sign in sign up
<<
Home , Assos, Chryse (island), Labraunda, Magnesia on the Maeander, Priene, Smintheion

GRECO-ROMAN OF AEGEAN HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE

Henry Matthews EGE YAYINLARI

GRECO-ROMAN CITIES OF AEGEAN TURKEY HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE Henry Matthews

© 2014 Ege Yayınları & Henry Matthews ISBN 978-605-4701-41-4 Publisher Certificate No: 14641 All rights reserved.

Copyediting İnci Türkoğlu

Cover and Graphic Design Aydın Tibet

Front Cover: Temple, Back Cover: Trajan Temple,

Printing Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. 100. Yıl Mah. Matbaacılar Sit. 2. Cad. No: 202/A Bağcılar - / Türkiye Tel: +90 (212) 325 71 25 Fax: +90 (212) 325 61 99 Certificate No: 29487

Production and Distribution Zero Prodüksiyon Kitap-Yayın-Dağıtım San. Ltd. Şti. Abdullah Sokak, No: 17, Taksim, 34433 İstanbul/Türkiye Tel: +90 (212) 244 7521 Fax: +90 (212) 244 3209 E.mail: [email protected] www.zerobooksonline.com www.egeyayinlari.com TABLE OF CONTENTS

Author’s note ...... 7

Introduction...... 9

Chapters on cities in a north-south sequence

Troy...... 41

Alexandria Troas...... 59

Chryse (, Gülpınar)...... 63

Assos...... 67

Pergamon...... 81

Smyrna (Izmir)...... 111

The Çeşme Peninsula: & Clazomenae ...... 117

Sardis...... 125

Hierapolis...... 137

Laodicea on the Lycus...... 159

Aphrodisias ...... 175

Ephesus ...... 207

Magnesia on the Maeander ...... 255

Priene ...... 263

Miletus ...... 289

The Oracle and Temple of at ...... 319

Herakleia under Latmos ...... 329

Euromos ...... 335

Labraunda ...... 339

Halikarnassos ()...... 349

Travel, accommodation and food ...... 353

Glossary ...... 355

Credits ...... 360

Index...... 363

About the author...... 368 Folded endpaper: Chronological table & migration map

5 Smintheion

Pergamon

Smyrna Clazomenae Teos

Ephesus Laodikeia Priene Herakleia Euromos Didyma

Halikarnassos Author’s Note

I first became fascinated by the Greek cities of Turkey as an architec- ture student at Cambridge. I studied and lectured on Greek and Roman architecture for many years before I travelled to Aegean Turkey. Then, standing among the ruins, I found that I needed a much fuller understand- ing of the history of the region and the details of the sites. George Bean’s pioneering guide Aegean Turkey (1966) and Ekrem Agurgal’s Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey (1970) were valuable companions as I toured the cities. When I returned home, I studied many volumes produced by archaeologists and read articles on the most recent discoveries, but I felt compelled to write the guide I wished I had had with me on my first trips. My goal is to clarify the complex political and social history of the region and bring the architecture of twenty cities to life in as much detail as the reader can absorb while visiting. I could not have done so without the help of the authors mentioned above or the archaeologists whose years of expert work revealed the essential knowledge. They are too numerous to mention here but their works are listed in the Further Read- ing page at the end of this book. I thank many of them for permission to reproduce their drawings. I am grateful to Brian Johnson who first suggested that I write this guide as well as İnci Türkoğlu who introduced me to Ege Publishers, gave me valuable advice and edited the book. Finally I express gratitude to my wife Susan Noyes Platt for her patience during my absences in Turkey, her par- ticipation in some of my trips there, and for valuable editorial suggestions. Names of places and individuals in the classical world have been spelled in various ways by English speaking people; many Greek names ending in –os changed to –us in . I have chosen the version that appears to be the most common.

Henry Matthews, Seattle 2014

7 Temple of , designed in 220-205 BCE by the architect Hermogenes of Priene

116 INTRODUCTION THE ÇEME PENINSULA

The Çeşme peninsula projects westward into the Aegean between the Bay of Izmir and the Bay of Kuşadası. Today, with its sandy beaches, spas hotels, private villas and restaurants, it is the summer playground for Izmir. A highway carries visitors quickly to the busy resort of Çeşme, which lies at the western end, only a dozen kilometers from the Greek island of . In contrast, the ancient ruins at Clazomenae and Teos belong to another world. They occupy peaceful sites that provide a link to the days of the .

TEOS Teos was first settled during the tenth century BCE, in the Dark Age, by from Orchomenos, an important Bronze Age in Boetia, to the north of . The excellent town site between two harbours also attracted migrants from and other parts of . Spurred by the large capacity of its harbours, Teos developed important trade routes to many Mediterranean and Black Sea cities. By the seventh century, Teos became famous for its wool. In the sixth century BCE, it joined with other Hellenic cities in building a temple at Naukratis in Egypt, an indi- cation of its strong commercial interests there. Thales of Miletus, the father of Greek philosophy and a wise states- man suggested in the early sixth century BCE that Teos should be the political centre of the Panionion, the league of Ionian cities, but this advice was not taken. When the Persians invaded in 546 BCE, rather than defend their city, the Teians sailed to form a colony at Abdera in Thrace. This migration may have been partly motivated by the precious metals mined near there. However, before long, many of them returned and reoccupied Teos. The two cities maintained close political, religious and commercial relations and, in the sixth century, minted similar representing a griffin, the mythical creature associated with Dionysus.

117 By the time of the Ionian Revolt against Persia (499-493 BCE) the city had grown wealthy enough to provide seventeen ships for the Ionian fleet, which they lost in the fateful battle of Lade in 494. After ’s liberation of the Greek cities, and its acquisition by the Atta- lids of Pergamon, Teos thrived; its prosperity continued into the Roman era. African grey marble with spots of white and red quarried 3 km. northeast was exported to . Emperor Hadrian visited the city and ordered the rebuilding of the Temple of Dionysus in marble. In addition to success in trade and renown for its festival of Dionysus, Teos gained a reputation as a place of intellectual and literary pursuits. The epic poet, Antimachos, a contemporary of and Hesiod, lived there in the eighth century. Although his work was known in classical times, little has survived. The most famous Teian poet Anacreon (582- 485) wrote lyrical poetry well suited to this city of Dionysus. The themes of love, and the pleasures of life made his poetry popular. He went to Abdera with his compatriots but returned to Teos and was lured by , the tyrant of to provide entertainment at his court. He received the ultimate reward for his wit in 522 BCE when Hipparchos of Athens sent a fifty-oared galley to bear him gloriously to Athens where he remained for several years, before returning to spend his last years in Teos. A statue of him stood on the in Athens, and several coins minted in Teos depicted him with his lyre. The philosopher Protagoras (490–420 BCE) was born in Abdera but appears to have lived in Teos. named him as the original sophist. He is best known for making the revolutionary statements: “Man is the measure of all things”, and: “Concerning the gods, I am not able to know to a certainty whether they exist or whether they do not.” A century later, Nausiphanes a follower of the naturalistic system of Demokrates taught a number of pupils in Teos. The famous philosopher Epicurus (or Epikouros) traveled from Samos to study with him. Apparently Epicurus fell out with Nausiphanes, but nevertheless based his atomistic principles on his teaching. He rose to fame in Athens and generated a following throughout the classical world. Teos was also the home base in the early second century BCE of an association of Dionysian actors, poets, singers and musicians, who per- formed all over the region, until they quarreled with the city authorities

118 ÇEME PENINSULA and moved to Ephesus. They probably returned to Teos for the two prin- cipal festivals of Dionysus – the Dionysia and the Anthesteria – as well as the Heracleia in honour of and the , dedicated to .

Rediscovery and archaeology In 1763, the Society of Dilettanti, intending to produce a new volume of Antiquities of Ionia sent the architect R. P. Pullan to Teos to make drawings of the temple. A French team worked there from 1824 to 1825, followed by a series of Turkish archaeologists from Ankara. Since 2010 Musa Kadıoğlu from the Classical Archaeology Department at the Uni- versity of Ankara has been directing excavations and restoration on the site and has published a short guide to the site.

Visiting Teos Signposts from the small town of Seferihisar point the way to Sığacık and from there, through an intimate landscape of valonia oaks and small fields to Teos. Low hills slope down to the romantic ruins of the Temple of Dionysus, which lies in open space among ancient olive trees. The bases and lower shafts of several and a few fallen Ionic capitals convey its former beauty but few vestiges of this important city remain. The theatre and several other elements shown on the plan posted on the site are barely visible but the large was unearthed in 2011. The Temple of Dionysus, the largest in dedicated to the god, was designed in the late third century BCE by Hermogenes of Priene (ca. 220-190 BCE). He based his conception on the Temple of Athena Poli- as (ca. 350 BCE) in Priene, designed by the famous archi- tect Pytheos, but he applied his own system of propor- tion to it. The Roman archi- tect , who admired Hermogenes, described his aesthetic system as eustyle. Ionic capital from Temple of Dionysus

ÇEME PENINSULA 119 TO SIĞACIK TEOS SITE MAP

VISITORS’ ROUTE

CARRIAGE ROAD GYMNASIUM

ACROPOLIS CYCLING ROUTE

LONG TOUR THEATRE

MEDIUM TOUR

BOULEUTERION SHORT TOUR

TEMPLE OF DIONYSUS

CISTERN

SOUTH PORT

CHAPEL

AEGEAN SEA

According to Hermogenes, the space between the columns should ide- ally be two-and-a-quarter times the lower diameters, while the should be nine-and-a-half times its diameter. The architect created a spa- cious and elegant temple, by placing the six columns on the ends and the eleven on the sides far from the cella wall. This is an early work of Hermogenes, who went on to design the Temple of at Magnesia, to which Vitruvius and gave the highest accolades. Roman Emperor Hadrian commanded a radical restoration of the tem- ple, replacing the original limestone with marble exactly to the design of Hermogenes. The capitals we see today, though faithful copies, are actually Roman. Archaeologists have found none of the original blocks of the frieze, so they do not know whether the Romans made exact copies of them or

120 ÇEME PENINSULA A Section of the frieze showing the Roman copies of a Dionysiac Thiasos (the ecstatic retinue of the god) Izmir Archaeological Museum. made significant changes. Since Romans constantly made copies of Greek sculpture for their own use, the former alternative seems likely. Panels from the frieze on the entablature showing the thiasos can be seen in the Izmir Archaeological Museum. The temple was enclosed in a temenos with Doric stoas on the north and south sides and Ionic stoas to the east and west. To the east of the temple, you will come to the site of the Agora and a temple of unknown dedication, where nothing but foundations stand above ground. Northwest of there, is the recently excavated and well-preserved Bouleuterion arranged with sixteen rows of seats divided by stairways into four sections. An inscription dated to 200 BCE shows that musical and rhetorical performances took place there as well as political meetings. Continuing northwest, you will reach the sparse remains of the Theatre. The foundations of the stage building are visible, but almost all of the stones of the seats have been removed for construction elsewhere. Above the theatre, continu- ing in the same direction, you can climb up to the Acropolis where a level stone platform has been exposed. A temple on an east-west axis, probably dedicated to Zeus Kapitolios, dominated the city from here. The Gymnasium, a short distance to the northeast­ of the Acropolis, has not been exca- vated, but an inscription carved The Bouleuterion

ÇEME PENINSULA 121 in the second century BCE refers to the philanthropy of a citizen named Poly- thros, who contributed to the salaries of teachers. It states that: “Girls and boys attending the Teos Gym- nasium were taught read- ing, writing and literature by three different teachers, who were paid an annual The Theatre salary of 500-600 drachms. The music teacher was paid 700 drachms annually and two sports teachers were paid 500 drachms each.” South of the Temple of Dionysus is a large Roman Cistern built with stone arches and vaults, and lined with stucco. Continuing southeast of the cistern, you will come to the Southern Port. Most of the huge blocks of stone that reinforced it have been covered in sand, but some are visible in the water. At the southern end are the lower walls of a small chapel with double naves and apses. Its history is unknown.

CLAZOMENAE Clazomenae (or ) was settled after the Dorian invasion, probably by Greeks from the Peloponnese. It was an early member of the Ionian League. This was at first founded on the mainland but for fear of the Persians, its inhab- itants moved to an offshore island from which they later returned. For a while Clazom- enae was split between the two locations. At the order of Alex- ander the Great, the island was connected by a causeway that still exists.

Painted terracotta sarcophagi, sixth century BCE This city was the birthplace (Izmir Archaeological Museum) of the pre-Socratic philosopher

122 ÇEME PENINSULA (L) Reconstruction of an olive press and a well (R) An olive press recreated on the basis of archaeological evidence.

Anaxagoras, the first to take Ionian philosophy to Athens where Socrates was his pupil. He postulated a more complex order in the universe than his Milesian forerunners Thales and Anaximenes, and made significant scientific discoveries. Almost nothing remains of the architecture at Clazomenae, beyond some foundations and a single Corinthian capital but a large number of painted sarcophagi were produced here. Some striking examples from the sixth century BCE are on view in the Izmir Archaeological Museum. A connection has been made between these lively artifacts and Greek black figure vase painting of the same era. For those interested in the production of olive oil, a commodity of immense importance in the region since the Bronze Age, Clazomenae has something unique to offer. Elements from an olive press dating from the sixth century have been unearthed here that allowed archaeologists from Ege University to understand the process and to reconstruct a press of the same type. It involves both vertical grinding wheels and horizontal presses. This is the only surviving example of an olive press of this type; it is two centuries older than any other olive press in the Greek world. With support from a Turkish producer of olive oil and a German company producing natural building materials, the team has also recre- ated buildings based on evidence of local vernacular structures. The tra- ditional method of extracting and purifying the oil is explained in clear diagrams. Rows of newly made amphorae of the type used to store oil are on show.

ÇEME PENINSULA 123 CREDITS

All photographs are by the author, except where noted below: Bingöl, Orhan: 261B Boratav, Ahmet: 74, 259T DAI (German Archaeological Institute): 82 (Head of Attalos I, from Pergamon Panorama p.123), 86L (L. C. Humann and R. Bohn in the Sanctuary of Athena (DAI) from Pergamon Panorama p.36 Abb. 1, Antikensammlung SMB Archiv), 91TR,BL, 98 (The Sanctuary of , computer restoration (DAI) from Pergamon Panorama p.77 Abb. 4. Branden- burgisches Technische Universität, Cottbus. Lehrstuhl Darstellungslehre D. Langyel and C. Toulouse, 307L (Reconstruction dwg. of Delphinion), 309L (Plan of Capito Baths). Glock, Wolfgang: 330 Greene, Rhonda: 106R, 107L,R Osseman, Dick: 130L, 307R, 342L,R, 343, Rasmussen, Carl: 169R Russo, Peter: 106L, 108R Stevens, Gerald L.: 171L,R, 172L Türkoğlu, İnci: 121TL,TR, 122B, 174, 186L,R, 187L,R, 251, 334, 337, 348, 352 Wilson, Mark: 83R, 287R p.125: Lydian electrum trite c.600 BCE http://oldestcoins.reidgold.com/article.html p.126: http://www.welcometohosanna.com/ Maps and drawings are taken from: Migration map and map of central Miletus (p.302), drawn by Mike Derry. p.6 Map showing the sites presented in the book: Ege Yayınları.

Introduction: p.29 Orders of architecture, from the Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms, 1995, p.137. p.33L: public domain p.33R: The Temple Athena Polias at Priene (H. Schleif) from F. Rumscheid, Priene, Pom- peii of Minor, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 1998, p.118. p.37 (Sardis, bath complex plan) fig. 264, 133 (Sardis, bath complex reconstruction) fig. 203, 314TR (Faustina plan) fig. 278, 315TL (reconstruction of frigidarium) fig. 283: from Fikret Yegül, Baths and Bathing in the Roman World, [courtesy of the Turkish edition by Homer, Istanbul, 2006] Troy: p.40, 50, 53BL: Troy II & VI reconstructions: Christopher Haußner. p.47: The “Great Treasure” (H. Schliemann, Ilios, 1880, p.14); p.56 Map of Troy, from M. O. Korfmann, Troia/Willusa, Guidebook, Tübingen-Troia Foundation, Çanakkale, 2005.

360 Alexandria Troas: p.61: Map, from E. Schwertheim, “Alexandria Troas”, Byzas 3, Abb.1. : p.62, 64T,B, 65T,B: A. C. Özgünel, Smintheion. Apollon Smintheus’un İzinde, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 2013, p. 16, 35, 37, 56, 98. Assos: p.73: Map of Assos, from N. Arslan & B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, Assos, An archaeological guide, Homer, Istanbul, 2010 (Courtesy of Homer Publishers). p.77: Reconstruction of Agora by J. T. Clarke, F. Bacon and R. Koldewey, Report on the Investigations at Assos, 1881. Pergamon: p.88: Map & p.106: plan of Asklepion, from Bayraktar, Pergamon, 1996, back cover and p. 85 respectively. p.96: Plan of the Palace of Eumenes II, from R. Dreyfuss, Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Fine Arts Museum, San Francisco. p.103: Sanctuary of Egyptian gods from H. Koster, Pergamon, Citadel of the Gods, p.106: The Red Hall in Pergamon, fig. 1, K. Nohlen, University of Applied Science, Wiesbaden. Teos: p.120: Map, from M. Kadıoğlu, Teos Guide Book, 2012, p.2 (courtesy of M. Kadıoğlu). Hierapolis: From F. D’Andria, Hierapolis of (Pamukkale): An Archaeological Guide, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 20102: p.140: Map by P. Verzone and F. Baratti, p.44; p.145BL,BR: Reconstruction of the Agora and a detail of the , by R. Rachini, p.99, 100; p.147R: Reconstruction of the Nymphaeum of the Tritons by F. Ghio and L. Campagna, p.121; p.148T: Cathedral, plan and section, from Hierapolis 1987; p.149R: Reconstruction of the Temple Nymphaeum by D. De Bernardo Ferrera, p.133; p.153B: Italian Mission info board; p.154R: from p.186. : p.166-167: Map by Laodicea excavation team, from C. Şimşek, Laodikeia, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.56-57. p.158, 159, 164, 165, 168, 169L, 173TR, 173BR: C. Şimşek, Antik Kent Laodikeia, Denizli 2012; C. Şimşek, Laodikeia (Laodicea ad Lycum), Laodikeia Çalışmaları 2, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2013 (with kind permission by C. Şimşek) Aphrodisias: p.180: Map & p.182 city centre, p.185R: Plan of the Sebasteion by New York University website, http://www.nyu.edu/projects/aphrodisias/ p.197L: Frons Scenae (Stage building) of the Bouleuterion restored, drawing by L. Bier, from Aphrodisias Papers 4 p.153 fig 13. fig. 6, with permission from Journal of Roman Archaeology. Ephesus: From P. Scherrer (ed.), Ephesus, the New Guide, Istanbul, 2000: pp.216-17: general map and pp. 220, 228, 242: detailed maps of districts; p.219T: Hellenistic temple of Artemis, p.53; p.221R: East Gymnasium and Baths (F. Miltner), p.71; p.229BR: Trajan’s Fountain, reconstruction (Pellionis 1963), p.117; p.239R: reconstruction (Niemann), p.133. p.215: The archaic temple of Artemis, plan A.E. Henderson, 1915.

361 p.219BL,BR: . p.234: Plan of Terrace Houses, from S. Ladstätter, Das Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos. Ein Archaeologischer Führer, Ege Yayınları, 2012, fig. 51. p.239L: Celsus Library Plan from Ward Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture, Pelican History of Art, 1981, fig. 188. p.240L: Hall of Nero and Circular Monument (drawing F. Huber) OAI (Austrian Archaeo- logical Institute). p.244L: Arcadian Street reconstruction by G. Niemann. OAI. p.249: Vedius Gymnasium, reconstructed bird’s eye view, from N. Zimmermann, S. Lad- stätter, Wall Painting in Ephesus, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 2011, fig.44. p.252: Church of St. John, from R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architec- ture, Pelican History of Art 1965, fig.68. Magnesia on the Meander: p.257: Temple of Artemis Leucophryene, designed by Hermogenes, ca.150 BCE, elevation and plan, from M. Şahin, Hermogenes, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 2002, Çiz. 1 and Res. 1. p.258: Site plan, from O. Bingöl, Magnesia on the Meander, an archaeological guide, Hom- er, Istanbul, 2007. Priene: From F. Rumscheid, Priene: A Guide to the of Asia Minor, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 1998: p.266: Reconstruction of a fountain, fig.88; p.269: Reconstruction of Hellenistic Priene by A. Zippelius (1908), fig.20; p.270: Map, fig. 18; p.271: Plan of Athena Sanctu- ary (by W. Müller-Wiener) fig.90; p.274: Statue of Athena, fig.101; p.275: Altar, fig. 95; p.276L: Plan of Agora, fig.55; p.277L: reconstructed view, fig.56; p.280L: reconstruction of bouleuterion, fig.40; p.286R: courtyard house (Th. Wiegand), fig.130. p.265: minted in Priene c.290-250 BCE (www.asiaminorcoins.com). Miletus: p.290: Map of Miletus, from V. von Graeve, “Milet”, Byzas 3, 2006, 257 Abb.8. Didyma: p.323: The Hellenistic Didymaion, plan and section, from A.W. Lawrence, Greek Architec- ture, revised by R. A. Tomlinson, Yale University Press 1996 p154 figs. 240-241. p.324: E. Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey, Istanbul, 19907, fig. 85 Euromos: p.336: Temple of Zeus, engraving from Choiseul-Gouffier, Voyage pittoresque dans l’Empire Ottomane, 1842. Labraunda: From P. Hellström, Labraunda, A Guide to the Karian Sanctuary of Zeus Labraundos, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 2007: p.342: Plan, p.48; p.343L: Reconstruction of Andron B, by T. Thieme and F. Lövenberg, p.86; p.345L: Plan and elevation of Andron A, by T. Thieme, p.126; p.346: plan and elevation of Temple of Zeus, by T. Thieme, p.112. Halikarnassos: p.349L: Mausoleum of 353 BCE, Reconstruction British Museum, drawn by Susan Bird after G.B. Waywell. p.350BR: Plan, St. Peter’s Castle, by A. Mauri and W. Müller-Wiener.

Byzas 3: W. Radt (ed.), Stadtgrabungen und Stadtforschung im westlichen Kleinasien, DAI Istanbul, Istanbul 2006.

362 INDEX

Aeneas 9, 46, 55, 187 Didyma 26, 127, 301, 319-327 Smyrna 112, 114 Abdera 117, 118 Hierapolis 137, 138, 149, Troy 53, 54, 55 Achilles 21, 41-46, 54, 63, 186 150-151 Athens 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, Achaeans 14, 43-45 97, 98, 19, 20, 21, 27, 36, 48, 59, 67, Aeolis, Aeolians 10, 14, 15, 17, Aqueduct 38, 59, 144, 147, 161, 68, 73, 74, 77, 82, 83, 89, 91, 20, 67, 111, 294 162, 225, 227, 251, 266, 309, 311 105, 113, 117, 118, 123, 179, Aeolian League 15, 16, 111 Arcadian Street 244 208, 213, 218, 231, 268, 274, Agamemnon 41, 43-44, 48, 63 Ardys 126, 264, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297 Agrippina 68 10, 21, 22, 67-69, 75, Athenian Empire 19 Ajax 45 78, 179, 266, 293, 295 Augustus, emperor 10, 24, 25, 20, 296 Arsinoë 211, 233 55, 59, 85, 89, 92, 128, 161, Alexander the Great 16, 20-22, Artaxerxes 179, 255, 349 162, 184, 185, 204, 210, 211, 46, 59, 68, 81, 101, 112, 118, Artemis, Temple of 222, 223, 240, 267, 275, 305 122, 127, 129, 177, 209, 218, Ephesus 126, 198, 207, 212, Basilica 37 256, 267, 296, 320, 331 213, 214-220, 226, 242, 248, Aphrodisias 181, 183, 190, Alexander of Aphrodisias 179 249, 251, 274, 323 192, 193-194, 197, 199 Alexandria (Egypt) 23, 29, 36, Magnesia 120, 257-260, Ephesus 212, 222-223, 227, 82, 83, 93, 105, 161, 237 Sardis 129-130 240 Alexandria Troas 59-61, 63, 69, Artemisia, Queen 266, 345, 349- Hierapolis 139, 145, 146, 172 354 351 Laodicea 164 Alyattes 112, 126, 129, 255, Asklepion 356 Magnesia 256, 260-261 264, 294 105 Pergamon 86 Anaxagoras 123 Miletus 312 Smyrna 114 Anaximander 293 Pergamon 86, 105-109 Baths 24, 32, 37, 38 Anaximenes 123, 293 Asklepios, temple in Pergamon 98 Alexandria Troas 59, 60 Anchises 46, 187 Assos 67-79, 10, 23, 59, 82, 354 Aphrodisias 179, 183, 191- Androklos 208, 230-231 Ayasoluk Hill 207, 212, 213, 251 192, 194 Anthemius of Tralles 27, 297 Attalid dynasty 23, 82, 84, 87, Assos 70 Antigonus 23, 59, 81, 112, 297 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 112, 118, Chryse 64 Antimachos 118 179, 256, 297 Ephesus 221, 224, 225, 230, Antiochus I 82 Attalos I 23, 68, 82, 87, 95, 96, 98 232, 240, 245-246, Antiochus III 83-84 Stoa of Attalos (Athens) 77, 83 Hierapolis 139, 142, 147, 155 Antipater of Sidon 219 Attalos II 84, 97, 267 Labraunda 347 Antoninus Pius 249 Attalos III 24, 68, 84, 128, 160, Laodicea 170, 171, 281 210, 297 Miletus 300, 306, 308, 309, Aphrodisias 11-12, 28, 35, 37, Athena, Temple of 313-315 163, 165, 175-205, 208, 224, 327 Assos 12, 73-75 Pergamon 96, 99-100, 108 Temple in Aphrodisias Herakleia u. Latmos 332-333 Sardis 132-133 178, 179, 183, 185, 198-200, 201 Miletus 300, 316 Bellerophon 187, 194, Apocalypse 85 Pergamon 91-92 , see also Pergamon 86, Apollo, Temple of Priene 33, 119, 271-276, 278, 97, 108, 109 Chryse 63, 65 345 Beys of Menteshe 298, 316

363 264 Chryseis 44, 63 Demeter, Sanctuary of 81, 86 Black Sea 10, 16, 19, 20, 24, 49, Church 25, 26, 27, 65, 69, 85, Pergamon 97-98 81, 117, 264, 291, 292, 296, 299 113, 256, 321, 331, 340, 341, Priene 270, 282-284 Blegen, Carl 48 344, 347 Demosthenes 20 Bodrum 10, 15, 339, 344, 349- Assos 78 Democracy 9, 18, 20, 22, 312 351, 353 Aphrodisias 178, 194, 197, Didyma 11, 25, 26, 127, 264, Book of Revelation 25, 85, 113, 199, 200 297, 301, 307, 319-327 128 Ephesus 212, 213, 221, 246- Diocletian, emperor 26, 169, 231, Branchidae 317, 319-321 248, 250, 252-253 321 Boule 16, 34-35, 77, 129, 224, 279 Hierapolis 142, 144, 147, Diadochi 22, 68, 81, 160, 297 Bouleuterion 23, 32, 33, 34-35, 148, 149 Dionysus, Temple of 37, 356 Laodicea 162, 164, 173 Miletus 308, 310 Assos 67, 68, 77 Miletus 297, 310-311, 316 Pergamon 85, 89-90, 98 Aphrodisias 195-196 Pergamon 104 Teos 119-120, 257 Ephesus 223 Priene 267, 280-281 Domitian, emperor 143, 245 Herakleia 333 Sardis 128, 130, 131 Temple of, Ephesus 225-227, Laodicea 170 Choiseul Gouffier, Comte de 69, 240 Miletus 301, 311-312 337 Dorians 14, 15, 264 Priene 268, 276, 277, 279-280 12, 126, 208, 255, Ecclesia 23 Teos 119, 121 264 Ecclesiasterion 33 Bronze Age 11, 13, 14, 41, 42, Cicero 161 Egyptian Gods, Sanctuary of 241 45, 49, 52, 54, 63, 111, 117, Claudius, emperor 128, 185, Pergamon 85, 86, 102-104 123, 156, 194, 207, 221, 263, 186, 188, 308 Priene 281 289, 317, 341, 351 Clazomenae 16, 122-123 Endymion 329, 333 Bryseis 44 Cleopatra 93, 211, 233, 305 16 18, 24, 26, 46, 59, 16, 111, 210 Eritrea 18, 81, 292 291, 292 Constantine I, emperor 26, 46, Ephesus 11, 12, 16, 18, 25, 27, Caligula, emperor 68, 185, 321, 59, 69, 85, 130, 163, 173, 211, 29, 35, 36, 38, 39, 81, 85, 107 326, 327 252, 297 112, 113, 126, 142, 146, 148, Callimachus 36 Constantinople 26, 27, 59, 69, 159, 160, 162, 165, 175, 189, Capito, Vergilius 308-309 154, 165, 212, 213, 252, 267, 193, 198, 207-253, 255, 256, Caracalla, emperor 55, 85, 90, 292, 298, 337 259, 267, 310, 319, 323, 330 106, 132, 153, 170, 173 Croesus 17, 126-127, 132, 209, Epicurus 118 , Carians 15, 83, 175, 178, 218, 255, 264, 294, 319, 320 Epigonos 92 189, 190, 197, 202, 207, 265, Çukuriçi Höyük 207, 221 15, 18, 292 266, 291, 330, 333, 339, 341, 27, 112, 125, 131, 135, Eubolos 67, 68 349 151, 208 209, 255, 274, 287 Eumenes I 82 Carian Way 342 18 Eumenes II 82-84, 87, 89, 90, Çeşme Peninsula 117-124, 354 Cyrus, Persian king 20, 127, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, Chalkedon 291, 292 131, 209, 264 102, 128, 137, 138, 210, 256 Chariton of Aphrodisias 179 Daphnis of Miletus 323 Euromos 335-337, 340 Chersiphron of Knossos 215 Darius I, Persian king 11, 127, Faustina, empress 32, 38, 113, Chiron 105 294, 296, 339, 349 114, 130, 300, 313-315 Christians 9, 25, 26, 69, 85, 93, Darius III, Persian king 320 Fortress, Byzantine 104, 129, 154, 162, 163, 170, Dark Age 14-15, 16, 54, 67, 81, Ephesus 251 175, 194, 199, 211, 212, 222, 117, 264, 291, Miletus 298 223, 226, 232, 237, 244, 247, 16, 19 Priene 267, 278 251, 267, 280, 321, 356 19, 67, 112, 255, Frontinus, Sextus Julius 139, 143, Christianity 25-26, 60, 69, 128, 296, 330 146, 149 130, 138, 162, 163, 169, 173, Delphi 10, 11, 17, 82, 127, 202, , 12, 23, 68, 178, 211, 231, 247, 297, 310, 231, 264, 275, 319, 320 82, 83, 89 321, 344 Delphinion 300, 301, 306-307, Galen 10, 105, 106, 161, 211 Chryse 44, 60, 63-65 321 Ganymede 170

364 Gate, monumental/city Hector 41, 44, 45, 74 Ishtar 27, 71, 175 Aphrodisias 185, 192, 193, Hecuba 41, 42 Isidorus of Miletus 27, 297 199, 200-201, 202, 203 Hekatomnos 339, 343, 349 24, 25, 69, 134, 162, Assos 71, 72, 77 Helen of Troy 28, 41, 43, 44, 47 212 Ephesus 211, 213, 214, 220, 104, 177, 239 Jupiter, see also Zeus 28, 69, 150 221, 225, 228, 236, 237, 241, , Sanctuary of, Pergamon 97 Jews, Jewish, Judaism 25-26, 244, 250, 251 Herakleia (u. Latmos) 329-333 128-129, 133, 138, 160, 162- Hierapolis 139, 142, 143, 144, Herakleitos () 209 163, 170, 267, 287, 306 146 Hercules (Heracles) 74, 81, 89, John, St. 25, 27, 85, 104, 113, Labraunda 343, 345 100, 119, 125, 170, 187, 198, 128, 142, 148, 154, 162, 212, Laodicea 160, 163, 164, 165, 228, 274 213, 214, 251, 252-253 173 Hermos (River Gediz) 111, 125, Judea 24, 25 Miletus 295, 298, 300, 308, 129 Julius Caesar 25, 93, 177, 178, 310 Heroon 111 184, 187, 204, 211, 222 Pergamon 83, 102, 107 Miletus 304, 313 Justinian, emperor 27, 89, 149, Priene 270, 284, 287 Pergamon 86, 87 155, 212, 213, 244, 251, 252, Smyrna 113 Hermeias 67, 68 298 Troy 50, 52, 53, 55, 57 223, 279 Kadmos (Mount Honaz) 12, 141, Germanicus 68 Hermogenes 64, 119, 120, 198, 165 274 257, 259, 260 Kaystros (River Küçük Menderes) Geta 132, 153 Herodes Atticus 59, 60 95, 207, 212 Gladiator(s) 105, 109, 171, 188, 10, 18, 125, 126, 219, Kallinos 208, 209 189, 248 291, 296, 319, 339, 340, 349 Kanachos of Sikyon 319 Gold, production, Sardis 17, 125, Hierapolis 83, 137-157, 159, 162, Klaros (oracle) 112 126, 131 163, 165, 173 349 Gongylos 81, 95 Hippodamus, Hippodamian 32, Kodros, king of Athens 208, 231, 126 138, 159, 235, 266, 295, 331 291 Granicus, Battle of 22, 46, 81, Hittites 12, 45, 49, 289, 291, 330 Koressos (Mount Bülbül) 210, 210, 296 Homer 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 28, 221, 235, 241, 243, 250, 253 Greco-Persian Wars 16-22 41-45, 46, 57, 63, 67, 111, 118, Labraunda 272, 339-347 Gyges 112, 126, 129, 255, 264, 125, 208, 209, 227, 261, 264 Lade, Battle of 18, 118, 265, 294 294 House(s) 23, 35, 38-39, 42, 47, Latmos, Gulf of 299, 306, Gymnasium 23, 32, 35, 49, 50, 51, 53, 96, 97, 101, 102, Latmos (Mt Beşparmak) 329, 330 Assos 78 111, 112, 131, 132, 151, 180, 200 Latrines 144, 232, 249, 261 Ephesus 221, 244, 249-250 Terrace Houses in Ephesus Lelegians 67, 208 Miletus 309 233-236 10, 12, 67, 68, 75 Pergamon 83, 99-100 Priene 268, 285-287 Leto, Juno 150, 208 Priene 270, 280, 284-285 Humann, Carl 85, 139, 256, 268 Library 36-37, 128 Sardis 132-133 Hygeia 108 Alexandria 83, Teos 121-122 Idreus 272, 339, 345, 346 Ephesus 193, 211, 214, 236- 27, 98, 137, 151 Iliad 11, 14, 22, 28, 41, 42-45, 239 Hadrian, emperor 24, 55, 59, 46, 63, 125 Pergamon 82, 83, 93, 107 85, 94, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, Ionia, 10, 15, 16, 17, Linear A 289 108, 118, 120, 138, 161, 170, 18-35, 111, 117, 119, 123, 126, Linear B 341 179, 183, 192, 199, 212, 245, 127, 129, 179, 208, 209, 231, , 12, 17, 18, 67, 310, 321, 335 255, 264, 265, 266, 268, 289, 112, 125-129, 131, 138, 209, Baths of, Aphrodisias 194, 203 291, 292, 294, 296, 297, 306, 255, 264, 294, 319 Temple of, Ephesus 230-231, 307, 319, 330, 332 Lysander 20 248 Ionian Revolt 17-18, 118, 294 Lysimachus 21, 23, 59, 60, 81, Gate of, Ephesus 236, Ionian League 15-16, 117, 122, 112, 210, 240, 250, 297 Halikarnassos 10, 15, 266, 272, 208, 255, 264, 265, 349 Macedon, Macedonians 12, 14, 273, 274, 330, 335, 339, 345, Iphigenia 43 20-24, 68, 82, 83, 177, 209, 218, 349-351 , Battle of 23, 59, 81 297, 313

365 Maeander (River Büyük Men- Nestorius 212 Pergamon 10, 11, 12, 16, 23, 24, deres) 137, 159, 160, 175, 177, Nicea (council of) 69, 163, 297 29, 36, 48, 68, 77, 81-109, 112, 255, 256, 261, 263, 265, 298, Nymphaeum 38 118, 128, 130, 137, 160, 161, 306, 331 Ephesus 225, 229-230 179, 210, 211, 237, 256, 260, Magnesia-on-the-Maeander 198, Hierapolis 138, 146, 149 267, 275, 284, 297, 298, 310, 335 255-261 Laodicea 169, 170, 173 98, 283 Magnesia, Battle of 84, 210, 256 Miletus 309-310 Persia, Persian Empire, Persians 135 188, 197, 201, 228, 274 11-22, 46, 67, 68, 81, 89, 117, Marathon, Battle of 18, 255 Odeon 97, 170, 118, 122, 127, 131, 137, 138, Mark Antony 93, 211 Aphrodisias (bouleuterion) 209, 210, 218, 255, 264, 265, Maussollos 266, 272, 330, 335, 195-196 266, 289, 292, 294, 295, 296, 339, 343, 345, 349-351 Ephesus 223-224 297, 316, 320, 339, 349 Mausoleum 155, 237, 266, 273, Troy 55 Philetairos 81, 82, 91, 92, 95, 97 274, 339, 345, 350 Odysseus, 28, 41, 43, Philip II 21, 209 Megaron 33, 50, 57, 290 44, 45, 63, 213, 227, 261 Philip V 82 Meles (river) 111, 112 Olive Press 104, 123 Philosophy, Philosophers 9, 10, Melpomene 188 Olympian Gods 11, 25-29, 89, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 35, 59, Martyrion, St Philip, Hierapolis 178, 209, 231 68, 82, 83, 105, 117, 118, 122, 154-155 Olympias 21 123, 126, 157, 161, 179, 198, Memmius Monument 227-228 Olympic Games 10, 35, 68, 202 200, 203, 209, 266, 293, 295 Memnon 45 Ottoman(s) 27, 60, 69, 70, 85, Philip (apostle) 138, 154 Men (moon god) 161 104, 114, 135, 213, 253, 256, Philip St. 154 Menelaus 41, 43, 44 298, 316, 337, 351 Phrygia, Phrygians 126, 128, Mithridates VI, Pontic king 84, Paeonius of Ephesus 323 137, 138, 149, 160, 161, 194 177, 210, 211, 228, 267 Pagos (Mt Kadifekale) 111, 112 Pion (Mount Panayır) 210, 221, Milan, Edict of 26 Palace 33, 41, 42, 50, 52, 60, 68, 225, 232, 242, 250 Miletus 10-23, 29, 32, 35, 38, 39, 95, 232, 289, 290, 304, 331, 349 Pionius, St. 113 112, 115, 127, 146, 179, 189, Bishop’s – Aphrodisias 195, 218, 347, 350 193, 195, 229, 256, 265, 267, 196-197 , Plutonium 151 289-317, 320-327, 330, 331 Bishop’s – Miletus 311 Pollio C. Sextilius 225, 227 Minerva 28 of Attalid kings, Pergamon 96 Polyphemus 227 , Minoans 12, 14, 207, Palaestra 32, 35, 38, 78, 99, 132, 27, 28, 114, 265 289, 290, 317, 341 133, 191, 194, 221, 225, 244, Ptolemy I, king 21, 29, 313 Mosque 60, 135 245, 246, 249, 280, 284, 306, Ptolemy II, king 36, 82, 160 Assos 69 308, 309, 313, 315 Ptolemy V, king 93 Ephesus/Selçuk 253 Palestine 128, 161 Praxiteles 65, 218 Miletus 316 Palmatus, Flavius 190 Priene 11, 12, 16, 25, 32, 35, 38, (mount) 19, 263, 265, 296 Pamukkale, see also Hierapolis 39, 64, 89, 119, 126, 139, 256, 16 137, 139, 159, 164, 251 257, 263-287, 295, 306, 345, Myceneans 11, 12, 14, 27, 33, Panionic League 112 Pythagoras 10, 266 50, 115, 125, 207, 290, 291, Panionion 265 Prytanaeum 19, 33, 34-35 316, 317 Parchment 36, 83, 93 Ephesus 223 Muslim(s) 27, 85, 212, 250, 298, , Trojan prince 41-45 Pergamon 97 324, 331 25 Priene 276 Naukratis 117, 215 274 Pytheos 119, 266, 271-275, 278, Necropolis 333 Pax Romana 10, 24, 220, 297 345, 350, 351 Assos 76-77 Paul, St. 25, 60, 69, 138, 162, Revett, Nicholas 268, 331 Hierapolis 141-142 211, 213, 243, 250, 297 10, 15, 241, 295, 351 Neleus 291, 321 Pegasus 187, 194 Roma (goddess) 112, 222, Nero, emperor 26, 138, 145, 185, Peloponnese 15, 122, 125, 329 Roman 68, 84 188, 212, 223, 239, 242, 248 Peloponnesian War 16, 19-20, Roman Province of Asia 11, 25, 128, 162 81, 296 59, 85, 113, 178, 190, 210, 247, Neptune 28 Penthesilea 186 256

366 Romulus 187 , historian 161 Zeus 11, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 43, Salamis, Battle of 18, 255 Tantalos 125 45, 74, 92, 96, 101, 107, 112, Salbakos (Mt Baba) 12, 178, 198 Telephos 81, 89 114, 119, 121, 160, 169, 170, Samos 10, 16, 118, 215, 323 Teos 16, 64, 115, 117-122, 198, 185, 187, 194, 208, 248, 268, Sardis 18, 22, 25, 81, 112, 125- 210, 257, 272, 274, 320, 329, 339, 349 135, 137, 160, 177, 255, 264, 319 Terpsichore 314 altar of, Pergamon 81, 83, 85, (s) 17, 18, 20, 127, 209, Texier, Charles 70, 138, 179 87-89, 96, 109, 130, 275 255, 264, 265, 266, 294, 339, 349 Thales 10, 117, 123, 126, 209, temple of, Euromos 335-337 (river) 42, 49 293 Labraunda 345-346, 347 Schliemann, Heinrich 46-48, 51, 219 Magnesia 260 57, 213 Thebes, Thebans 12, 22, 117, 264 Priene 278 Scipio, Publius 143 Theodosius I 26, 138, 146, 163, Zoilos, C. Julius 178, 188, 204- and Charibdis 261 211, 231, 240, 241, 244, 250, 205 150, 177, 329 321 Seleucus I 23, 81, 127, 160, 256, Theodosius II 165, 199 297, 320 Themistokles 255 Seleucid 82, 83, 84, 137, 138, Thermopylae, Battle of 18, 84 177, 210, 297 Thesmophoria 98, 284 Seljuks 27, 69, 163, 178, 213, Thessaly 14 251, 253, 298, 321 Thucydides 16 Septimus Severus emperor 132, Tiberius, emperor 128, 177, 185, 153 192, 193, 194 29, 104, 241, 281, 313 Timothy 211 Seven Churches of Asia 85, 113, Trajan, emperor 24, 85, 89, 237, 128, 162 310 Seven Sleepers Cave, Ephesus 250 temple in Pergamon 94-96 Slaves, Slavery 10, 12, 13, 16, fountain in Ephesus 229-230 18, 22, 23, 36, 67, 84, 178, 204, 11, 14, 16, 41-48, 211, 232, 239, 250, 264, 287, 51, 53, 64, 74, 186 294, 295, 320 Troy 9, 11, 14, 15, 22, 28, 39, Sinope 291 41-57, 59, 60, 114, 187, 213, Skopas 65, 218, 350 296 Smyrna 10, 15, 109, 111-115, Tyche 170, 231 126, 213, 268 Uluburun shipwreck 351 Society of Dilettanti 119, 298, Uranos 177 336, 340 Venus 28, 177, 187 Socrates 123, 209 Vespasian, emperor 220, 227 Sparta 14-20, 41, 43, 53, 81, Virgil 45, 187 291, 296 Virgin Mary 25, 212, 344 Stadium (-a) 28, 35, 61, 99, 109, Church of, Ephesus 246-248 112, 113, 131, 161, 164, 171, House of, Ephesus 253 183, 201, 203, 248, 249, 251, Vitruvius 119, 120, 257, 272, 255, 256, 261, 270, 277, 284, 323 285, 289, 300, 315, 316, 322 Water supply 37 Strabo 63, 65, 111, 120, 151, Laodicea 161, 163, 171 207, 257, 264, 295, 340, 346 Pergamon 95 Stark, Freya 332, 333 Priene 266 Stuart, James 268 Women (in Greek society) 23, Susa 17, 127, 137, 294 28, 39, 44, 98, 147, 286 Sybaris 292, 296 Wiegand, Theodor 38, 86, 268, Synagogue 25, 128, 129, 132, 298, 310, 321, 331 133-135, 163, 267, 268, 287, 306 Wood, John Turtle 213, 220 Syracuse 20, 179 Xenophon 81

367 About the Author Henry Matthews, born in England and educated at Cambridge University, is an architectural historian. He has practiced architecture and taught at universities on both sides of the Atlantic. His numerous books and articles cover topics from Islam- ic design in Turkey to the Modern Move- ment in America. A passionate traveler, he has led cultural tours in several coun- tries. His recent publication Mosques of Istanbul (Scala 2010) reveals his interest in placing buildings in their social and his- torical context and bringing them to life for tourists. Readers are invited to enter his website where they will find addition- al photographs and information as well as recent discoveries in Aegean Turkey. http://henrymatthews.com

368 Further Reading Books for general topics

E. Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey, Istanbul 1970 revised 2002 G. Bean, Aegean Turkey. An Archaeological Guide, New York (out of print) S. Lloyd, Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History, Berkeley 1989 B. McDonagh, Blue Guide, Turkey The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts, London 1989 J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas, London 1973 J. M. Cook, The Greeks in Ionia and the East, London 1962 J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire, London 1983 A. M Greaves, The Land of Ionia: Society and Economy in the Archaic Era, Wiley Blackwell, 2010 Herodotus, The Histories A. W. Lawrence, Greek Architecture, Pelican History of Art, revised by R. A. Tomlinson, 1996 R. Martienssen, The Idea of Space in Greek Architecture, Witwatersrand 1956 D. Parrish, ed. Urbanism in Western Asia Minor: New Studies on Aphrodisias, Ephesos, etc. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2001 D. S. Robertson, A Handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture, Cambridge 1964 G. McLean Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness, New York 2004 R. R. R. Smith, Hellenistic Sculpture, Thames and Hudson, 1991 F. Stark, Ionia, A Quest, London 1954 Strabo, The Geography, Book XIII P. A. Webb, Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture, University of Wisconsin Press 1996 R. Wallace, The Three Worlds of Paul of , New York 1998 R. E. Wycherley, How the Greeks Built their Cities, New York 1962 F. Yegül, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity, MIT 1992 B. Strauss, The Trojan War, New York 2007 M. Wilson, Biblical Turkey, A Guide to the Jewish and Christian Sites of Asia Minor, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2010

Books on individual sites Troy: M. O. Korfmann, Troia/Willusa, Guidebook, Tübingen-Troia Foundation, Çanakkale, 2005 Assos: N. Arslan & B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, Assos, An Archaeological Guide, Homer, Istanbul, 2010 J. Th. Clarke, Report on the Investigations at Assos, Boston 1881 Pergamon: R. Dreyfus, Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Fine Arts Museum San Francisco 1996

369 H. Koester, Pergamon, Citadel of the Gods, Harrisburg 1998 Pergamon: Panaroma der Antiken Metropole, exhibition catalogue (www.smb.museum/pergamon- panorama_/) Ch. Habicht, Die Inschriften des Asklepions, Altertümer von Pergamon VIII.

Teos: M. Kadıoğlu, Teos Guide Book, 2012

Sardis: G. M. A. Hanfmann, Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times, Harvard 1983

Hierapolis: F. D’Andria, Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale): An Archaeological Guide, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 20102 T. Ritti, An Epigraphic Guide to Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale), Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2007 P. Arthur, Byzantine and Turkish Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2006 Hierapolis di Frigia, 5 volumes by the excavation team covering excavations and results

Laodicea on the Lycus: C. Şimşek, Laodikeia (Laodikeia ad Lycum), Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2007. C. Şimşek, Antik Kent Laodikeia, Denizli 2012. C. Şimşek, Laodikeia (Laodicea ad Lycum), Laodikeia Çalışmaları 2, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2013.

Aphrodisias: K. T. Erim, Aphrodisias: City of Venus Aphrodite, London 1986

R. R. R Smith and Christopher Ratté, Aphrodisias Papers 4, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2008

Ephesus: N. Zimmermann, S. Ladstätter, Wall Painting in Ephesus, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 2011 P. Scherrer, Ephesus, The New Guide, Ege Yayınları Istanbul 2000 S. Ladstätter, Ephesos Yamaç Ev 2, Ege Yayınları, 2012 Forschungen in Ephesos, 12 volumes, covering excavations over several decades, many authors.

Magnesia on the Meander: O. Bingöl, , Homer Kitabevi, 2007

Priene: F. Rumscheid, Priene, Pompeii of Asia Minor, Ege Yayınları, Istanbul, 1998 J. C. Carter, The Sculpture of the Sanctuary of Athena Polias, Priene, Society of Antiquaries, 1983 K. Ferla, ed. Priene, Foundation for the Hellenic World, 2005

Miletus & Didyma: V. B. Gorman, Miletus. The Ornament of Ionia, Michigan 2001 A. Greaves, Miletos. A History, London 2002 Th. Wiegand, ed., 14 volumes on Miletus, including: Hubert Knackfuss, Das Rathaus von Milet, 1908; A. Rehm, Das Delphinion in Milet, 1914, Reinhard Köster, Die Bauornamentik von Milet, 2004.

Labraunda: P. Hellström, Labraunda, A Guide to the Karian Sanctuary of Zeus Labraundos, Ege Yayınları, Istan- bul, 2007 Ann C. Gunter, Labraunda: Marble Sculpture, Stockholm 1995 Hellström and Thomas Thieme, Labraunda: The Temple of Zeus, Stockholm 1982 Alfred Westholm, Labraunda, The Architecture of the , Lund 1963

370