there are actions and agreements that the two parties had to follow. Referring to the agreement, the CPM members would be provided with four villages, building materials and tools and farmland in every family. Each family of the former CPM member was given 15 Rai1 (Thai area unit) of land per family around Namkang Mountain to do their living with specific condition. The land was later developed by the members of the CPM and was allocated by the Thai authorities. The member of the CPM could also choose to live in one of the four allocated villages. It was known from the interviewing that most of the CPM members scattered in the three main areas, which were Piyamit 5th village, Hatyai district and nearby areas and Malaysia. At the present time, there are approximately 50 households or 150 villagers living in the Piyamit village. From those villagers number, there are 80 – 90 people, who were the former CPM members. And the rest are labors using in rubber plantation. It was known from the interviewing of Mr.Leong Yee Sing that the CPM guerrillas had asked 1,250 Rai (2,000,000 Square Meters) piece of land from the Thai government. The area was divided into two sections. The first section is the historical tunnel area (550 Rai) and the latter section is the Piyamit Village area (700 Rai). For the Piyamit Village population surveying, it was found out that most of the villagers are the elderly people. There are only a few middle aged people because most of them went for further education in a bigger town like Hat Yai or Bangkok. There are few of them, who decided to come back to the village to take care of their parents, while other

1 1 Rai equal to 1600 Square Meters or 400 Square Wah 1 Rai equal to 0.395 Acre 1 Acre equal to 4,046.856 Square Meters 49

decided to live and work in towns. With the reason that most of them were Malaysian - Chinese people, their main communicating language was Chinese. However, most of them can also use Thai and Bahasa in the communication level. The main income of the Piyamit Villagers comes from the rubber plantation. Except the rubber farm, they also earn a living from tourism and trading as well.

The Piyamit Village

Figure 35 – 40 Shows the social characteristic of Piyamit 5th village, Namkang National Park (Taken by Srilak A., 2012, Google Earth) 50

Moreover with the condition that the given piece of land from Thai government cannot be sold but it can be inherited to the ex – CPM members, some of those people had to adopt their foster children or give their rubber farm to their children. In the present time, the former guerrillas are at the age about 50 – 75 years old and all of them already got Thai nationality. 3.4.2 Economic and tourism situation Tourism situation in Namkang Tunnel at the present time is different from the past when the area was full of peace. Since 2004, an ethnic separatist insurgency was taking place in three southernmost provinces of Thailand. Violence bomb and ambush had increasingly spilling over into other provinces. Today in 2012, car bomb and other violence incident continually happened and never declined although it has occurred for decades in the region. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency)

Figure 41 Shows the South Thailand Insurgency area (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency) The economic and tourism situation in the specific and nearby area had stopped its growth. Less number of tourists, less income and less tourism promoting can demonstrate the decline of tourism site popularity well. Coming up with the idea that tourism was not the only source of their income; the Piyamit 5th villager’s living standard did not decline. Most of them earn their living from rubber plantation in the given land. Some of them do their own business around the Thai – Malaysia border. 51

3.4.3 Whose heritage does the Namkang Tunnel belong to? The Namkang Tunnel were constructed in the second Malaya Emergency period of time. The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) consisted of Chinese and Malay- Muslim people, although it was mostly identified with the Chinese. With the hard suppression from the (colonial) Malayan Government, the CPM guerrillas had fled to the border of Thailand. From the records, it was found that the CPM guerrillas first appeared in the area of Thailand’s border in 1949. Although the CPM had settled down in Thailand, their operations still took place in the Malayan and border areas. The Namkang Historic Tunnel is believed to be the longest man-made tunnel system in Thailand. The labourers, constructing the historic tunnel, were the CPM guerrillas. They were definitely not Thai people. After the end of the Malayan Communist insurgency, the next question over this historic heritage site was “Who owns the fabric?” or “Which country has the priority over the fabric?” It was an interesting question that raises both legal and more philosophical issues. As to answer the questions, there are various things that need to be considered. It is obvious that the Namkang Historic tunnel did not only deal with the international relationship matters between Thailand and (British) Malaya, but it also deals with the political aspects of the internal uprisings and disputations in both Thailand and Malaya in that era. As stated above, the Namkang Tunnel was designed, built and constructed by the Malayan Communist guerrillas. Their intention in building their housing, shelter and base was so as to fight the colonial Malayan Government and this finally became the Namkang Tunnel. However, the historic site has been located in a country that did not directly relate to their insurgency and fighting history. Thailand, at that time, neither expressed support for the CPM guerrillas nor did they express tolerance for their existence in the territory. It is significant that Thailand, in that era, was also in a state of Communist insurgency. At the international relationship level, it cannot be concluded whether Thailand or Malaysia should ‘own’ the heritage. With the fact that it was built by Chinese-Malayan communist guerrillas, an illegal force in Malaya but located in the deep forest of 52

Thailand, the question cannot really be resolved since the nationalities, the location, the political ideology and the push factor of the CPM in constructing the tunnel came from different agencies and agendas. Furthermore, the Namkang Tunnel was also evidence of the spread of Communist ideology in what were believed to be democratic countries. Today, the Namkang Mountain and associated area have been declared as a National Park of Thailand. Normally, all national parks are under the control and management of National Parks Thailand. The Namkang National Park is different. Unlike other national parks, the Namkang Tunnel National Park was divided into 2 parts with the different managers. The national park is under the management of the Thailand National Park Department, while the Namkang Tunnel and the Piyamit village are under the management of the old members of the CPM. The present situation was the result from the Hat Yai Tripartite Peace Accords. The contract was made between the Thai Government, Malaya Government and the CPM representatives. The aim of the contract was to disarm the CPM and to bring eternal peace to the Southern part of Thailand. The Thai government had promised to give them pieces of lands for purposes of agriculture. So the old CPM members have possessed the land in the Namkang National Park since then. 3.4.4 The land evolution of the Namkang Mountain Different from other forests, the Namkang Mountain had changed its form and pattern through time. The way people reacted to the area made the unique characteristic to the rain forest. From the in-depth study and interview, the evolution of Namkang Mountain can be divided into periods as followed; In the earlier time, Namkang Mountain was a typical rain forest in the Southern part of Thailand. It was fertile with diverse biology. However, the warfare time in Malaya had made a major change to the site. The Namkang rainforest was not just a typical rainforest anymore. With the insurgency of the CPM army, the mountain later on became a suited place for the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) members to settle down. This major change happened in 1972. It was the time that the Namkang Tunnel was first dug. Since the CPM had settled down on this 53

site, Namkang Tunnel and the border area was a battlefield between the CPM troop and the Malayan government troop. It took more than decades to bring the warfare to an end. At that time, the forest was known as a restricted area for the outsider and so did the local people. In 1987, there was an attempt to bring the peace back to the area. The Thai government, the Malaya government and the representative of the CPM had made a Tri- Partite Peace Accord at Hatyai, Sonkgkhla Province, Thailand. After the Peace accord was signed up, the Thai government gave each CPM family 15 Rai piece of land. The former CPM member had a chance to do their living in the provided area with specific conditions. They had built their own village called the Piyamit Village and planted rubber tree. In 1991, the Namkang Mountain including the area of Piyamit Village, the rubber plantation and Namkang Historic Tunnel was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand. However, the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) still allowed the CPM family to do their living in the national park according to the signed peace accord. After the declaration, Namkang Historic Tunnel stayed under the management of the DNP.

In 1996, the former CPM member had asked the tunnel back from the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP). They had the attempt to manage the historic site themselves following the head men decisions. In 1997, the developed tunnel had a grand opening as a tourism site. It was so popular that there used to be hundreds of people came on site each day. There was a record of the tunnel manager claimed that tourism number could reach to more than a thousand tourists on peak day, which is doubtful considering the caring capacity of the existed car park, catering and W/C. In 2004, the emergence of South Thailand Insurgency was dramatically decreased the tourist number in the Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel. The number of tourists went from hundreds of people to no more than a hundred people per 54

day during weekend. However, the self-proclaim heritage managers still wish for the better outcome when the present situation resettles itself in the future. In 2012, the active members of the CPM have made a full development on site with the attempt to correct the tourism situation. However from the interview, it seems that the funding of the whole venture came from only a few members namely; Mr.Leong Yee Sing, Mr.Pang Min Sang and part employee business partner Mr.Liang Chen.

3.5 The landscape of Namkang Mountain National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel Being different from other national parks, Namkang Mountain National Park can be divided the landscape into 2 main sections, which are natural landscape and cultural landscape. The latter one used nature as the hiding place and they looked after their hiding place well; hence natural landscape was conserved and fertile as a result.

68 km. from Hat Yai District 88 km. from Muang Songkhla District

N

35 km. from 36 km. from Sadao Immigration Baan Prakob Immigration

Figure 42 Shows the landscape map of Namkang National Park (http://www.thaitripdd.com/webboard/index.php?topic=110.0)

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3.5.1 The natural sites attractions in Namkang Mountain National Park Namkang Mountain National Park is a fertile forest. Moreover, it was neatly conserved since the age of the cold war. Although some part of the mountain was dug into tunnel, most part of it stays fertile through times. The natural tourist attractions in Namkang Mountain National Park are as followed; 3.5.1.1 Pruching waterfall Pruching waterfall is the highest waterfall in Namkang Mountain National Park. It was set among various species of plants and animals. Tourists, who interested to visit the waterfall, must contact the park’s officers since they have to track in the forest.

Figure 43 Shows the Pruching waterfall (http://park.dnp.go.th/dnp/ptascene/1065scene100311_110019.jpg) 3.5.1.2 Tondadfah waterfall Tondadfah waterfall is also located in Namkang National Park. From the waterfall’s name, “dadfah” means deck in English. It has got this name since it is about 20 meters high. Travelling in this waterfall, tourists will enjoy and relax with the surrounded nature and wild life. 56

Figure 44 Shows Tondadfah waterfall (http://park.dnp.go.th/dnp/ptascene/1065scene100311_105814.jpg) 3.5.1.3 Tonlad waterfall The distinctive of Tonlad waterfall out of the others comes from water that flows along a long stone ramp. After the arrival, tourists can have fun playing and walking around and up on the waterfall, where is a wide stone court. In these days, not so many people had arrived at the waterfall; hence nature around this waterfall stays in good condition.

Figure 45 Shows Tonlad waterfall (http://park.dnp.go.th/dnp/ptascene/1065scene100311_105146.jpg) 57

3.5.1.4 Tonmaipuk waterfall Located in the very deep forest, adventurous tourists have to take one day for tracking to the waterfall. The name of the waterfall “Tonmaipuk” (the lunged stick) come from the landscape itself. Like Pruching waterfall, tourists have to contact the park’s officer before tracking to Tonmaipuk waterfall.

Figure 46 Shows Tonmaipuk waterfall (http://park.dnp.go.th/dnp/ptascene/1065scene100311_105343.jpg) 3.5.1.5 Tonsung waterfall Tonsung waterfall is a 14 stories high waterfall. Tourists visiting the waterfall can appreciate the pureness nature all around.

Figure 47 Shows Tonsung waterfall (http://park.dnp.go.th/dnp/ptascene/1065scene170510_143813.jpg) 58

3.5.1.5 Wangluangprom waterfall Wangluangprom waterfall is a small-sized waterfall. In the middle of the waterfall locates a big rock that divides water into two streams. One of the stream becomes a big and deep trough, where is the habitat of aquatic animals.

Figure 48 Shows Wangluangprom waterfall (http://park.dnp.go.th/dnp/ptascene/1065scene170510_143827.jpg) From the natural site attraction above, it can be noticed that most of the waterfall names are beginning with “ton” (โตน). The word “ton” is the Southern local language, which means waterfall. 3.5.2 The cultural landscape sites: The Namkang Tunnel Namkang Historic Tunnel and Piyamit 5th village is the historic site of Namkang Mountain National Park, where stories has been told. It was believed that Namkang Historic Tunnel was the biggest CPM base in the region. Before entering the historic tunnel, tourists have to walk through the exhibition about the communist village, where photos, information and old weapons are provided. The exhibition will make a basic understanding to tourists. Moreover, if they come to the tunnel in groups, the old CPM members, who later became the tunnel officers, will make an informal lecture about the history of the tunnel and related people to tourists. 59

The admission fee for visiting Namkang Historic Tunnel is excluded from the Namkang National Park fee. It charges 20 Bath per person.

Figure 49 Shows the entrance of Namkang Historic Tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2012)

3.6 The assessment of Namkang Tunnel, Namkang National Park, Nathawi district, Songkhla Province, Thailand 3.6.1 The history of Namkang Tunnel The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) was established in 1930. Most of the party’s members were Chinese, came from the mainland. The members were labeled as the guerrillas. They harbored different attitude toward political matters with Great Britain, the Japanese and later the Malaysia government and also believed that the communist ideology would be the best way for initiating a revolution aimed against the British. They had moved to the border of Thailand and started building their hiding place from Thailand, Malaya and the British armies. The tunnel was 1,000 meters long with 16 exists. It was located harmoniously with its surrounded natural environment. The tunnel became the guerrillas’ residence for some 10 years then it became, somewhat incongruously, a tourist attraction in the present day. After the Malaya’s independence period, some of the Malayan communist 60

guerrillas did not accept the condition of independence from the United Kingdom. However, they all ended up with confronting the suggestion of “surrender” after they issued a statement calling the resumption of Peace Talks. Finally, the Communist Party of Malayan (CPM) became an illegal force. The number of the guerrillas’ members decreased from up to 12,000 men to only 1,800 men. From the number, 450 – 500 men had fled into Thailand. When the Malaysian communist guerrillas entered to Thailand, they established themselves around the border area of the country and started to spread communist teachings and ideas. The Namkang Tunnel was dug in 1972 as the hub from where the CPM could fight back against their enemies. The Namkang Historic Tunnel is the biggest and longest man-made clay tunnel in Thailand. It took two years to finish building operation. In the three stories tunnel, there are clay staircases connected every sections altogether. Inside the tunnel or the Malayan communist guerrilla’s camp, rooms were divided in a three stories high tunnel; there was a commander’s room, the weapon room, hospital, radio room, the school where they taught about the Russian Communist theory and Mao Zhe Tong, basketball field, shops and guardians. In addition to the interior of the tunnel, the surrounding area was cleaned up for the guerrilla’s lifestyle as well. A bamboo forest was planted and bunkers were dug. The bamboo forest was planted to conceal themselves from the air force bombers. Many bunkers were dug scattered all around the tunnel’s area. The CPM had lived in Namkang Mountain for 17 years (1972 - 1989) before the Fourth Army Area and the Royal Thai Army solved the confliction in the area. The long story of the CPM later on ends up and becomes part of Thailand’s faded history. After the hard history of the CPM, some of its erstwhile leftist members now still live in the national park and settle their own community called “Piyamit village”. They all live in the distributed area from Thai government and do the agriculture for living there. The Namkang Historic Tunnel was also proposed as the tourist attraction that represented the history of Cold War in the South- East Asia region. Today, the Namkang Historic Tunnel is under the management of the old CPM members. They have established and manage the local souvenir shop and collect the 61

entrance fee to the tunnel from tourists. However, the question arises as to whether the historic tunnel belongs to country in which it is located (Thailand), to the country to whose history it is so central (Malaysia) or to the CPM members. The research project as well will study the impact and effect from humans broadly and from tourism more specifically on the Namkang Historic Tunnel. 3.6.2 The tripartite Hat Yai Peace Agreement Because of the permanent peace of the Southern flame, tripartite peace negotiations were continually held in Thailand especially in Hat Yai, Songkhla Province. Track back to the age of the CPM invasion, the government had chosen to work on military approach more than political. Unfortunately, it did not work as aspect. There were two approaches that Thai government used to disarm the CPM. The first way was using military backed up by political action. The second approach was using politics backup by military.

Figure 50 – 51 Shows the atmosphere of the Tripartite Peace Agreement (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) In the first approach, military utilities and various tactics were used by the Armed forces. Although the CPM were blockaded, attacked and ambushed, they were not defeated. The government, as a result, had to bring new approach to the real practice. Starting in 1980, the state government tried to defeat the guerrilla by political means. The second approach used political means over militaries. They also helped people, applied psychology, upsetting the conditions of war in society, using the power of the people in the fight. Fighting through peaceful means and also creating the understanding could help eradicating contentions, negotiating to find ways of preventing contentions from 62

occurring and stopping the use of weapons. It was believed that the second warfare approach was the effective way to ease the Southern flame permanently after they have fought each other for over 40 years. In order for the Thai operators to solve the Southern flame, they have to understand the CPM and their ideology first. The main philosophies of the CPM were “from the bottom to the top, from sympathizer to activist, from activist to party member” and “taking one bite at a time”. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) From those reasons, all plans must follow the CPM ideology as to achieve the plan. Not only planning all the solution by themselves, Thai government also worked with Malaysian government as well. For the Thai side, they believed that the negotiation was the best way out, which could disband the CPM by peaceful means and bring them to participate in the development of the Thai Nation. The extinguishing of the Southern flame started from 1985 and succeeded in 1989. Go back to 1988; the representation of the CPM came to Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province, Thailand, to claim that the party had agreed with Thai proposal for Southern peace. However, the headperson, who could make the final decision, was Chin Peng, the CPM party Secretary General. In the basic conditions of the Peace Talks, the CPM had purposed 5 basic conditions. The details were as followed; 1. All CPM members must be released of political prisoners and must be freely allowed to come back to Malaysia. 2. The CPM and the People’s Revolutionary Malaya Party of Melayu Party of Malaya (PKMRM) must be recognized. 3. The CPM, PKMRM and the People’s Army must be returned their freedom form arresting, interrogation and detention if they were well co-operated. 4. The CPM and the People’s Army must be given identity card in case they would like to return to Malaysia. The same rights and privileges had to be given back like normal citizens. 63

5. All actions of the People’s Army in bring about an independent Malaysia had to be recognized. Moreover, all seized property belonging of the CPM must be returned. In the last tripartite negotiations meeting, it was the fifth meeting, which intended to manage the agreement on every problem of all sides. The conclusion of the meeting came out with the approving of establishing the three sides’ agreement, a draft of the leaders’ speeches and the other related matters. For over 40 years in the warfare era, the fight between the democratic systems and the communist system came to its historic day, which brought all contestation to an end, on 2nd December, 1989. In addition, all success could come from reasons, which can be summarized as followed; - Developed accurate strategy was the good start for creating peace. Thai government had planned to use the politics backed up by military and applying all those plans in suitable time. - Applied the principle of freedom by gave a free hand to perform one’s duty, develop idea, plan, supervise and assess results. - Set a small number of personnel as a maintaining of one’s confident. - Well co-ordinate work between officers by assisting each other without envy made all problems became well organized tasks. - Efficient emissaries from all three sides preceded the negotiations smoothly and brought all contestation to a successful conclusion. 3.6.3 The Namkang Tunnel analysis 3.6.3.1 The history and character of Namkang Historic Tunnel Namkang Tunnel was located in the deep forest of the Namkang National Park, Nathawi District, Songkhla Province, Thailand. It can be counted that the Namkang Historic Tunnel was the precious evidence demonstrating the existence of the Cold War era. The site was strictly received the communist ideology from the China mainland. Its function also had the similarity to the Cu Chi Tunnels, Saigon, Vietnam. Both of the tunnels were able to protect the guerrillas from their enemies and air bombs. The historic 64

place also represents the international relationship between Thailand and Malaysia as well. The difference between the two tunnels is that one was dug underground while another was dug through a selected mountain. Anyhow, the two historic sites had the same purpose and aim in constructing. A maze of tunnel was dug in 1972 by the members of Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). It was used as a house, a hub and a hiding place for the CPM guerrillas from Thai and Malaya army. The CPM had spent 2 years digging the whole tunnel with their hands and other basic tools found in the area such as; shovels and spades. The tunnel as a result could be stated as one of the masterpiece of hand – made work of mankind.

Figure 52 – 53 The entrance to the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) The CPM guerrillas used their skills chosen the best location out of the Namakang Mountain ranges with their highly experienced from the jungle life. Out of their basic tools used, the outcome was astonishing, surprisingly effective and functional. After all the construction process, a mountain was transformed into a complicated tunnel network. The Namkang Historic Tunnel was 40 meters deep and 1 kilometer long. It was divided into 3 stories high with 16 exist ways, 7 guardhouses, 13 turrets. The turret location was carefully chosen by the CPM member. Each gun house must be reachable within 5 minutes and had to support the reinforce ability in each fight. 65

Figure 54 The staircase inside the tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) The interior of the tunnel gave the most comfortable feeling for the guerrillas at their best. There were about 200 guerrilla soldiers living in this tunnel at that time. The average temperature inside the tunnel was around 25 Celsius degree. Moreover, they were facilitated with the commander’s room, weapon room, medication room, operation room, radio room, conference room, kitchen, shooting practice room, motorcycle practice area and toilet compiled in one tunnel.

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Figure 55 – 58 Shows the interior function of the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) Furthermore as to conceal the tunnel from the aerial arm force, the guerrillas also planted bamboo forest in order to cover them under the greenery of the forest and surrounding nature. Besides all attacks from Thai and Malaysia army, the guerrilla soldiers had to fight with the local disease such as Malaria as well. Their toughness and strength in living in an extremely hard place and time could be able to show their strong believe in fighting for their ideology of changing Malaya into Communist country.

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3.6.3.2 The Section and Plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnel Section

ไม่สามารถแสดงรูปได ้ คอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ณอาจมุ หนี ่วยความจําไมเพ่ ยงพอที จะเปี่ ิดรปนู ี้ หรอรื ูปอาจเสียหาย เรมการทิ่ ํางานของคอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ุณใหม่ จากนั้นใหเป้ ิดแฟ้มอกครี ั้ง ถ้าเครื่องหมาย x สีแดงยังคงปรากฏอยู่ คุณอาจตองลบร้ ูปนี้ แลวจ้ ึงแทรกใหม่อีกครั้ง

Third floor

Second floor First floor

Figure 59 Shows the section plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Drawn by Aphichat Kantacha, 2012) Plan - First floor

ไม่สามารถแสดงรูปได ้ คอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ณอาจมุ หนี ่วยความจําไมเพ่ ยงพอที จะเปี่ ิดรปนู ี้ หรอรื ูปอาจเสียหาย เรมการทิ่ ํางานของคอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ุณใหม่ จากนั้นใหเป้ ิดแฟ้มอกครี ั้ง ถ้าเครื่องหมาย x สีแดงยังคงปรากฏอยู่ คุณอาจตองลบร้ ูปนี้ แลวจ้ ึงแทรกใหม่อีกครั้ง Staircase to the second floor

The main entrance

Figure 60 Shows the first floor plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Drawn by Aphichat Kantacha, 2012) 68

- Second floor

ไม่สามารถแสดงรูปได ้ คอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ณอาจมุ หนี ่วยความจําไมเพ่ ยงพอที จะเปี่ ิดรปนู ี้ หรอรื ูปอาจเสียหาย เรมการทิ่ ํางานของคอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ุณใหม่ จากนั้นใหเป้ ิดแฟ้มอกครี ั้ง ถ้าเครื่องหมาย x สีแดงยังคงปรากฏอยู่ คุณอาจตองลบร้ ูปนี้ แลวจ้ ึงแทรกใหม่อีกครั้ง Exit 6 Kitchen

Administration room

Exit 5

Radio room Operating room

Exit 3

Exit 2

Exit 4 Leader room

Exit 1

To the third floor From the first floor Meeting room

Figure 61 Shows the second floor plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Drawn by Aphichat Kantacha, 2012)

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- Third floor Exit 10

ไม่สามารถแสดงรูปได ้ คอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ณอาจมุ หนี ่วยความจําไมเพ่ ยงพอที จะเปี่ ิดรปนู ี้ หรอรื ูปอาจเสียหาย เรมการทิ่ ํางานของคอมพวเตอริ ของค์ ุณใหม่ จากนั้นใหเป้ ิดแฟ้มอกครี ั้ง ถ้าเครื่องหมาย x สีแดงยังคงปรากฏอยู่ คุณอาจตองลบร้ ูปนี้ แลวจ้ ึงแทรกใหม่อีกครั้ง

Exit 9

Motor bike area

Exit 8

Exit 7 From the second floor

Figure 62 Shows the third floor plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Drawn by Aphichat Kantacha, 2012)

3.6.4 Life of the guerrilla in Thai – Malaysia border - The guerrilla’s life at Thai – Malaysia border Temporary encampment and long – term concealment were the words describing situations of Thailand’s border at a time. Their objective of being struggle in Thailand was for an attempting to settle down and survive in the jungle of Thailand. They seriously did not want to expand or develop their communist ideology in Thailand. The basic policies, which were unwritten policies of self – disciplinary, were as followed; - Operate only in unpopulated areas in the jungle; - Do not become involved in the local social and political struggles; - Have no political and territorial intentions in Thailand; - Be friendly to the Thai population, obtain the sympathy and support of the rural people; 70

- Strive for the understanding and forgiveness of the Thai government. (Fong Chong Pik, 2008) For more than 30 years, all these policies were well respected among the guerrilla of Communist Party of Malayan members. Until December 1989, the Haadyai Peace agreement was signed up and the guerrilla’s activities in the border of Thai – Malaysia did come to an end. The Communist Party of Malayan (CPM) had retreated from the Malaysian state government to the border of Thailand. The party also divided the ruling area and duties to each guerrilla troop as followed; - The 8th detachment named “The committee of Kedah - Perak” (คณะกรรมการผสมรัฐเกดะห์

– เปอร์ลิส) had operated their missions in Sadao district, Nathawee district and Sabayoi district, Songkhla Province, Thailand. The detachment contained of Chinese (60%) and Muslim people out of 500 – 600 people. The detachment was commanded by Mr.Yi – jiang Sae-ung (นายอี่เจียง แซ่อึ้ง). - The 10th detachment named “The Malaya committee” (หน่วยปฏิบัติงานกลางชาวมาลายา) was the detachment that operated by Malayan people. They had operated their missions in Wang district, Sukeerin district, Rueso district and Ra – ngae district in Narathiwat province, Bunnangsata district in Yala province and Yarang district, Pattani province. Most of the guerrillas in the detachment were Muslim people and the rest were Chinese. The detachment was commanded by Mr.Abdunlaseedee (นายอบดั ุลลาซีดี). There were approximately 350 guerrillas in this detachment. - The 12th detachment was the largest unit operated in Thai – Malaysia border. It was regarded as the main force, which carried out their missions in the Betong District, Thailand’s southernmost area. Most of the guerrillas were Chinese (90%) and the rest was Muslim and others. The 12th detachment was ruled by Mr.Arzi (นายอาซี) or so called Mr.Ar-ze (นายอาเซอะ). There were approximately 650 members in this detachment. 71

- Activities - The underground bunker The communist party bunkers were scattered around the border of Thailand and Malaysia. With the similar pattern and scale, each bunker normally had large classroom, eating halls, dormitories and family huts. Moreover, facilities were also provided for instance; basketball court, ping – pong table, firing range and also the swimming pool constructed in the valley.

Figure 63 – 64 Shows the CPM basketball field located under a thick shade of green (Kitti Rattanachaya, 2007) - Guerrilla warfare Basic strategy of defensive war of the guerrilla warfare was “Main force diverts, small unit attack”. (Fong Chong Pik, 2008) The strategy could explain as to make a small number of persons per troop. In each troop, a small combat had to swiping, ambush and mine – laying as defensive actions.

Figure 65 Shows CPM guerrilla troop operated in Thailand (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) 72

With complex topography and dense forest in the Southern tropical jungle, a large troop of guerrilla soldier activities were difficult and dangerous. The guerrilla troop as a result had to work in a small troop so that it would be flexible and mobile, hidden and fast for them. “Know oneself and one’s enemy, fight a hundred battles and win a hundred victories” was also one of their defensive action tactic. Followed their own basic tactics, a guerrilla troop could be able to control and initiative their attack easier. Battles along a march were also unavoidable. However, vanguards would be the person who took control of each battle. Another advantage of a small unit troop was the high percentage of successfully withdraw. In addition, ambush surprise attack and night raid were all tropical forest guerrilla warfare tactics. Small group attack seemed to be basic for warfare tactic; nevertheless it had high succession with compact organization ad certain condition for any supports. - Food supply Food supply chain was another matter to be considered. Because each unit could carry only limited amount of food supply, which can last only 2 – 3 days for each person, the location of food storage became vital. In the planning process, combat areas had to be able to link with the food supply storage. In each small unit, there must be at least one person, who can recognize the location of food storage site. “Food storage site map” had to be equipped before any combat mission. This map would be a stock supply warehouse for those, who were a knowledgeable person. In the same time, this map would be just a completely unintelligible and useless for those, who were uninformed. - Communications Because the main tactic of the guerrilla warfare was to divide troop into small unit, each group as a consequence had to communicate between each unit. Each unit’s headquarter needed to keep contact with small unit and each small unit had to contact with one another. The communications among each guerrilla unit aimed at obtain an understanding and control of the situation, providing mutual support and organizing complementary activities. Communications among each unit made their mission of giving direction, 73

making special assignment and receiving instructions became possible. The absence of a communication system could only be compared to the derivative of the nervous system from the body, completely paralyzing the entire body. (Fong Chong Pik, 2008)

Figure 66 – 67 The telegram room inside the Namkang Historic Tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) Food and material supply - Food transportation Food was another living factor for all those guerrillas. In the guerrilla warfare period, food had to be purchased, transported stored, taken control, inspected and replaced. Food operation was also called “food management” since it had been operated all the supply and handled by the entire department. The definition of “food” had covered the entire principle item such as; grain, sugar, cooking oil and salt. Not only “food” that it needed to be managed carefully but military materials, medical supplies, communicating equipments, reading materials and stationeries were also needed to be operated as food. After the purchased of food, it needed to be transported to the campsite. Every soldier was responsible for this task. Each soldier had to carry food, which was normally weight around 50 – 60 kilograms, on his or her back. The food transportation might take one or two day if it was a short distance. But it may take more than ten days for long 74

distance. Especially during the emergency, guerrilla soldiers needed to carry their supply in the inner core of the jungle called “Deep Forest Camp”. It was noted that food transportation routes were basically determined by the location of the food storage sites. The food and materials that were needed for daily consumption by the troops would be moved directly to the camp. Usually, the daily amount of food consumption was only a fraction of that stored. - Food storage Food storage was the process of burying and hiding food and materials underground. It was found after fifteen to sixteen years after the buried date that food quality did not change much. Rice and sugar still stayed in the edible level. The secret of food preserving came from “folk technique” that they adopted and developed for more than ten years. Storing food in the metal container might sound simple however; it did need life time experiences and skills. Containers were made from metal in difference sizes. They had to be coated with a layer of bitumen – like substance made by boiling a mixture of diesel oil, lubricating oil and damar tree’s oil. The secret weapon that enabled the stored food to preserve food quality over long period of time was a plastic sheet covered the container exterior for insulation and to prevent the face of the container from coming into contact with the soil and its moisture.

Figure 68 The CPM food container in various sizes (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) 75

When all containers were ready to use, food would be carefully packed in each container. The food packing specialize would determine the amount of food to be added in each container. Too much amount or too little amount might cause “loss supply” because of food expansion and underground pressure. The process as a result needed to be done by experienced person. There were three main steps for food burying. Firstly, the specialize man needed to allocate the burying area. Secondly, he needed to calculate the amounts of each food. Thirdly, he had made sure that all food would be able to recover.

Figure 69 - 70 Shows the CPM kitchen (Taken by Srilak A., 2011, Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007)

Figure 71 Shows the food supply barrel buried under the ground (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) 76

Filling food in each container and burying them might sound simple in theory. However, each food item needed correct proportion and the correct proportion for each food was difference. The duty as a result needed to be accomplished by specialize soldier. - Inspection and recover of buried food As to avoid any mistake, food recovery came into consideration of each troop. Maps were drawn up and indicated the exact location of storage site, quantity of stored food, location of various containers and responsible person’s name. In every two or three years, inspector team would be sent out to dig out the storage site and take stored food out. After all food was taken out, related records would be obliterated. Unrecoverable food were minor incidents happened in the jungle. If there was a continually inspection, minimal losses would happen. Nevertheless, land transformation, soil erosion, overgrown wild grasses and fallen trees were responsible for land transformation. For those amateurs, it would be impossible to find the food storage underground. However with more than 10 years experiences, those professionals were able to point out the site easily without any hesitation. Medical service All the doctors in the guerrilla armed forces were Western – trained and female. They were regarded as “higher intellectuals” group of people. Normally, they were usually young but also possessed professional qualification and higher level of knowledge and culture. The guerrilla doctors might not physically labor like other soldiers but they had to deal with mentally. It was found that the guerrilla soldiers toward their doctors were sometimes very rash, sulky and full with complaints. Hence, medical contradiction could be the reason from human relation between doctors and patients. - Injury and surgery Landmines incidents were another cause of injury found in guerrillas. Pieces of shrapnel had to be taken out by surgery. This group of patient had to be well taken with intensive care, which covered reduce infection, antibiotic shot, herbs and cleaning wounds with boiled water. Sometimes injuries caused from accidents like got hurt from a falling tree. Sometimes sickness caused from patient’s body mechanism like stomach 77

ulcer. But there were not so many times that the jungle camp had to face with irregular operation like removing of tumor. For this case of operation, it might take times to operate. Anyway jungles doctors could prove themselves and complete the operation though they lived in the very deep part of the forest.

Figure 72 Shows the operation room inside the historic tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) Although doctors in the campsite learnt their doctoral skill from Western, they could apply Chinese approach as the curing way too. Surgery, prescribe drugs, give shots, prepare medicinal soup, perform acupuncture, treat internal and external injuries, repair muscle damage and bone dislocation and therapeutic massage were all their curing techniques. - Dentistry Dental clinic in the jungle camp was a hard work. Dentists’ tasks in the clinic included taking out and repairing teeth. All techniques used also came from their experiences and book, which were in Chinese and English. (See more in Appendix B)

3.6.5 The left memories of a long history 3.6.5.1The role of Chin Peng, Secretary – General of the CPM Chin Peng was a leader of the Communist Party of Malayan (CPM), who had the main role in leading to the communist guerrilla insurgency in the Malayan emergency during 1948 - 1960. He was born in October, 1924 in a middle class Hokkien Chinese 78

family. His father came from China mainland in 1920 and opened his bicycle business with his relative from Singapore. In the early education, Chin Peng joined a Chinese language school. He did not attend the communist army at the time yet but he was a part of the Chinese Anti Enemy Backing Up Society (AEBUS), which was the project aimed at helping China mainland from Japanese invasion. Until 1939, he had embraced communism ideology. The main push factor for Chin Peng to be the most outstanding role in Malayan history was the unequal of social class between Malay people and Chinese – Malay. (Kunha Sangraya, 2008) It was known that Chin Peng had married Madam Zainon or Ah Yan, who was as well the CPM member. Madam Zainon played part of the main role in fighting with the Malayan and British army. It could be counted that Madam Zainon was another significance leader of the CPM. Ching Peng also had a daughter and a son. His daughter, Lily, had worked in a private firm in Penang. His son, Ong Boo Kok, was a well known lawyer in Kuala Lumper. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007)

Figure 73 Chin Peng Figure 74 Madam Zainon, Chin Peng’s wife (Kitti Rattanachaya, 2007) (Namkang Historic Tunnel Museum) Chin Peng became a full – time revolutionist after he left school. The first succession in the communist‘s life of Chin Peng was in the end of January, 1940. He was finally admitted to the Malayan Communist Party as a candidate member. His role in CPM became more dominant after the Japanese Army invaded Malaysia Peninsula. 79

Inspired by the Communist Party of China (CPC), his army was named as the “Malayan People’s Anti – Japanese Army” (MPSJA). At that time, Chin Peng was the liaison office between the MPAJA and the British Army operated in South East Asia.

Figure 75 Chin Peng was awarded the OBE by the Great Britain in 1939 (http://muhdhazrie.wordpress.com/2012/03/09/chin-peng-pemimpin-kejam/) After the invasion of Japanese army, the Britain had proposed “Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire” (OBE) award to Chin Peng, which was later withdrawn by the British government. Not so long after the incident, Chin Peng had succeeded Lai Tek and turned to be the Secretary General of the Communist Party of Malaya. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) However, the relationship between the CPM and the British Empire government came to an irretrievable confliction. Chin Pen was accused of order the CPM members to kill three European plantation managers at Sungei Siput. Later, the Malayan colonial administration declared a state of emergency on 16 June, 1948. The CPM was banned in July. 80

Figure 76 Chin Peng became Malaya’s public enemy no.1 (http://links.org.au/taxonomy/term/370) The Malayan Civil War (also known as the Malayan Emergency) lasted for 12 years and ended in 1960. During the Malayan Civil War, Chin Peng had to withdraw his army to the Thai – Malaysia border. Followed his plan as to fight to control Malaysia, Chin Peng had moved to Beijing in 1961 where he stayed as his base for years.

Figure 77 Chin Peng went to Beijing and was receive by Mao Zedong in March, 1965 (http://www.ipohworld.org/blog/?p=627) He also established an office of the CPM and continued to act according to the plan that had been laid. After an absence for 28 years, he decided to return to Thailand in 1989. He came back to Thailand again with his important duty in extinguishing Southern flame. He had come to sign the tripartite agreement that would follow the Fifth Tripartite Peace Talks between Thailand – Malaysia and the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). (Kitti 81

Ratanachaya, 2007) His appearance in the Fifth Tripartite Peace Talks played an important role in the succession of the peace talks, since he had built up feelings of trust and gratitude towards Thailand for the future. The CPM laid down its arms in 1989 after the contract of peace agreement was signed in Haat – Yai, Thailand. The Tri-Partite Peace Accord was believed to be the very last role of Chin Peng on international political matter.

Figure 78 – 79 Chin Peng and Gen. Dato’Kitti Rattanachaya in the Hat-Yai Peace Agreement (Kitti Rattanachaya, 2007) At the present time, Chin Peng mainly stays in the Southern Part of Thailand. Although his application to return to Malaysia was rejected, he still tries and never gives up.

Figure 80 Today, Chin Peng still lived in Thailand since he was rejected to return to Malaysia (http://www.loyarburok.com/2009/10/28/chin-peng-a-question-of-honour/) 82

Figure 81 The autobiography work of Chin Peng (http://www.socialistworld.net/doc/1604) His life and work was revealed from his autobiography book, “My Side of History”. And a film, inspired from his action, directed by Malaysian director Amir Muhmmad. The film was “The Last Communist” however; it was banned by Malaysia government. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Communist) 3.6.4.2 Women warier of the CPM The role of women in the Communist Party of Malayan (CPM) was the forgotten part of Malay Peninsula history. Women status in Chinese culture could not compare with men’s. They lived like an invisible objects to people perceptions. Role of women in South East Asia region history might visible when they were daughters and wives from 1930s – 1960s. They also became invisible for their family when they left home to be a part of guerrilla army in 1970. Finally, they were the forgotten part of mankind history after they chose to be in a communist side, the wrong side of human history. There were different push factors for women to join the communist army in Thai – Malaysia border. Most of them came from the different background. Some were highly educate while some were illiterate. Some came from poor family and so many came from violent family structure. In the same time, some of those women left their home to join the army alone; others came with the rest of their families. Among all differences, there were two similar characteristic they shared. Firstly, they used the same communication language, which was Mandarin Chinese. Secondly, they were all strongly believed in Maoism and Communist ideology. 83

It was believed that around 30 percent of the CPM members were women. They were Chinese, Malaysia and Thai. Some were born in China, Singapore, Malaysia and the lower part of Thailand around the Thai – Malaysia border. Those women also played the main role in the Communist Party of Malayan. Their duties did not have any different from male guerrillas. They could fight in the battle, hunt wild animals down and carry heavy supply like men on their backs. Some women were ordered to do the more professional tasks and duties. Some of they had to play the role as the jungle surgery while some were skillful soldiers.

Figure 82 – 83 Shows an integral female member of the party (Adrianna Tan, 2011)

Figure 84 Shows the surgery and operation held in jungle (http://www.berfrois.com/2011/08/women-of-the-mcp/) 84

The women of the CPM were commanders, leader of civilian movements, members of politburo, rank and soldiers. Moreover, they also played the role as doctors, dentists, surgeons and nurse in the campsite. Although, they were born females, they were tough in physical and mental than their male counterparts. At the warfare time, it was normal to acknowledged that women guerrillas were mine inspector, which was the risky task. Working under pressure or torture could not bring the women guerrilla down only a bit since they lived for Communist ideology. (Adrianna Tan, 2008)

3.7 Namkang Tunnel at the Present day 3.7.1 The Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Park tourism management After the signing of the Tripartite Peace Accords at Hat Yai, Thailand, members of the CPM had been provided with farmland of 15 rai per family. (Kitti Rattanachaya, 2007) Some CPM members still stay in the Namkang National Park in a village called “Piyamit Village”. The villagers have done the agriculture as their living. They also collect the entrance fee from the Namkang Tunnel and sell some herbal medicine for tourists. Tunnel’ landscape management, the historical museum and all facilities related i.e. toilet are under the old guerrilla’s control and operation. As stated before that the national park contains of two main sections, which is natural site and cultural site. They have different managers though. With the different managers, it makes the role and management plan of the heritage site become distinct. The Namkang National Park is under the management of Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation while the Namkang Historic Tunnel is under the management of former CPM member in Piyamit Village. It was known that one section is authorized by government officers and another is taken care of by private section. With the former reason, the two tourism sites have different idea of tourism management. As can be seen from the interviewing below; Mr.Ubon Petchkaeow, Namkang National Park officer, said that the office has the main duty in looking after the national park area and two other areas in Sadao District 85

and Nathawee District. For the management pattern, the forest office mainly concerns about the fertility of the national park. It was said from the national park officer that there are three tunnels in the Namkang National Park area. There are Namkang Historical Tunnel, Stone Tunnel and 6th camp Tunnel, however the national park only looking after the last two tunnels. Over the issue about the Namkang Historic Tunnel, the officer said that the tunnel was once belonged to the forestation office since 1987. Later in 1993, the ex-CPM guerrilla had asked for the tunnel back and they’d like to manage the site themselves. Right after that year, the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation had no right to manage the Namkang Historic Tunnel. Today, the entrance fee of the two sites is separately collected. It can be said that all tourists must pay the entrance fee for two times if they would like to go to both sites. It can be concluded that the natural site of the park have prior important to the officer’s concerning. With less number of tourists, they did not collect much entrance fee. However, they are still willing to help all tourists, who have any question about this national park.

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Figure 85 – 88 Shows the Namkang National Park officer’s management area (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) Mr.Leang Yee Sing, the former CPM guerrilla member, also stated about his role toward tourism development at Namkang Historic Tunnel. He said that his life had changed after the peace contract was signed and was giver 15 Rai piece of land. “No more M16 in my hand, only shovel will do” was words flowed out of his mouth. He had developed his rubber plantation and done his own business at Daan-Nok (Thai – Malaysia boundary). After made a living for some time, he chose to develop the Namkang Historic Tunnel as a tourism site with his own budget. His project started in 1996. At that time, he made a restoration of the tunnel with the idea that “this historic site must be safe and convenient”. One year later (1997), the Namkang Historic Tunnel had a grand opening day as a tourism site. Today, Mr.Leang Yee Sing had managed a site with the above strategy. He had built a historic museum, where CPM guerrilla utensils were showed, a conference room for visitors, some interpretation in the tunnel and lighting system.

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Figure 89 – 90 Shows the current development by the ex – CPM guerrilla (Taken by Raveerut Jariyanurakkul, 2012) Mr.Yee Sing also explained his development strategy that he would like to make all tourists felt safe and convenient, when they came on site. Any works from his development could be compared to a woman, who dressed properly with some cosmetic. She surely was the same person but looked more charming and nice. In the contrary, she may look quiet and plain if she showed up with old costume and no makeup. Today, Mr.Yee Sing, the head manager of Namkang Historic Tunnel, had divided tourists into two categories. Those two groups are normal group and V.I.P group. For the normal group of tourist, the entrance fee is 30 Baht per person. For the V.I.P group, the entrance fee costs 50 Baht per person. The different between normal tourists and V.I.P tourists is that first group of visitors have to make a visit on their own while the latter group will be provided with DVD presentation, orientation from the ex – CPM guerilla, documents and brochures ,and dessert. For that entrance fee, it already included with the visitation of Namkang historic museum and Namkang historic tunnel. In the future, 88

Mr.Yee Sing, the manager of the Namkang Historic Tunnel, decided to provide more tourism site for visitor such as Piyamit 5th Village and the CPM monument. 3.7.2 Present visitor analysis The present visitor of Namkang National Park and Namkang Tunnel can be divided into 3 groups of people. From all those tourists, each group of them has different activities to do and place to appreciate and look at. All those people can be categorized as follow; A. The former CMP guerrilla and their descendants This group of tourist is the group of people that have close relationship with the site. They are the construction labor and people who have strong feeling with the site. Coming to the historic tunnel, the fabric will remind them of the old memories. Some CPM descendants come to the historic tunnel as to pay respect to their pass away ancestor. Visitors from this group were elderly people. It was known from the interviewing that some of CPM guerrilla had gone to live in towns or go back to Malaysia. Those people, who still live in Thailand, got Thai nationality. They continually came on site especially in an occasional day. B. Thai visitors Despite the construction of Namkang Tunnel did not mainly relate to Thai history, it was located in Thailand. Thai people normally make a visit to Namkang National Park and Namkang Tunnel on their weekend or holiday. Some visitors came here as a family visit while some came with the field trip. At the present time, there are no more tourism agencies managed their trip here since the South Thailand Insurgency incidents. (2540 BE; 1997 - present) C. Malaysian visitors With the connected border between the two countries, there are lots of Malaysia visitors coming to the historic site. Although the Namkang Tunnel was located in Thailand, most part of the story and history is attached to Malaysia. The country is the beginning of all history related to Namkang Tunnel. Making a visit at Namkang Tunnel, the Malaysian tourists can also learn their own country history at the same time. 89

It was found from the tourist interviewing that most tourists did not have much detail or background of the site history. Some of the tourists came from the nearby area, some came with a field trip groups and some were international tourists from Malaysia. Anyhow with the unstable incident of the Southern area of Thailand, all travelling programs from touring agencies had been cancelled and removed. Visited tourists, as a result, came to the site intentionally. After the interviewing survey, there were some unexpected answers from the tourists. Those answers are as followed; - By asking tourists about their opinions toward the historic tunnel that whether it is a natural site or cultural site, the answer did catch the researcher’s attention. Surprisingly, most of the tourists travelling in Namkang Historic Tunnel thought that the main monument was a natural tourism site although they were walking around the area. Moreover, some tourists did not know that Namkang Tunnel was built from human creativity. These answers showed the problem from interpretation system of the site. - In addition, some of the selected tourists had been asked about the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). Most of the tourists said that they had no idea what was the CPM and never heard this name before. The rest said that they had heard this name but they did not have any specific detail. - When asking tourists, who was about to go back, they said that the site was interesting and it was an amazing place to visit. However, they neither have much information nor heritage background from the first visit. - Finally, some tourists thought that Namkang Historic Tunnel was a tourism adventurous site. They came and visited the site without studied or read the historic background before. From the present tourism situation, Namkang Historic Tunnel was a good and interesting tourism site with the combination between cultural landscape and natural landscape although there are small numbers of tourists coming on site. The main reason of the decreasing number of tourist was the South Thailand Insurgency. However with heritage weakness from interpretation program, it has caused the big effect to the heritage 90

site in present tourism situation.

Table 1: Shows tourist statistic and tourism income in Songkhla Province from 2005 – 2008 (TAT, 2554) Year Thai tourist Foreign tourist Total Income (million Baht) 2005 1,628,628 720,860 2,349,488 11,715.49 2006 1,760,696 818,784 2,579,480 12,667.96 2007 1,885,052 760,718 2,645,770 12,842.52 2008 2,074,368 872,102 2,946,470 15,888.82

From the table 1, it shows that tourist number in Songkhla Province tended to increase and there were more tourism income earn in each year. Even if tourist numbers were increasing, less number of the tourist came to the Namkang Historic site. It can be observed from TAT tourism map and tourism promoting that there is only one campaign related to Namkang Historic Tunnel. However, it did not very popular or had many attendants. In addition, the Sonkhla province tourism map did not show the Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel as the main tourism site either.

Figure 91 Shows Songkhla tourism maps proposed by TAT Hatyai office (Tourism Authority of Thailand, Hatyai Office)

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Figure 92 Shows Songkhla Province tourism attractions (Tourism Authority of Thailand, Hatyai Office) It can observe from the showed brochures that two of them relate to natural adventure site, three of them relate to Songkhla city tourism site and the last two relate to tourism site in Songkhla Province. Although the TAT Hadyai has provided several printed document for tourism, there is only one page relate to Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel. Another reason of the decreasing number of tourist may come from other attractions in the province. Since the local area TAT mainly promoted only well-known sites such as Songkhla old town, which is a festinating old town, Samila beach and Hatyai, main economic area of the province, Namkang Historic Tunnel cannot reach tourists perceptions. 3.7.3 Current interpretation work at the Namkang Tunnel Before entering to the Namkang Tunnel, visitors will have a chance to make a basic understanding of the site. The old CPM guerrillas, who become the Namkang Tunnel managers and local guides, will lead the visitors to the auditory after they pay the entrance fee. Unlike other tourism site, the Namkang Tunnel local guides can speak three languages, which are Thai, Chinese and Bahasa. When each local guides finishes his 92

presentation, all visitors will have a chance trekking to the area once known as the most dangerous from 1972 – 1989. (V.I.P visitor) But before they reach the historic tunnel, they had to walk pass the “Namkang Tunnel Historical Museum” first.

Figure 93 The entrance way to the historical museum (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) The exhibition is an open – air museum, where the guerrilla old utensils were presented. The guerrilla’s interpreting objects consist of figures, maps, guerrilla uniforms, weapons, surviving kits, medicines, books and guerrilla devices. All of the items are basically presented in showcases with small labels attached as the interpretation sign. Visitors, making a visit at Namkang Tunnel, must walk through the museum hall way before entering the tunnel. Along the path, visitors can make a basic understanding of the guerrilla insurgency incident. Except the showcases, there are interpretation boards on both side of the wall. Like most part of the museum, interpretation boards of the museum were of a basic design and did not provide much detail but a lot of black and white descriptions. Most of the illustrations related to the hard life of the CPM and their battles. 93

Figure 94 – 99 Shows the Namkang Historic Tunnel exhibition (Taken by Srilak, A., 2011) Besides interpretation boards and displays, the CPM tunnel officers also provide printed documents and pamphlets for visitors. They are printed using A4 paper with simply style and 4 colors brochure. The brochures contain the detail about the history of Namkang Tunnel. The content of the brochure, however, is the same as presented in the 94

interpretation boards and mainly have two languages; Thai and English. In addition with the printing cost, the printed documents are not available for all visitors.

Figure 100 Shows the printed brochure for visitor (left – Namkang Historic Tunnel and right – Namkang National Park) Travelling along the tunnel, tourists will find signage and interpretation board setting on site. There located one board from TAT showing some detail of Namkang Historic Tunnel. (See figure 103) Except the interpretation board from TAT, the manager of Namkang Historic Tunnel had put some signage on site as well. Those sign boards had the main role in telling the direction for visitors. In some rooms, old figures of the CPM guerrilla were added on the tunnel’s wall.

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Figure 101 - 105 Signage and interpretation in Namkang Historic Tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) It can be concluded from the survey that the only interpretation work on site is the museum before entering the main historic site. However, it has poor management, design and interpretation method. The interpretation in the Namkang Historic Tunnel is also of the same quality. Although signage system and boards are found, they can show only direction and the use of each section of the tunnel. Models are also found but they are old without any maintenance.

3.7.4 The role of former CPM members, who became self-proclaimed heritage managers, toward Namkang Historic Tunnel management In the present time, some CPM guerrillas still work on this historic tunnel. They are the budget source and main persons who make final decision. The head managers of Namkang Historic Tunnel are as followed; Mr.Leong Yee Sing is the main manager of the site. He is the one who has devoted himself for developing Namkang Historic Tunnesls. It was known from the interviewing that he had donated his own money for developing the site. The bibliography of Mr.Leong Yee Sing was quite interesting. He used to be the CPM combat, who truly faith for Socialist ideology. He had stayed in the jungle for more than 10 years before the Tri – Partite Peace Accord was signed. He had planted rubber tree in the given 15 rai piece of land and done his own business around the border area after he 96

moved out from the tunnel. In 1996, he had started his work in developing Namkang Historic Tunnel as a tourism site. He said that his honestly stayed in the heart of his management plan. And all decision must come from Namkang Historic Tunnel committee. In 2012, he had built a CPM memorial statue and new historic museum near Piyamit Village. That budget fund came from the entrance fee from Namkang Historic Tunnel and donation from the ex – CPM member.

Figure 106 – 107 Mr.Leong Yee Sing in the CPM uniform and in the present time (Taken by Raveerut Jariyanurakkul, 2012) Mr.Pang Min Sang was also a CPM member in the warfare period. Like Mr.Leong Yee Sing, they had fight for Malayan independence and had to make an insurgency to Thailand. After moving out from the jungle, he still helped Mr.Leong Yee Sing in developing Namkang Historic Tunnel up until the present day. 97

Figure 108 Mr.Pang Min Sang dressed in the CPM uniform (Taken by Raveerut Jariyanurakkul, 2012) Mr.Liang Chen used to be the CPM guerrilla as well. Different from Mr.Leong Yee Sing and Mr.Pang Min Sang, Mr.Liang Chen was the CPM doctor. In another word, he was a Chinese doctor. Going back to the warfare period, Mr.Liang Chen had married a woman guerrilla. Today, they still live in the Piyamit 5th Village together although his dear wife was continually sick. Moreover with the old knowledge since the old day, he chose to sell herbs and some souvenir for tourists. He also had the main role in looking after the historic site too.

Figure 109 Mr.Liang Chen in the present day (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) 98

3.7.5 New constructions on site As stated above, the Namkang Tunnel’s management plan was under the decision of the ex – CPM guerrilla. It mostly related to the history of the CPM soldier. With the intention to build a new tourism site, Mr.Leong Yee Sing, the header of the tunnel committee, had built some new constructions on site in both Namkang Historic Tunnel area and surrounded area. All those new constructions are as followed; Before entering the historic tunnel, visitors had to walk through the main gate first. It was named as “CPM peace gate”. It was start building in 2011. It was built as the main entrance to the Namkang Tunnel. Today (April, 2012), the gate did not finish yet.

Figure 110 – 111 Shows the CPM peace gate (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) Separated from the historic site, the CPM memorial statue was built for the CPM fellow in the past. The new tourism site was located near Piyamit 5th village. The committee had the attention to bring tourist to the village as well as the memorial statue. In the village, tourist will enjoy purchasing local products while they could recall the feeling of the old day of the old guerrilla by going to the statue. The statue was built from the ex – CPM member budget. From the Namkang Tunnel manager’s eyes, the site was built for two main objections. Firstly, it was built for the old fellow who devoted themselves for communist ideology. Secondly, it was built as the new tourism site. It was said from the inscription that the statue was built to devote for CPM fellow. Moreover, part of the succession of the two countries (Malaysia and 99

Singapore) came from their attempt to declare the independence of Malaya.

Figure 112 Shows the inscription to the pass away fellow (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) ศิลาจารึกประว ัติจงคงอยนิรัู่ นดร พรรคคอมมิวนิสตมลายา์ (พคม.) นําประชาชนท ุกชนชาติมลายา ดําเนินการสงครามต่อตานญ้ ี่ปุ่น 3 ปี 8 เดือน (เดือนธนวาคมั ค.ศ.1941 ถึงเดือนสิงหาคม ค.ศ.1945) การต่อสู้โดยสันติใกล ้ 3 ปี (เดือนสิงหาคม ค.ศ.1945 ถึง เดือนมิถุนายน ค.ศ .1948) สงครามปลดแอกประชาชาติต่อตานอ้ งกฤษั 9 ปีครึ่ง (เดือนมิถุนายน ค.ศ.1948 ถึงเดือน สิงหาคม ค.ศ.1957) และสงครามภายในประเทศ เพื่อป้ องกนประชาชาตั ิประชาธิปไตยและศกดั ์ิศรีแห่งการปฏิวัติ 31 ปีครึ่ง (เดือนสิงหาคม ค.ศ.1957 ถึงเดือนธนวาคมั ค.ศ.1989) ในสงครามดงกลั ่าวสมาชิก พคม.นักรบทหารต่อตาน้ ญี่ปุ่นและทหารปลดแอกประชาชาติผู้รักชาติรักประชาธิปไตย บุคคลเขาข้ างค้ วามเป็นธรรมชายแดน และราษฎรที่ บริสุทธ์ิต้องเสียชีวิตจานวนนํ บไมั ่ถ้วนน้นเรั ่งให้มลายาและสิงคโปร์ไดมาซ้ ึ่งเอกราช จึงจะมีความเจริญรุ่งเรืองของ ประเทศมาเลเซีย และสิงคโปร์ ปัจจุบันประชาชนทุกชนชาติสองแห่งน้ีจึงจะกลายเป็นเจาของแผ้ นด่ ินของตนเองจึง

จะสามารถเสวยชีวิตความเป็นอยอยู่ างส่ ันติภาพ และความผาสุกทุกวนนั ้ี

“เวลาดื่มน้าตํ องค้ ิดถึงตนน้ ้าลํ าธารเสมอํ ” ถึงแมสม้ ยสงครามไดั ้ผ่านไปแล้ว พคม.ซึ่งเป็นผู้ที่มีความดี ความชอบสาคํ ญในชั ่วงชิงเอกราชของมลายาและสิงคโปร ์ไม่อยแลู่ ้ว แต่ประวัติจะดดแปลงไมั ่ได ้ คุณูปการอนใหญั ่ หลวงของพวกอาวุโสจะหลงลืมไม่ไดจะต้ องจดไว้ อย้ ่างสมบูรณ์ เพื่อสืบต่อคนรุ่นหลงหมั ื่นๆ ปี ตลอดไป-นี้เป็น จุดประสงค์อันบริสุทธ์ิใจของบรรดาชาวบานหม้ ู่บ้านป ิยะมิตร 5 และบุคคลทุกแห่งที่มีความเร่าร้อนแห่งดวงใจออก เงินออกแรงดวยใจโอบอ้ อมอาร้ ีช่วยกนสรั ้างฮวงซุ่ยศิลาจาร ึกและสวนสวรรค์ผู้พลีชีพเพื่ออุดมการณ์ ณ ที่นี้ นายอาตัก (วิชัย) แซ่ตั้ง ฏผู้อาวโสุ นักป ิวัติ และที่ปรึกษาคณะกรรมการหม ู่บ้านปิยามิตร 5 เขียนเมื่อวนทั ี่ 15 เดือน กุมภาพนธั ์ ค.ศ.2009 ซึ่งเป็นวนทั ี่ถูกตีแตกจากญี่ปุ่น ครบรอบ 67 ปีของมลายา และสิงคโปร์ หมายเหตุ: บทความนี้จะใชแขวนท้ ี่สวนสวรรค์ผู้พลีชีพเพ ื่ออุดมการณ์

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The translation of Eternal historical inscription

Malayan Communist Party led people of all the Malayan ethnics to fight the war against Japan for three years and eight months (from December 1941 to August 1945), three years of peaceful battle (August 1945 to June 1948), nine and a half years of national

liberation war against the British (June 1948 to August, 1957) and 31 years of civil war to protect national democracy and the dignity of revolution (August 1957 to December 1989).

In those wars, party’s warriors against Japan, soldiers of democracy, those who love fairness, and innocent people have died countlessly for Malaysia’s and Singapore’s independence. Nowadays, people of all races in Malaysia and Singapore become the owner of their own land and are able to take their own lives at peace. "When drinking water, we must always think of its origin" Although the wars were ended, and the Communist Party who provided Malaya and Singapore liberty passed away, history must not be modified. A great contribution of those people will never be overlooked and is needed to be written down completely for reminding thousands of our next generations.

With pure determination, villagers of Piyamit 5 and those with the passion in their hearts made a donation to build a memorial Feng Sui and heaven’s garden of those who lost their lives for principle.

Mr. Atak (Wichai) Tang, senior, revolutionist and committee of Piyamit 5 village, written on Monday 15th February 2009, the 67-year anniversary of Malaya and Singapore. Note: This article will be posted at the heaven’s gardens.

With the grateful feeling, they not only built the memorial statue but they also built New CPM historical museum and Chinese mausoleum of the former CPM guerrilla. The new historical museum, however, was not different from the Namkang Tunnel Historic Museum. 101

Figure 113 – 114 The comparison between Namkang Historical Museum and the new museum (Taken by Srilak A., 2012) From the interviewing, it was found that the second historical museum of the CPM had different theme. The museum at the tunnel was set the theme as the life of the CPM. Their belongings and daily stuffs were demonstrated. Some pictures about the prior event were also presented. Tourists would be able to make a basic understanding from here. In the other hand, the new historical museum was used as the exhibition that helped recalling the nostalgic feeling to the CPM fellow in the past. Pictures of the CPM colleague were attached along the wall. From those pictures, some were pass way fellow while some were still alive fellow. With all those differences, they shared the same characteristic which was the basic decoration and a few descriptions.

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Figure 115 - 118 Shows the memorial park of the CPM fellow (Taken by Raveerut Jariyanurakkul, 2012) 3.7.6 Annual tourism activity: Term Rak Kao Namkang Term Rak Kao Namkang is an annual tourism promoted activity that held on Valentine’s Day. From the name of the activity, “term rak” means fulfill love and trust of each couple. This activity came from the cooperation between Hatyai Tourism Authority Thailand (Hatyai TAT) and Songkhla Provincial Administration with the objective to promote Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Park as a historic tourism site. It was first held in 2009 with the wish to urge the tourism situation of the Namkang Historic Tunnel. Another objective of the activity also related to Hatyai Tourism activity as well. 103

There are new tourism destinations in Hat Yai such as Hatyai Ice dome. It was believed that tourists from Namkang National Park and Namkang Tunnel can bring more tourists to town. In return, tourists in town can extend their trip to the Namkang National Park too. (www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9540000019287) In another word, Term Rak Kao Namkang had imitated the form of the CPM wedding party. The new couples were invited to the activity and got married in the forest like it was in the warfare time. They were also dressed up like the CPM guerrilla. In 2011, the cooperators had invited an actor and actress to the activity as well. However, the activity did not have much different from the concept of “Disneyland”.

Figure 119 – 122 Shows the atmosphere of Term Rak Kao Namkang activity (http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aaspx?NewsID=9540000019287)

In addition, the tourism promoting program also relates to local political game. Seeing from the vinyl board, there appears the local politician inside. When tourism was promoted under political activity, the length of the campaign and the sustainable idea should be considered. 104

Figure 123 – 124 The advertise poster of the tourism activity (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) 3.7.7 The expectation of the future management plan Mr.Leong Yee Sing, the head manager of Namkang Historic Tunnel, said that he had managed his historic site at his best. Today, he wants the historic site to be safe and convenient for tourist. But for the step forward, his expectation is far more than that. He had set the plan into three categories. Firstly, he had expected from the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015. He said that boundary will not be matter anymore. Tourists from ASEAN countries can make a trip in the area easier. His historic site will be presented in the more international level since it was located near the border of Thai – Malaysia. Secondly, more media and documents had to be presented. All those media can come from the cooperation between TAT Hat Yai and other television program. Moreover, he would like to ask for more budgets to print some document; such as brochure and handout. Finally, he had to manage the new tourism route. More tourism attraction had to be presented so does the activities related to site. From the provided route for tourist, he thought that the committee will earn more money for developing the historic site. With all these expectations, there is one thing that he is now fighting for (2012). It is the electricity system in the area. He also stated that safely is the most important thing 105

that needs to be considered when it is coming on tourism matter. Although he had applied to the Provincial Electricity Authority for the electric system at the tunnel for several times, he did not achieve his goal yet. Today, he had to generate the electricity to the tunnel but also had a wish that one day the electricity will come to site.

3.8 The comparison of Namkang Historic Tunnel and Cu Chi Historic Tunnels Table 2: Shows the comparison detail between Namkang Tunnel and Cu Chi Tunnels Terms of comparison The Namkang Tunnel The Cu Chi Tunnels

What happened before the The Communist Party of Vietnam War happened in historic tunnel were dug? Malaya (CPM) was 1955. It was part of Cold established in 1930. The War Era military confliction CPM had played the role in on political and anti-Japanese Movement in administration aspects. The World War II. After the country, as a result, was World War II, the CPM was divided. The Northern part a part for the reinforcement was ruled by the of anti- British operation as communist, which received to free the country. the ideology from Maoism. However, they were looked And the USA and allies as the country’s terrorist supported the Southern part. and had to flee to Thailand. The CPM member had to excavate the mountain into tunnel as to build their shielding and hiding place in 1972.

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Location The Namkang Tunnel was The Cu Chi Tunnels locate located in the fertile rain in the Northwest of Saigon. forest of the Southern part The Iron Triangle Area was of Thailand. the name of the tunnels location. The size of the tunnel The tunnel were a 40 meters The tunnels were deep and a 1 kilometer long approximately 200 dug tunnel. It had three kilometers long in the 40 stories high with 16 exists square miles of jungle. and 7 guardhouses. The theories and ideologies Both of the tunnels leaders received the thought and related to the historic tunnel political ideologies from the Maoism (Mao Zhe Tong). Background The Namkang Tunnel was The Cu Chi Tunnels was dug in 1972 as the hub, first dug in 1948 and spent where the CPM could fight over 25 years in building back with their enemies. process. The operation had The CPM had spent 2 years stopped in 1975, when digging the whole tunnel Vietnam War came to an with their hands. All end with the victory of the operation had stopped in anti-American resistance 1989, when the role of the war. CPM in Thailand had come to an end. The involving group of The Communist Party of The Viet Cong under Ho people Malaya (CPM) played the Chi Mihn, who was a main role in the event. At leader, played the most that time, they had to fight important role in this back with their enemies. historic event. The enemies Their enemies are the of the Viet Cong were the 107

Japanese, British, Malaysia American military troop government and the Thai and its allies. military. The objective of building - The tunnel was built as to - Viet Cong’s hiding spot tunnel be the CPM’s shelter and - Serving communication weapon depot. Moreover, and supply route the tunnel were divided into - Hospital rooms as follow; - Food and weapon caches - Commander’s room - Living quarter for guerrilla - The weapon room fighters - Hospital - Radio room - Conference room - Kitchen The significance of the - Aesthetic value of the - Aesthetic value shows tunnel tunnel was not shown through the intelligence of through the high art the builder. The floor plan decoration inside but the and the interior were nicely basic and functional plan. designed in a very The tunnel were neatly dug functional way. and thought as the final - Historic value process the result. The tunnels were an - Historic value was clearly important part of the Cold demonstrate from the long War Era. It showed the history since after the post cruelty and inhumanity of World War II period. It was peoples’ mind. the part of Malaysia history - Scientific value of the Cu in the age that people call Chi Tunnels was shown for their independence. through the trap door 108

- Scientific value was the (undetectable for the most out-standing value of enemies), trap or punji stake all. The tunnel were pits around the tunnel and designed and planned as to the air filtration inside the be a perfect shelter. Traps tunnels. were provided and all - Social value natural environments played The tunnel was built with their role in concealing the the cooperation from the guerrilla from their guerrilla. Each of them had enemies. to use their own hands dug - Social value showed from all the tunnel system. the cooperation between the CPM at that time even though they had limited tools and people. Today, the land becomes a peaceful place. The old CPM still lives together in a community call “Piyamit village”. Tunnel construction Go back in 1972; the tunnel During the Vietnam war, was dug in a deep forest in approximately 200 km the Southern of Thailand. tunnels were constructed The CPM had chosen and underground. The dug made the mountain until it underground tunnel had became huge man-dug connected the Viet Cong tunnel. It was said that the villages, districts and tunnel is the biggest and provinces altogether. The longest man-made tunnel in more the US army 109

Thailand. annihilated them, the wider Except the tunnel, the CPM the tunnels were dug also cleared the forest underground. The removed around the tunnel. Bamboo clay from the tunnels were forest was grown up as the used in the basement of camouflage from the aerial local houses, furrows for detection. potato growing, banks for communication of combat trenches. How did the enemies invade When the agreement - Using water to break the tunnel? between Thai and Malaysia down the tunnel governments was formed in (Not successful) March 13, 1965, the - Tunnel-rat (sewer-rat) was appropriate measures for the trained army to insult the termination of Malayan inside the tunnel. However, communist guerrilla it was said by the US army movement were carefully that this tunnels could not considered. be destroy because it was Troops had been used to not only deep but also mount pressure and impose devious… economic sanctions to force (Not successful) the Malayan Chinese - Using Beagle dogs to trace communist to lay down for the tunnels arm, dissolve their armed (Not successful) forces and to continue their - Using mechanic vehicles struggle peacefully. (Not successful) - Seeding grass to destroy the Viet Cong terrain (Not successful) 110

How did they fight back? As to fight back the Except the tunnels for the enemies who tried to Viet Cong to hide, they also annihilate them, the CPM had the fight back plan as had planned for traps and well. The Viet Cong had turrets all around the area. invented a booby trap with Traps of the CPM were as bamboo spikes. This trap such hiding TNT bomb was very useful when the inside tree so that they US Army used the Beagle could bomb the tree when Dog to trace for the tunnel. the enemies came close to Lots of Beagle dog injured them. Moreover, they also or died at that time. The set turrets and guardhouse trap doors also played harmoniously with the another important role in surrounded environment. the war because it would lead to the underground tunnel. As a result, the trap doors were carefully concealed. Community around the The Piyamit village is the Cu Chi Base camp relied on historic site CPM village after the local workers for support. conflict between the Thai The Cu Chi Base Camp, the Government and the CPM Viet Cong and the Iron was solved. The village Triangle had the strong located in the national park connection with each other. and the old CPM villager The Viet Cong in Cu Chi also did their living on the district and the Iron agriculture such as rubber Triangle were consistently tree farming. given a few days to a few hours warning notice before 111

any attack was carried out against them. What happened to the At the present time, the Today, there is no more war tunnel after the war period Namakang CPM tunnel or the sound of the bullet became a historic tunnel. anymore and the tunnels Some interpretation boards was adapted as followed; were presented to tourists. - A war memorial site The adaptive use of the - A war museum, showing tunnel are as followed; old elements from the war - A war memorial site period - A war museum, showing - Well trained local guide old weapon of the old time that dress in old guerrilla - The old CPM members, uniform who’s now play the role as - Provided “guerrilla meal” the historic park manager for the interested tourists When all those wars come The Fourth Army Area and At 11 am on April 30, 1975, to an end… the Royal Thai army solved the Vietnam war came to an the problem of the end with the victory of the communist guerrilla in anti – American resistance Thailand. On March 4, war. 1977, the agreement between Thailand and Malaysia was noted that each established a combined task force command at its borders.

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3.9 The universal timeline

1911 – The evolution of Xinhai Revolution

1912 – The formation of the Kuo Min Tang

1921 – The formation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1926 – The Chinese oversea in Malaya established Nanyang General Labor 1927 – The conflict of Chinese Civil War 1930 – The Communist Party of Malaya was established 1937 – The Japanese Army had invaded China

1939 – The German Army invaded Poland 1941 – The Japanese Army invaded Malaya

1942 – The MPAJA was established 1943 – A series of German and operated their actions defeated in Eastern Europe

1945 – The end of war in Europe with the capture of Berlin

1945 – The Japanese Navy was defeated by the USA

1945 – The founding 1945 – Ho Chi Minh declared the of the United Nations independence democratic Republic of Vietnam

1946 – The start of the Cold War Era 1948 – The first 1948 – The Cu Chi tunnels Malaya Emergency was first excavated 113

1949 – The CCP had defeated the 1949 – The MPAJA changed KMT in Chinese Civil War its name to MPLA

1950 – The beginning of the Korean War 1954 – The Battle of Dien Bien Phu marked the end of French involvement in Vietnam

1955 – The Baling 1955 – The start of Talk was held the Vietnam War

1957 – The British gave the full independence to Malaya

1960 – The CPM guerrilla fled into Thailand

1966 – The happen of China Cultural Revolution 1967 – The CPM under Chin Peng renewed the insurgency in Malaya

1968 – The Second Malaya Emergency

1970 – US troops were taken away from Vietnam border

1972 – The CPM had excavated the Namkang Tunnels

1975 – The Vietnam War came to an end with the VC’s victory

1989 – The Tripartite Peace Accords was signed up

1991 – The end of the Cold War era Chapter 4 Implementation

4.1 Cultural landscape analysis 4.1.1 Aesthetic value “The unique aesthetic value of the Namkang Tunnel came from the perfect combination of human piece of work and the existing nature.” Located in the deep of Southern tropical forest, Namkang Tunnel was surrounded by the rich of nature and biology. Because the CPM would like to construct the tunnel as their house and shelter, it was carefully designed. The compatibly between the tunnel and all surrounding natural resources had created a beautiful landscape. And with the security reason, the construction of Namkang Tunnel was well blended with surrounded environment. Except the excellent of the exterior of the tunnel, the interior was built concordance with the guerrilla scale. The hall way inside the tunnel was calculated from the human scale and so as the stair dimension and the tunnel limited space. Furthermore, there were small petroleum fuel lanterns set along all staircases and hall way in small holes as to avoid any accident. 4.1.2 Historical value “Being a part of mankind confliction history, the Namkang Tunnel was the first hand evidence and the representative of the Cold War.” The Namkang National Park or Khao Namkang is located in Nathawi district, Songkhla province (in the Southern part of Thailand). It was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand in 1991 (2453 B.E.) with 212 square kilometers area. After the Malaya’s independence in 1957, some of the Malayan communist guerrillas did not accept the condition of independence from the United Kingdom because of their strong ideology to change Malaya into socialist country. However, they all ended up with confronting the

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suggestion of “surrender” after they issued a statement calling the resumption of Peace Talks. Finally, the Communist Party of Malayan (CPM) became an illegal force. The number of the guerrillas’ members dwindled down from up to 12,000 men to only 1,800 men. From that number, 450 – 500 men had fled into Thailand. When the Malaysian communist guerrillas entered to Thailand, they had established themselves around the border area of the country and started to spread communist teachings and ideas. After the hard history of the CPM, some of its erstwhile leftist members now still live in the national park and settle their own community called “Piyamit village”. They all live in the distributed area from Thai government and do the agriculture for living. The Namkang Historic Tunnel was also proposed as the tourist attraction that represented the history of Cold War in the South - East Asia region. 4.1.3 Scientific value “Every knowledge and warfare tactics learnt from the jungle experience became a crucial part of the guerrilla’s scientific value.” Everybody knows that being a normal human in the world is hard but it becomes extremely hard when you were a city human living in a jungle. When the CPM guerrilla made up their minds to live in a deep jungle, there were lots of things that they never expected to face with. The CPM guerrilla very first enemy was the Thai and Malaysia army. They also knew that they were the main target to attack by the aerial force and ambush. The CPM had chosen to dig tunnel as their shelter. This shelter could resist both air bomb and assaulting. The function of the tunnel was similar to Cu Chi tunnel in Vietnam. If the tunnels were a shelter, the turrets would build for attacking enemies. The CPM had chosen the best location for this purpose. In addition, they also created small mines, which made from PVC pipes, and buried them in the tree holes. Except the shelter and attack, the CPM also learnt to disguise themselves from their enemies’ perceptions. They had learnt to plant bamboo forest all over the tunnel area as to hide themselves from aerial attack. Their inventions also helped them from typical problem such as; light concealing and ventilation system and prevent themselves 116

from observable smoke. The guerrilla’s creativity was also set for the communist soldier’s comfortable feeling. The temperature and tunnel facilities were prepared on that purpose. However, the hardest enemy for the CPM to defeat was Malaria. It was unable to obligate, resist or avoid. 4.1.4 Social value “The villager relationship between local and international society presented a good cultural landscape landmark.” The Piyamit village is located in the center of the Namkang National Park. The villagers were the representative of the Chinese – Malayan communist. Although they were minority group of people, they show the complex relationship between the local people and the international society. The tight relationship between Namkang Tunnel leader and the Thai army leader, Malaysian and China politician could be observed through all pictures at the Namkang Tunnel museum.

4.2 Statement of significance The Burra Charter had stated that statement of significance would help the practitioner clarified and identified the fabric of cultural significance. However, the statement of significance must come up with the support from sufficient reference and graphic material. It was also important to make the statement clear and pithy without restating the physical or documentary evidence. (Burra Charter, 1988) 4.2.1 Justification for outstanding significances With the sense of “original” of Namkang Tunnel, it can be justified in a high degree of significance. It can be stated that: “Being a part of the conflict of mankind history, Namkang Tunnel can remain its high degree of authenticity and integrity through time. It was the first hand evidence of people creativity as a result its uniqueness reflects its own cultural landscape. Moreover, the Namkang historic tunnel also presents the interrelationship between Thai and Malaysia.”

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4.2.2 Authentic and integrity The Namkang Mountain was declared as the national park of Thailand in 1991. Natural resources and cultural evidence were being well taken care of like the original period of time. The Namkang tunnel, which is the cultural evidence, remains in a good condition though some part of it had developed, reconstruct and adapted for tourism purpose. With all those practices, the authenticity and integrity of the tunnel remains.

4.2.3 Namkang historic tunnel compared to UNESCO criteria The UNESCO had classified cultural landscape value in to two kinds, which are natural and cultural site or a mixture of both. Each criterion represented the outstanding universal value and cultural and/or natural value. Judged in 1922, the criteria of cultural landscape were revived again in 2004 by incorporating the cultural criteria and natural criteria as shown; Cultural site (Criterion I) The Namkang Tunnel presented the creativity of mankind. The combination work between human and nature had been demonstrated perfectly. The genius of the CPM came from the way they adjusted their way of life with the existing nature. Although there were limited resources, they could applied all these elements well as to protect and response to their living. (Criterion III) The Namkang Tunnel is the longest man – made tunnel in Thailand. The fabric itself not only showed the human intelligence in fighting for what they believed, but it also represented the communist ideology infighting back their enemies. The left monument, however, bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a once living heritage. (Criterion V) The Namkang Tunnel presented the existing of human settlement and their traditions. All of their interactions to the environment can be a good example of the outstanding land use that stays harmoniously between people and places. (Criterion VI) The Namkang Tunnel was built in the Cold War Era. The fabric was a representative of the communist ideology, which is the intangible heritage. All 118

events in chronological order and the CPM living tradition, which include their beliefs and traditions, came up with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significances. Natural site (Criterion IV) The Namkang National Park and the Namkang Tunnel is the prominent representative significant of ongoing ecological and biological process. All those processes were related to plants and wild life animals. The processes were believed to be a long term conservation of the ecological and biological diversity of the site.

4.3 The SWOT analysis of Namkang Historic Tunnel Table 3: Shows the SWOT analysis of Namkang Historic Tunnel Strength Weakness - The richness of the history of the fabric - The Namkang National Park officer and and its authenticity shows the future the local manager (old CPM member) are tourism potential of the site. not functioning in their cooperation. The - Different from other tourism site, Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Namkang National Park consists of cultural Park are separately managed as a result. and natural landscape. - There is no tourism management plan on - The Namkang Tunnel is located among site. The tourism plan normally aims at the beautiful nature of the tropical rain forest. site development as to support tourists. Tourists will be able to see the harmony - The old CPM member, who mainly between cultural and natural heritage in the manages the Namkang Tunnel, focuses same site. only the tunnel development but not in the - The Namkang Historic Tunnel is a part of sustainable way. Thai and Malaysia history. The telling - The Namkang Tunnel Historic Museum story is as value as the main fabric itself. hardly provides academic interpretation - The local guide of the CPM tunnel can and lack of properly design. Figures and speak three main languages; Thai, stuffs displayed are authentic and highly Mandarin and Bahasa. This can also benefit significance, however they were not given 119

the historic site since the target audience of any communication with visitors and did the Namkang Historic Tunnel is Thai, not tell any stories of the hard time to them Chinese and Malaysia people. either. - After the declaration of the Department of - New stuffs i.e. plastic chairs, new National Park, the Namkang Tunnel and decoration material and colorful plastic associated site are protected by Act of board used extremely destroy the sense of National Park. place of the heritage site. - Namkang Tunnel can give the first hand - The lack of unity between Namkang experience for tourists. National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel make it hard to manage the site. - All kind of development of Namkang Historic Tunnel came from only the ex – CPM committee. - With the short budget, the historic manager cannot provide document and brochure for all tourists. Opportunity Threat - The Namkang Tunnel is located near the - The South Insurgency, which had border of Thai and Malaysia. Visitors can happened since 2004, also has an effect to make a trip to the historic site easily. the tourism situation in the lower South - With the TAT campaign, Namkang area. Tourist number both domestic and Historic Tunnel becomes more well-known international had declined since then. in tourists perception. - The global warming also affects to the - The site is located in the middle of the fertility of the Namkang National Park as national park. Its authenticity and integrity well. was preserved under the forestation law. - Electricity is needed but it does not access - The historic site can get the benefit from to the historic site yet. The site manager, as ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). It a result, has to use the electricity generator can be leveled up to the international instead. 120

historic site. - Road system expansion helps tourists to come on site easier.

4.4 Implementation strategies 4.4.1 Tourism life cycle (Butler’s graph) The Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel tourism situation uses the Butler’s popular model of the tourism area life cycle. Richard W. Butler proposed the model in 1980. (Butler, 1980) The model shows that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities and local knowledge, which is labeled as Exploration. The Namkang Mountain was declared as the National Park since 1991. Later in 1997, the Namkang Historic Tunnel was opened for tourism purpose. At that time, there were numbers of tourists visiting Namkang Historic Tunnel approximately 1,000 visitors per day. The tourists came from both domestic and international level. It was assumed that the richness of the site history and natural heritage brought the tourist here. Unfortunately, the tourist number declined after the South Thailand Insurgency in 2007 (2550). The name of Namkang National Park, Kao Namkang and Namkang Historic Tunnel had faded from people’s memory since then. Today, the situation of the South Thailand Emergency in Nathawi District, Songkhla Province had lessened and tourist number had increased. 121

Figure 125 Butler’s model of the tourism area life cycle (http://recreationgeography.blogspot.com/2010/03/butlers-tourism-life-cycle.html) From the Butler’s model of the tourism area life cycle above, the situation before the happening of the South Thailand Emergency was at the Exploration point. The tourism site was believed to have more tourism potential to reach for the next step of the tourism area life cycle. Anyhow, the drop number of tourist did not exactly come from the site itself. The main fabric high richness of its history and authenticity still remains. So with the funding support and well tourism management plan, Namkang Tunnel and their associated area can go back on their track again. However, good development of the site must come from the participation between government section and local people as well. The government section can be the funding support and the site manager should learn how to keep the fabric sustainably developed. 4.4.2 Sustainable tourism The sustainable tourism development aims at minimizing the environmental impacts and managing natural resources. It is a kind of tourism activity that driven the economy by tourism industry. In achieving the goal, the sustainable tourism development must be complied with government policies, direct regulation and financial incentive. (Frederico Neto, 2002) It is believed that sustainable tourism development is essential for maximizing its socio-economic benefits and minimizing its environment impact. 122

Sustainable tourism is the idea that can lengthen the tourism life cycle. The idea will surely help to improve the existing tourism. However, every tourism operator, local government, tourism organization, park manager, community group and everyone, have to cooperate their ideal and work well. It was also stated by the World Tourism Organization that the sustainable tourism was the balancing between the needs of present tourists and host region while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. Since cultural and natural can be tourism product assets their values must be protected, recognizing and well manage in the long term.

Environmenta Social l Progress responsibility

Economic developmen

Figure 126 Shows the sustainable tourism idea (Drawn by Srilak Anutararoekwong) The Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria are an effort to the understanding of sustainable tourism. (Ecological Tourism in Europe, 2008) It was managed into 4 main themes and 23 criterions. It was commonly known that all criteria will claim as the reach to “green” practices worldwide. The 4 main themes of the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria are as followed; - Demonstrate effective sustainable management - Maximize social and economic benefits to the local community and minimize negative impacts - Maximize benefits to cultural heritage and minimize negative impacts - Maximize benefits to the environment and minimize negative impacts

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4.5 Heritage contestation management 4.5.1 Whose heritage? “Whose heritage does the Namkang Tunnel belong to?” is the question that has been asked in chapter 3. Because the constructor and the location of the fabric have been managed by different groups of people, the question can also lead to the contestation between Thai government section and local people (the old CPM member in Piyamit village). Some pieces of land in the national park are owned by the CPM members for agriculture purpose since they had made a Tripartite Peace Accord. The sense of belonging over the Namkang Historic Tunnel directly relates to the political science aspect. However no matter who own the past, the present historic fabric has been located in Thailand territory and the main monument needs to be conserved. Today, Namkang Historic Tunnel has become a historical tourism site and has been managed by the old CPM villagers. It’s true that defining the owner of the heritage is hard because the heritage constructor and the heritage setting owner are different group of people. The site, as a result, should be declared as a “shared heritage” between the Thai government and the former guerrillas. The objective of the “shared heritage” declaring may loosen the serious feeling of mind contestation between the Piyamit villager and the Thai social government. The former CPM members should have the responsible over the conserving of the site authenticity since they are the main people who directly related to the history of the site. The National Forest social government should be the protector of the natural integrity of the site. When the two partners work together, Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel can surely be sustainably developed and conserved. 4.5.2 Heritage benefit allocation With the intension of solving this contestation, tourism income management supposes to be one way out for solving the contestation over the tourism benefit. Today, the Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel are separately collected their entrance fee. The system is, however, confuse in tourists’ eyes. In the real practice, the entrance fee of the two tourism sites should be collected in one stop. The entrance 124

package is an interesting idea. If the entrance fee of the two sites is collected in one stop, tourists will make their trip in both tourism sites, which is actually located in the same area. Moreover, the site will earn more income from tourists that spend their time on site longer. The two operators, the Namkang National Park officer and the Namkang Historic Tunnel manager, can allocate their tourism income later. Except the benefit for tourist comfort, the tourism site will have the benefit in the same subject as well. The benefits that the tourism sites manager will earn from tourism can be defined as followed; - Local guides, who were the CPM guerrilla, can earn more income from tourists. They can also scope more in doing their role as a guide not the entrance fee collector. With the new system, the tourism site will be more systematically managed. - Accommodation fee comes from the over-night tourist. With more activities to attend at the national park and the tunnel, tourists can stay in the site longer and possibly make an over-night trip as to appreciate the natural beauty and feel the hard time of the guerrilla in the Cold War period. - Food and beverage can be charged if tourist stays in the site long enough or an over-night visit. - Brochure can be added in the entrance fee. - Other facilities fee like toilets are also vital for the tourism site as well.

4.6 Future tourist analysis after the management of historic site 4.6.1 Domestic audience The history of Namkang Tunnel is interesting in the international level. However, there are less Thai people, who know and understand the story. Fortunately with the interesting and charming of the fabric, some domestic tourists might pay their attention on this matter. The domestic audience of Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National park can be categorized as below; - It was found out that well known academic sections located in the Southern part of Thailand. Especially in Songkhla province, there are five universities and more than ten thousands students in every level. These students and teachers can be counted as 125

academic tourist. When travelling and learning the history of Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Park, the students will sure have more knowledge about their country history. The group of people can make a trip in a form of field work study. - Tourist in the region or other region can make a visit at Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Park as well. The tunnel will give a detail of the forgotten memories for them while the national park can provide some family activities. The tourists can be both young teenager tourist and adult and elderly tourist. The travelling objective of the young tourists is an adventure and explores for new experience while the adult tourists tend to need the nostalgic feeling of where they used to be a part of. 4.6.2 International audience Since the construction of Namkang Tunnel was the international matter and it was the contemporary history of the post World War II period, more people may want to seek the story of mankind contestation over the political aspect and be a part of a long history. With the truth that the story of the Namkang Tunnel is a blur history, it, however, makes the fabric becomes more charming in people’s eyes especially in the international level group of tourists. The international tourists, who interested in travelling at Namkang Tunnel, can be classified as followed; - Tourists in the Academic section of the Namkang Tunnel can be the students from nearby countries, which also had the relationship with the fabric, such as Malaysia and Singapore. The history of Namkang Tunnel can catch the intension of this group of people. Although the monument itself was not constructed by Thai people, but the interesting part was that it was located in Thai territories. It was expected that this group of people comes from the international cooperation with the nearby academic section like in the neighborhood countries for instance Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. Not only the students can learn their forgotten history but they can learn from the first hand evidence. - Except the long history of the tunnel construction, teenager tourists can earn new experience from travelling at Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Park. From the camping, young adult tourists can learn the guerrilla way of life and keep the sense of 126

place of the State Emergency period of the CPM guerrilla by staying or camping in the provided area. - Retired tourists, who were already free from business and responsibility, can also make a trip to Namkang Tunnel as well. For some people, Namkang Tunnel history and construction was also part of their story. This group of people is different from the teenager group because they are willing to pay for any tourism expense. The nostalgic feeling is another tool leading them here. - In 2015, the South East Asia countries had planned to establish “Association of South East Asian Nations”. All countries population can make their trips between countries easier. With that result, the Asian countries tourists will be the majority target group of future tourist at Namkang Tunnel and Namkang National Park. Since the story of Namkang Tunnel was influenced from Cu Chi Tunnels, Saingon, Vietnam, the two sites can share their reflection of the spread of Communist ideology in the region. Moreover with the connected border between Thailand and Malaysia, the tourists can make an observation of the communist route in the past as well.

4.7 The Namkang Historic Tunnel cultural landscape management plan As stated in the prior section, Namkang Historic Tunnel was promoted as a tourism site by the TAT with the tourism campaign. However, the sustainable management must be the very first thing to think about. The fact is tourism cannot be omitted; it has to have a well management plan for retaining the heritage site authenticity and integrity. Today with the unplanned development and management tourism route and system, the authenticity and integrity of the historic site is decreasing and loosing bit by bit. With the intension to conserve the heritage site universal value and prominent unique significance, the cultural landscape of the fabric must be protected and well planned. Tourism can be another tool leading the site sustainable development. The basis to the Namkang Historic Tunnel sustainable cultural landscape management can be planned as followed; 127

4.7.1 Landscape management The landscape management aims at retaining the sense of heritage site. The manager should consider more on how to increase the level of heritage universal value and sustain the level of its integrity and authenticity. Part of the process of cultural landscape management must come from the site direct history. Any happened development or reconstruction have to come from the real incidents of the site and from the in deep survey with particular evidence. It must also be connected to its heritage significances as well. Today, the landscape management of historic site of Namkang Historic Tunnel comes from the only group of people’s idea, especially the old CPM members. Unfortunately, they did not have the right understanding of the heritage sense of place. Their development, however, was an intention to make the heritage looks clean and new. Some of the developments that the CPM member managed did not directly relate to the fabric’s history. They had built a shrine as a Historic War Museum for fallen soldier of CPM and the Liang Shan steps for challenging the tourists. Those two things neither have the relationship to the main monument nor support the universal value of the site. In the opposite way, it does decrease the heritage value into the sacred place and adventurous site. The future cultural landscape management needs to consider more about tourism that will come right after the well – planned management. As stated above, the cultural landscape management must be able to retain the authenticity and integrity of the monument. In another word, cultural landscape must be able to retain the heritage sense of place. Moreover, it needs to refer to the unique and precious history of the old time. The cultural management can be as followed; From the survey, it was found that the main entrance of the tunnel has been reconstructed and the cement pathway had been done. The new construction is new and looks clean. However, the heritage’s sense of place has been decrease. Except the entrance of the tunnel, the surrounded area has been changed from the original period of time. Around the CPM tunnel, it used to have a very thick bamboo forest cover around 128

the area. The bamboo forest was used to cover the CPM member’s activities from their enemy’s air force. Today, there left only memory and old photos to tell the local knowledge of the CPM and their ability to adapt their lives with the nature. Some of bamboo forest still remains but it stays without any interpretation of its role in the past and no one takes it in his concerning. With the wish to sustain the heritage site, proper plan needs to be considered.

4.7.2 Tourism route The Namkang Historic Tunnel was once a well known tourism site. However with the improper management plan, the Namkang Historic Tunnel gradually faded away from state of being a tourism site from tourist’s memory. Today, the historic tunnel is not a crowed tourism site or a main tourist destination site. The main fabric can keep its sense of place longer, if it has a proper care. With the full richness of the site’s history, Namkang Tunnel can be proud of its outstanding universal value. Another opportunity of the site is that tourist number of Namkang Tunnel is predictable. Most of them come to the tunnel on vacation day, weekend or coming in groups. The heritage manager can surely manage the site properly following the flow of tourist number. On the normal day or weekdays, there is small number of tourists. The heritage manager can easily manage the site. Tourists can also make a visit by themselves in the popular sites around Namkang National Park and Namkang Historic Tunnel. National park officer and Namkang Tunnel manager can provide basic information and facilities for them. However the management system must be different from weekdays on peak day. The responsible officer surely has more tasks to do and end tourist’s trip with good memories. All those steps to achieve the successful tourism management without bad effects to the historic site are as followed; Firstly, the manager should categorize tourists into groups due to their interest and time. It is known that different gender, age, nationality and heritage background tourists have different interest toward things. Benefits from grouping tourists are as such; - Heritage manager can manage the flow of tourist easier 129

- People will not get bored from what they do not pay their attention to - Tourists will not be too crowed in each station of knowledge for too long - Cross culture problem will decline When categorizing tourists into groups, the heritage manager can make sure to give tourists their best satisfaction. Tourists can be set in categories depending on their interest, nationality and age. From the group above, some of tourists may mainly interest in the beautiful of nature or the genius creativity of human. The local guide has to respond to their request. In the same time, the heritage site is located near the international border between Thailand and Malaysia. Those tourists may be a domestic group or an international group. For the international tourists, they need the local guide who can speak their own language or English as to answer their questions. Moreover, children and teenagers tend to have different interest from adult. With the various need and interest, it is the heritage manager’s duty to manage everything correctly. Secondly, the idea of tourism route needs to bring up in the manager’s consideration on a peak day. When there are numbers of tourists, people will not satisfy with crowed environment. So the best solution for solving this problem, the Namkang Historic Tunnel’ manager has to set various tourism routes. First of all, the officer has to define tourism stops. The tourism stop in Namkang National Park can be as such; Namkang Historic Tunnel, Piyamit village and the natural site of the national park. In the Piyamit village, it can be divided into stations. Each station should present different topic. The topics should relate to the history of the tunnel and the life of the CPM guerrilla. Since the villagers are the former CPM members, they can be a perfect story-teller, who can give the first hand experience to tourists. Then, tourism route ought to have a carefully designed schedule. Tourism stop from station to station should inform clearly. The schedule needs to have the information about starting and finishing time, the length of each stop and the detail of each stop and places. With all of the above factors and needs, the Namkang Historic Tunnel and Namkang National Park tourism route can be created in various choices as below;

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Route A

Namkang Namkang Piyamit Village National Park Historic Tunnel

Route B

Namkang Namkang Piyamit Village National Park Historic Tunnel

Route C

Namkang Namkang Piyamit Village National Park Historic Tunnel

Figure 127 Shows the planned tourism route of the Namkang Tunnel From the created routes above, each station of the site will not get too crowded. And all tourists will receive the full attention from the national park manager. (Drawn by Srilak A., 2012) 4.7.3 Interpretation the historic site This process aims to interpret heritage value to tourists and create basic knowledge and awareness to visitors. The procedure is important because it may lead to the sustainable development of the tourism site. As to create the public awareness, the working team has to answer these basic questions which are; - What to conserve? - Why to conserve? Referring to Tilden six principles of interpretation; the existing interpretation needs to interpret something that can get visitor attention. Moreover the used information has to base on the study process. As a result, any created interpretation on site should obtain information from the study and it should responsibility in provoking visitors’ 131

awareness too. However children interpretation should be different from adult as their sense of perceiving is not the same. (Tilden, 1977) 4.7.3.1 Policy and strategy for Namkang Historic Tunnel interpretation plan Interpretation policy - The issued interpretation plan must be able to link the significance of the Namkang Historic Tunnel and the historic museum. The plan must also lay the basic information for the tourist to feel and sense the life of the guerrilla before entering their hiding place. - The tourism benefit should be given back to maintain the main fabric and all interpretation work. Strategic planning for tourism The strategy for the tourism management plan will be the basis for the future tourism pattern of the historic tunnel and associated area. Moreover, the strategy must directly come from all stakeholders’ opinions and cooperation. In this place, the stakeholders mean the self – proclaimed heritage manager. - Firstly, the interpretation hub must be set in the historic museum. It can be the first stop for all visitors before entering to the Namkang Tunnel. The hub must be able to give visitors needed information and clear understanding of the site. - Secondly, fine accommodation is required. Price, quality and service must be carefully examined. Then, the operator can manage the tourism program later. The accommodation of the tourist can be in various forms i.e. camping, bungalow and homestay. Public relation and advertisement is needed as to load tourists. 4.7.3.2 The existing interpretation The present interpretation is lack of perception. It’s individual without integration. The existing interpretation only gives pictures and shows old daily weapon and utensil. The available interpretation does not have the potential in communicating with visitor. In addition, all boards are a mono language (Thai or Chinese) with poor design. The existing interpretation process on site and off site can be examined as follow;

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Onsite interpretation examining Table 4: Shows the onsite interpretation examining at the Namkang Historic Tunnel Number Type of interpretative Problem Remark media 1. No interpretation plan -Absent of interpretative program and trained volunteer to support the interpretative 2. Sign board - Mono language and poor design

3. Local guide (custodian) - One local guide has to do multi – tasks in one person i.e. collecting entrance fee, guide visitors and manage the souvenir shop 4. Communication instrument -No speaker phone for professional tour guide -No short wave radio in historic area. -No audio walk 5. Safety equipment for large -No safety equipment such as; visitor group who attend the - Whistle walking route in historic - Flashlight site.

Offsite interpretation examining Table 5: Shows the offsite interpretation examining at the Namkang Historic Tunnel Number Type of interpretative Problem Remark media 1. Interpretation plan - There has no interpretation plan from local government who responsible for this matter. 133

2. Brochure and leaflets - Not enough for all tourists

3. Internet system - Most of the reliable information comes from government department. However, most of the details are the basic information and do not show how interesting the historic site is. 4. Social network There is no social networking system eg. Facebook and Twitter

4.7.3.3 The interpretation implement program On – site interpretation - Mock up models of the tunnel Namkang Historic Tunnel can mock the tunnel’s plan up. The mock up model have its potential in catching people attention and giving basic understanding of the site without saying a word. One model shows the whole function of the fabric and the genius creativity of the guerrilla. The figure below is the mock up model of the Cu Chi Tunnels, Saigon, Vietnam. It shows the function of the tunnels and the Viet Cong soldier lifestyle underground.

Figure 128 Shows the mock up model of the Cu Chi Tunnels, Vietnam (http://www.oknation.net/blog/print.php?id=587917) 134

- Exhibition and historic museum The exhibition room and the media room will give a clear understanding of the site history and significances. Tourist’s feeling have to be aroused before entering the site so that they will understand the guerrilla’s reasons of living in the jungle and what did they fight for. The battle field sound (bullets and bombs) is another tool of interpretation for tourists. As stated above that the exhibition will lay a basic history of the site, its theme and decoration must be correlate and harmony with the site. In addition, the exhibition room and the media room must be able to support individual and group tourist and domestic and international visitor. Because the historic site relates to the international political aspect, Thai, Bahasa, Chinese and English language have to be available for different group of people. The exhibition can be divided into zones such as; media room, exhibition room and tunnel mock up room. Each part is responsible for one main objective. The media room’s duty is to give the basic background of the site. The exhibition room shows the guerrilla life and fighting equipment of the old day. And the guerrilla tunnel mock up room give the guerrilla experience to tourists.

Figure 129 – 130 Shows the media room of the Cu Chi Tunnels and the Viet Cong’s meal (http://www.doubleenjoy.com/WebboardDetail.aspx?idx=612) 135

Figure 131 – 136 Shows the war time exhibition of the Cu Chi Tunnels (http://www.sanookholiday.com/travel-vietnam/412-a-o-c-chi.html) - Media work Media work is an important interpretation work. Imagination and marketing strategies are required; however the implementation should be under the professional interpretator’s advice. Media works that should be added in the interpretation of the Namkang Tunnel are illustration, signboard, interpretation board, old pictures, brochure and postcard. The interpretation board will give more specific detail of the historic site to tourists. The design of it must be compact and easy to understand. The interpretation information should relate to the site with a nice design.

Figure 137 – 138 The media work of the Cu Chi Tunnels (http://www.oknation.net/blog/sea-sand-n-star/2010/01/08/entry-1) 136

Figure 139 The Cu Chi Tunnels construction (http://www.viet-tourism.com/?p=1120) Old pictures should also be displayed as well. It can tell the precious history of the fabric. However, all those old pictures have to be grouped and displayed in chronological order. For brochures and guidebooks, they should be well designed with color and map. Furthermore, they should be printed in four main languages, Thai, English, Chinese and Bahasa. The printing expense, however, can be added in the entrance fee of the tunnel. - Local guide The local guides of the Namkang Tunnel are the old member of the CPM in the state emergency period. With the reason, the local guide of the site has his own charm. Notwithstanding, the local guides have to be well trended for upgrading their communication skill and organizing what to be presented. Off – site interpretation - Mobile exhibition Wide range communication is important to promote the tourism site. Mobile exhibition is a good choice with low cost and moveable. The mobile exhibition can be displayed at airport, local event and hotel lobby. - History of Namkang Tunnel in local school curriculum 137

The local children have to know their local history. The present school curriculum did not give this knowledge to the students since they were taught only national history. With the new curriculum, the children can appreciate and proud of their local history that was once be a part of the international history. The schools can also manage a one day trip for their students to the real site. - Media work The off – site media work will make the Namkang Historic Tunnel and Namkang National Park to tourist’s perception. Some media work cost less but can communicate with people in a wide range while some cost more but it directly communicate with the right target group of visitor. The interesting off – site media work are such as; Firstly, the use of internet access and social network is a powerful tool. It costs less and can communicate with people all around the world. It can be in an official website from TAT and other tourism website. However, all information needs to be continually updated. Another choice of internet access is social network. Facebook and Twitter can communicate directly in person but there must be an administrative who update and answer to any questions. Secondly, printed document and electronic book (E-book) have to be available as well. The printed document, brochures and maps, should be available at the airport, restaurant, hotel and shopping mall. In addition with the revolutionary of technology, people reading behavior is changed. E-book becomes more popular. People from all over the world can get and download documents and read every detail of the site before they really arrive. 4.7.4 Carrying the former tourism promoting project on It had been told in Chapter 3 that there held “Term Rak Kao Namkang” in each year. The idea of holding this activity came with the intension of promoting Namkang Historic Tunnel as a tourism site. It was understandable that the operators had chosen the activity date related to its theme. The theme of the activity was “love” so it was held on 14th of February, the Valentine’s Day. 138

In a way, Term Rak Kao Namkang is an interesting activity. However, it should concern more on retaining the heritage sense of place and its authenticity value. The life of the CMP couples was not only related to loving but it also related to the fight against their enemies and the hard time. From interviewing Mr.Yi Sen, the old member of the CPM, he said that his married ceremony was simple and economy but it was so charming and memorable. All he had in the wedding day was a candy. He and his wife got married in the jungle and went through all good and bad events of their lives together up until now. Today, his wife has been sick for long but he never leaves her behind. It can be counted that the love story of Mr.Yi Sen is the real romance with the sense of authenticity. Referring to the story of Mr.Yi Sen, the following time of the Term Rak Kao Namkang should lay on the true love story of the old CPM member, who really passed through all those hard time. Telling and presenting the real couple experience was a way that can turn the time back. The story will relate to the site directly. For one point, bringing the real couple can retain the heritage’s sense of place while bringing the new couple, who has shallow knowledge about the site, can bring all good and fun experience. The question over the activity is “will the site be able to retain its values and significances”. The way to sustain the heritage had to come from the cooperation and decision making of all people in the Piyamit Village and so does the government sections. If the operator’s answer is retaining and sustaining the heritage sense of place, all he should do is inviting the old CPM member to be a main part of the activity. Telling a meaningful story in a right time and place, it will demonstrate heritage intangible value spreading around all over the place. 139

Figure 140 Shows the present activity that promoted the heritage site (2011) (http://2010.khontai.com/index.php?name=travel&file=readtravel&id=326) From the figure above, it can be stated that the former CPM member became only a part of the picture in the same time the groom and bride in the picture were the main component. Actually, the activity should celebrate for the old couple love, share and trust that they pass through together for decades. However, it is not wrong for the Hatyai TAT and Songkhla Provincial Administration to promote the site this way. But the activity should not become only just a show that fulfills the site annual activity.

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4.7.5 Recommended place of interest within the park The Namkang National Park has the developing patterns and plans follow the DNP. However with the intention to create the specific characters to the site, parts of the site should have new developing pattern and design. Table 6: Shows the proposed developments at Namkang National Park

Features Existing Proposed features Description

Sign post of main The existing sign post of the entrance to the park main entrance was designed by the DNP. However, it should be able to present the significance characters of the National Park, which consists of natural and cultural attractions. The sign post should have the redesign and renovate the landscape as well. Billboard showing With the standard design, regulations to the regulation board is tourist uninteresting, although it is functional. The new design regulation board should stand harmoniously with all surrounding and look interesting. It can also adopt the natural material like bamboo to decorate it.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Namkang National Like the regulation board, Park entrance guard the entrance guard house house should show the character of the park, which is unique comparing with other national park in Thailand. The present guard house neither has good design nor is able to blend with the environment.

Namkang National The present visiting center Park visitor center already has proper design; however it does not provide the basic facilities for the elderly or handicap people. Ramp floor is needed for wheelchair at the front of the center. Moreover, lighting is also needed in the area too.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Signage system The signage system should be relocated to more prominent area and have better design. It should have some outstanding symbol on the top of each signage.

Map The present map of Namkang National Park setting in the guard house cannot tell the exact location of the site or length to go. It should be re-designed and put more information for tourist basic understanding. The map will look more interesting if it is presented in the bird eyes view perspective.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Brochure and With the attempt to inform pamphlet the site information to tourists, the DNP has printed pamphlet. Notwithstanding, the present brochure contains too much detail and looks unattractive. In addition, it was written only in Thai and did not tell the significance values of the site. The new design

brochure should have clear theme in each version of the brochure. Some old and new figures should be given.

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With the improper management plan, the heritage site had lost its own sense of place and authenticity. Namkang Historic Tunnel is the biggest CPM base in Thailand, where hundreds of the CPM soldiers had lived, fought and died for their socialist ideology. Today, the historic site managers have tried so hard to keep the main fabric and associated area look new and comfortable. However the more they try to develop the historic site, the more the tunnel loses its authenticity and heritage significances. The cultural landscape, as a result, can play a main role in retaining the fabric universal value. The followed table shows the proposed proposal in developing the historic site and retaining its sense of place, significances, authenticity and integrity. Part of the proposal came from the old picture taken on site. And other came from the new design that can be combined with the original fabric.

Table 7: Shows the proposed proposal in developing Namkang Historic Tunnel

Features Existing Proposed features Description

Signage of the The signage showing the Piyamit Village direction to Piyamit village should have better design and should be able to present the unique character of the site; somehow it has to admit that the information on this sign is complete. Moreover, this signage looks contrast to all of it surrounding.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Front gate With the attention to raise the level of tourism site, the heritage managers designed this front gate. However, the design completely ruined the heritage sense of place and sense of authenticity. The front gate should have the basic design according to the history of the site. The gate can be counted as a good example of a

development that did not come up with historical research and planning. Public toilets New facilities are needed in tourism site. Somehow, the newly built toilets completely look contrast to the surrounding. It should have some decoration and adapt the ingress. In this case, natural material can be used i.e. Bamboo and small Ramp floor trees.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Operation building The present operation building cannot tell the long history or create the heritage sense of place. The new design operation building should set the heritage theme before any real practice and the façade needs to be redesign.

Ticket kiosk for the The present ticket kiosk was tunnel imitated its design from the tunnel’s wall. However, the color and all materials do not perfectly blend up with the site. It can be redesigned and decorated. Moreover, it will be better if the tunnel officers wear the CPM guerrilla uniform.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Historic museum From the site survey, it was found that the historical museum of the Namkang Historic Tunnel was only a bland place, where old gadgets of the CPM are displaying. The museum provides less information of the fabric. The proposed feature will make the site have more sense of place and will be able to create basic understanding to the site. Some multimedia will be added in. The tunnel entrance The tunnel entrance was with the model of reconstructed by the self – the war time look proclaim long time ago. The out pill box present entrance of the tunnel is totally different from it used to be. The practitioners should study the site history from old photos and reconstruct it following that study. Except the landscape management, the tunnel entrance should be interpreted as well. 148

Features Existing Proposed features Description

Arrow sign It was known from the showing the route interview that the arrow within the tunnel signs showing the direction within the tunnel did not have any appropriate planning. The existing arrow signs, as a result, have poor design and alienated from the tunnel’s environment. The proposed feature will remodel the arrow sign system within the tunnel. The electricity system will be developed for tourists’ safety.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Interpretation board The interpretation board around the tunnel can be categorized into 2 types; - The interpretation board from the TAT, which located in front of the tunnel entrance. This kind of interpretation cannot show the significance value of the site because it has the same design with other sites. - The interpretation boards in the Historic Museum also have poor design without much detail of the site, although they were provided into 3 main languages; Thai, English and Chinese. For the interpretation system, the design can make tourists feel interested to the system. The interpretation board can be more effective by adding some multimedia and have the new design.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Board display The present displaying showing photos of board shows only old photos CPM activities without any description. during the conflict More information and period description should be added in as to make a basic understanding to tourists. The new proposed feature will categorize all of the information and redesign all these boards.

Mock up of figure At the present time, the showing the mock up figure was used as communication one of the interpretation room tools. However, it does not do its job well. The heritage sense of place does not come from the mock up figure but it has to come from the tunnel itself. The tunnel should be redecorated like it was in the old days, attach some old picture and add the sound and lighting to enhance the fabric.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Brochure and The present brochures do pamphlet not attract tourist intention since it has basic color and design. Furthermore, the provided information does not demonstrate the heritage universal value although they were written in Thai, English and Chinese. The brochure can be more effective by categorizing all

information and redesign.

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Features Existing Proposed features Description

Associated area The memorial statue is a new tourism site associated to the Namkang Historic Tunnel. However, the design of the statue and the landscape design do not get along with the historic site. In addition, the statue neither tells the long history of the CPM nor presents the heritage sense of place to tourists. Since the statue was already built, the possible proposed feature could only be the landscape and lighting management.

(All figures were taken by Srilak A., 2011 – 2012) (All sketch works were drawn by Aphichat Kantacha, 2012) 153

4.8 Limit of growing Tourism on the heritage site does not directly destroy the heritage authenticity and integrity. On the contrary, tourism can be a part that helps to develop the main monument. As a result, the created tourism has to follow the path to success the stage of being a sustainable tourism site. All understanding should be base on the fact that management of the site must be designed in the proper line and objectives. In term of developing the sustainable tourism, the growth of tourism in historic site must be controlled. The growing number can affect the site in both good and bad aspect. It may make local people earn moreม money but in the same time the environment ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง can lose its integrity. Withส all those facts, there are things that need to be concerned as such; Firstly, heritage manager should know the carrying capacity of the main monument. Secondly, the number of tourists should be accounted for the growing trend so that it will not grow too fast from promote on activity without advance planning. Thirdly, tourist number also needs to be limited. The more tourists come to visit the site, the deterioration could take place. Fourthly ,the heritage manager has to limit number of vehicle and assign proper place for them to park. With the limitation of vehicle number, heritage place will not be affected by excess pollution. Finally, visitation time needs to be limited as well. Each group of visitor should know their limitation and the length of time they can stay on site. The control of heritage growth can be counted as heritage conservation in the indirect way. Since the over excessive tourism can harm the heritage sense of place and heritage significance, the heritage as a result should know its own limitation. Tourism in the historic site will be sustainable and look after its place, environment, authenticity, and integrity.

Chapter 5 Discussion, conclusion and recommendation

From site survey and interviewing, it was found out that the tourism operation and the management of the Namkang Tunnel historic site was in only a few people’s hands. This group of people had claimed themselves as historic site managers and main stakeholders. All operationsน andกั managementsหอสมุด haกd ลdirectlyาง come from their decisions and budget. However, it needs สำ to accept that the decision making on a historic site cannot come from the only group of people although they were the source of development budget. When considering on present tourism management and development pattern of the three main self – proclaimed managers, it can be clearly seen that they do not understand the knowledge of heritage integrity, authenticity and heritage significance values. The self – proclaimed were former CPM members, who stay and make their living in the given 15 Rai (1 Rai equal 1,600 Square Meters) piece of land per family from the Thai government. Different from the self – proclaimed heritage managers, the local villagers of the Piyamit village tend to ignore tourism situation or any development at the Namkang Historic Tunnel and associated area. In other word, the management pattern of the Namkang Historic Tunnel has been managed following a few collective ideas. Hence, it’s limited because of lacking of public hearing and insufficient fund. For the National Park area, it is under the control of Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant conservation (DNP). The DNP has the main role in taken care the area and manage the future management plan on site. However, they do not have any participation in the management of Namkang Historical Tunnel although the historic site was located in the Namkang National Park area. In addition, it needs to accept that the separately management pattern between the Namkang National Park officers and the Namkang Historic Tunnels managers had decreased the managing and developing potential. Moreover, it should be remarked that

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the heritage site was run by only three persons and Thai government gave too much free hand on the self – proclaimed to the heritage site. With the fact that maintaining the heritage site needs large amount of money, Thai government should claim the ownership on the historic tunnels back as the national heritage. All those steps for reclaiming the heritage site back can start from public hearing. The public hearing will allow the villagers in the Piyamit Village to show their opinions toward the ownership of Namkang Historic Tunnels and heritage benefit allocation. Furthermore, the claiming back of the heritage ownership should be supported by the 4th general commander and other related agents. It should also be remarked that all มactions in claiming the heritage site ownership ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง back must be gently operated. ส After the returned of the ownership, the Namkang Historic Tunnels will be able to get development fund from the DNP and Thai government to manage the historic site. Moreover, the successful management pattern must come from the cooperation of the government section and the heritage stakeholders. The community involvement is needed since all opinions and decisions should come from every participant in Piyamit Village. From the word ‘community involvement’, it includes creating heritage sense of place and proud. Except the idea of claiming back the ownership of the heritage site, the recommendation and suggestion of the other future management plans on Namkang Historical Tunnel and Namkang National Park can be concluded as follows; - Landscape management is the suggestion on developing the physical condition and retaining the heritage sense of place. The proposed landscape management must be able to blend with all surrounding harmoniously. - Interpretation management is the process of demonstrating the heritage area’s significances. The interpretation can be in the form of signage system and interpretation board and it can also be the onsite interpretation and offsite interpretation. - Tourism management is believed to be a helper in managing the tourism situation on site. A well planned tourism program will give a finest experience to tourists. In addition, tourism management can help the historic managers or officers to create a sustainable destination. 156

With the outstanding significance characters of the Namkang National Park and Namkang Historical Tunnel, the two sites remain their high degree of integrity and authenticity through time. Notwithstanding the effect from the external factor (the South Thailand Emergency); numbers of tourists are continuously decreasing. Moreover with the intention to revive the tourism situation on site, local government cooperating with the TAT Hat Yai had arranged the activity called “Term Rak Kao Namkang”. Unfortunately, it can lift the tourism situation only in a short period. The suggested recommendation for future management on site will help developing the site in a sustainable way while its integrity and authenticityม value are well conserved. ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง ส 157

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Appendix A

The significance incidents related to the formation of Namkang Tunnel in chronological order British Colonial Malaya 1786 Sir Francis Light had landed in Penang. Later on, the นBritishกั ห อacquiredสมุด Penangกล าfromง Sultan of Kedah. 1826 สำ The British had formed the Colony of Straits Settlements in Malacca, Penang and Singapore. 1851 The Straits Settlement placed under the control of the India Office. 1920 The British adopted the Federated Malay States (FMS). The early sign of Malay Nationalism against British rule began to surface. 1924 The Communist ideology spread to Malaya through the Kuomintang representative in the form of propaganda and revolutionist ideology. 1926 The Chinese oversea had established the “Nan Yang General Labor Union” (NGLU) under the controlled of Chinese Communist Party (CCP). 1930 The Chinese underground people had formed the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). All ideologies and tactics were received from the China mainland. The activities of the CPM were aimed at the Malayan independence from the British.

166

167

Independent Malaya 1941 The Japanese Army invaded the Malayan and Singapore territories in the World War II incident. 1942 The Malayan People’s Anti – Japanese Army (MPAJA) began to sabotage and ambush against the Japanese. 1945 The defeat of the Japanese had ended all Japanese occupations in Malayan Peninsula. The British was once again returned its influence and power over Malayan and Singapore. 1948 The Malayan Governmentม under the controlled of the British had ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง declaredส the first State Emergency after the CPM insurgency.

Figure 1 - 2 Show the British troop fighting with the CPM guerrilla (http://www.edinburghwargames.com/Borneo.htm) 1949 The MPAJA changed its name to “Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army” (MPLA) Some of the CPM member had retreated to the Border of Thailand. They first appeared in Betong District, Yala Province and Sadao District, Songkhla Province. 1950 The British army had applied the “Briggs Plan” as to suppress the CPM troops. 1951 The British instituted a general food – control program called “Operation Starvation” for the CPM guerrilla. 1953 The MPLA strength declined since the shortage of food according to the “Briggs Plan”. 168

1955 The Malayan Government held the “Baling Talks” with the CPM representatives; however it was turned up fail with the unsolvable contestation between the Democratic and Communist.

กั หอสมุดกลา สำน ง

Figure 3 Shows the atmosphere of the Baling Talks (http://mstar.com.my/variasi/manusia_peristiwa/cerita.asp?file=/2009/9/1/mstar_manusia _peristiwa/20090901095608&sec=mstar_manusia_peristiwa)

1956 Tunku Abdul Rahman headed Merdeka Mission to London to negotiate Malaya’s independence from the British Empire and its rule. 1957 The British gave the full independence to Malayan. Tunku Abdul Rahman became the first State Prime Minister of Malaya. 1958 – 1959 The Malayan Government tried to suppress the CMP to the Thai – Malaysia border.

The formation of Malaya 1960 The CPM had defeat the Malaysia government co – operated with the British government. The Malaysia government declared that the “State Emergency” was over. Only the area near the border of Thailand remained the Emergency restrictions. 1963 The British colonies of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore joined Federation of Malaya to form the Federation of Malaysia. 169

Figure 4 Shows the British colonies together formed the Federation of Malaya (http://www.alaskajuniorgolf.org/นกั หอสมุด2011/06/federation-of-malaya.htmlกลาง ) 1964 Singaporeสำ became an independent nation after leaving Malaya. 1965 Singapore had withdrawn itself from Malaysia. The communist insurgency began in Sarawak. 1967 The CPM under Chin Peng had renewed the insurgency in Malaya. 1968 The Malaysia government had declared the second State Emergency after the independent day. (1968 - 1989) 1972 The CPM had dug the tunnel as their bunker in the Southern Part of Thailand such as; Betong District, Yala Province and Nathawi District, Songkhla Province. The extinguishing way of the Southern flame 1989 (February) The first round of the Tripartite Peace Talks between Malaysia – Thailand and the CPM at Phuket, Thailand (March) The second round of the Tripartite Peace Talks between Malaysia – Thailand and the CPM at Phuket, Thailand (May) The third round of the Tripartite Peace Talks between Malaysia – Thailand and the CPM at Phuket, Thailand (October) The fourth round of the Tripartite Peace Talks between Malaysia – Thailand and the CPM at Phuket, Thailand Chin Peng had come to Thailand after he had stayed in Guangzhou, China for years. 170

(November) The fifth round of the Tripartite Peace Talks between Malaysia – Thailand and the CPM at Phuket, Thailand (December) The CPM finally decided to lay down its arms. The Tripartite Peace Talks agreement was signed up between Thai government, Malaysian government and the representative of the CPM. The Southern flame was permanently extinguished as a result. ม ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง ส

Figure 5 - 6 Shows the atmosphere of the Tri – Partite Peace Talks (Kitti Rattanachaya, 2007) 1991 The Namkang mountain was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand with 212 square meters wide. And it was the first national park in Songkhla Province that contains of natural and cultural site in one area. 1996 The ex – CPM guerrilla asked the Namkang Historic Tunnel back for the private management from the National Park. The historic tunnel was developed and restored in order to be a tourism site. 1997 The Namkang Historic Tunnel celebrated their grand opening day as a historical tourism site in the province. A large amount of tourists came on site. 2004 An ethnic separatist insurgency broke out in three southernmost provinces of Thailand (Yala, Pattani and Narathiwat Province). Fewer numbers of tourists came on site. 171

2012 Under the header of the ex – CPM guerrilla, Mr.Leong Yee Sing and Mr.Pang Min Sang cooperated to work and develop their heritage site. Safety system and more convenient stuff were added in under the two headers’ decision.

The formation of the CPM The arriving of the CCP in 1922 had grown the communist ideology in the South – East Asia region. The communist seed later grew into the South Seas Communist Party or Nanyang Communist Party. The South มSeas Communist Party was dissolved in 1930 ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง and was replaced by theส Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). Founding in 1930, the majority member of the CPM were Chinese. The party was named the “Communist Party of Malaya” (CPM) or the “Malaya Communist Party” (MCP). The role of the CPM was first realized in co – operated with the British as to eliminate the Japanese invasion and its role in the first and second Malayan Emergency. It was believed that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who opened a secret office in Singapore. Although the party was not officially recognized, their actions were active in Malaya, Singapore and Thailand. Since the party establishment, the CPM was seen as an illegal party that challenged the British colonial rule. Wishing to dismiss the British colonial power, the CPM had a faith that publicizing communist ideology in Malaya was the best initiation. They set their goal that Malaya would have a new government system after the revolution. In 1931, it was informed that there were 1,500 member and 10,000 sympathesisers of the CPM. Then the number had increased to 40,000 members in 1939. Half of its member lived in Singapore and the rest lived in Malaysia. It was believed that the succession of the CPM in this era came from the nationalist feeling of the Chinese oversea people to the Japanese invasion and the effective operation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party) In March 1942, the CPM had transformed them to Malayan People’s Anti – Japanese Army (MPAJA). Since they both has the same objective, the MPAJA was 172

supported their weapons and fund by the British colonial. They began to sabotage and ambush against the Japanese. After the empowering from the British, number of the CPM guerrilla soldiers increased from 4,500 men in 1943 to over 6,000 men by 1945. After the defeat of the Japanese troop, the MPAJA changed their mission to declare the Malaya independence over the British. The new organization was called the Malaya People’s Anti – British Army (MPABA). Many ex-MPAJA joined the group. However after the Malayan’s Independence, the status of the MPABA or the CPM was shaky since their objective as to fight the “colonization” for “Malayan independence” could be no longer used. Their strength obviม ously declined from up to 12,000 men to ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง only 1,800 men. Some 450ส – 500 men fled to the border of Thailand and other 1,300 men scattered all over the country. Not until 1989, the CPM member decided to lay down their arm. It was the end of the long history of the communist fight for decades.

The role of the CPM in the invasion of Japanese troop in Malaya and Singapore in World War II The Japanese invasion to the South East Asia region started in 1940. In 1941, the Japanese army could control the whole of Indochina and intended to invade Malaya as the next target. With the full heart of nationalism, the CPM established the Malayan People’s Anti – Japanese Army (MPAJA) cooperated with the British. At that period of time, the British could send only a few troops to help Malaya since they were engaged with wars in Europe as well. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) Although the British and the CPM (or also recognized as MPAJA) stayed in the opposite side of the political aspect. They did make a negotiation to eliminate their common enemy. The British might refuse all offering from the CPM at the very first place but with the critical situation, they finally accepted the supporting from the CPM. The British had approved the participation of the CPM participation in anti – Japanese movement. The CPM soldiers were trained to improve the combat effectiveness and some of them were free from the detention. The British also gave weapons to the CPM guerrilla as well. 173

With the help of the CPM, it was hard for the Japanese to win the war after they had faced many critical problems. The Japanese troop could not win the support for particular group of people since most of them turned to support the CPM and MPAJA. The defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945 brought the idea of independence to Malaya among the MPAJA or MNLA in the later time.

The role of the CPM after the re-establishment of the British (Post WWII) The territories of Malaya had rarely been free from its history. These disorders had resulted mainly from conflicts ofม interest among political parties or racial ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง communities and from ส deliberate subversion. Regardless of their origins or purposes, however, these disorders had harassed and disrupted the social, economic and political life of the country to some degree. (William B. Roop, 1966) The first Malaya Emergency The Malayan Emergency was called for after the withdrawal of Japanese troop after the World War II. The Malayan Emergency took 12 years (1948 – 1960) to finish with the defeat of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). The role of the CPM became more dominant after cooperated with the British intercepted the Japanese invasion. The Malayan People’s Anti – Japanese Army or MPALA was established on that purpose. However, the MPALA could not maintain good relationship with the British long after the incident. The national liberation war finally broke out in 1948 with the declaration of state emergency from the Malayan government over the CPM. After the succession of MPALA, the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) was believed to be its successor. The MNLA’s army was secretly trained and equipped with arms by the British during the World War II as to defeat the Japanese army. They also kept some of the MPAJA’s weapon for future use. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Races_Liberation_Army) Like the MPALA, the MNLA was a guerrilla force created by the Communist Party of Malayan under the communist leader, Chin Peng. Although the British army had fully withdrawn from Malaya, the communist side had been defeated in 1960. Later in 1967 – 1989, the CPM 174

under Chin Peng renewed the insurgency in 1967. It was known as the “Communist Insurgency War”. The Malayan Emergency was the fought between Commonwealth force, which consisted of United Kingdom, Federation of Malaya, Australia, New Zealand and Fiji, and the MNLA armed force. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) Different from the MPALA, the MNLA fought for Malayan Independence from the British. The MNLA had divided its army into twelve troops and expanded their action and used communist tactic received from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to fight back. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/หอโจรจสีนคอมมมุดิวนกิสตล์มาลายา) However for the British สำนกั าง perception, the MNLA, the CPM and other leftist parties were outlawed parties. Any suspecting from those parties or people would bring to jail without any trial. In the same time, the MNLA began guerrilla campaign, targeting mainly the colonial resource extraction industries such as tin mines and rubber plantation. It was known that the MALA war tactics, sabotaging installations, attacking rubber plantations and infrastructure derived from guerrilla warfare. The MNLA had declined its significant after the British declared Malayan Independence. Members of the MNLA (also known as the CPM) decreased from up to 12,000 men to only 1,800 men. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/โจรจีนคอมมิวนิสตมาลายา์ ) Most of the MNLA members were Chinese – Malaya people. They supported the MNLA because they were poor, had no land right and weren’t seen as equal as Malay. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) With all the operations in the Malaya peninsula, the MNLA and the CPM was unable to rally the country to their cause by appealing to nationalism and unity. It was shown that support for the CPM was mostly from about 500,000 out of 3.12 million ethnic Chinese in Malaya Peninsula. It could be stated that the MNLA and the CPM had no great nationalist leader like Mao Tse-tung or Ho Chi Minh to rally the people. In the battle, the two rivals had to use the best techniques as to defeat the other. The MNLA, leaded by Chin Peng, planned the strategy into 3 distinct phases as followed; 175

Phase 1; The guerrilla fighters already being battle hardened in combat against the Japanese would raid isolated estates, tin mines and police and government buildings in rural areas to drive the British into the cities Phase 2; The areas abandoned by the British would be renamed “Liberated areas” and guerrilla bases would be established to train new recruits drawn from the Min Yuen (A civilian organization that supported the MPLA) as the Army expands Phase 3; The new expanded army would move from the “Liberated areas” to attack towns, villages and railways with the Min Yuen acting as saboteurs to cripple the economy. Once the country was on its kneesม the Army would face the British on the open ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง battlefield. (Noel Barber, ส 1971) However with the quick response from the British, the MNLA members had to relocate themselves in the jungle. Unfortunately, the economic subversion and sabotage had not been successful and the people had not rallied to their cause. The British Empire had prepared their strategy to fight back the MNLA as well. Go back to year 1949; the British had responded the MNLA followed General Sir Harold Briggs, who had considerable jungle experience while fighting in Burma during World War II. The strategy was known as the “Brigg’s plan”. He believed that the most effective way dealing with the MNLA army was to cut the insurgents off from their supporters among the population. As to follow the plan, “New Villages” were built up. The New Villages were used to sort normal villagers out of the MNLA members. (http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php) Furthermore, their source of food and supply needed to be cut of too. (www.historyofwar.org/articles/war_malaya.html) When the British army valued that the clumsy sweeps by large formation were unproductive. The British army changed their strategy to platoons carry out patrols and lay ambushed. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) The plan had a huge success when combined with using defoliation to help prevent ambushed by Communist Terrorist.

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The Brigg’s strategy could be magnified the idea as below; Firstly, the British Empire would separate civilian population from the Communist army by “resettlement” them to the “New Villages”. At that time, it was believed to be more than 500 New Villages created to fight back with the Communist army. The government had given each family worth of provisions and all materials needed to build a house. The plan aimed at cutting the food supply chain from local people to the guerrilla troop. The guerrilla as a result had to come out of the jungle to find their food supplier. (http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php) “In 1952 as the Malaya Races Liberationม Army (M.R.L.A.) withdrew further into ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง the interior, it was feared ส that the Malayan Communist Party would established liberation areas among the timid aborigines who inhabited Malaya’s interior mountain spine. To prevent the Malayan Communist Party using the aborigines as a source of food, the government sent out teams (usually special air servicemen and police) to win over these aborigines who numbered between 50,000 to 100,000 according to the various authorities. Landing strips were made and police posts were established in these remote areas to protect the aborigines from the Malayan Communist Party. The interior were gradually taken over by the government. A small aborigine force called the Senoi Pra’ak was formed to harass the communists and this force killed more terrorists in the last two years of the Emergency than all of the other Security Forces put together. Jungle forts and aborigine patrols and scouts also crisis – crossed the Thai border area and reported on Malayan Communist Party activity there.” (W.G. Stefaniak, 1952) Secondly, every adult above the age of twelve had to carry “Malaya Ration Card”. The card included details of the carrier’s name, photograph, fingerprints and address. The rational card would help the British government screening lawful citizens out of communist guerrillas. In addition, the colonial officers would know the movement database of lawful citizens to the New Village. Not only they were protected from the communist terrorists, but they also received land to build their homes with free material and assistance, a government subsidy, free medical care, free schooling for their children, water and good roads. 177

Thirdly, some military subversive activities were used for a short time in the warfare; however they were abandoned not so long after. From the British army’s memorandum, it was found that they had chosen to broadcast the radio messages. It was considered that the radio messages were not used for strategic purpose but for tactical purpose. It might bear a message from a defector to his comrades back in the jungle telling them of the good treatment he has received at the hands of the British. (http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php) In addition, the British army also dropped leaflets over the Malaya jungle. In 1949, it was believed that there were 3.75 million newspaper and 50 million leaflets distributed. The Britishม army leaflets mainly had two types; those ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง explaining to the terrorists ส the futility of their campaign and those inviting them to surrender and hand over information concerning the whereabouts of Communist Party of Malaya members. Chinese, Malayan and Tamil were the main languages used in the distributed leaflets. (John C.W. Field) Finally after the communist guerrillas had assassinated Sir Henry Gurney, who was the high commission at the time, General Sir Generald Templer was sent to be a replacement. He was able to co-ordinate with both military and civil authority. Moreover, he pushed new troops of military aid from commonwealth countries such as; Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and East Africa. The communist started to realize that their policy of terrorizing supplies from the local population was just breeding hostility, facing renewed military opposition they pulled back into the deep jungles and stopped the random attacks. By 1953, the communists had lost the initiative and were never to regain it. (http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_malaya.html) 3.6.5.2 Baling Talk With the attempt to resolve the first Malaya Emergency, the Baling Talk was finally held in 1955. Unfortunately, the talk was unsuccessful because the surrender terms were not acceptable. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baling_Talks) the main participants were David Marshall, British Colonial representative, Tunka Abdul Rahman, Malaya government and Chin Peng, the Communist Party of Malaya representative. Anyhow, the situation became more intense after the meeting. 178

Figure 7 - 8 The atmosphere of the Baling Talk (http://blogs.todayonline.com/forartssake/2011/05/19/spore-arts-fest-baling-taสม lks-as-awesome-discuss/) The Baling Talks ำwasน กั heldห อon 28, Decemberุดกลา 1955ง in the Government English School at Baling. The ส talks took more than 8 hours and spread over 2 days to an irresolvable end. The representatives of the British Empire and the Malaya government were David Marshall, Tunku Abdul Rahman, who was the first prime minister of Malaya after the Independence Day and Dato Tan Cheng-Lock. The CPM had presented their representatives to be Chin Peng, the Secretary-General of the CPM, Rashid Maidin and Chen Tien. In the opening of the talks, Tanku Abdul Rahman announced that the reason made him won the state election came from his speech “Colonialism must end and this country must be given freedom”. (Tanku Abdul Rahman, 1955) He also showed his attention to all representatives that he aimed at bringing peace to Malaya so all communist activities must stop. As to do so, he chose to give the amnesty to the CPM members in a suitable term. He then finalized that if the CPM accepted the amnesty, they would be pardoned. But the amnesty came with the condition that the CPM members had to stop all of their violence and political activities. From the CPM side, Chin Peng denied to accept the Malaya Government’s proposal. The reason why Chin Peng rejected the amnesty was that it did not permit the CPM to “enjoy equal status so that those that genuinely intended to be loyal to the Malayan Government would be helped to regain their normal position of the society”. (Ching Peng, 1955) To this point, Tanku Abdul Rahman explained that the given up communists, who were able to show their good intension would be helped to regain their 179

normal position in society. But they must show their “loyalty to Malaya”. He also gave the details of “showing their loyalty to Malaya” that it would complete by communist activities and accept the position of the rulers and agreement to uphold their dignity. This term also included the acceptance of responsibility and duties of a good Malaya citizen. On the contrary, Chin Peng stated that he could not accept the amnesty since it would force them to dissolve the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and give up their ideology. Tanku Abdul Rahman, as a result, had to reply that he did not ask the CPM to give up their ideology but to give up their violence political activities. Finally, Chin Peng purposed his proposalม that there would be no detention, no ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง investigation, and no restriction ส on their movement after surrender. The government also would have to accept the CPM status and let the populace make the final decision. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) Tanku Abdul Rahman did not deny Chin Peng’s proposal but made it cleared that after investigations and the removal of restriction on freedom, those communists, who remained in Malaya could join recognized political parties and took part in politics. However, a communist party would not be allowed for further movement in Malaya. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baling_Talks) Since his proposal was denied, Chin Peng had declared to the meeting that if the Malayan Government demanded him and his fellows surrender, they would prefer to fight to the last man. Tanku Abdul Rahman also replied to Chin Peng saying “if you do not come out to surrender, we would rather not accept you in our society. If you want to have peace in this country, one side must give way. Either we give in to you or you give in to us”. (Tanku Abdul Rahman, 1955) After the end of an unsuccessful meeting, Chin Peng and his colleagues were returning to Klian Intan. Joining his bodyguards, he disappeared in the jungle in the Southern of Thailand. Later in 1956, terrorist – free areas throughout Malaya was set up by the Malaya government. In the latter year, Malaya gained its full independence from the British Empire after 83 years. The Malaya government assumed the responsibility of defense and continued to receive British assistance in various fields, including troops. (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) Its military suppression the CPM was declined by 1960. The CPM 180

was also forced to retire over the border because of their dwindling strength. The Malaya Government declared the ending of state emergency on 31 July 1960. There continued to be minor incidents, but the communists were no longer a state threat. They had lost their reason for insurrection as Malaya had achieved independence. (Dr.Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud) The second Malaya Emergency After the defeat of the CPM in 1960 in both military and politically to the Malaya state government, its role through revolution was lessen. In 1961, the CPM was persuaded by Deng Xiaoping to resurrectม its revolutionary war in Malaya. According ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง Chin Peng: “Strategically, ส the whole region, Deng insisted, would become ripe for the sort of struggle we had been persuasive.” (Chin Peng, 2003) Not until 1968, the Malayan Communist Party members believed that it was the suitable time for their revival of armed revolution in Malaya. In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of their armed struggle, the CPM had announced their objective to revive the armed struggle in Malaya. The Second Malaya Emergency lasted from 1968 – 1989 (took 21 years to an end). It was believed that the second Malaya insurgency of the CPM was influenced from Vietnam War that the Viet Minh were able to defeat over the USA. The CPM had mostly concerned on the strategic of propaganda campaign. They also had an attempt to win the hearts and minds of Malaysians and Singaporeans. They subverted their respective societies and states and bring about the establishment of a People’s Republic of Malaya (PRM). (Ong Wei Chong, 2006) The CPM also issued their “New Democratic Revolution” outlines with six main objectives as follow; - Overthrow the colonial rule of the British imperialist and their puppets and establish a Malayan People’s Republic. - Safeguard the people’s democratic rights and respect freedom of religion and creed. - Confiscate and nationalize the enterprises of the imperialists and their running dogs and protect national industries and commercial enterprises. 181

- Abolish the feudal and semi – feudal land systems implant the system of land to the tiller and abolish usury. - Improve the livelihood of the workers and poorly – paid employees and implement the policy of parity of treatment to both male and female workers. - Implement the policy of equality in all respect for people of various races, oppose racial discrimination and strengthen the unity among the races. (VMN Broadcast, Outline of the CPM’s Struggle for the Fulfillment of a New Democratic Revolution, 30/05/1970)ม ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง ส

Figure 9 Shows the CPM guerrilla, who struggling in Thailand (Kitti Ratanachaya, 2007) With this entire outline, the CPM also made an attempt to advertise and propagandize their audience that they were the true defender of people to state liberation. It was thought that they were tried hard to legitimize their action and struggle on the local and international stage. (Ong Wei Chong, 2006) Although the CPM had fight for their ideology and believe for thirty year, they were unable to see the end of their revolutionary and armed struggle. On 2, December 1989, the CPM agreed to sign in the Tri – parties Hat Yai Peace Accords in Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand. Guerrilla activities had laid down their arms and disbanded its guerrilla for good. The Second Malayan Emergency incident was finally drew to a beautiful closing. (Ong Wei Chong, 2006)

Appendix B

This appendix will give more information about the life and experience of the CPM guerrilla during the warfare period. It is a kind of memory for people in the later generation to understand the way they thought, lived their life and survived from the hardest time in the jungle. Memoire of the old Communistนกั ห Partyอส ofม Malayaุดกล (CPM)าง member One memoire ofส theำ life of the CPM was told by the old member of the CPM named Fong Chong Pik. He and his elder brother were brought from China mainland by their mother. The family lived in the lower levels of Singapore society and polity. Before the break out of the World War II, Fong Chong Pik was the new arrival from Teochew, China. For the colonial government’s eyes, he was qualified as a third class person. In the post World War II, people liked him, who went to Chinese school and had little knowledge in English, still remained a second - class people in the colonial set – up. His situation turned worst, when he became involved with the anti – colonial struggles. The underground members were looked as “terrorist” or “national criminal” from the colonial government. Even in the Independence Day, the People’s Action Party (PAP) was labeled as a “terrorist” instead of a “criminal”. From the mouth of Fong Chong Pik, an old Communist Party of Malayan member, he said that he was permanently exiled by Singapore government. His Singapore nationality, citizenship and right of residence had been taken away. He was later an “outcast” for Singapore government. (Fong Chong Pik, 2008) The communist and the left wing were commonly regarded as the core of the anti- colonial forces. With that reason, the colonial government normally acted according to the British strategic need to fight the anti-colonial forces. Communist Party of Malayan (CPM) made the re-establishment of British Colonial rule became impossible. The British were unable to deal with the communists and had to reluctantly abandon their century-old establishment, opting for a bunch of anti-communists to help maintain their influence.

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Life of the underground in Malaya and Singapore Being tagged as a “terrorist”, Fong said that it was acceptable for the British to call him and his gang that way as they were enemy for each other. However, it was unacceptable for the People’s Action Party (PAP) government to call him like way. Because it could make all of his actions against British colonial rule and Japanese invasion and for nation liberation and independence activities became “terrorist activities”. Joining the underground was not an easy to make decision matter. However after the detention, he could make up his mind easier. For him, resistance and rebellion were the only way out.ส Heม ุดhad absolutely no reason to tolerate the inhuman treatment wherebyำนกั anyoneหอ could be กarrestedลา งand released, and lived at the mercy of others. He ส positively could not accept an existence without freedom and dignity, living in the palm of someone. He did not mind paying whatever price as a result of taking this stand. “Life may be precious, The price of love may be even higher. In order to achieve freedom, Both can be thrown away.” (Fong Chong Pik, 2008) For the British’s eye, the left wing or the communists were looked in a pessimistic way. They were assumed to be deceptive mob, murderers and terrorists. In the contrary Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee and their cabal were all intelligent, rational, strong and invincible. In the same time, the British were calm and collected, mild – manner, polite and courteous gentlemen. (Fong, 2008) Fong also stated that the British and its ruler might be “neutral” bystanders in the anti – colonial struggles. However in reality, a gentlemen manner wouldn’t apply for the anti – colonial struggles and its member. It could be observe the truthful of this statement from Mr.Lee Kuan Yew’s interviewing in 1996 that after the three and a half difficult years of Japanese Occupation, the British returned. But they were unable to re – establish their former glory and empire. They therefore began to look everywhere for a group of people who had the ability to take over, but would not be pushed aside by the communists, “This was how we entered politics”. Moreover he also stated that, he and many of his 184

colleagues all went through the same experience that was why we did not go in search of politics, but politics came to us. After the re – establishment of the British colonial, more students became “guerrilla students” because the push factors from social turbulence and poor condition at that time. - Arrest and free The Malayan Security Service (MSS) was the British government sector dealing with political matters after the promulgation of the Emergency Relation in June, 1948. The government departmentส มwasุด different from others since it could arrest and detain anyone withoutำน charges.กั หอ Anyone whoกล wasาง suspected to be a communist must be arrested and ส sent to jail. Detention was a basic punishment for all those people. The detention could be ten days or twenty days nobody knew. Human rights were not a very first thing to be considered and freedom was usually stamped over for all those suspects. Fong Chong Pik, the member of a Malayan Communist Revolutionary, also said about the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) that he still wondered when he was arrested and released. “Why was I arrested? Why was I released? There was no need to give any further thought to these questions anymore. Was I not a human being that you can arrest as you please? Did I not look like a human being that you could play with my freedom whenever you wish?” Fong Chong Pik said. (2008)

Life of the guerrilla in Thai – Malaysia border - Entering the jungle Entering the jungle, the communist member had to travel in the deep forest. The comrades normally dressed in green uniform and green cap. They also wore boots; however their boots were made from rubberized tube. The boots may looked ridiculous, however it worked well for those guerrillas. In the jungle, they also had the basketball field and competitions among people in the village. The basketball field was special because it was hidden under the shadow of bamboo forest. Although the basketball court had dim light but it could be a nice shield for the guerrilla troop from the air force army. 185

Marching is another daily routine of the guerrilla as well. They set the troop’s vanguards or the trailblazers in the front row. The vanguards’ job included leading the way, determining the marching direction, making arrangements for rest and resumption of the march, carrying out advanced scouting. From all these duties, the vanguards as a result had to be brave, alert, able to respond quickly at all time and had to know the terrain and possess high technical skills. When encountering with enemies, vanguards were also be the first person to attack their enemies and also be the first target for their enemies. Guns loaded in their hands and fingers on the triggers were the normal image of the vanguards.ส มุด Another job of ำtheน marchingกั หอ soldiers wasก ล“closing”.าง Soldier on charge of this duty had to return the ส passageway to its natural appearance after the column had pass, so the enemies wouldn’t be able to track after the troops. Not only covered the guerrilla passageway with leaves, they sometimes needed to create a false passageway in order to mislead the enemies and camouflage the location of the troops. Along the march, the toilet stop was allowed until the entire group took a break. When the break time came, the troop normally said “males to the left, females to the right” (Fong Chong Pik, 2008) Food convoy was made up of young people. Whether they were males or females, they had to carry a large fiber bag on their back. The grain transportation was another regular and essential work among the guerrilla. - Familiarity with mountainous terrain The superiority of the communist guerrilla troop did not come from only their effective weapons and tactics. On the contrary, experiences and the familiarity with the local topography jungle was their effective tool. With that benefit, the guerrilla actions; such as surprising attack, night raid, pursuit, interception and ambush could perform easily. - Landmines warfare A skillful in handling landmines was crucial in each group of member. Landmines were another tactic of the guerrilla warfare to defeat their enemies and achieved their victory. Except the user of landmines, the soldier who knew the location of the laid landmines was also important. The experts of the landmines in each troop were referred as “Lords and Ladies of the Landmines.”

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- Mine warfare Landmines were represented as a weapon in jungle warfare, which could make a major destruction. Being infected by psychologically of the enemies, landmines had brought a sense of terror and threat to them. “Dead mine”, “semi-alive”, “silent mine” and “live mine” were technical term used in mine-warfare. “Dead mine” was used to call a mine considered as an object. But right after it was laid down in a certain location, it became a “semi-alive” mine. A “semi-alive” mine or so called “silent mine” would do their duties, which was waiting for someone to stepped on it. Only when the landmineสม ุดwas provided with vitality and ability to move, it would be then ำcalledนกั a ห“liveอ mine”. กลาง In any warfare, ส “live mine” was considered to be the effective weapon that exerted the principal impact. A definition of a “live mine” was a landmine that could follow its target, appear on the road that the target must pass and disappear mysteriously. A live mine could be presented on a road or even in a river. And because of its intelligence, it could catch a great fear for those soldiers. “An iron soldier” was another nickname of “live mine” too. Using land – mine strategy in warfare, duties of “lords and ladies of the landmines” consisted of 3 main steps. They were mine laying, inspecting and collecting. The operation would start whenever the mine was laid. The first mission of the mine warfare was a mine laying. Guerrilla responding for this duty must have highly technical matter. At the beginning, a mine layer had to make the decision for the mine location. Like trapping wild animal, mine laying had to use the same skill, even though mine laying was more complicate and harder. The mine layer as a result had to be the expert of jungle geographical and pattern of their enemy’s movement. They had to find lots of information of the entrances and tracks that the enemy must use the spot that the enemy had to walk over and the enemy path in the jungle. After laying the landmine, it was vital for the responded guerrilla to know where the entire landmines gone. Maps had to be drawn clearly and be able to show the exact location and other specific details. The inspection would be done after landmines were laid and locations were pointed out. The inspection duty involved with 2 aspects of their duty as followed; 187

firstly they have to determine that landmine locations matched the record or not. Secondly, they have to check for the condition of each mine. This duty would be another of process as to know the effectiveness of mines. Mine inspector was a high skill duty and it was also an extremely dangerous job. They had to follow the rule strictly and never omitted even it was the smallest error. Among guerrillas in the jungle, it was normal to say “the landmines has no feelings and recognized no one”. From the speech, it was cleared that landmines could be dangerous and harmful for all carless people, not only the enemies or the guerrilla themselves. สมุด Today, all warfareำน betweenกั หอ Malayan governmentกลาง and Communist guerrilla no longer existed. The สpower of landmines was turned off then they became “dead mine”. However with tension, all those mines can be reactivated into “silent mines”. Extreme caution should always be turned on or loss of life or even limb will be the result for those careless people. - Air warfare Helicopter was another weapon for the anti – guerrilla warfare. The anti – guerrilla used their weapon in moving supplies, replacing exhausted troops with fresh ones, bringing in emergency medical aid and providing combat support. Before the guerrilla could find the retorting way to the anti – guerrilla, helicopters took major control of the sky. Learning from experiences and the understanding of jungle geographical, communist guerrilla could apply their own defending techniques. They had developed their techniques until they could fire into the air. Moreover, they also chose proper location on mountain slopes to build their fortresses so that they could shoot their enemies in a closer range. It was surprised that all weapons and techniques used were simple but its affect was tremendous. 188

Figure 6- 7 Shows the CPM turret hiding around the tunnel (Takenหอ byส Srilakมุด A.,กล 2011) - Jungle cultivating,สำน farmingกั and trapping าง Cassava was the mainly corps planted in the jungle plots. The cassava consumption rate depended to the level of security of the camp and the rice supply. If the rice supply was stable, less consumption of cassava would be the result. Melons and vegetables were the main corps of guerrilla plots. Under peaceful condition, there would be sufficient amount of corps. It could not deny that cultivation had raised the lives quality of the jungle soldiers. Jungle plots also needed protection as they were guarded by the guerrilla guards. However during military action, guards in the cultivation plots were the enemy target as they stayed in an open field and worked in a fixed schedule. Even though it paid a very high rate for jungle cultivating but it could improve the guerrillas’ nutrition and livelihood. Farming in the jungle sounded interesting so pigs were once raised at the deep forest camp farm. Unfortunately raising pigs in the military camp was not success, it had never been raised again. Not only pigs, fish and rabbits were raised in the camp too but there were too many losses of money and time so trapping and fishing was the smarter idea. Animal trap was made from steel cable and was laid in the jungle. As to trap wild animal, trapper needed to select a right location then dig a hole in the ground. Wild boar, deer, goat or black bear might found in the animal trap. Fishing was another hunting activity in the jungle camp. At the time when the guerrillas set their camp in the jungle, there were fewer fish in the river and the size was usually small.

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Running water In choosing a campsite, the guerrilla had to make sure that the site would not be easily defended and also provided easy way for withdrawal. Above all those military reasons, water source was another vital factor for daily living. The campsite as a result had to select a location that can access to a water source so that they could pump water supply into the camp.

ม ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง ส

Figure 12 Shows the CPM bathroom Figure 13 Shows the pond in front of the tunnel (Taken by Srilak A., 2011) (Taken by Srilak A., 2012)

When guerrilla troop arrived at a new campsite, hydraulic engineer would search for nearby water source and begin to design the bamboo piping. The method of pumping water to guerrilla campsite was dealing with the gravity theory. The guerrilla hydraulic engineers would draw water from a source at a higher elevation than the camp then let it flowed along bamboo pipes until it reached the camp. Because the water source might be a kilometer far away and might climb over slopes and mountain ridges, the bamboo pipe system had to be well calculated. The raised too high bamboo pipes would reverse the flow, while the water might not be able to reach the camp if it was raised too low. Later, bamboo pipes were replaced by plastic pipes. All system became more simplified and comfortable. However, the sound of flowing water along bamboo pipes was also fade away after the disappearing of bamboo pipes.

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Mountain spirit - Lost in the jungle Travelling in the jungle made all guerrillas getting familiar with the nature and landscape of the jungle. Nevertheless, there were so many chances for them to get lost in the forest. “Losing the mountain” became the technical term for them, which has the same meaning as “losing the way” in the city. An important key for all soldiers, when they “losing the mountain”, was their magic weapons to save their lives for another day. The magic weapons were survival knife and lighter. The experienced guerrilla, whoส มtravelุดled in the jungle for a long time, had suggested basic survivalำ rulesนกั inห a junglอ e after “losingกลา theง mountain” as below; - After leaving ส the camp, try hard remember the location of the mountains and stream, recognize some of the salient topographical features, have a clear impression of the traversed - Never forget a complete set of equipment and needs, such as a lighter and survival knife, because precaution lessens danger and in the event of an accident, you would feel safe and thus remain calm. - Do not leave the group; if it was absolutely necessary to do so, take some buddies. - In the event that the “mountain is lost”, do not move in a confused way, or get too far from the spot where it was discovered that the “mountain had been lost”, as searchers would be dispatched sooner or later. Do not yell; but hitting tree trunks would be the best way of sending a signal. - Most importantly, remain calm. Coolly analyze and cope with the situation; avoid anxiety and panic, never act rashly, dashing here and there. Put it in a more vivid way, when lost, quietly sit down and take a nap for fifteen minutes. You would then be guaranteed to have a sharp eye and clear head, and you would be assured of finding your way home. (Fong Chong Pik, 2008)

Researcher’s autobiography

Curriculum Vitae Name: Ms.Srilak Anutararoekwong, Thailand, 1987

Educational background 2008 BA, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 2010 – now MA Researcher in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism, Silpakorn University, Thailandม ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง ส Residence in Thailand 68 Pattalung Rd. Boryang, Muang, Songkhla 90000 Tel.: 66 74 311053 mobile phone 66 84 6325118 Email: [email protected]

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