NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNELS กั หอสม ุดกลา สำน ง By Srilak Anutararoekwong An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2012 NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNEL หอสม ุดก นกั ลาง ำ ส By Srilak Anutararoekwong An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2012 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the independent study title of “Namkang Tunnel: The Cultural Landscape Management of the CPM Tunnel” submitted by Ms.Srilak Anutararoekwong as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism …………………………………………….. (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School กั หอสมุดกล…………../…………../…….…า สำน ง The Independent Study Advisor Assisstant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D. The Independent Study Examination Committee ……………………………………. Chairman (Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng) …………/……………/…………. ……………………………………. Member (Assistant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D.) …………/……………/…………. ……………………………………. Member (Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri) …………/……………/…………. 53056303: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: NAMKANG HISTORICAL TUNNEL, CULTURAL LANDSCPAE MANAGEMENT, HISTORICAL TUNNEL SRILAK ANUTARAROEKWONG: NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNELS. INDEPENDENT STUDY ADVISOR: PIBUL JINAWAT, Ph.D. 191 pp. The Namkang National Park or Khao Namkang is located in Nathawi district, Songkhla province (in the Southern part of Thailand). It was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand in 1991 (2453 B.E.) with 212 square kilometers area. After the arrival of the Malayan communist insurgency, parts of the mountain were transformed into a maze of tunnels, which were neatly dugกั ห intoอ theส มforest.ุดก ลา Khao Namkangส wasำน declared as the National งpark of Thailand. However, the national park is not only a site of natural environment excellence but also as a location that has historic value as well. Thus, the national park can be mainly divided into two main categories; the first is the natural site and the latter one is as cultural site. They are both blended in the same area and place but with different groups of manager. Looking around the Namkang tunnels, it can be assessed as the site that can be promoted internationally with the site potential on its wholeness history and surroundings. Today, the Namkang Historic Tunnel is under the management of the old CPM members. They have established and manage the local souvenir shop and collect the entrance fee to the tunnel from tourists. However, the question arises as to whether the historic tunnel belongs to country in which it is located “Thailand”, to the country to whose history it is so central “Malaysia” or to “the CPM members”. The research project as well will study the impact and effect from humans broadly and from tourism more specifically on the Namkang Historic Tunnels. Hence, the research project will focus on three main aspects. Firstly, the research project will examine the site’s significance and its value. Secondly, the tourism capacity will be assessed together with how it might be managed on site. Finally, the question of cultural landscape management plan will be addressed. The cultural landscape management plan of the Namkang Historic Tunnels is thought to be the final product that can emerge from this research project, together with the question of how it can be applied to other historic sites that have similar characteristics. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Student’s signature ………………………… Academic Year 2012 Independent Study Advisor’s signature ……………………… c Acknowledgement This thesis could not have been successfully completed without the valuable assistance of many people. Thus, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude for the cordial assistance of all those people. Firstly, I wish to convey my deep gratitude as well as appreciation to my thesis advisor, Assistance professor Dr.Pibul Jinawath, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in the research for, and writing of, this research project. I furthermore thank, Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng and Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri as the Examination committee and Dr.Jaray Suwannachart and Prof.Ross King, who gave me valuable suggestions and comments on this research and also encouraged me to go on with my research project. I also wish to acknowledgeกั ห andอส thankมุด everybodyกลา who constantly supported and gave me endless moral สsupportำน whenever I had difficulties.ง Without these people, this thesis would never have been concluded. d Table of contents Page Abstract ......................................................................................................................... c Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................... d Table of contents ........................................................................................................... e List of Figures ............................................................................................................... g List of Tables ................................................................................................................. l Chapter กั หอสมุดกลา 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................ำน ง 1 ส Background ................................................................................................. 1 Goals and objectives ................................................................................... 9 Scope and limitation of the study .............................................................. 10 Research methodology .............................................................................. 10 Sources of data .......................................................................................... 11 Process of the study .................................................................................. 12 2 Literature review .......................................................................................... 13 Cultural landscape ..................................................................................... 13 Whose heritage? ......................................................................................... 18 Cultural tourism ........................................................................................ 20 Dark tourism ............................................................................................. 22 Sustainable tourism ................................................................................... 23 Interpreting historic site ............................................................................ 25 The Communist ideology .......................................................................... 29 Case studies ............................................................................................... 32 3 Site Assessment .............................................................................................. 39 The original name of Namkang National Park .......................................... 39 The understanding of Namkang National Park .......................................... 41 Facilities and transportation ...................................................................... 43 The present situation of Namkang Historic Tunnel .................................. 48 The landscape of NK Mountain National Park and NK Historic Tunnel .. 54 e Page The assessment of Namkang Tunnel, Namkang National Park ................ 59 Namkang Tunnel at the Present day ......................................................... 84 The comparison of NK Historic Tunnel and Cu Chi Historic Tunnels ... 105 The universal timeline ............................................................................. 112 4 Implementation ........................................................................................... 115 Cultural landscape analysis ..................................................................... 115 Statement of significance ........................................................................ 116 The SWOT analysis of Namkang Historic Tunnel ................................. 118 Implementation strategies ....................................................................... 120 Heritage contestationกั ห managementอสมุด .........................................................กล 123 Future touristสำ นanalysis after the managementาง of historic site ................. 124 The Namkang Historic Tunnel cultural landscape management plan .... 126 Limit of growing ..................................................................................... 153 5 Discussion, conclusion and recommendation ............................................ 154 Reference .................................................................................................................. 157 Appendix