Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey

Tr. J. of Earth Sciences E. ALTUNEL 7 (1998) 25-35 © TÜBİTAK

Erhan ALTUNEL Osmangazi Universitesi Jeoloji Müh. Bölümü, Bademlik, Eskişehir-TURKEY

Received: 29.08.1997

Abstract: The ancient cilty of Priene was one of the earliest Ionian settlements within the western part of the Büyük Menderes valley (the ancient Maeander River) and was first founded about 8 km in the east of the present site. The old Priene was probably destroyed by a destructive earthquake in the 350s BC and the city was shifted to the existing place in 350 BC. The new city contains an abundance of evidence related to earthquakes. The following evidence indicates that damaging earthquakes, occurred in the Büyük Menderes graben, caused great damage to the new Priene. (1) Part of the Sacred Stoa is offset by about 5 cm dextrally and about 50 cm vertically; (2) in the western end of the Sacred Stoa, stair blocks are displaced and tilted; (3) block stones of a N- S- trending street wall are displaced and tilted about 16˚ to north; (4) floor blocks of the agora are displaced and broken; (5) block stones of a semicircular building and two adjacent columns, near the nothwestern corner of the agora, are tilted up to 16˚ to north and (6) the lower column-shafts in the Temple of Athena broken all the way around on their bottoms. In addition, restoration of some public buildings (such as the agora, the theatre, street walls and water reservoirs) in the cilty centre in different times and renovation of the cult statue and the altar in the Temple of Athena indicate that the city was affected by damaging earthquakes at various times after it was rebuilt.

Priene Antik Kentinde (Batı Türkiye) Yıkıcı Tarihsel Depremlere Ait Belirtiler Özet: Büyük Menderes vadisinin batı ucunda yer alan antik Priene kenti İyonya'nın en erken yerleşim yerlerinden biridir ve ilk olarak bugünkü yerinin 8 km doğusunda kurulmuştur. Eski Priene büyük olasılıkla M.Ö. 350'li yıllarda meydana gelen yıkıcı bir deprem sonucu yıkılmış ve şehir M.Ö. 350 yılında bugünkü yerine nakledilmiştir. Yeni şehirde depremlere ait çok sayıda belirti bulunmaktadır. Aşağıda, Büyük Menderes grabeninde meydana gelen hasar verici depremlerin yeni Priene şehrinde önemli derecede hasara neden olduklarına ait belirrtiler sıralanmıştır. (1) Kutsal Salon'un bir kısmı 5 cm sağ yanal ve yaklaşık 50 cm düşey ötelenmiştir; (2) Kutsal Salon'un batı ucunda merdiven blokları yer diğiştirmiş ve dönmüştür; (3) K-G uzanımlı caddenin duvar taşları yerdeğiştirmiş ve yaklaşık 16˚ kuzeye eğilmiştir; (4) agoranın taban taşları yerdeğiştirmiş ve kırılmışlardır; (5) agoranın kuzeybatı köşesine yakın yerda bulunan yarım daire şeklindeki binanın ve yanındaki iki kolonun taşları yaklaşık 16˚ kuzeye eğilmişlerdir ve (6) Athena Tapınağı'ndaki stunların alt kısımları çevreleri boyunca kırılmışlardır. Ayrıca, şehir merkezinde yer alan agora, tiyatro, cadde duvarları ve su deposu gibi binaların değişik zamanlarda restore edilmesi ve Athena Tapınağı'ndaki ibadet büstü ve kilise mihrabının yenilenmesi şehrin yeniden inşa edildikten sonra değişik zamanlarda yıkıcı depremlerden etkilendiğini

Introduction Large earthquakes occurred in western Turkey and cities and besides causing damage to man-made involved surface ruptures in various scales in the structures they played important role in the history of historical period and during the 20th century. cities. The environs of the Büyük Menderes graben, Earthquakes also damage man-made structures as a which is one of the most tectonically active structures of result of both rupturing along a fault or fissures, and western Turkey, are rich in well exposed archaeological widespread ground shaking. Modern towns in western sites (e.g. Miletus, Priene, Nysa, Hierapolis) at where Turkey have been affected by large earthquakes in the destructive historical earthquakes should have left 20th century. For example, the 1 October 1995 Dinar evidence of ancient damage. Recent studies (e.g. Stiros, earthquake (M=6.3) caused great damage in the town 1988; 1996; Altunel and Barka, 1996; Hancock and of Dinar and the 16 July 1955 Söke-Balat earthquake Altunel, 1997) showed that archaeological data in (M=6.8) destroyed the town of Balat (ancient Miletus). tectonically active regions is valuble in estimating Likewise, historical earthquake have affected ancient historical impacts of ancient earthquakes. Historical

Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey

earthquake activity and associated damage. This paper geometric segments that have ruptured during major reviews the history of Priene from a tectonic perspective earthquake events in the historical period and during the and examines deformed man-made structures in the city 20th century. For example, the 1653 (I =IX) and 1899 0 centre of Priene that display evidence for damaging (I =IX)earthquakes involved surface ruptures for about 0 historical earthquak. 70 km and 50 km, respectively, along the northern Neotectonic and Seismic Setting of Priene boundary of the Menderes graben (Ergin et al., 1967; Ilhan, 1971; Allen, 1975; Soysal et al., 1981; The Büyük Menderes graben bounded by active Ambraseys and Finkel, 1987; Ambraseys and Finkel, normal faults is one of the main active structures of 1995). The 16 July 1955 Söke-Balat earthquake western Turkey (Fig. la) (McKenzie, 1972; 1978; (M=6.8) took place near the western end of the Büyük Şengör, 1982; 1987; Roberts, 1988; Şaroğlu et al., menderes graben (Öcal, 1958). McKenzie (1972) has 1992). The graben makes a major change in strike from provided a fault-plane solution indicating that there was E-W inland to NE-SW in its western end, and Priene is normal downthrow southeast combined with subsidiary located in the northern side of this NE-SW-trending part right-lateral motion. of the graben (Fig. 1b). The city is sited on a hill which is about 100 m above the flat floor of the graben (Fig. 2). Historical Background Overlooking the city to the northwest is mountain Priene was one of the earliest lonian settlements bounded to the southeast by the 250-m-high steep founded in the 10th century BC (Duyuran, 1948) but its topographic feature (Fig. 2) which expressing a present location is not the site where it was first founded weathered fault plane according to Roberts (1988). A (Duyuran, 1948; Baran, 1965; Bean, 1979; Akurgal, topographic feature also bounds the southeastern side of 1995). According to Bean (1979) and Akurgal (1995), it the city (Fig. 2). Although this southeast-facing has not so far been possible to ascertain the exact site escarpment is also very weathered it reflects the location where it was founded. However, Aksu et al. (1987) of an active normal fault (Roberts, 1988; Şaroğlu et al., stated that it was located on the coast about 8 km to the 1992). east of the present location. In 350 BC, the new city of The Büyük Menderes graben contains normal fault Priene was built on its present site with the financial help from Athens (Duyuran, 1948; Baran, 1965; Akurgal, _ _ 27˚ 31˚ _ 38 00' N Black Sea a b

_ 41˚ İstanbul Tralles Magnesia _ 37 50' Aydın zone fault Anatolian North Söke Gediz graben _ 39˚ Priene EXTENSIONAL _ 37 40' Menderes River PROVINCE

Aegean

010 Aegean Sea Büyük Menderes Sea Miletus km _ graben _ 37˚ 37 30' 27 00 28 00 _ _ Normal fault, ticks on Border between the graben Modern town 100 Km Mediterranean Sea downthrown side base and surrounded hills Ancient town

Figure 1. a) The Turkish sector of the Aegean extensional province. b) Location of Priene within the western part of the Büyük Menderes graben.

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Figure 2. Setting of Priene in the northern margin of the Büyük Menderes graben. Priene is located in front of the high scarp. Remains of the Temple of Athena are visible (in the middle). View towards northeast.

1995). The new Priene was also on the coast when first century AD. Priene possessed two gymnasiums: the founded but the alluvial deposits brought down by the upper Gymnasium and Stadium were built in the 4th Menderes River (the ancient Maeander River) gradually century BC and underwent extensive alterations in increased the distance between Priene and the Aegean Roman times; the lower Gymnasium was built in 130 Sea coast. For example, Strabon (travel writer lived in 63 BC. Priene was supplied with water from the mountains BC-21 AD) states that when he visited Priene, the city via an aqueduct leading to the water reservoirs in the was about 6 km far from the sea, and at the present northeast of the city. These reservoirs had been existence time Priene is about 13 km far from the present coast since Hellenistic times but mortared walls of the line. According to Akurgal (1995), Priene was subject to reservoirs are of the Byzantine period. After the the influence and rule of Athens at first, then it passed establishment of the new Priene in 350 BC, it was first to the Kingdom of Pergamon and finally to Rome, enclosed by a city wall which was built of local marble which begun to govern it about the middle of the 2nd and preserved in an excellent state of repair. century BC. It was the centre of an important dioese Description of Damage At Priene during Byzantine period. After the end of the 12th century the city was abandoned (Bayrak, 1982). At Priene, evidence that can be used to assess archaeoseismicity are fractured, dilated and collapsed Priene was constructed on a plan in which streets walls, rotated wall blocks, rotated and broken columns, intersect at right angles (Fig. 3a). In this account, only and fractured and offset floor blocks. Most damaged mojor buildings that display evidence of either ofset by archaeological relics are sited within a NE-SW-trending faulting or damage by earthquake shaking, are described. damage corridor (Fig. 3b) within which some historical History of major man-made structures in Priene was buildings are either offset in various scale by right-lateral The Temple of summarised from Akurgal (1995). oblique normal faults or ruptured by dilational fissures. Athena at Priene was constructed in two stages. The Damage related to shaking, such as tilted or toppled eastern part of the temple was completed in the third walls, and rotated block stones, is also existing within quarter of the 4th century and the western part was this corridor. completed in the middle or the second half of the 2nd century BC when the cult statue and the altar were About 15 m to the northeast of Prytaneion street renovated. The Agora which formed the city centre was walls are ruptured. The western part of the built in the 3rd century BC and was enclosed on three approximately 5-m-high east-west trending street wall sides by stoas. The Sacred Stoa was added in the second exhibits an entirely different and later style of half of the 2nd century BC. The Bouleuterion and ornamentation (Fig. 4a). Towards the southwest of this Prytaneion were built in about 150 BC. The Theatre was location, block stones of the north-south trending street built in the second half of the 4th century BC but it was wall are displaced and tilted up to 16˚ to north (Fig. 4b). renovated at the beginning of the 2nd century BC, in the About 15 m further soutwest, side blocks of the Sacred middle of the 2nd century BC and finally in the 2nd Stoa are displaced and blocks are disturbed (Fig. 5b). In

Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey

Figure 3. a) Plan of Priene modified a 0306090 12 N from Akurgal (1995). b) Plan of ruptured metres EXPLANATIONS archaeological relics at Priene. 1- Temple of Athena Plan also showing locations of 2- Church 14 3- Theatre Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. 3 4- Upper Gymnasium 1 5- Bouleuterion 2 4 13 6- Prytaneion 5 7- Sacred Stoa 16 7 6 8- Agora 9- Temple of Zeus 9 10 Lower Gymnasium 8 11- Stadium 17 15 12- Water reservoir 13- Street 14- Northeastern gate 15- Eastern gate 11 16- Western gate 10 17- City wall

Fig.4b spacing is obvious in the deformed part (Fig. 5c). The Fig.5a b 6 5 Fig.4a Sacred Stoa is 116 m in length and its southern side is entirely enclosed with six stairs which led up to the stoa (Fig. 3b). Near its western end stair blocks are displaced 7 Fig.5b N and tilted (Fig. 6a). A few metres to the southeast of this Fig.6a Fig.6b location, there is a semicircular building with two Fig.7b damage Fig.7a corridor columns in its western and eastern sides (Fig. 3b). The 8 9 block stones of this semicircular building are tilted up to 16˚ to north. Adjacent columns on its eastern and western sides are also tilted up to 10˚ to north and the 15 m latter is shifted on its base block (Fig. 6b). The Agora and its western side wall are ruptured. this location, the level-placed blocks of the stoa are offset Floor stones of the Agora are displaced, tilted and by about 5 cm dextrally (Fig. 5c [i] ) and about 50 cm broken (Fig. 7a). The western wall of the agora is dilated vertically (Fig. 5c [ii] ).Although there is no space and fractured (Fig. 7b). There are numerous other between undamaged floor blocks, up to a centimetre damaged relics in the city centre. For example, walls of houses are collapsed, numerous columns are toppled,

Figure 4. a) Approximately 5-m-high E-W-trending street wall (see Fig. 3b for location). Note that the wall exhibits completely different style of ornamentation. View towards northwest.

(a)

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Figure 4. b) A N-S-trending street wall (see Fig. 3b for location). Note that blocks are tilted (up to 16˚) to the north. View towards east.

(b) cracked and broken. A fissure trending NE-SW ruptures the identification of historical earthquake damage. Before the eastern wall of the upper gymnasium and the floor discussing damage on relics at Priene is of archaeoseismic blocks of the church and upper gymnasium are cracked origin, it is important to consider the impact of and displaced. One of the most common damage that earthquakes on the history of Priene. As outlined above, observed at Priene is that in columns, especially in the the history of Priene extends back about 3 000 years but Temple of Athena, the lower column-shafts broken all the period of its first foundation date and 350 BC is the way around on the bottom (Fig. 8). almost a blank (Table 1). The exact site of the old Priene is not known yet but according to Aksu et al. (1987) and Discussion and Interpretation Akurgal (1995), the old Priene was on the coast in the Impact of earthquakes on the history of Priene east of the new Priene. The reason for shifting the city Archaeological data provides useful information for about 8 km westwards is not clear in the archaeological

DATE CONSTRUCTION Table 1. A review of construction and reconstruction of major 1100 Abandonment of Priene buildings at Priene. Restoration in water reservoir 500

400

300

200 Renovation of the theatre Major restoration in the upper gymnasium

100

100 Sacred Stoa Lower gymnasium and stadium Major restoration in the agora The western part of the Temple of Athena was completed Bouleuterion and prytaneion and the cult statue and the altar were renovated Renovation of the theatre 200 Renovation of the theatre Agora and the Temple of Zeus 300 Eastern part of the Temple of Athena Upper gymnasium New Priene was founded Theatre City wall Water reservoir 400 History of Priene is blank 1000 Foundation of the old Priene

Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey

literature. There are two possible reasons for 1995) and it seems unlikely that the coast line drew back transferring the city westwards. The first reason is that, about 8 km in 150 years. Furthermore, if the reason for as Akurgal (1995) pointed out, the coast line was transferring the city of Priene was the increased distance gradually drawing away as a result of alluvial deposition between the city and the coast, Priene could have coped by the Menderes River and the old Priene which was a with shiftihg without the financial and other help from port city gradually lost its significance, thus the old city Athens. Therefore, it is improbable that the increased was abandoned and the new city was built. However, distance between the city and the Aegean Sea was the Strabon writes that when he visited the new Priene, it main reason to abandon the old Priene. was about 6 km far from the Aegean coast and even The second and likely reason for shifting the city later (during the Byzantine time ) the distance between westwards is that, the old Priene was completely the city and the coast line should have been much bigger. destroyed by an earthquake in early 350s BC and the city Thus, if the increased distance between Priene and the was rebuilt in the present site after this earthquake. Aegean Sea coast was the reason for transferring the Although Ambraseys (1971) and Stiros (1996) pointed city, it should have been shifted westwards several out that earthquakes should not be regarded as an easy times after 350 BC. In addition, the old Priene was on solution for the exhumation of civilisation and cultural the coast in 500 BC (Bean, 1979; Aksu, 1987; Akurgal, gaps observed in certain regions, it is well documented

Figure 5. a) Sketch of displaced blocks W E in the northeast corner of the Sacred Stoa (see Fig. 3b for location). b) Sacred Stoa (see Fig. 3b for 50 location). Note deformation in a 60 cm the floor. c) Sketch of the base of the Sacred Stoa. (i) plan wiew, (ii) profile view.

(c)

(b)

W E 15 mm 42 mm 22 mm

2 mm 4 mm 4 mm 100m 5 mm 30cm 6 mm (i)

881 cm E W 455cm 5.46cm 51.37 cm

5 mm 4 mm 4 mm 6 mm 100cm 2 mm (ii) c 30cm

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Figure 6. a) Sketch of deformed stairs in W E the western end of the Sacred Stoa (see Fig. 3b for location). b) Sketch of tilted and shifted column near western end of the Sacred Stoa (see Fig. 3b for location). (i) Original position, (ii) after deformation.

a 20 cm 50 cm

(i) (ii) 10˚ N S

10˚

b by both historical (e.g. Stiros, 1996; in press; Hancock earthquake (M=7.2). As a recent example, the 1 October and Altunel, 1997) and modern records that earthquakes 1995 Dinar earthquake (M=6.3) caused great damage in play a certain historical role in tectonically active regions. the town of Dinar (western Turkey ) and the town was Attempting to attribute abandonment of the old Priene rebuilt with help from the government. Similarly, since to a destructive earthquake in early 350s BC is not the new Priene was built with the financial help from speculative comparing with the following examples. The Athens, it can be concluded that the old Priene was 464 BC earthquake that destroyed Sparta triggered a completely destroyed by an earthquake in early 350s BC revolt of slaves and oppressed tribes, and a war that and the new Priene was built in the present site. could have ended with the disappearance of the Spartan Historical earthquake Damage state (Stiros, 1996). Stiros (1996) also stated that the important town of Gortyn in Crete survived the Two types of historical earthquake damage can be earthquake around 620 AD probably due to the financial observed at Priene. These are phenomena associated and other assistance from the central government but with ground rupture and damage related to ground when this support dried up, Gortyn disappeared after the shaking. The most characteristic examples for the ground later earthquake around 670 AD. The 60 AD earthquake rupture are the foundations of the collapsed walls (Fig. destroyed Hierapolis in western Turkey and with help 4a), tilted wall blocks (Fig. 4b), destroyed stoa (Fig. 5), from the Emperor Nero, the city was rebuilt in its fractured and displaced floor blocks (Fig. 7a), and tilted present form (Bean, 1989). Likewise, the 16 July 1955 and broken columns (Fig. 6b) within a NE-SW-trending Söke-Balat earthquake (M=6.8) ruined Balat (ancient damage corridor (Fig. 3b). According to Stiros (1988; Miletus located about 15 km southwest of Priene) and 1996), Altunel and Barka (1996) and Hancock and the town was rebuilt about 5 km in the south. The town Altunel (1997), such phenomena is characteristic criteria of Gediz in western Turkey was shifted about 5 km for historical earthquakes. The NE-SW-trending damage southwestwards after the 28 March 1970 Gediz corridor (Fig. 3b) is roughly parallel to the northern

Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey

Figure 7. a) Scaleless sketch plan of the N floor of the Agora (see Fig. 3b a for location). Note that blocks are displaced, tilted and fractured along a NE-trending zone. b) Scaleless sketch profile of the western wall of the Agora (see Fig. 3b location). Note m dilation between blocks. 0 1 ~

~20 m

N S

~ 2 m

5 cm b margin of the Büyük Menderes graben (Fig. 1b). As Fig. shows, a column within the damage corridor is both 5(b) shows, the Sacred Stoa was offset by about 50 cm tilted up to 10˚ to north and shifted on its base. This may vertically and about 5 cm dextrally. This slip sense is indicate two different earthquake events. consisting with that of the 16 July 1955 Söke-Balat Damage related to ground shaking at Priene is earthquake that McKenzie (1972) has provided a fault- characterized by rotated columns, collapsed, tilted and plane solution indicating normal downthrow southeast toppled walls, and cracked and displaced floor blocks. combined with subsidiary right-lateral motion. Similar damage has also been reported by Karcz and Downthrowing the western part of the Sacred Stoa (Figs Kafri (1978) from Israel, Stiros and Pirazzoli (1995) 5b and c) indicates that the fault faces northwest which and Stiros (1996) from Greece, and Altunel and Barka is different direction from that McKenzie (1972) (1996) and Hancock and Altunel (1997) from Hierapolis estimated. Thus, it can be concluded that the NE-SW- (Turkey). One of the most characteristic examples for trending damage corridor is a product of earthquake ground shaking observed at Priene is that in columns of and it reflects the location of antithetic fault to major the Temple of Athena, the lower column-shafts broken fault system. This NE-SW-trending damage corridor all the way around on the bottom (Fig. 8). Similar probably formed during more than one event. The deformation has been observed (during author's survey principal evidence for this conclusion is that, as Fig. 6(b) in 1992) in water tank at Landers, California, damaged

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by the June 28 earthquake (M=7.3). The metal water tank which is about 8 m in height and 10 m in diameter was deformed as a result of ground shaking. In addition to the deformation at the top of the tank, the tank bulges outward all the way around on the bottom (Fig. 9a), called "elephant's foot ". Similarly, marble columns at Priene was deformed by ground shaking but because they are brittle their bottoms were broken instead of bulging (Fig. 9b). According to the earthquake catalogues (e.g. Dikmen, 1952; Öcal, 1958; Ergin et al., 1967; Sipahioğlu, 1979) destructive earthquakes near the western end of the Büyük Menderes graben include events in 26 (or 25) BC, and in 68, 238, 244, 262, 1891 and finally in 1955 AD. As Fig. 10 shows, earthquakes occurred in the western end of the Büyük Menderes graben have affected Priene. Earthquake effects after the 12th century AD were not repaired at Priene because the city had already been abandoned by that time. Therefore, it can be concluded that damage observed in the Sacred Stoa, the agora, the Temple of Athena and the N-S-trending street wall is indicative of deformation after the 12th century AD. However, earthquake effects on such public buildihgs before 12th century AD should have been repaired because those buildings were in use. As Table 1 summing-up there have been major reconstruction and Figure 8. Lower column-shaft of the Temple of Athena. Note that it is restoration at Priene in the 4th century and 2nd century broken all the way around on the bottom. Also note that BC and in the 2nd century AD and during the Byzantine base blocks are broken. period. Fig. 4(a) shows that the western part of an E-W-

Figure 9. a) Sketch of water tank at a 10 m Landers, California. (i) before deformation (28 June 1992 eartquake), (ii) after the earthquake. Note that the tank bulges outward all the way around on the bottom. 8 m b) Column and its base at Priene. (i) before deformation, (ii) after deformation.

(i) (ii)

Evidence for Damaging Historical Earthquakes at Priene, Western Turkey

Figure 10. Isoseismal map of the Söke-Balat earthquake of 16 July 1955, M=6.3. (From Mytilene Öcal 1958). + indicates the epicentre. 39 _

Manisa Chios Salihli AEGEAN Alaşehir İzmir

SEA 38 _ Tralles Nysa Nazilli Kuşadası Magnesia Aydın Priene Miletus V IV VIII VII VI VII Muğla V VI IV III 37 _ Marmaris

050 Rodhos km _ 25 26 27 28 36 _ _ _ _ trending street wall exhibits an entirely different and Conclusion later style of ornamentation which indicates that the wall The present site of Priene is not the first place where was repaired. The water reservoirs had been existence it was first founded. Initially, the city was founded since Hellenistic times but the Byzantine type mortared about 8 km in the east of the present location and walls indicate that they were repaired during the probably after a destructive earthquake in 350s BC it Byzantine period. The cult statue and the altar in the was shifted westwards to the present site. Major Temple of Athena were renovated in the middle of the restoration of public buildings in the new Priene indicates 2nd century BC and the city wall was repaired in that the new city was affected by earthquakes several different times. As Stiros (in press) concluded in times between 350 BC and the 12th certury AD. The somewhere else, presence of restoration in man-made agora, Sacred Stoa and street walls in the city centre structures is indicative of erthquake damage. Thus, on were ruptured by a NE-SW-trending damage corridor the basis of the above observations at Priene and Stiros' that shows clear evidence for displacements since the (in press) account, it can be concluded that the city was 12th century AD. also affected by earthquakes in the period of 350 BC and the 12th century AD. Remains at Priene display evidence for historical Acknowledgement earthquakes but problems arise in connection with the I am grateful to S. Altunel for assisting during the dating of certain events. All that can be said at the field work. I thank to A. Barka for help, reading the present day is that destructive earthquakes occurred at manuscript and for useful discussion. This study is a part Priene in its 3 000 years history. Considering with heavy of the YDABCAG-372 project which is a part of the reconstruction and renovation in the city centre, it can be National Geological and Geophysical programme concluded that destructive earthquakes include events in (Coordinated by Naci Görür) supported by The Scientific the 4th century and 2nd century BC, in the 2nd century and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). AD, during the Byzantine period and after the 12th century BC.

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