Stanford Alumni', bronze tablet dedicated June, 1931, University of Hawaii: "India rubber tree planted by David Starr Jordan. Chancellor Emeritus. Leland Stanford Jr. University, December I I, 1922." Dr. Jordan recently celebrated his eightieth birthday.
tnItnlinlintinitnItnItla 11:111C11/111/ 1/Oltial • • • • - !• • 4. ••• 4, a . ilmci, fittb _vittrfiri firtaga3utr . • CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD • Volume XLII Number 4 • CONTENTS FOR. OCTOBER, 1931 • . Art Section—Fisheries in the Pacific - - - - 302 • History of Zoological Explorations of the Pacific Coast - 317 • By Dr. David Starr Jordan • Science Over the Radio . An Introduction to Insects in Hawaii - - - - 321 By E. H. Bryan, Jr. Insect Pests of Sugar Cane in Hawaii - - - - 325 By O. H. Swezey Some Insect Pests of Pineapple Plants - - - 328 By Dr. Walter Carter Termites in Hawaii - - - - - - - 331 • By E. M. Ehrhorn . The Mediterranean Fruit Fly - - - - 333 41 By a C. McBride Combating Garden Insects in Hawaii - - - - 335 • By Merrill K. Riley i Some Aspects of Biological Control in Hawaii - - 339 . By D. T. Fullaway • • The Minerals of Oahu - - - - - - - 341 By Dr. Arthur S. Eakle . Tropical America's Agricultural Gifts - - - - 344 By 0. F. Cook t • Two Bird Importations Into the South Seas - - - 351 • By Inez Wheeler Westgate • Dairying in New Zealand - - - - - - 355 By Reivi Alley Oyer-Production eof Rice in Japan - - - - - 357 Tai-Kam Island Leper Colony of China - - - - 363 By A. C. Deckelman Journal of the•Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Vol. VI. No. 4 Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series, No. 140
CE Ile ItIth-liariftr flatuuninr Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, 301 Pan-Pacific Building, Honolulu, T. H. Yearly sub- • scription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. * Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. . , runcuuncyourrunumuntynuounrontinvynunuriunuounuTruncracmv_punviwNrominununum Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. 302 THE MID-PACIFIC
In ancient Siam and near-by countries the fish can live in warm and muddy water, and even in soft and squidgy mud of the rice fields. As long as rice is cultivated these fish can be found. THE MID-PACIFIC 303
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In the Philippines big game fishing is a sport royal. A great sea bass weighing well up toward a hundred and fifty pounds is not an impossible catch for the fishermen. 306 THE MID-PACIFIC
The sea yields for the Moro and the Malay not only food fish, but pearl-bearing oysters that are pulled up from their beds by anchor-like drags that throw the oyster into a trap prepared for his reception.
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In Japan the catch of sea fish is variable, and various are the varieties of edible fish that come to the fisherman's basket. The Japanese fisherman seems to mind no kind of exposure, so that his catch is always plentiful. THE MID-PACIFIC 309
The Japanese are skillful in the fishing art, and can often aid the scientists with information gained by personal experience. Even the girls are keen observers of the habits of aquatic life. 310 THE MID-PACIFIC
Nearly everything is fish that comes out of the waters in Japan. The dried squid there, as in Hawaii, is a delicacy relished by all. The fisherman is adept in spearing the young cuttlefish and detaching him from the reef to be put into the pot for boiling. THE MID-PACIFIC 311 312 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 313
The Indian women of British Columbia a-e the food providers of the family and they tend their nets with skilful care and often draw up fish enough at a catch for the entire tribe. 314 THE MID-PACIFIC
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Dr. David Starr Jordan and Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, director of the California Academy of Sciences, visiting a Honolulu fish market.
4VrAA1V V ,TV V UM) A History of Zoological Explora- A tions of the Pacific Coast By DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN
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(An address before The California Zoo- names. These five species still stand, and logical Club, January 16, 1892, reprint- nothing new has since been added to our ed from Zoe (A Biological Journal), knowledge of the salmon of the coast. He Vol. III, No. 1, April, 1892, pp. 86-9o, also studied the trout and his conclusions in the April, 1931, issue of "California have proved in general correct. Indeed, Fish and Game." there has not since that time been a The first person associated with the stronger man on this coast, and every study of the fishes of The coast was the ichthyologist must do honor to the ability German naturalist, Steller, who was sent of a man who was able to follow out all by the Russian Government in 1731 to the complicated species of salmon and study the animals of Alaska. Notable trout, before the time of Linnaeus. among his discoveries was the great Walbaum, a compiler of natural his- arctic sea cow (Retina stelleri), a skele- tory, affixed scientific names to these sal- ton of which is now owned by the mon and trout in a work published in Academy of Sciences. He published an 1792, and his name is accordingly cited account of the salmon of Alaska, describ- as authority for the species which Steller ing five species in all, under Russian discovered and described. 318 THE MID -PACIFIC
Another naturalist in the employment known from the Pacific coast of America, of the Russian Government, named and with the exception of two others Pallas, printed in 1811 an account of his found in Japan, form a unique group. explorations in the same country that Dr. Gibbons described all the species he Steller had visited, but his work was ap- knew, but at about the same time Prof. parently not very highly appreciated at Louis Agassiz received specimens which the time, for it was not distributed until he also described. Much difficulty and twenty years later. Pallas' trip across confusion has thus resulted in regard to Siberia was notable for the discovery of the priority of names, although in the ma- the mastodon in the ice. His work was jority of instances it has been determined carefully done, consisting largely in au- that Agassiz had priority of date. Agassiz thenticating by repetition the work of also published the first description of Steller, although he also discovered many many species of fish from Washington new species in Alaska. and Oregon, although he never visited The above period may be considered as the coast himself. constituting the prehistoric epoch in the Dr. Charles Girard, who was connected history of Pacific coast explorations. In with the Smithsonian Institution, also de- the second stage may be mentioned the scribed a number of the viviparous fish, work of Gairdner and Kittlitz. About the which served to increase still further the year 1830, Dr. Gairdner, a physician liv- difficulty of establishing priority of names. ing in Astoria, collected many fish, espe- Allusion was next made to the work of cially salmon and trout, which he sent to Dr. J. G. Cooper, who was present at Sir John Richardson to be described in the meeting. Dr. Cooper began work his classic, Fauna Boreali Americana. At in 1856, on the fishes collected on the Geo- about the same time an unknown German logical Survey, mostly from the southern named Kittlitz recorded a single new part of the State, and much of the early species of fish. investigations in that region were due to In 1849 the modern history of Califor- him. He described, among other things, nia began, and with the host of emigrants the most vicious of the sting rays from that flocked to the Pacific coast came a the harbor of San Diego, naming it after number of men interested in natural his- a young boy who had the honor of being tory. In the year 1852 a number of the first person known to be stung by it. papers appeared on science, the most ex- The Pacific Railroad survey was tensive and spirited writing being done finished early in the fifties, and the fishes by Dr. W. 0. Ayres. His papers, as Were described by Dr. Charles Girard, a was customary at the time, were first pre- pupil of Agassiz. Despite his unusually sented to the California Academy of good facilities in the way of specimens Sciences, appearing on the following and books, he *did no really good work. morning in the Daily Placer Times. He described a vast majority of the fishes These papers have since been reprinted of the coast, but in a very wooden way in the regular Proceedings of the Acad- which proved a great setback to the study emy. Dr. Ayres described a considerable of ichthyology. 'Girard, indeed, did all a number of new species of fish from the man could do to make it difficult to de- coast in a very creditable manner, but termine the trout. the severe criticisms of Dr. T. A. Gill Andrew Garet was at the Academy at eventually drove him out of the work. about this time, but he did no work on the Dr. W. P. Gibbons, of Alameda, about fish of this coast excepting the descrip- the year 1854, became interested in the tion of one new species from Mexico. He most unique feature of the ichthyology of contributed some valuable additions to our the Pacific—viviparous fish. Some twen- knowledge of the fishes of the Sandwich ty species of viviparous surf fish are Islands, however. THE MID-PACIFIC 319
George Suckley, a surgeon in the War vey of the fishes of the coast, abundant Department, was stationed in Washing- facilities of every sort being provided." ton and Oregon, and supplemented the Seventy-five new species were discovered work of Girard on the fishes of that dis- and the salmon question was settled, prac- trict. He succeeded in carrying the con- tically as it had been left by Steller. Prof. fusion to an extreme, making as many Gilbert, who was his clerk and assistant, as three genera from a single species of has since become very prominent as an salmon, founded on differences of age and ichthyologist. He has spent two years sex. at work on the Albatross, making many Dr. Theo. N. Gill, who has been con- important contributions to our knowledge nected with the Smithsonian Institution of the deep sea fishes of the Pacific. for the past thirty years, has published Dr. T. H. Bean visited Alaska in 1880, descriptions of many fish that have been and reached the same conclusions regard- sent him, although he has never made any ing the trout of Alaska that the speaker collections on the coast personally. Being had drawn from his studies of the Cali- the most learned student of fish in Amer- fornia fish. Mr. E. W. Nelson also ica, he has occupied a unique position as made a good many observations upon fish a critic, and is undoubtedly the best scien- while stationed in Alaska. In San Diego, tific critic the world has produced. Miss Rosa Smith worked on fish, and In 1865 Alexander Agassiz wrote a has the honor of being the first woman work on the viviparous fish of the coast, to describe many new species. Dr. Eigen- settling most of the disputes in regard to mann carried on work at San Diego and priority of names. This closes the period San Francisco, and accomplished consid- of the discovery of California fish. The erable on the study of the fish of these presence of the viviparous surf fish and places. the viviparous rock cods, and the other For the last three years the United general outlines of the coast fish, were by States Fish Commission steamer Alba- this time generally known, although but tross has been at work on deep sea sound- little attention had been paid to the species ings and dredgings, Mr. C. H. Town- inhabiting the deep seas. send being the naturalist of the vessel In the present period Professor Cope during all this time. The results of these has described a number of new species, dredgings have been of great importance, mostly from Alaska. Dr. Steindachner, a about three hundred new species having brilliant German scientist, found a num- been discovered, many of them very ber of new species. He investigated the startling and impossible forms. The salmon question to some extent, but gave whole fauna of the abysmal deeps is very it up as a hopeless task and published strange and peculiar. The fish are soft- nothing on the subject. llost of the fish bodied and have either very large eyes to which he described were from southern enable them to catch the faint glimmer- Calif ornia and Mexico, his work being ings of light which may reach them, or for the most part very accurate and his else are entirely blind. Many species are figures unparalleled fox° the fineness of provided with curious phosphorescent lan- their execution. In 1879, a versatile Eng- terns to enable them the better to find lishman, an editor, engineer, poet and their way about. Practically nothing was naturalist, was at work in the Academy. known of these remarkable fish before the He described a number of new species work of the Albatross brought them to and made a critical study of the flounders light. Occasionally one would be found of the coast. washed ashore after a storm, or in the "In 1880," said the speaker, "it was stomach of some larger shore fish, but by my good fortune to be sent by the United far the large proportion of them were States Fish Commission to make a sur- totally unheard of. 320 THE MID-PACIFIC
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The new home of the Honolulu Advertiser in which Station KGU is located. The Advertiser is the oldest paper west of the Rocky Mountains and on July 2d celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary. • THE MID-PACIFIC 321 Science Over the adio
"rlaj;rnrlipriryr • • • Ty,myuclurzynuacjuvilizT7uurrooullur.Priricyour wi • • • t4 • : 1.1 _l4. • An Introduction to Insects ti in Hawaii By E. H. BRYAN, JR., of the Bishop Museum 4 4 ranta a a • • (-NI4'W-1- •\ • • InlInt • • • hatICIl • ILUICIILICSILIALCIILallnItat • • • • IIIII61- -i—ii a AIN
(This program of radio talks on insect friends grocer, the cattle raiser, the lumberman— arid enemies in Hawaii was arranged by the University of Hawaii Extension Division for each gives about 10 per cent of his goods broadcasting over KGU. Perhaps these talks to insects every year. Every person who were picked up all around the world by radio tries to raise a garden or who owns a pet fans, some of whom are undoubtedly noted scientisists of Pacific lands who have sat with dog should be interested in insects. their colleagues in Hawaii at the round-table And now, what is an insect ? That's discussions of the Pan-Pacific Research Insti- a worth-while question to try to answer tution.) right at the start of such a series of talks You may not think that there is as this. Insects belong to a big group or enough to be said about insects to fill one phylum of animals, called arthropods. radio talk, let alone a series. You'd be These all have segmented bodies, with the surprised. skeleton on the outside, and jointed ap- Insects are such insignificant looking pendages attached to various parts. little creatures that most people scarcely Crabs, spiders, scorpions and centipedes give them a thought. Sometimes they no- are also arthropods, but they aren't in- tice brightly colored butterflies, or dragon- sects. flies, with their "wings of gold." At Insects, when they are full grown, have times they may be annoyed by mosquitoes six legs, and most of them have one or or disgusted when ants crawl into things. two pairs of wings. Insects have bodies But that is about all. which are divided into three regions : a Perhaps you won't believe it, but in- head, which bears the mouth-parts, and sects make up 80 per cent of all the contains what brains they have ; a thorax, known animals. Think of it ; there are to which the legs and wings are attached, four times as many insects in the world and which is full of strong muscles for as there are of all the otltr kinds of ani- working these ; and an abdomen, in which mals — mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, are all the vital organs. Most insects, crabs, spiders, snails, wiggly worms, and when they are full grown, live on land, one-celled slimy things-`combined. and these breathe air by means of a net- And as if that weren't enough, insects work of tiny tubes which lead inward are smart little critters, too. Dr. Howard, from little portholes on the sides of the America's foremost entomologist, has said thorax and abdomen. that if insects ever stop scrapping among Insects eat a tremendous lot. A healthy themselves, and combine forces, they will caterpillar will eat six or eight times its wipe man right off the face of the planet. own weight of green leaves in a day, As it is, they collect each year more tax which, you know, if you have ever tried to from us than does the territory, and that's raise silkworms. Some insects, such as saying a good deal. The farmer, the roaches, will eat almost anything. But 322 THE MID-PACIFIC
most insects are very choosy about their are called Hemiptera because half of their food. There are kinds of leafhoppers wings are thickened and half thin. The which will suck sap from only one species grasshoppers, roaches, crickets and pray- of plant ; termites eat only dry wood ; bees ing mantis have a long, straight wing, collect pollen and nectar. Many insects hence their order is called Orthoptera, eat little or nothing as adults, but provide which means straight wing. generously for their young. Wasps will You will doubtless recognize among store up flies, or caterpillars, or spiders, these examples some insects which are in their nest. They don't kill these, only pests. paralyze them so they can't get away. Grasshoppers, roaches, b u g s, Then they lay their eggs beside this some beetles and flies, and the caterpillars supply of fresh meat, so that the hatching which develop into moths and butterflies larvae may have plenty to eat. The eating are for the most part pests. But there are habits of insects depend on their mouth- many groups of insects which are bene- parts ; some insects bite and chew, and ficial. How is that, you wonder. The some suck. only good insects you can think of off- Insects lay eggs. The young which hand are honey bees and silk worms. But hatch out may look like their parents, or many insects, such as wasps, certain flies they may be worm-like, better fitted to and beetles, dragonflies and others, are live in certain kinds of food supplies. beneficial because they are enemies of and Many of these latter go into a resting destroy pest insects. Man has found out stage called a pupa or a cocoon, in which about the habits of these good insects, and they change to their adult form. The he has been able to use them to defend more important groups of insects—wasps, himself against the bad kinds. beetles, flies, butterflies and moths—have The entomologists of the Sugar Plant- this resting period in their life histories. ers Experiment Station have been able Insects are classified into about twenty to conquer several serious pests of the large groups (or orders), but only about sugar cane by finding their enemies in half of these are of any great importance. other lands and bringing them to Hawaii. These are called by long, high-sounding 0. H. Swezey will tell you about this fas- names, as are also the families, genera cinating subject next Thursday evening. and species, into which they are subdi- The Mediterranean fruit fly is being vided. The beginner usually thinks that controlled to some extent by wasps which the smaller the insect the larger the name. were brought here from the home of the The reason for this may be, if the state- fly in Africa. One of this series of talks ment is true, that all the shorter names will be by 0. C. McBride, who has charge were used up on the larger creatures. of the branch of the United States bureau However, I shall only mention a few of of entomology, established in Hawaii to these names, just as samples. Most of the make a study of this serious pest. names mean something in Greek or Latin. D. T. Fullaway, entomologist with the Scientists use these dead languages so board of agriculture and forestry, will that all nationalities can have an equally tell you how entvologists set about find- hard time understanding them. All the ing natural enemies of insect pests and two-winged flies belong to the order Dip- introducing them. tera, which means two-wings. The bees, Pineapple pests will be discussed by Dr. wasps and ants belong to the order Hy- Walter Carter, of the pineapple experi- menoptera, which means veil-wing. The ment station. Garden pests will be dis- butterflies and moths belong to the Lepi- cussed by M. K. Riley, instructor in en- doptera, which means scale-wing. The tomology at the University of Hawaii. beetles and weevils belong to the Coleop- One of the most serious pests in Ha- tera, which means sheath-wing. The bugs waii today is the termite, which is de- THE MID -PACIFIC 323 stroying our houses and furniture. E. M. excited over Hawaiian insects that they Ehrhorn will tell you about this group. sent a young Oxford graduate, named Not only is Hawaii trying to fight its R. C. L. Perkins, to Hawaii to collect. insect pests, it is trying by means of a Perkins was in these islands for nearly 20 strict quarantine to keep other pests out. years. He collected over 100,000 insects, L. A. Whitney has charge of this work, as well as birds and snails. A huge mono- and he will tell you about it. graph in three volumes, called the Hawaii is known to entomologists the "Fauna Hawaiiensis," w a s published world around as an example of the suc- about these. cessful control of insect pests by natural But while Perkins was here there was enemies. There is also more known about an outbreak of the sugar cane leafhopper. the 4,500 different species of insects At his suggestion, the sugar planters se- found in these islands than about the in- cured several expert entomologists to sects of almost any other region of equal come and make a study of how to combat size in the world. You might like to hear the pest. The results were so successful briefly the story of how this came about. that a permanent entomology laboratory There were a few insect collectors on was established by the H.S.P.A., and the early voyages which touched in Ha- other entomologists were employed by waii, but very few specimens were col- the board of agriculture and forestry, the lected and little written about them. Then federal experiment station, and later the in 1887 there came to Hawaii a man who pineapple canners. These with the ento- might well be called the "father of Ha- mologists sent to Hawaii by the United waiian entomology." He was the Rev. States bureau of entomology to study Thomas Blackburn. He spent all his fruit flies, and several enthusiastic ama- spare time collecting insects, which he teur entomologists, such as the late W. M. sent back to friends in England. Giffard, formed the Hawaiian Entomo- There are two very curious things logical Society, whose yearly proceedings about the native Hawaiian insects. One contain much valuable data on Hawaiian is that most of them are found nowhere insects. else in the world. And the other is that Thus a chain of circumstances, start- they furnish a most striking example of ing with the collections of the Rev. the workings of evolution. When a kind Thomas Blackburn in the '70s, has led up of insect becomes isolated in some out-of- to the present extensive knowledge of the way portion of our islands, it starts Hawaiian insects, and the successful con- getting different from its relatives in other localities. clue to differences of conditions, trol or exclusion of insect pests. In the and minute variations which are constant- series of talks, of which this is the first, ly taking place in the insect's offspring. you are going to have an opportunity to This leads to new species, all of which hear about some of these insects and how are, however, more or less closely related. they have been controlled, by the men who Blackburn and his fellow entomologists are actually on the job today, and who are noticed these two facts, and they got so in a position to know. • 324 THE MID-PACIFIC
In Hawaii sugar cane insect pests are controlled by the introduction of their parasites. This shows a parasite introduced from Mexico (a chalcid fly, Euplectrus platyhypenae) to attack the armyworm, which sometimes occurs in devastating numbers in young cane and in grass lands in Hawaii. The upper figure is the parasite itself, highly enlarged; Fig. 2 shows para- site eggs on a caterpillar; Fig. 3, a caterpillar being eaten by two clusters of parasite larvae; Fig. 4, highly enlarged larva; Fig. 5, a dead caterpillar fastened to a leaf by the cocoons of the parasites. THE MID-PACIFIC 325
Insect Pests. of Sugar Cane in Hawaii By 0. H. S\VEZEY Entomologist, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station
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All are aware that every kind of field, festations the whole stalk becomes rotten. orchard and garden crop is attacked by In those plantations that were most insect pests. Sugar cane is no exception. severely affected by the borer, sometimes Many kinds of insects have taken a liking there were fields with half of the cane to sugar, the same as man has. In the ruined. sugar cane countries of the world, taken After considerable search in tropical altogether there are hundreds of kinds regions, a parasite (Ceromasia spheno- of insects that feed upon the cane plant phori) was discovered, and introduced in one way or another : either eating the from New Guinea in 1910, which has leaves or sucking the juice therefrom and proved a very valuable check on this pest. from the stalk, boring in the stalk, or Although not a perfect control on the pest, attacking the roots. yet the borer has been reduced to such an In many countries the sugar cane insect extent that the damage to cane has been pests are natives of the region. The sugar greatly lessened on most of the planta- cane insect pests in Hawaii are chiefly of tions, in fact, on some plantations, has foreign origin. They have arrived as im- become insignificant. migrant insects, probably in most cases The sugar-cane leafhopper (Perkin- with sugar cane itself that was imported siella saccharicida.) made its appearance for planting, years ago before the plant in Hawaii cane fields about 30 years ago. quarantine service was established, and a It is thought to have come in in the Yel- stop put to free importation of cane from low Caledonia cane when it was im- other countries, where there yet are cane ported from Queensland for planting. pests worse than what we now have in This could readily have happened, as the Hawaii. eggs are often laid in the newer portion The sugar-cane weevil borer (Rhab- of the cane stalk. The leafhopper had docnemis obscura) has been a pest in Ha- already dispersed to all plantations by waii for the past 60 years. It was first 1903, and was causing great alarm on noticed in fields at Lahaina, after cane account of the injury being done to the had been brought from Tahiti for plant- cane by the thousands of leafhoppers per ing—the original Lahaina variety. It stalk which were feeding by piercing the eventually spread to all the sugar-cane leaves or tender exposed stalk with their districts. The damage to cane is caused by proboscis and sucking the sap, thus check- the fat, footless white grub of this beetle ing the growth of the cane, and in the which eats and bores up and down in the most severe cases causing it to die. Three cane stalk. One to a dozen or more of egg-parasites were introduced from these grubs may be in one stalk. Besides Queensland (the home of the leafhopper) the amount of cane eaten, a fermentation in 1904; another from Fiji in 1905, and takes place which is detrimental to the still another from Formosa in 1916. quality of the juice, and in the worst in- These, with two introduced dryinid para- 326 THE MID-PACIFIC
sites that attack the leafhoppers them- strip the leaves of the new shoots to the selves, together with several native para- midribs. Sometimes it is necessary to re- sites and predators, very successfully re- sort to insecticides to check an outbreak duced the leafhopper pest, but did not of armyworms : using poisoned bran mash provide an entirely satisfactory control. bait, dusting with Paris green, or spray- Finally, in 1920, a small bug (Cyrtor- ing with dilute poisoned molasses. The hinus ntundulus) was found to have the mynah bird and several introduced para- habit of sucking the contents of the leaf- sites generally prevent such severe out- hopper eggs in Queensland and also in breaks of armyworks as used to occur Fiji. This bug was introduced from Fiji several decades ago. The mynah was pur- in 1920. When it became established and posely introduced as an enemy to the spread throughout the cane fields of the armyworms more than 60 years ago, and Islands, sufficient control was effected, so has proved to be a very valuable bird in that the leafhopper is now so generally the Islands due to its general insectivorous scarce as hardly to be called a pest. habits. The introduced parasites of army- The sugar-cane root grub (Anomala worms are : 3 tachinid flies, Frontina orientalis) was first identified in 1912, archippivora and Chaetogaedia monticola when the grubs or larvae of the beetle from North America, and Archytas cir- were found badly damaging the roots of phis from Mexico ; 3 ichneumon flies, cane stools in the Pearl Harbor district Amblyteles koebelei, A. purpuripennis and of Oahu. In a few years this pest in- Hyposoter exignac from California; a creased and spread to the cane-fields over chalcid fly, Euplectrus platyhypenae from an area about three miles across, and was Mexico ; 2 egg-parasites, the cosmopolitan doing many thousands of dollars of dam- Trichogramina minutum and Telenomus age to the cane fields annually. It was nawai from Japan. If it were not for all learned that Japan was the home of this these parasites, armyworms would be far beetle, and search was made there for more prevalent than they are of late parasites or other natural enemies. None years, both on cane and in grass lands. of those found succeeded in becoming The sugar cane leafroller (Orniodes established when brought to Honolulu, accepta) is one pest that is a native in but finally, in 1916, a parasite (Scolia Hawaii. Its caterpillars normally feed manilae) found in the Philippines was upon several kinds of grasses, but at times found to have become established in our they have infested cane fields, most fre- cane fields. It was spread about as rapidly quently at the higher elevations on the as possible, and in a year or so had gained Island of Hawaii, where sometimes there satisfactory reduction and control of the have been outbreaks in which consider- cane grub pest. able injury was done to the cane. The Two kinds of armyworms (Cirphis caterpillars when young feed in the unipuncta, Spodoptera mauritia) attack rolled up cane 'leaves of the spindle ; cane in Hawaii ; the common or cos- older caterpillars feed on the expanded mopolitan armyworm and the nutgrass leaves, hiding in a retreat made of the armyworm. Both have been here a long rolled-over edge fastened with silk, hence, time, so long that historically their first the name leafroller. A number of native appearance is not known. They normally parasites and predators and two or three feed on grasses of various kinds, and, introduced parasites hold this pest in hence, infestations in cane fields occur in check generally for most of the time. regions in the vicinity of grass lands, or The cane plant-louse or aphis (A phis- where there are grassy roadsides, or sacchari), has no doubt come from Java, where cane fields are infested with nut- how or when has not been conjectured. grass. When outbreaks occur in young It makes somewhat periodical outbreaks plant or ratoon crops, the caterpillars on young cane, where the lice particularly THE MID- PACIFIC 327 congregate in great numbers on the un- breeding it for distribution to the sugar derside of the lower leaves. Not a great plantations. deal of injury results as the cane is con- The Chinese grasshopper (Oxya chi- tinually growing new leaves above ; and, nensis) is the large short-antennaed too, there are so many introduced lady- grasshopper which has been known for a beetles and other predators and parasites long time on Oahu and Kauai. It has that find these outbreaks in due time and more recently become established and soon breed up and increase sufficiently to widely spread on Hawaii, and to a less gain control of the outbreak. Among extent on Maui. The damage to cane these aphis enemies are the ladybeetles: fields has been chiefly where the fields Coelophora iazaequai s, Platymnus lividi- were infested with nutgrass, or where gaster and Dionzus notescens from Aus- there were roadways with nutgrass. The tralia ; a native lacewing fly, Chrvsopa very young grasshoppers would commonly inicrophya; a brown lacewing fly, Micro- feed on the nutgrass and when half nuts vinaceus, from Australia ; 2 syrphid grown go onto the cane where a very flies, Sirnesyrphus grandicornis and Allo- ragged condition of the leaves is pro- grapta obligua; two internal parasites, duced. Sometimes quite large areas of Aphelinus I/midis and Lysiphlebus testa- cane have been thus affected. An egg- ceipes. parasite for this grasshopper has been The pink sugar cane mealybug (Tri- discovered in the Federated Malay States, oninnus sacchari) is a cosmopolitan sugar and we are now endeavoring to introduce cane mealybug, and it is not known how it to Hawaii. long it has been here nor whence it came. There are a few other cane pests, but Its distribution is general in all the cane of much less inportance than those above fields of the islands. But although com- mentioned. mon, as evidenced by the clusters of In the attempt to control the insect mealybugs at the joints, it does not cause pests of sugar cane in Hawaii, we have any appreciable damage to the cane. The employed the biological control method bugs obtain their food by sucking sap as is evidenced by my statements of the from the cane stalk, hence, the cane surely introduction of parasites and other would be better off if rid of them. Sev- natural enemies, from the original home eral ladybeetles which feed on mealybugs have been introduced, but they do not ac- of the pest if possible. In these endeavors complish much against this mealybug. the entomologists of Hawaii have been Just now, we have a parasite from the remarkably successful, not only with Philippines, which seems to be a specific parasites of cane pests, but also with in- parasite of this mealybug, and we are sect pests of other crops, trees or plants. • 328 THE MID-PACIFIC
nipaprTinC7177nUnCYM711C717717711UnCJI7717311C717:711C7M7 Insect Pests of Pineapple Plants By DR. WALTER CARTER Entomologist, Experiment Station, A.H.P.C. 1 rancainunthodica haini
It is strange that pineapple fields, so entirely absent ; on Maui, light-yellow beautiful in symmetry and color should spots are frequently associated with mealy be so inhospitable to insects. Yet it is bug presence and are difficult to separate true that the number of species living on from the typical yellow spots caused by the pineapple plant is relatively very the pineapple scale. On the fruit, mealy small. On the other hand some of these bugs get so thick at times as to almost species present as interesting a set of cover the fruit and there is no doubt problems for the entomologist as may be considerable injury due to loss of juice found anywhere. and cracking of the fruit due to the in- Probably the first in importance is the sects feeding. pineapple mealy bug and one of the rea- From the fruit, the mealy bug usually sons for this is that the mealy bug is a migrates to the tops or crowns where member of an insect hui from which it sometimes very large populations can be is rarely if ever separated. Now coopera- found. The record so far, is 5000 mealy tion, whether for good or evil, is usually bugs by actual count. This counting of successful if it is wholehearted and we mealy bugs on plants is an interesting humans could well take a lesson from the though tedious job but necessary really cooperation that exists between the mealy because the structure of the plant and the hug and several species (one at a time) desire of the insect to keep out of the of ants. The commonest ant in pineapple limelight make it very difficult to guess fields is the Big-headed Pheidole and it just how many bugs there are on a plant. is this species which is most commonly So a system of counting has been de- found associated with mealy bugs. This vised which means pulling a certain num- ant is the mealy bug's nursemaid, garb- ber of plants, bagging them in the field age can and police force all at the same and after fumigation to prevent escape of time ; it moves the mealy bug around, to the insects, the plants are cut to pieces permit the bug to establish itself on suc- carefully and all the mealy bugs counted. culent leaves, removes the surplus wax It is by this means that the progress of and other excretions from the mealy bug's mealy bugs into a pineapple field has been body and vigorously defends it against traced. • enemies. The mealy bug, on the other That enormous populations of mealy hand, while accepting these attentions, bugs can develop on plants in so short a provides a good deal of food for the ant time is due to the•fact that the bug can in the way of surplus wax and the tiny reproduce without any sexual stage be- globules of honey dew which are secreted ing necessary. As a matter of fact the from glands in the mealy bug's body. male mealy bug is an insignificant and The visible symptoms of mealy bug in- very tiny delicate creature not often found jury to the plant differ considerably, and and the probability is that the presence strangely enough, differ considerably on of these males in the colony is a sign of the various islands. On Kauai for in- trouble. The large wax coated creatures stance, the dark-green spotting, so typical found on the plant are all females and of mealy bug injury on Oahu, is almost these produce enormous numbers of THE MID-PACIFIC 329 young which, after a short stay under the to the pineapple fields ; like a good many female, in the manner of chickens under unwelcome visitors it just blows in, ap- a setting hen, move off to find quarters parently. The insect feeds on the tender of their own. In this stage they are prac- tissues in the heart of the pineapple plant tically waxless and are quite active. After and sometimes lays eggs in the tissue of finding a suitable place to live on the the leaf. This is a strange procedure for plant, they become attached, grow, de- this particular insect since its young are velop wax and in a short time can repro- unable to maintain themselves on the duce in exactly the same way as their pineapple plant and are rarely, if ever, single parent did. found there. During the feeding opera- Without the protection of the ants, tion, however, the insect injects into the mealy bug colonies rarely establish them- plant something which causes the plant selves. This is an important point for the to become diseased. This disease is known pineapple industry since a large number locally as "Yellow-spot" owing to the of mealy bugs are, from necessity, planted typical circular yellow area which often in the fields each year when new planting appears as the first symptom. Now, material is put into the ground. But in when scientists are at a loss to know just a well prepared field the ant nests have what a thing is, they give it a name any- been rather thoroughly broken up so that way and this disease of pineapple is called before ants can get into the middle of "virus disease" merely to distinguish it large fields, the mealy bug colonies dis- as one of those diseases of the plant appear. This is fortunate but the ant is where nothing is known as to the actual a persistant individual and before long germ or causal organism which the insect after planting, mealy bugs and ants are transmitter injects into the plant tissue. found coming in from the wild vegeta- A great many such insect-borne diseases tion at the edges of fields. This move- exist and it is surprising to go into the ment in from the edge is one of the most wild vegetation areas on Oahu and find striking things about the whole mealy bug just how many weeds are affected by problem and one which strongly suggests symptoms which scientists commonly at- that the wilting of pineapple plants which tribute to this type of disease. A group commonly starts from the edge of the of entomologists from the H.S.P.A. and field and works inwards, is due, for the the A.H.P.C. went out recently and found most part, to mealy bug injury to the at least 5 species of plant affected by virus plant. If this proves to be true, then con- disease symptoms which had not been pre- trol measures against mealy bugs should viously recognized. If this could be done do a good deal to prevent losses and ma- in a few hours collecting it is obvious that terially reduce the cost of raising pines. a great many undescribed virus diseases But enough of meal bugs. There is must exist on the island. just time to discuss one other pineapple Fortunately for us, the thrips carrying insect and this strangely enough is not this disease is subject to slight changes properly speaking, a pineapple insect at in climatic condition and a great many of all. Unfortunately itelives and feeds just the immature stages never reach maturity long enough on the plant to give the plant for one reason or another. This implies a disease which results in the death of that while outbreaks may occur from time the plant after a short time. This insect to time, we shall not be faced with a stead- is known as the onion thrips among en- ily increasing loss from this cause. As a tomologists. It is a very tiny insect, not matter of fact the loss this past year is much longer than the width of a pin head, very much less than in 1929. It is good yet it can cause serious trouble. that this is so, for entomologists nowhere From diseased weeds in the gulches it have found satisfactory means yet to acquires a disease and from there goes combat this species. 330 THE MID-PACIFIC
Termites at work, and a view of termite tubes being constructed from the ground direct to the timbers without any artificial support. The tubes in the picture are eighteen inches high. These tubes are the work of a subterranean or ground-nesting termite. THE MID-PACIFIC 331
• 11414/111P .V_1_11, Kanr2i..1121.,,ImA217:7U(7111:=14-17.4P:31c311CJITUIPUITSMIC7111:711KJITK7,..,1770:711U1R7M71 • • Termites in Hawaii By E. M. EHRHORN, Consulting Entomologist, Honolulu AffcinuThixclununiffiniffiniffninnfftlinicalaunnnuatinucarcatatinnuouLli
I have been asked to talk to you about cies is also a slow worker, producing termites, or so-called white ants, or flying small colonies and is distributed on all the ants as the public usually calls them. Islands. It has proven a very serious pest Termites or so-called white ants are not in houses, attacking not only the wood- true ants, although they are superficially work of the house, but also furniture, pic- antlike and live in colonies made up of dif- ture frames, books, and other objects. Its ferent castes like ants. Termites as a presence is easily detected by small pellets, group are very ancient ; we find them as which it ejects out of the infested wood fossils in deposits millions of years old, at intervals. You will find these pellets, so they were on earth before man. which look like large grains of sand, on Several species of termites have been the floor under infested furniture or near under observation in these Islands for the baseboard of a room if the wall is in- many years, but not until 1911, when a fested. The damaged wood has a hollow subterranean or ground nesting species sound and gives away easily. The fourth made its appearance here, had any real species is the subterranean or ground- fight against these pests been undertaken. nesting termite, Coptotermes forniosanus. The finding of great destruction to the It was first noticed in 1911 on pier 7 and wharves and utility poles by this species after search was made, was found on sev- caused much anxiety, and the necessity to eral wharves along the waterfront, so that study these pests became apparent. it probably arrived in the Islands around Here in Hawaii there are four species 1908 or earlier. of termites. The oldest species Neoter- This is the most destructive species we have and the most prolific, having very mes conexus infest the dead or dying limbs of koa and other forest trees large colonies or nests in which millions and no doubt has been in these Islands of termites exist, consequently it is a very for a very long period. From our studies fast worker. Termites as a class feed on so far, it does not attack lumber used for wood and wood products, also on mate- building. Another species, Kalotennes rials such as paper, cloth, leather, etc., in immigrans, is the termite of the plains. fact the only substances which they won't This is a dry-wood species, and probably attack are stone and iron. Some species has been here a century. It is found in feed on living plants, and this species will dead wood such as lantana, guava, klu, and attack sugar cane and other plants when other trees and shrubs, and generally con- they are near infested wood. All our ter- fines itself to these woods, but on several mites have a flying period, which usually occasions we have found the foundations begins early in the month of March and of a few buildings in the outlying districts continues at intervals until August. It is where buildings have been erected on during this flight which is called their ground near infested shrubs, slightly at- nuptial flight, that the species spread. tacked by it. The third species is the dry- Equal numbers of males and females is- wood termite, Cryptotennes piceatus, sue, and when favorable conditions are which was probably brought here from found, they soon start a new colony. China some 50-odd years ago. This spe- Termites live in colonies and are classed 332 THE MID -PACIFIC
as social insects. They have a king and are able to use poisons so successfully. queen which may be called the father and When we find live termites in any of the mother of the colony. If a queen dies, the woodwork of the house, we use arsenic or colony is able to produce a new queen. In paris green in powdered form and blow the colony are soldiers, whose duty it is to this substance into the chambers of the defend it against their enemies, the true damaged wood and seal up the openings ants. The most important members of we have made, with putty or plastic wood. the colony are the workers, who do all the The body of termites is hairy and the poi- work, feeding the queen, the soldiers, and son clings to it and is removed by the all the brood. Our termites work entirely workers, who groom all the individuals in the dark and some of the castes are and themselves, and in this manner carry blind, especially the workers, who are the the poison all through the nest. In foun- ones that do the damage to the timbers. dation timbers where the subterranean Just before swarming time a large number termite has done the damage, poison can of large individuals are observed in the he used if the timbers are not too moist. nests ; these are nymphs, the immature A small quarter-inch hole can be bored forms of the adult winged form. When into the large timbers at intervals reach- swarming time is at hand, the winged ter- ing the damaged portion, injecting the mites are attracted to light and may ap- poison and plugging up the holes. The pear in the house. This is an indication subterranean termite has its nest in the and a good warning that termites are ground near a building and although either in the dwelling or close by. Those who are interested can capture these fly- the house rests on a stone or concrete ing termites by using a large washbowl foundation, this species is able to reach filled partly with water and a little kero- the foundation timbers, for it is able to sene, placing the same under one light in build earthen runways over the founda- the room and putting out all the other tion walls and get in contact with the lights for 20 or 30 minutes. The bowl wood. Inspection of houses at intervals, should be close under the light, as the ter- therefore, means much toward checking mites will strike the light and fall into the termite invasion. Ground nests can be bowl. This method of trapping will pre- eradicated by the use of carbon-bisulphide, vent them from spreading to other parts a liquid which produces a heavy gas, but of the house . It is especially true of the care must be taken not to use open lights, dry-wood species. as the gas is very explosive. It is advis- A very important habit of the termite is able to consult qualified men for assist- the constant licking or grooming of their ance. Termites are fast workers and bodies and of other individuals in the col- great damage can be done in a very short ony, and it is through this habit that we time.
• THE MID-PACIFIC 333
The orange is a host to the Mediterranean fruit fly.
• ,•• • •wp ipricyncynum-xuripriuunpruncirL77,11,0,:uur,IC71.111:711C7rpnri The Mediterranean Fruit Fly By 0. C. McBRIDE Entomologist, Mediterranean Fruit Fly Division U. S. Bureau of Entomology ilniLa ckunucimanannunucd • ititnMxiancarcanincltinnclucunnt — — --mt-ew- rcu, iThe Mediterranean fruit fly is one of are the most favorable for the rapid de- the most destructive of the fruit flies. It velopment of the fruit fly. In the vicinity is probably a native of tropical Africa and of Honolulu, there are 15 or 16 genera- has spread to most of the tropical and tions of flies each year. All the higher subtropical fruit-growing countries. This elevations, the temperature is lower and pest gained entry into Hawaii about 1910, the development period increases accord- found itself in an almost perfect environ- ingly until we reach an elevation of 4500 ment, and under these conditions, it multi- feet, where one generation, only, occurs plied and spread rapidly. By 1914, the per year. fruit fly had spread to every important Nowhere in the tropical countries are island of the Hawaiian group. The pres- the host conditions more favorable than ence of the Mediterranean fruit fly in Ha- in the Hawaiian Islands. There are more waii has seriously affected the door yard than 75 varieties and species of fruits fruit production and the general horti- grown in the islands that are susceptible cultural pursuits in the islands. to fruit fly attack. Furthermore, host In Honolulu, the temperature ranges fruits are available throughout the entire from 58° to 90° F. These temperatures year. 334 THE MID -PACIFIC
The adult of the Mediterranean fruit mediately began to search for control fly is about the size of an ordinary house measures. A host free period or clean fly. Eggs of the fruit fly are placed by culture campaign was adopted. It was the female just beneath the skin of the soon realized, however, that the fly at- fruit. During the summer months, the tacked many more fruits than was first eggs hatch in 52 to 60 hours. When first anticipated. With the establishing of the hatched from the eggs, the larva is about flies in the wild guavas, and inaccessable 1/25 of an inch long, but increases to places, it was impossible to starve out the more than 1/3 inch when full grown. The fly. After three years, the host free cam- larva hatching from the eggs deposited paign was discontinued. just beneath the epidermis burrow their The use of poison baits, or spraying as way through the pulp of the fruit. Their a control measure under Hawaiian condi- feeding destroys the pulp or tissue of the tions was not considered effective due to fruit. Punctures made by the female at the lack of fruit orchards, the abundance the time eggs are deposited, and injury of host fruits ripening throughout the caused by the feeding of the larvae, per- year and the presence of wild hosts in in- mit the development of decay fungi and accessible places. Traps did not prove ef- bacteria. Fruits may be quite thoroughly fective because no bait was known that devoured within and yet maintain a fairly would attract the female flies to the traps. normal appearance externally. There are, The use of paper or cloth bags for cover- however, external evidences of infesta- ing the fruits was not practical on a com- tion, but these are often so inconspicuous mercial scale. that they are overlooked by the average Under Hawaiian conditions, natural person. An examination of the skin may show punctures, discoloration, sunken enemies have been found of great value in areas, or gummy exudations which are a controlling certain economic pests. There- few of the external evidences of fruit fly fore, it was considered advisable to in- infestation. troduce parasites of the Mediterranean When the larvae are full grown, they fruit fly. Accordingly in 1913 and 1914, leave the fruit and drop to the ground four species of parasites were introduced where they pupate. The puparia vary in by the territorial government, and estab- size and color, depending on the host lished in the Islands. Since 1914, records fruit, but usually are about 1/6 inch long have been made on the amount of parasit- and whitish or light amber in color. In ism produced by each of the four larval littoral Hawaii, the pupae stage varies parasites. The introduced larval parasites from 9 to 15 days. The adult Mediter- destroy approximately 50 per cent of the ranean fruit fly emerges in largest num- fruit fly larvae about Honolulu. bers early in the morning. If the adults The coffee cherry is one of the most have no opportunity to feed after emerg- favorable fruits for the parasites to work ence, they die within three days. in. It is not uncommon to find 95 to 100 Adults, upon emerging from the pupae, per cent of the larvae developing in cof- must feed several days before they begin to puncture the fruit and lay eggs. The fee cherries parasitized. adult may live two to three months and The natural enemies of the fruit fly are during her life lay 500 to 600 eggs. not able to control more than 50 per cent At the time of the discovery of the of the larvae. The remaining 50 per cent Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii in of the flies are sufficient to infect a high 1910, it was known to be a serious pest per cent of the susceptible fruits. Ways of many tropical and subtropical fruits and means of reducing fruit infestation but little was known of its biology, and and damage are being investigated by the methods of control. Entomologists im- U. S. Bureau of Entomology.
THE MID-PACIFIC 335
T7T7TIUMWMPUTWM WA.W7FTR Combating Garden Insects in Hawaii By MERRILL K. RILEY, of the University of Hawaii
• • I fI 1I .4 AI •
An abundance of fresh vegetables in fully is generally ascribed to insect pests, the diet is known to be very important to while in many cases it may be due to soil human health. The use of vegetables, now or climatic conditions, or improper culture negligible in many families, would be or neglect. Most of the truck crops more extensive if the home gardener bet- grown here are done so in spite of the ter understood insects and their controls. numerous insect pests, and without regard Also, the quality and price of commer- to the application of control measures. cially grown vegetables would be better if This is possible because the natural ene- insects were not permitted to add to the mies of the insect pests ordinarily keep cost of production. A very slight amount them sufficiently under control. Some of feeding upon vegetables such as cu- of the pests are not sufficiently checked in cumbers, melons, tomatoes, lettuce, beans, this manner and even those that usually spinach and sweet corn renders them un- are, often occur as outbreaks when they salable. increase to injurious numbers in spite of It is often said that here in Hawaii it their natural enemies. In such an out- is impossible to grow garden crops suc- break artificial methods of control, name- cessfully on account of the numerous in- ly, the application of poison, should be sect pests ; it being implied that there are used to help protect the crop. more and worse insect pests of the garden Since every species of insects has cer- in Hawaii than in other parts of the tain habits found in no other insect, it world. As a matter of fact, the insect is necessary to make detailed studies con- pests in Hawaii are no more abundant or cerning that insect before control meas- injurious than elsewhere. If one re- ures can be adequately applied. Probably viewed the records of garden insects in the most important that must be con- other parts of the world it would be seen sidered are : which stage of the insect is that there could be many others added causing the injury ; when does the insect to the long list now present here, pro- feed ; and the insect's method of feeding. vided they should be allowed to gain en- The method of obtaining food, whether trance to these islands. by chewing portions of the plant, or sim- It has been estimated that the annual ply inserting its beak into the tissues to loss due to insect attack on vegetables is suck out the juices, determines the type about 20 per cent, or double that of the of chemical or insecticide to apply. average farm crop. The injurious vege- For those insects that chew up por- table-feeding forms outnumber in species tions of the plant and ingest it, a stomach the insect enemies of any other single poison is generally applied. The most class of crop, excepting possibly the de- common material used for this purpose is ciduous fruits, and this nearly endless va- arsenate of lead, or paris green, which riety of pests necessitates information in may be sprayed onto the plants or applied regard to each. in the form of dust. For those insects Failure to grow truck crops success- which suck out the juices of the plant, a 336 THE MID-PACIFIC contact insecticide is used, such as "Black potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, turnips, Leaf 40" or certain oil emulsion sprays. spinach and other vegetables, have serious These chemicals can be obtained locally aphid pests. Nicotine sulphate, known at various drug stores or chemical supply commercially as "Black Leaf 40," is the agencies. Mention will be made of the standard remedy for aphids. above facts in connection with each insect The Chinese or Japanese rose beetle discussed. is another common pest which as an adult While many garden insects feed on feeds at night upon many garden plants, only one kind of crop or a few closely including string beans, lima beans, pigeon related ones, there are a number of others peas, peanuts, corn, bananas, also many that feed on a variety of plants. I can weeds and ornamentals. This beetle is call your attention to only a few of these often seen flying about the lights at night insects at this time. The following may and may be recognized as a brownish, be considered the most important : Cut- oblong beetle about V4-3/8 inch in length. worms of several species are often pres- Oftentimes the leaves are completely ent in the garden cutting off young seed- skeletonized, leaving only the veins of the lings at night, which are left on the leaf. The young or grubs of this beetle ground to wilt. Cutworms are plump, live in the soil, doing no particular harm. soft-skinned, greasy-looking caterpillars, When the soil is kept sufficiently wet a about one and one-half inches long, which fungus disease attacks and kills the grubs. are found in shallow holes in the soil In dry localities or during dry seasons, about the base of the plant. it is necessary to spray the plants with Nearly all garden vegetables as well as arsenate of lead in order to kill the adult flowers, field crops and ornamentals, are beetles. On various varieties of peas attacked by one kind or another. To con- and beans may be found bean and pea trol these worms in small gardens, usually weevils, which are the grubs of a small small cans are placed around the plants beetle about 3/10 of an inch in length. while they are young. Poison baits con- The eggs are laid in the pods or seeds taining a stomach poison, such as arsenate and the grubs feed in the soil, thus ren- of lead or paris green, may also be used. dering control measures impossible, while Grasshoppers may also become very inju- the fruits are still in the garden. Often- rious when they are numerous. The rav- times this insect becomes very abundant enous hoppers strip the leaves and eat the and many beans will be found to have tender foliage from almost all kinds of been partly eaten by this insect. Also at- vegetables, generally beginning at the tacking these vegetables is a common blue margin of the leaf and eating inwardly. butterfly. The eggs are laid on the pods In order to protect the plants, it is neces- and soon young caterpillars enter the pods sary to keep the foliage covered with a and eat up several of the seeds before spray or dust, such as arsenate of lead. transforming into butterflies. This insect Plant lice or aphids, small, soft-bodied in- is especially injurious to pigeon peas and sects, about the size of a pinhead and crotalaria. No satisfactory control meas- often green in color, although some may ures have been dvised for this insect, ex- be brown, yellow, pink, or black, are often cept for those natural enemies that may injurious. They all feed by thrusting be present. The garden measuring worm, sharp, hollow stylets from their beaks in or green looping caterpillar, is often among the plant cells and sucking out the found on all kinds of vegetables, including sap. This causes the blighting of buds, peas and beans. The foliage of many of dimpling of fruit, curling of leaves, or our vegetables, especially beans, is often appearance of discolored spots on the badly eaten by them. There are several leaves. All the vegetables of the cabbage parasites that keep these worms in check, family, cucumbers, melons, peas, beans, but at times the worms become numerous THE MID-PACIFIC 337 and must be controlled with an arsenate injury continually during its development. of lead spray. Sweet corn is often rendered unsightly Even the tubers of our sweet potatoes and many of the ears must be trimmed are often attacked by a small beetle, called at the tips in order to remove traces of the sweet potato weevil. The young bur- the injury done by the corn ear worms, row around in the tuber just beneath the which are the same caterpillars men- skin, making excavations and holes and tioned in connection with the tomato. The rendering the tuber practically useless. moth deposits eggs in the silk, and the There is also a caterpillar of a small, gro- young caterpillars soon burrow into the tesquely patterned moth that lives in the kernels, and often destroy the entire ear. stems and causes the plant to die down. Some benefit may be obtained by dusting Both of these insects are difficult to con- the silk with arsenate of lead. trol and the destruction of infected ma- The leaves of beets are often badly terial is all that can be done. eaten by several small caterpillars, espe- Watermelons, muskmelons, squashes, cially by one known as the Hawaiian beet pumpkins and cucumbers are badly af- webworm. The adult is a brownish col- fected by the melon fly, a very pretty ored moth with a white band across the fly about 1/4 inch long. The maggots live wings ; it is small, measuring about one in the fruit and render it unsalable. It inch across with wings expanded. It is was introduced accidentally into Hawaii very evident about March or April and about 1895, about the same time as the may be seen frequently at night flying Mediterranean fly. Its injuries to the about the light. Partial control may be above vegetables are nearly as severe as obtained by spraying with arsenate of lead those of the Mediterranean fly are to poison. fruits. There are parasites attacking the I have presented at this time only a few maggots of this fly, but not sufficiently to of the many insects attacking our vege- be of practical value. The placing of tables, to indicate the problems confront- paper sacks about the fruit may be prac- ing the truckgrower. There are still ticed with gratifying results. many other insects, such as cabbage Our tomatoes are subject to the attack worms, leaf hoppers, potato flea beetles, of the Mediterranean fly, which by itself Irish potato tuber moths, melon stem is sufficient to make the growing of toma- borers, and several species of minute in- toes a task that is generally difficult and sects called leaf miners. I hope, however, often in vain. In addition to the fruit that this discussion will help to bring fly injury, the tomato fruit worm, a about your cooperation with the Entomo- caterpillar of a medium-sized, brownish logical Service of the University of Ha- moth, burrows into the fruit and causes appreciable injury. This caterpillar may waii, and that you will give us an oppor- be controlled by sprayittg with arsenate tunity to help you with your special prob- of lead, but unless the fruit is kept cov- lems that often arise in the growing of ered with poison it will be subjected to vegetables. • •
338 THE MID-PACIFIC
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David T. Fullaway, Entomologist with the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry. -,„., v ,„„K„,,„•„7,,,,7,,,,,„,„,„,.,,,,,,,,,,.„zun,..„,„,„„u„„:,,,,,,,,,v.v.,,„,„,„,,,,„,„,,i, • Some Aspects of Biological Control in Hawaii • By D. T. FUI,LAWAY • Entomologist, Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry • iffinnnranni-niraztihniatuaticalcacontEi--- • -•-- • • =,
The use of natural agencies for keep- heit in the lowlands. Hence, it is pos- ing insect multiplication within bounds, sible for the development of insects to go which the term "biological control" on without interruption, and six to eight connotes, has proved a most successful cycles annually is not unusual for many method of dealing with injurious insects species. Hibernation phenomena are in the Hawaiian Island., and has been scarcely discernible. Again, a luxuriant of great economic value. Artificial meth-- vegetable growth furnishes an ample ods of control, on the other hand, have supply of food. given generally poor results. The reason In these circumstances, adaptable of this is found in peculiar conditions species reach excessive numbers in a very here, which I shall attempt to describe. short time, occupy the land to the extent Nearly all of our pests are immigrant of available food, and generally become a species, and many of them have become scourge on improved land. Artificial established in Hawaii without the checks methods of control are inadequate to the upon their multiplication which exist in situation, usually not giving the desired the lands from whence they came. The results and involving excessive expendi- climate here also is conducive to the rapid ture to get even poor results. multiplication of insects. The tempera- On the other hand, all the conditions ture rarely falls below 60 degrees Fahren- cited as favorable to the excessive multi- 340 THE MID-PACIFIC
plication and rapid dissemination of in- perfectly satisfactory control of A nontola jurious forms, likewise favor the use of orientalis, achieved through the introduc- natural agencies for their restraint. The tion and establishment of a single enemy, introduction of beneficial insects can be Scolitc manilae, to the fruitless search for undertaken at any time of the year, their wire worm enemies, which has extended propagation and colonization are greatly over four years. An entirely satisfactory facilitated by the abundance of host ma- control of the sugar cane leaf hopper has terial and the absence of a dormant sea- only been achieved after twenty years' son, which in more northern latitudes work, involving the introduction of more often seriously hampers biological work. than a score of enemies. The control of The peculiar nature of our insular fauna the Mediterranean fruit fly has not been is also a favorable circumstance here, the entirely satisfactory owing to the fact paucity of forms operating to make the that the larvae occur in many fruits with incidence of hyperparasitism less likely . a thick pulp, where the parasites which Finally, the character of our agriculture are effective to a high degree in thin- is also a favorable circumstance. I mean pulped fruits, cannot reach them. Recent to say that the bulk of our production is introductions to improve the control of limited to a comparatively few crops, the avocado mealy bug, Pseudococcus grown under field conditions over large nipae, have given marvelous results in a areas, and the business of production is very short time, but in the case of other highly organized. These features all work coccid species the control exerted by para- advantageously. In the first place, the sites and predators has been less marked. limited scope of the work makes it a pos- A perplexing question in our exper- sibility as far as the time element is con- ience with this work has been, should all cerned. Secondly, centralized manage- the obtainable enemies of an injurious ment and adequate support are essential species be introduced or should a complex to expensive work involving a high degree be avoided and dependence put upon one of technical skill and sustained effort. effective enemy. I believe this, in the Thirdly, the effect of a small improve- light of our experience, is still a debatable ment is rendered disproportionately great question. when the application of it is extensive. I realize that in this hasty survey of the In stating that our work along the lines subject I have only skimmed its surface, of biological control has been successful, but I have been warned of a time limit. I do not wish to be understood to imply In conclusion, I would add that if the that the success has been uniform in de- application of this method to the sub- gree or that the establishment of a bene- jugation of an insect pest does not al- ficial species has succeeded from every ways result in a full and complete control introduction made. Quite the contrary of the pest, it at least often brings its has been the case. The consignments re- multiplication Within such bounds that ceived from our collectors which have artificial methods can be used with some produced results are few in number when degree of satisfaction. Also, that the compared with the total number of con- main defect of al* method from a practi- signments made and the results have cal standpoint appears to be its limited varied to a very high degree, from the application.
THE MID-PACIFIC 341
Iv ivntmurnziouritinunrotruntymyrityrizmuntnruntyrycmtinTwunnuikrfili, 1L7,....,,IlnK,7/PurT,, * The Minerals of Oahu 1 By DR. ARTHUR S. EAKLE * Professor of Mineralogy, Emeritus, University of California C 11 -----.-i- ■.- Tiit i • • hannucatc , , (..
You hear so much about sugar and pineapples in Hawaii, that it will be at least different for you to hear about the inorganic side of the islands as shown by the rocks and minerals. To generalize briefly, the earth is a solid but we do not know exactly what is in the center. However, we do know from the mean gravity of the earth that there is some- thing heavier at the center than on the surface. The heat at depths is sufficient to melt any rock, but pressure keeps the mass solid. Let the pressure be removed to some extent and the solid becomes a liquid molten mass, which we call magma. Sometimes this magma contains a large percentage of salicic acid or silica, and when it solidifies beneath the earth's crust and the various bases such as aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, potash and sodium, unite with the silica and a rock is formed which we call granite. If the same magma pours out as a lava flow and DR. ARTHUR S. EAKLE solidifies on the surface it forms rhyolite. If the magma is low in silica and rela- tively high in the bases and solidifies near islands. At Hanauma Bay we find a beach or at the surface, it forms a basalt. sand that is formed almost entirely of Basalts are the typical rocks of the island tiny olivine crystals washed out from the and are prevailingly dark in color. ash heap that was formed when Koko Head blew up many years ago. Some- Here is lava, a highly porous, or vesi- times platinum, nickel and copper occur cular basalt (showing sample). These ba- in basaltic rocks. Here is a specimen of salts are rich in iron %Id magnesia, which copper. I have not yet found any copper in part unite with the silica to form the deposits here but there are traces of cop- mineral, olivine, usually seen in the rock per often associated with the olivine. as yellowish green crystals, often large There are many hydrous silicates of enough to cut into gems. Some thousands various bases often found in the vesicles of dollars' worth of these olivine gems of the basalts which are grouped under have been found, cut, and sold in the one head as zeolites, from the Greek word * A memorial to Dr. Eakle, written by Dr. meaning to "boil." These zeolites are Harold T. Stearns, appears in the Journal of numerous and I have found about ten the Pan-Pacific Research Institution for of them on Oahu; many of them are October : Dr. Eakle died in Honolulu on July 5. 342 THE MID -PACIFIC
beautiful crystallizations and I shall have Question: Is it true that vegetables to continue their study in California to grown here lack vitamins because there is complete my work. The gems known as no iron in the ground ? "Pele's tears" are a form of silica called Dr. Eakle: There is an abundance of chalcedony and are deposited in cavities iron in the soil here. There is not the of the rocks of basaltic lava. Sometimes slightest reason for such a belief, it is the basaltic rock has decomposed into like most stories that one hears. clay and left the chalcedony which is in- Question: Why do they have to spray destructible. The water, after dissolving pineapple plants with iron sulphate ? the silica out of the lava, sometimes fills Dr. Eakle: It is said that the presence a cavity quite full of the new material, of manganese with the iron in the soil which after the rock is worn away ap- prevents the iron from being absorbed by pears as a smooth pebble. These stones the plant roots. are never cut in facets as "brilliants," Question: but are polished and smoothed to a beauti- Have you seen any gypsum here ? ful lustre. Many of these stones have Dr. Eakle: been sold for tie-pins, etc., to visitors to Some large specimens oc- the islands but there is no record kept cur at Makapuu Point and it occurs in of the sale of these gems. many places in small amounts on the is-
We also find the common mineral lanQd uestion: Is olivine a precious stone ? quartz in crystals which are cut and sold Dr. Eakle: Certainly. The olivine is a as Hawaiian diamonds—some have a blu- precious gem although it is not classed ish cast. The "diamonds" which named in the same rank with the diamond, ruby Diamond Head were small crystals of cal- and sapphire. cium carbonate, entirely worthless. In Question: What makes the diamond fact, there are three minerals found here so brilliant ? which sell as gems, namely, olivine, chal- Dr. Eakle: The strong refraction of cedony, and quartz, and considerable the rays of light. The diamond itself is money has been made on their sale. optically dense and the rays of light enter At the quarry near Moiliili, south of and are internally reflected from the sides the University of Hawaii, a basalt is be- of the diamond and finally issue in the ing quarried which is different from the direction they entered, which makes for ordinary basalt and distinct from basalt great brilliancy. No other stone which found elsewhere on the island. This is can be used as a gem has this high degree the most interesting quarry on the island of refraction. to the petrographer and mineralogist be- Question: Are the so-called "dia- cause of the different minerals developed monds"f ound here really diamonds ? in the rock but about which I do not now Dr. Eakle: They are a form of quartz have time to speak. Near Kailua I have called rock crystal ; some of them are found the brassy yellow iron sulphide quite clear and when cut have some bril- (pyrite) but that is the only metallic sul- liance. • phide I have come across so far. There Question: Where do we get the crystal is a remote chance of finding a vein of used in eye glasses ? iron pyrites on this island which would Dr. Eakle: Most spectacle lenses are furnish at least the iron for our iron sul- of glass. Quartz is sometimes used as phate fertilizers. I have only spoken in a lenses. general way of what I have found here, When you examine this collection on but I will give you a chance to ask ques- the table, you will be surprised at the tions on what you are particularly inter- variety of minerals found on Oahu. Some ested in. of the work of analysis will not be com- THE MID- PACIFIC 343 pleted until I return to California, but I The cultured pearls are, on the other think I have some very good specimens hand, the "real thing," grown as one here. might say inside of "tame" oysters. The As to the culture pearl made famous pearly material or "nacre" is a mixture by K. Mikimoto of Japan, which Alex- of lime carbonate with certain horny or- ander Hume Ford is anxious to introduce ganic material, laid down around some into Hawaii as a new industry, I don't foreign body in miscroscopically thin see any reason why pearl oysters could not patches or "lenses," overlapping at the live here, the only question being whether edges. This process is an absolute the waters are suitable for the raising of monopoly of the oyster and other shell- the oyster itself. Artificial pearls are fish. It cannot be done by hand. It is made of the scales of certain small fish the overlapping of the thin lenses which from the Baltic Sea, the scales being dis- solved and applied as a coating over a gives rise to the altogether inimitable glass center. pearly luster.
This extinct crater near Honolulu was named Diamond Head because of small crystals of calcium carbonate found on its slopes. 344 THE MID-PACIFIC
7 wilv,,immilk,... • nurrouuniuqualuoul • • Tropical America's Agri- cultural Gifts • By 0. F. COOK • (Staff of Pan-American Bulletin)
• • • • ICALOalnualinitnthattClitial • l'fitit • • • • • InnallnlICII.LaUCCLund razes
The extent to which our present civili- Early accounts of Mexico and Peru re- zation has drawn upon the native agricul- flect the amazement of the Spanish ex- ture of tropical America is seldom recog- plorers at the extent and perfection of the nized, and is little understood by the gen- native cultures. The modern traveler eral public. A new consciousness and in- shares the same feeling when he examines terest in civilization has developed in re- the remains of ancient systems and finds cent years, from issues raised in the war that the prehistoric people went far be- period. It begins to be seen that the yond our present conceptions of agricul- origin and growth of civilization should be studied primarily as a biological prob- tural possibilities. Study of the ancient lem, in order to gain a more practical un- systems may enlarge our ideas of im- derstanding of the conditions and factors provements that are possible in agricul- of human progress. ture. The industrial and commercial ac- Civilization is made possible by agricul- complishments of our civilization have ture, and the best prospect of understand- overshadowed our normal and instinctive ing civilization is through the study of ag- interest in the welfare of agriculture. No riculture. A first step toward civilization doubt we shall find that agriculture is as was taken when plants were domesticated necessary to maintain an advanced civili- and a settled existence became possible. zation as it was for the primitive begin- nings. The conditions of agriculture are required, with people living as separate families The ancient Peruvians undoubtedly ex- upon the land, for the experience of suc- celled us in the art of irrigation, and they cessive generations to accumulate and the went much further in reclamation of land. arts of civilization to develop. A debt Not only were leveling and terracing done of appreciation is due to the prehistoric to lessen the slopes of hillsides, but also domesticators of food plants who opened land was constricted even in places that the way of advancement for the race. A could have had no natural soil, on pre- poet of humanity has enjoined such a sen- cipitous slopes or in eroded stream beds. timent upon us, that we "forget not the Substantial retaining walls were built forgotten and unknown." The nations and the inclosed sitace was filled in, below have enshrined their unknown soldiers, with rubble work for drainage and above but agriculture is a service no less than with ample layers of good soil, which warfare. still raise good crops every year, after centuries of continuous cultivation. In The natives of America were inferior many of the valleys of the eastern Andes to the European invaders in weapons and all of the cultivated lands are of artificial military equipment, but in the arts of agri- terrace construction. Rivers were culture they had attained a higher devel- straightened and mountains resurfaced as opment than any of the European nations. incidents of these extensive reclamations. THE MID-PACIFIC 345
The narrow terraces on the slopes of the were more ancient in America than in the mountains, of course, have been recog- Old World. The lapse of time is indi- nized as artificial, but the vastly more ex- cated by the fact that several of the Amer- tensive construction of artificial lands in ican cultivated plants are not known to the bottoms of the valleys were over- exist in a wild state. Several have looked by many travelers, as though the reached the condition of seedlessness, and terrace walls supporting the different some have lost even the tendency to pro- levels were mere fences between fields. duce flowers. Many of the high-altitude The development of such intensive crops of Peru are specialized for partic- methods of agriculture must have required ular conditions and have not been estab- centuries or millenniums. lished in any other countries. Domestication of American Plants: The discovery and conquest of new continents beyond the Atlantic was an The many plants domesticated in Amer- event that has overwhelmed and preoc- ica are an evidence of the high develop- cupied the imagination of historians in re- ment of agriculture and of the vast pe- cent centuries, but the plant treasures of riods of time that must have been re- the New World are still to be appre- quired. The Peruvian region is consid- ciated. Spain was in advance of other ered as the chief center of domestication. European countries at the time of discov- Between 70 and 80 different species ap- ery. The period of Arab rule in Spain pear to have been domesticated in pre- had witnessed a revival or a reintroduc- Spanish times, as indicated by native tion of many of the arts of agriculture, names and uses. The list includes numer- including irrigation, as developed in north ous root and seed crops adapted to the Africa, Egypt, and Syria. Neither Spain different elevations, also fruits and vege- nor the rest of Europe was able to form tables, potherbs, condiments, medicines, any conception of the importance of the intoxicants, fish poisons, dye plants, new plant world of America. Only a few fibers and numerous ornamental plants. of our modern historic writers have per- The ancient Peruvians had potatoes, ceived the significance of the discovery of beans, maize, cotton, peppers, peanuts, a new economic flora in America as af- cassava and sweet potatoes ; also guavas, fording new materials of human advance- chirimoyas, avocados, tuberoses, mari- ment which the Western Hemisphere has golds, and many other fruits and flowers contributed to the enrichment of our Eu- which are still entirely unknown in North ropean civilization. Though only a par- America. tial utilization of the American cultivated Tobacco apparently was known to the plants has yet taken place, the entire ancient Peruvians, but was considered in- world has profited and vastly increased jurious. The chewing of coca leaves was its production by using plants that were a regular habit before tiie conquest, as it domesticated in America. is at the present time, and an extensive That we as north Europeans should culture of the coca Shrub was maintained continue to attach homeland sentiments in the eastern Andes. Potatoes from the to the plants that came to America with high altitudes, preserved by freezing and the first settlers is partly a misunderstand- drying, are still carried down the eastern ing of the past. Agriculture was not valleys on the backs of llamas and ex- original with the northern races or even changed for coca. Some of the high-alti- tude varieties of potatoes are too bitter to indigenous in Europe, as archaeological be eaten in the fresh state, but are suited investigations have shown. The tradi- tional Old World cereals—barley, wheat, for drying into chunos, as the mummified and rye—were not natives of any part of potatoes are called. The plant domestications apparently Europe, but of Asiatic origin. A long 346 THE MID -PACIFIC
succession of primitive peoples has been Some of the Old World crops, on the traced in Europe, going back to the gla- other hand, are grown most extensively cial periods, variously estimated from in America. Taking a plant to a new 20,000 to 100,000 years ago, but with no region may enable it to escape pests or indications of agriculture before the so- diseases which tend to increase in long- called Neolithic people came into Europe, established cultivations. The fungus in the late prehistoric period, 6,000 to which destroyed the coffee plantations of 10,000 years ago. Moreover, this invad- the East Indies has not reached America, ing race had passed the stage of first be- where most of the world's supply of this ginnings in agriculture, being proficient beverage is now produced. Brazil is the in irrigation, terracing, and megalithic great coffee country, though coffee is im- stonework. The subsequent history of portant also in Colombia, Venezuela, Gua- Europe was not marked by advances in temala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Haiti, agriculture, but rather by decline. In and Porto Rico. The largest commercial Greece, for example, archaeologists are cultivations of bananas are in Central finding that agricultural improvements of America and the West Indies, whence the megalithic age were not maintained in 63,530,000 bunches were imported into the classic period. the United States in 1929. More sugar Interchange of Crops: That the world is grown in Cuba than in any other coun- had need of the American crop plants is try, in favorable seasons more than 5,000,- shown by the wide distribution that many 000 tons being produced. Rice from of them have attained in Europe, Asia, Louisiana and California is shipped to and Africa. Some are grown more ex- tropical America, Japan, and China. Our tensively in the Old World than in Amer- high-priced labor raises food for low-price ica. The potato is the chief dependence countries. of northern Europe, and maize is a staple Tropical Agriculture in the United food in parts of Spain, Italy, Hungary, States: Though we are not accustomed and many other countries. Cassava has to think of the United States as a tropical become the principal root crop in parts of country, three of our principal crops— tropical Africa and of the East Indies. maize, cotton, and tobacco—are treated An acre of cassava is said to yield "more in European textbooks as tropical cultures nutritious matter than six times the same and our extensive production places us area under wheat." The manufacture of quite definitely in the tropical category. tapioca from cassava is now conducted in Our summer climate is essentially trop- the East Indies as well as in Brazil. The ical, in providing sufficient heat for the sweet potato was distributed across the maturity of these crops. The summer Pacific and is well-nigh universal in heat in Europe is not sufficient to mature tropical and subtropical regions. The maize regularly north of the Alps, and peanut or ground nut is grown commer- only a few localities in the south of Spain, cially in Senegal and in several other dis- Italy, and the Balkan peninsula are warm tricts of Africa and Asia. The principal enough for cotton. The European pro- production of cacao is in West Africa. duction of cotton in 1929 totaled about The vanilla plant grows wild in Mexico, 24,000 bales, while.the southern counties but most of the commercial vanilla comes of Virginia produced 46,000 bales. On from the French colonies. Sisal is grown this basis, Virginia is more tropical than in East Africa and in the Philippines. the south of Europe. The Hevea rubber tree, a native of Brazil, The tropic of the geography passes be- is cultivated extensively in the East In- low the southern tip of Florida, but that dies. Quinine and cocaine are supplied is only an imaginary line. A plant-life from the East Indies, though the plants tropic would touch our east coast of are native in Peru. North Carolina, follow the coast plain to THE MID-PACIFIC 347
Texas, and continue westward through United States and tested in different re- southern Arizona and California. Bot- gions. Under the new conditions the be- anists would not deny that countries with havior of the variety may be completely native palms should be reckoned as trop- changed and may become definitely ab- ical. The southern palmetto extends to normal. The large-grained Cuzco maize North Carolina, two native palms are which grows in Peru as a rather small, found in South Carolina, and four in productive plant 6 or 7 feet high, may Georgia. Louisiana, Texas, Arizona and grow in the United States to a height of California also have their endemic 16 feet, and usually fails to mature any species of palms, Sabal louisiana, modes seed. texana, Washingtonia arizonica, and The general distribution of maize, as Washingtonia filifera. The palm flora of well as the local diversity of varieties Florida, with more than a dozen native and uses, affords further indications of the species, exceeds that of many countries antiquity of agriculture in America, crossed by the equator, to say nothing of though several of the tropical root crops the coconuts in Florida, the dates in Cali- also are widely distributed. The general fornia, or the many ornamental palms custom of grinding the maize kernels into which are suited to open-air cultivation. paste after soaking in water may indicate The southern part of Florida, below a previous use of root crops, and especial- Bradenton and Fort Pierce, has frost pro- ly of cassava. Cassava and other root tection for tropical perennials and tree crops have continued to be more impor- crops, especially near the coast. Most of tant than maize in some of the humid the native flora of southern Florida is lowlands, while in the very high altitudes essentially tropical, like that of the West in South America maize was supple- Indies. Mangoes, avocados, sapodillas, mented by another series of root crops, bananas, papayas and coconuts, with many which included the potato. other palms and ornamental trees of dis- Small tribes of wandering, non-agricul- tinctively tropical character, are in regular tural people survived in several parts of cultivation. Recently it has been learned the New World, subsisting on natural that all of the more prominent rubber- products, or by hunting and fishing. producing trees, including the Hevea or Most of the natives of America planted Para rubber tree of Brazil, are able to crops and lived permanently in the same thrive in southern Florida. districts, though usually they did not farm Maize Our Predominant Crop: The continuously on the same land. A new native agriculture of America had an es- clearing, or milpa, was cut and burned sential unity and continuity over both con- each year, planted for one or two seasons, tinents. From Canada in the north to and then left to grow up in "bush" for Patagonia in the south maize was the prin- several years. In many districts the inilpa cipal human food. Tlig local maize cul- system had given place to permanent cul- tures were endlessly varied and differ- tivation, with a maize crop grown every ently combined with other crops, but year. The large-grained Cuzco maize maize was the chief reliance over most of was the principal crop that was grown in the agricultural area. The native popu- the specialized terrace agriculture of lations of each district in tropical Amer- Peru. Likewise in Mexico and Guate- ica usually have several varieties of mala, all of the ancient specialized systems starch corns, some for early and some for of agriculture were applied to the produc- late planting, also pop corns and sweet tion of maize. corns, which often are closely adapted to Our preponderant cultivation of maize the local conditions. in the United States is in line with the Many varieties from tropical American traditions of ancient America. It is sig- countries have been brought to the nificant that in the United States the 348 THE MID-PACIFIC
word "corn," the traditional name for the ties, "flint corn" and other hard-texture cereals of northern Europe, has been maize varieties are preferred in the transferred in popular usage to the maize United States for feeding animals, while plant. Vastly more corn is planted than for human consumption the soft "starch- wheat. In 1929 there was a total of corn" varieties, are preferred. Many ac- 98,000,000 acres devoted to corn as ceptable uses of maize current in the against 61,000,000 to wheat, the corn tropics are not known in the United having an average yield of 26 bushels per States. A native community in eastern acre and the wheat 13 bushels. The corn Guatemala was supplied with hard maize crop was more than three times the wheat from the United States in a famine sea- crop in volume, and the value, $2,000,000- son, but the imported grain made in- 000, more than double. Of cotton, 46,- ferior tortillas and proved unwholesome. 000,000 acres were planted, with a value Valuable Cottons from Mexico: The of a billion and a quarter. Of potatoes, Upland cotton of the United States is 3,000,000 acres were grown and of to- identified in many textbooks with an bacco 2,000,000 acres. Asiatic species Gossvpium herbaceum, Food Habits Difficult to Change: The which in reality is not cultivated in growth of civilization that has occurred America. An early reference is found to since the discovery of America would not seed coming from the Levant, but from have been possible if our European fore- the plant characters it is certain that the fathers who settled in America had not varieties now grown commercially in the found ready for their use a new series of United States are not related to Gossy- domesticated plants specially adapted to pium herbaceum. Many Asiatic cottons the local conditions in America, which have been planted experimentally in the were often very different from the condi- United States and found to be much less tions that the colonists had known in Eu- productive than Upland varieties brought rope. The survival of the early colonists from tropical America. often depended acutely upon their readi- The westward extension of cotton cul- ness of adjustment to the new conditions, ture in the United States was facilitated by learning how to use and grow the by a new type of Upland cotton that new crops. appeared in Texas near the middle of the Changes in food habits are notoriously last century and probably came from difficult to make, as they generally are Mexico, although no contemporary record resisted by an immense and unconscious of that fact has yet been found. Several inertia. Under the compulsion of starva- varieties are recognized, as Mebane, Lone tion, the Pilgrim Fathers learned to use Star, and Rowden, which are known col- "Indian corn" in Massachusetts, but the lectively as Texas Big-Boll cottons. In French still insist that they would starve view of the rapid and continuous increase before eating it. That maize in various of production ii. Texas and adjacent forms is relished and preferred to other States, it may be estimated that the Texas grains by millions of Europeans who have Big-Boll cottons probably are contributing settled in America would not induce the at least half of the cotton that is pro- French to try it, even in wartime. Out duced in the Unitet States. The crops of consideration for our allies, we were that have been raised from this type of enjoined to eat maize and send wheat to cotton would have aggregate values of France. We ate the maize and the French many billions of dollars. lost their chance of learning about it. Other superior types of Upland cotton Our own use of maize as human food have come from Mexico and Guatemala in still is more limited than it might be, and the present century. A cotton from the probably more limited than it should be. State of Durango in northern Mexico On account of their better keeping quali- was grown successfully in many districts THE MID-PACIFIC 349 from southern Virginia to the irrigated taken and, after many vicissitudes, ac- valleys of Southern California, and later complished. was replaced by the Acala cotton, an- Markham and his assistants explored other Mexican variety which is well the forests of the eastern Andes in Peru adapted to conditions of production over and Ecuador and carried many kinds of a large part of the American cotton belt. Cinchona trees to British India. Other The native cottons of Guatemala and experiments were made in the Dutch southern Mexico were studied for several colonies, and the present commercial pro- seasons, beginning in 1902, by expedi- duction of quinine is in Java. Following tions sent out by the United States De- the introduction of the Cinchona into partment of Agriculture, to learn the pos- other parts of the world, botanists were sibilities of production in the presence of sent to tropical America for seeds of the the boll weevil. In the summer of 1906 a different rubber trees. Repeated efforts cotton expedition crossed Guatemala were made to obtain Hevea seeds from from the east by way of Panzos, Purulha, Brazil, and a large shipment reached Eng- Salama, Rabinal, Quiche, Totonicapan, land in the summer of 1876. The seed- Quezaltenango, a n d Huehuetenango, lings were forwarded promptly from the passed the Mexican border at Nenton, Kew Gardens to Ceylon and Singapore, and traversed the State of Chiapas but commercial planting did not begin till through Comitan, Ocosingo, and Salto de 1896, after a practical system of tapping Agua. The existence of a superior type had been discovered. of cotton was recognized at Ocosingo, and Sanitary control of malaria may have in December of the same year another ex- rendered the quinine domestication less pedition to southern Mexico obtained a significant than it was at first, but culti- supply of seed at a town called Acala. A vated rubber has mounted rapidly to first- select stock bred from this seed has been rank importance, both industrially and grown extensively in recent years both in commercially. Not only have the pro- the United States and in Mexico. Most ducing districts in the British and Dutch of the cotton of the irrigated valleys of colonies been transformed, but life in all the Southwestern States is of this Acala civilized countries has been profoundly variety, and several advantages over the changed through the use of rubber in Texas Big-Boll cottons have been shown. motor vehicles. The world was waiting The plants are of more erect habit, with to ride on rubber, and in a few years has more open foliage and greater resistance become thoroughly addicted to the pleas- to adverse conditions. Larger crops of ure and convenience of rubber transpor- bolls can be set in shorter periods, and the tation. From an incidental status as a fiber quality is superior. Eventually the water-proofing material half a century Acala cotton may be used as extensively ago, rubber has become the largest of our as the Texas Big-Boll cottons, if adequate imports, and is recognized as an indispen- supplies of pure seed can be established sable material of our present civilization. and maintained. The imports of crude rubber into the Domestication of Quiwine and Rubber: United States during 1929 reached a total Two important domestications of South of 563,812 tons, with a value of approxi- American plants were accomplished in mately $240,966,780. Also motor vehicles the last century and may be credited to are the largest of our exports, with the the scientific interest and initiative of one single exception of cotton. man—Sir Clements Markham. Foresee- Our Tropical Heritage: Our acute de- ing that the natural supplies of quinine pendence upon rubber may work a and rubber would soon be inadequate, a change in our traditional neglect of the systematic project for agricultural pro- tropical aspects of our national economy. duction of both commodities was under- Perhaps from excess of European patriot- 350 THE MID-PACIFIC ism we have refused to recognize our lost. It was supposed that the world's tropical status and interest in tropical pos- need of rubber would soon be supplied, sibilities. Little inclination has been and this mistake is now being repeated. shown in the past to consider that our The discovery of a suitable tapping agricultural production is on a different method for the Hevea tree in the East footing from that of European nations. Indies also was accidental, except that They see us as a tropical country, but the conditions for making such a discov- we refuse to consider ourselves in that ery had been provided by the introduction capacity. Vast territories remain un- of the tree. If the tapping method for utilized in our Southern and Southwest- Hevea had not been discovered, the culti- ern States, awaiting more suitable crops vation of Castilla in Mexico and Central which probably must come from the America would not have appeared as a tropics. Temperate crops from Europe complete failure. The rubber problems have been tried persistently since the have been studied but little as yet, and first settlements were made, but are practical ways of utilizing the Castilla restricted to winter growth, while all of tree or other rubber-producing plants the crops that are grown in the summer may still be found. Mechanical extrac- are of tropical origin. tion of rubber instead of the laborious The industrial expansion of some of tapping operation is the line of improve- the European nations in the last century ment to be expected, but different ex- made them customers for wheat or other traction processes, as well as different European crops that could be grown in cultural methods, will probably have to the United States. The importance of be developed for each of the producing home production of food in Europe, how- species. ever, is now being recognized; one result There is no apparent reason why the of this will be a more careful considera- Hevea tree should not be a regular farm tion in America of a home market for asset in many countries of tropical Amer- food products. The time may soon come ica. Only the lack of knowledge and the when we shall be willing to lay aside our absence of the plant material can ex- remaining European prepossessions and plain the absence of a rubber industry in face the necessity of making the most of tropical regions of farm production. our own country. With this viewpoint Few crops can be handled with simpler we shall cooperate more constructively tools or less machinery. The native with our American neighbors who are farmers of the East Indies are now pro- facing the same problems of utilizing ducing rubber to better advantage than tropical plants as the basis of economic the owners of large plantations. The use and social advancement. of motor transportation is extending in Neglect of such considerations is re- the tropics, and the countries that can sponsible for the present situation in the produce rubber should seek to supply United States in regard to rubber, which their own needs. undoubtedly could be produced as well or The tropical world is rapidly becoming better in tropical America than in the accessible to civilization,• and even East Indies. The history of the rubber greater transformations may be expected development shows that much has de- than have occurred in temperate regions. pended on mere accident and lack of in- Rubber gives us new powers that are pro- terest. The accident whereby American ducing magical changes in human life, in rubber companies began with a different all civilized countries. A century ago tree in Mexico resulted in discourage- the experiments of Hancock and Good- ment at a critical stage when the East year were being made, which opened the Indian plantations were beginning to be period of industrial invention and exploi- successful, so that valuable time has been tation of rubber.
THE MID-PACIFIC 35:
Native sea birds which inhabit many of the small Pacific islands.
Two Bird Importations into the South Seas By INEZ WHEELER WESTGATE (In the Honolulu Star-Bulletin Oct. 18, 1930)
There is hardly a ne*comer to these until time proves out the plans which are islands who does not bewail the lack of feasible. Such work as bird importations feathered song birds among our year- can not be left safely to individuals, no round flowering shrub* and trees. It is matter how good their intentions may be. a real lack and one the recently formed My years, before coming to Honolulu, Hui Manu (bird club) is facing with were spent in the mid-region of the main- constructive plans. They can not be too land United States, where migrating strongly commended for the way they are birds come and go in untold numbers and going about arousing interest in conserv- some stayed with us through the sum- ing the feathered folk we have and in- mer months. troducing other desirable ones we do not The coming each spring of the blue- now possess. It is work that is much birds, house-wrens, barn swallows, flick- needed and results will be slow at first ers, catbirds and brown thrashers, back 352 THE MID -PACIFIC
to their old homes about the house and They learned to trust us during the cold barn and orchard was treated in much the months and a clear imitation of his whistle same way as we looked on the tourists would bring them to feed with the and the summer boarders—economically chickens. profitable if you treated them right, and Winter storms drove the bobwhite, good enough in a way, but fair weather the North American quail, near human friends for the hot months only, and not habitations, too, and he could be tricked really one of us. into answering the call "bob-bobwhite," The huge flocks of blackbirds, with and patience and feed would lure him and dabs of brilliant red or yellow on their his family to meals near the barn. shoulders, who gathered like an army for But with all this close association with a day or two before frost and then were bird life in my youth, it remains for two gone, were a memory of the long walks Pacific island bird stories, heard much home from the first days of school in later, to stand forth for me like a very the fall. They were a rowdy bunch, Iliad of bird history. Both stories are of clamorous and noisy as a political con-Ten- song birds, kept in cages, but now, in the tion, and we knew nothing of their sweet very islands where their ancestors were song of mating and home-making till captives, the descendants are freeholders years later in another region. of earth and sky, unconscious perhaps Early in the spring and late in the of their racial prison history. fall, too, occurred those strange, high- Here in Honolulu we have a brisk up-in-the-air migrations of the ducks and brown bird with a white streak like a geese—always a true barometer of a question mark over each eye that greets change in the weather. There was an you with a peculiar spluttering hiss when eerieness in the evenly-spaced, mathe- worried or surprised. He likes bougain- matically accurate, V-shaped formations villea tangles and hedge thickets from in which they flew, and a ghostly, haunt- which he can peer and watch in safety ing quality to their far-flung cries that without being seen and pays for such left us staring after them till they were seclusion with unbelievably sweet trills only a speck in the distance. Longfellow of song. describes them when he tells how the In the quieter suburbs he becomes a wicked Pau-Puk-Keewis tried to outwit friendly neighbor if given half a chance. Hiawatha by joining the flying w'.1.d There is no feed that seems to tempt him, geese : "Fast and far they flew . . . fast but a shallow pan always full of clean and far through mist and sunshine . . . water lures him like clover blossoms do buoyed and lifted . . . wafted onward . . the bees. He is fastidious beyond all rea- saw the flock of brant with wonder." son, and he brooks no intrusion from the These were all bird transients. The rest of his family when he is at his bath. cardinals and the bobwhites were nearer Usually he isn't, content with his ablu- our hearts, for they did not desert us in tions till he has used every drop of water the winter months. The brilliant male from the pan. I have filled a pan four cardinal and his meek, brown spouse were times in an hour f‘or the pair of them be- elusive and inconspicuous and busy dur- fore they considered themselves immacu- ing the summer and we were early taught late enough to begin their day's work— to never go near their home in the low- and their nest was within 20 feet of the growing shrubbery at nesting time for pan in a bougainvillea tangle and I didn't fear they would take offense and leave ; find it until the young were almost large but against the white of the first snow- enough to leave the nest! storm, he was a flaming thing of beauty, This is one of the birds whose race and all during the winter, hunger and story I find so interesting. It is told to cold drove them into the cedar trees. me that they were first brought here THE MID- PACIFIC 353 years ago as cage birds by the Chinese pines it now has an importance out of and were much prized for their rippling all proportion to its size. bursts of song even in captivity. They Here in hourly contact with world are known on Oahu as the Chinese news, yet one of the most isolated of thrush, but they are not a thrush at all, communities, live the few dozen em- but are a reed warbler. ployes of the cable company who carry At the beginning of this century there on the work of the station. The sup- occurred a tragic chapter in Honolulu plies necessary for their assistance are history known as the bubonic plague brought, four times a year, from Hono- epidemic. Following the fumigation of lulu, 1800 miles away, by the little cable houses in which deaths from the plague steamer Dickinson. had occurred, a disastrous fire developed My knowledge of Midway dates back that swept over virtually all that part of to about 1905, when the cable company the city where the Chinese lived. Fleeing was concerned with the lack of vegeta- before the fire, and the epidemic, they tion on its sandy expanse and took up released their song birds to shift for the problem with the United States de- themselves, and survive if they could. partment of agriculture. The birds sought sanctuary in the valleys Sand-binding grasses like those which and on the mountain slopes back of Ho- had kept the dunes at Cape Cod and nolulu and they were the forebears of Golden Gate park, San Francisco, from these wonderful brown songsters who are shifting, were sent them and they suc- such an attractive addition to many of our ceeded in holding the sand still until gardens today. other plants could get a foothold. Now The second bird story has to do with the island is a botanical garden of the island of Midway and the canaries eucalyptus trees, ironwoods and shrub- there. The forming of these Pacific bery of many kinds. The water supply islands must have been a mussy affair, of the islands comes from driven wells. covering many thousands of years. From 1903 to 1918 Mrs. Morrison When the huge caldron of steaming earth (wife of Daniel Morrison, former su- quit heaving, one of the bubbles still left perintendent of the Commercial Pacific above the surface of the water was Cable Co., but now retired and living in Midway. The Hawaiian Islands are one Honolulu) made her home on Midway. end of this chain of upheavals, and Mid- She missed bird life and so on one of her way is another island of the chain—some trips away from the island brought back 1800 miles away northwest and so low, it with her a pair of canaries. As she saw is barely visible above the surface of the tree growth and shrubbery increasing, sea, and is, as its name implies, near the she visualized her birds as happier among geographical center of the North Pacific. the flowers and shrubs than in their cage, Though Midway wat been charted and turned them free. Now, hundreds of since 1859, until the Commercial Pacific canaries, descendants of these, have their Cable Co. took it over at the beginning nests among the shrubbery and fill the of this century, Sande island, where the place with music and living beauty—and cable company has its station, was a bar- are fed at the cable company's expense. ren, blinding heap of sand, 40 feet or so It is an appealing story—to picture above the sea, part of a mile wide and a those small bodies of living gold adding mile or more long, with a generous his- their bit of beauty and song to that tiny tory of shipwrecks with survivors in foothold of land in that broad expanse long, lonely waitings for rescue. of surging waters. It is our smallest American possession, With two such successful importations but as the intermediate cable station be- as heartening examples, surely the time tween mainland America and the Philip- will come when others will follow. 354 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 355
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Dairying in New Zealand tsi By REIVI ALLEY 4N (In the Shanghai Pan-Pacific Association Bulletin) iy1 — Viiir: 9 tiNtrtit AM/NM-Oral aa u1t •1 • .1 s aaaatriNVINI1 •4 1)1INVIA tisatrigYet' IlriOrti4
"Her Majesty the Cow" is a term search work done in the state experi- sometimes used by the grateful New mental farms, cheap rates on the state Zealander, for it is to the dairy industry railways for cream and milk proceeding that the dominion owes so much of the to dairy factories, etc. continued prosperity which enabled her The increase in the number of hydro- to hold her own duringd the difficult post- electric power plants which supply cheap war years, when prices for many other power to the country districts is also an primary products suffered a serious de- assistance, for the majority of the large cline. herds are milked by machinery. Roads It is perhaps difficult for those unac- play an important part also, for well quainted with the actual state of affairs metalled roads are necessary if the pro- to understand why such a remote coun- duce is to reach the factories in all try as New Zealand should successfully weathers. Especially are roads essential market the large majority of her dairy in the more sparsely settled districts, produce in London, which is some 11,000 where mixed sheep and agricultural miles away, in unprotected competition farming is carried out, and a small herd with the butter, cheese and milk produc- of cows is kept so as to balance the bud- ing countries of Europe. get during hard times. This is all the more difficult to com- The lot of the farmer the world over prehend when it is realized that in New is not a particularly pleasant one from Zealand dairying land is as dear as any the market standpoint at present, and g in the world, while wages and the the New Zealand dairy farmer is havin eneral depression in standard of living are perhaps higher his share of the g than are found in the competing coun- prices. This is bringing about a fall in tries. One of the chief factors which land values, which had become very high make the industry possible is the climate, during the boom years, and though this the temperate nature of which allows fall is naturally causing a certain the cow to remain outside the year amount of hardship, it seems to be the around, though, of course, in most dis- general opinion that it will be better for tricts extra food must I* grown to feed the country in the long run. out during the winter months. The chief dairying district in the Other important factors may be said dominion is in the Province of Taranaki, to be the local Farmers' Co-operative where most of the best herds are of the Dairy Factory system, by which the prod- Jersey breed. Other favored breeds are ucts are prepared for the market, the the Frisian, the Ayrshire and the Milk- operations of the Dairy Control Board, ing Shorthorn, with all of whom con- which markets the produce in London, the siderable success has been achieved. reasonable freight charges of the shipping Taranaki has a large rainfall, and its companies, the high standard of the ma- fertile rolling downs, dominated by the jority of the herds from a breeder's lonely Mount Egmont make ideal dairy standpoint, and government assistance pasture, while its excellent bituminized in the way of advances to settlers, re- roads render communications easy. 356 THE MID-PACIFIC
t
Rice still remains the staple food product of Japan. The 1930 crop amounted to 65,300,000 koku (one koku being 5.116 bushels), the largest amount Japan has ever harvested. Primitive methods of planting and harvesting are still used by the majority of Japanese farmers. THE MID-PACIFIC 357
• • • • 4144' 1 • IMIUTIC70711K7WITUTTNIMIGTICJITG5IIVITUrtur . • s nunpr • • • • • ipliprpuripT ik • E Over-Production of Rice k'• I• in Japan l• And the Great Loss Incurred by Farming Classes. • . (From "Commercial Japan.") If. ___7_,,t ___ _ • t-illai • --i- intrc-Auni/narntint •• • is —%A4 i •
Japan for 1930 experienced a record steps for "farm relief." There is some- bumper crop and Japanese farmers were thing like 70 million yell available for the confronted with a serious situation be- purchase of rice by the government, which cause of the great over-production of rice would then be stored and so relieve the in this country. So many writers and glutted market to a degree. It is believed speakers on Japan have reiterated again that this would afford only partial relief, and again that Japan could not feed itself. and until the Diet meets again additional The statement is and always has been funds for the purchase of rice are not inaccurate, of course, but it has come to available. There is considerable talk also be accepted as the truth by most of the of the exportation of rice, but it would be world at large. This statement has been necessary first to find a market abroad for coupled with another one, that every inch rice just as for any other commodity, and of land available for cultivation in Japan no such market seems to present itself. had been intensively developed. No one Heretofore Japan has been an importer can make even a short trip by train or rather than an exporter of rice, and to motor car in this country without realiz- reverse the role requires more than merely ing that this is not the case. the desire to do so. It has been sug- A people does not change its dietary gested that the farmers themselves store habits overnight and one cannot expect their rice, that they hoard it until condi- several million people suddenly to give up tions change. The Japanese farmer is in this bowl of rice and take to eating beef no position to do this. He finds it almost and wheat bread. That there is a ten- impossible to make ends meet as it is, and dency in this direction is self-evident and he certainly cannot afford to tie up such easily demonstrable by official govern- little capital as he possesses. The prob- ment statistics. Not only from the eco- lem is a grave one that will have to be nomic standpoint—that is, from the stand- worked out, although no ready solution point of bringing more idle land under presents itself. cultivation—but from that of health, this Last year's over-production of rice re- tendency should be encouraged in every veals in a dramatic and convincing way way possible. • the fact that Japan is able to feed itself. Rice still remains the staple food prod- The Japan of a century ago was able to uct of Japan and may be expected so to support but 30 million people ; the Japan remain indefinitely. It forms an accurate of today is supporting more than twice index as to prosperity or hard times that many. among the agricultural population. The Those countries which are able to feed unusually large harvest last year has themselves are in a most fortunate posi- therefore made the already difficult agri- tion, and Japan should rejoice that it is cultural situation here still more acute, among them and so silence those writers and the government is considering various and speakers who insist that the reverse is 358 THE MID -PACIFIC true. The plight of the farmer, particu- end of this year is estimated at 5,770,000 larly of the tenant farmer, in Japan is a koku. This unusually heavy amount of most pitiful one, and he is deserving of all stocks has to be properly disposed of, sympathy. The agricultural situation of otherwise it is impossible to check the the Empire from the productivity point rice price from falling. This year's sup- of view is, however, an excellent one, ply and demand of rice follow, according albeit the present large rice crop is a to the government estimates : temporary problem. SUPPLY The total area of fields where rice, Koku which constitutes the primary food of the Production 65,305,000 Japanese, is grown occupies more than a Stocks brought forward from last half of all the arable land in the country year 5,717,000 and is increasing gradually. Whereas the Korean rice imported 9,000,000 total amounted to 2,570,000 chobu (one Formosan rice imported 2,500,000 chobu equals 2.45 acres) in 1883, it in- creased to more than 3,000,000 chobu in Total 82,522,000 1912 and more than 3,200,000 chobu last DEMAND year. The rice crop has had varying con- Consumption 70,752,000 ditions, but with the increase of acreage Regular Exports 500,000 and better skill in the art of cultivation, Exports of Govt. rice 500,000 the crop is generally increasing. The 1930 rice crop of Japan, recently Total 71,752,000 announced by the government, amounted Necessary hold-over at the be- to 65,300,000 koku (one koku being 5.116 tween-season 5,000,500 Surplus amount bushels, according to the U. S. A. sys- 5,770,000 tem). The domestic rice consumption is based This reveals the largest amount Japan on Japan's population of 64,320,000, and has ever harvested, giving an increase the per capita consumption is 1.100 koku of 5,753,377 koku, or 9.6 per cent, over a year. The per capita consumption for 1929, and 5,854,472 koku, or 9.8 per cent, the last five years is 1.110 koku for 1930, over the previous five-year average. The 1.138 koku for 1929, 1.102 koku for 1928, crops for the last five years follow : 1.134 koku for 1927 and 1.129 koku for Year Koku 1926. 1925 59,704,286 For the first time in the rice history of 1926 55,592,820 Japan has the country exported rice 1927 62,102,541 abroad incidentally to a bumper crop. 1928 60,303,089 The Ministry of Agriculture and For- 1929 59,552,053 estry planned the export of government- 1930 65,305,430 owned rice to ntrth and south Europe. Average for 1925-29 59,450,958 The first consignment, involving 8,000 Japan used to import rice from Korea, tons of half-hulled and cleaned rice, or Formosa, Saigon, Rangoon, French Indo- 48,000 koku, was carried recently to Port China and Siam, when the amount of crop Said, where it is to be transshipped to a was not sufficient to feed the increasing northern country of Europe. More con- population. Imports ranged from 1,200,- signments will be forwarded by several 000 koku to 12,000,000 koku, according trading concerns to Shanghai, Hongkong, to the prevailing conditions, but the re- Singapore, Java, India, Balkans, Africa verse is the case this year. Due to sur- and other countries. Such is an unprec- plus supply, Japan has to export some of edented incident for Japan. However, the stocks to foreign countries. A pure the shipment to Shanghai has been nipped surplus amount of rice stocks toward the in the bud. The government, through a THE MID-PACIFIC 359 large trading concern here, recently on the market. Political influence was shipped 3,000 tons of rice, but this meas- brought into play in connection with ure has been blocked through a protest these steps. It has been decided that half raised by the Shanghai Municipal Office. of the required amount of rice be pur- The Shanghai Office, under instructions chased by the government for the time from the National government, has an- being, pending a change in the situation. nounced that Japan's rice export will de- The cost of half-hulled rice production stroy the national economy of China, and in Japan for 1930 was 27.29 yen per this must be opposed. Political reasons koku, according to the Teikoku Agricul- are suspected to be connected with the tural Society. As the rice price on No- China step. vember 1, the between-season, was 17.29 As another step to counteract the sur- yen, the loss of farmers per koku was 10 plus rice stocks, the Japanese government yen. The total loss of all farmers in revised the rice tariff to 2 yen per 100 kin Japan on rice is estimated at 650,000,000 (1.32 pounds) from 1 yen, commencing yen by the drop of rice prices. This loss November 1, to check foreign rice from was partially made good, but the amount being imported. This will last for one of loss incurred by the farming classes year. The measure will completely seal is enormous. foreign rice from being imported here. The rural life of Japan is extremely The rice seeds are sown in Japan after miserable. The heaviest burden on February 3, when the four weeks of the farmers is the land tax. From 12 centu- mid-winter expire. The most critical ries ago to about 1910 the land tax was season for rice growth extends from Sep- supreme among all taxes in this country. tember 1 to 10, when the country usually For three centuries of the feudal regime is visited by typhoons, which, if they over- of Tokugawa Shogunate, the imposition take the country seriously, do great of land tax was heaviest. The Tokugawa harm to the crop. The seed sowing and government relied upon the land tax as typhoon season passed peacefully. The the most important financial resource. weather last year proved very favorable The Samurai class seemingly respected to the growth of rice plants. These facts the farmers as "national treasure," but, in induced the bumper rice crop, hitherto reality, they were "living" machines from unknown. The heavy crop was a great which the warrior class pressed their ways surprise, even to those who expected such and means. These "machines" wore out an incident. after they were used for centuries, and The rice price witnessed a sharp drop they no longer served as the most power- and this threw the agricultural class into a ful financial resource. Financial diffi- panicky condition, coupled with a sad culty took place in the financial condition drop in the price of cocoons, which are of feudal clans, which finally led to the raised by farmers as ?heir by-line. A destruction of feudalism. After the mass meeting of several thousands of rep- great revolution of 1868 the land tax still resentative farmers in Japan was held in formed the largest financial means to the Tokyo on November. 1, under the aus- new government. During 1894, when pices of the Teikoku Agricultural So- the Japan-China War broke out, it ciety, which stands for the farmers' pro- reached 39,000,000 yen, which was 30 tection. A resolution was adopted then times the income tax, occupying the f ore- to allow the government to buy more than most position of all taxes. Now it is out- 2,000,000 koku of new rice to prevent the stripped by other taxes and occupies the rice price from falling, and to advance fourth. The amount for 1929 was 67,- low-interest rate funds, totaling 3,000,000 122,000 yen, which was mostly collected yen, to farmers for relief, and prevent from farmers. The great oppression of farmers of small means from clumping rice the farmers in the past forms a potent 360 THE MID -PACIFIC
factor in the present depression of rural 5,494,000 yen; 1921, 7,323,000 yen ; 1928, communities. 9,216,000 yen. The average yearly tax paid by a Expenses of flood prevention guilds : farmer is about 92.97 yen, including the 1919, 1,177,000 yen ; 1921, 1,516,000 yen ; state tax of 15.13 yen, prefectural tax of 1928, 1,197,000 yen. 26.98 yen, village tax of 37.33 yen, and National indirect taxes : 1919, 196,- other taxes of 13.53 yen. Against this, 302,000 yen ; 1921, 267,945,000 yen ; 1928, the yearly income is averaged at 500 yen, 315,292,000 yen. including all incomes from by-industries. Total : 1919, 494,384,000 yen ; 1921, This means the imposition of a 20 per 712,699,000 yen; 1928, 740,410,000 yen. cent tax. When the living and other ex- Value of the Produce penses are deducted from the remaining 1919 1921 1928 amount, they can save not a single yen. Rice 2 891,466 2,018,362 2,133,762 Their income is simply passing from Wheat 477,351 263,206 301,505 others to village offices. One of the self- Cocoons 771,408 409,177 824,255 Others 1 047,726 499,809 790,760 contradictory things is that Japanese farmers, who thus are situated very mis- Total 5,187,951 3,190,554 4,050,282 erably, are paying the largest tax to their (The output of rice and wheat is own villages for unnecessary expenses. shown in thousands of koku (one koku While being forced to live in the most is equal to about 5 bushels) and cocoons frugal manner possible, they pass a reso- in thousands of kan (one kan is a little lution at the village assembly to build a over 4 pounds) and the value in thou- modernly-equipped school for village chil- sands of yen). dren, construct an iron bridge and so Of these products, cocoons are all put forth. They have enough lumber to on the market for sale, but for the rest, build wooden schoolhouses and bridges, about half the amounts are consumed by and there is no necessity of buying iron. the farmers themselves. The value of the Assuming the rate of interest paid by marketable quantity of agricultural prod- the agricultural community in Japan to ucts would, therefore, be as follows : be 10 per cent on an average, the total Value of the Marketable Amount of the interest paid each year would amount to Farm Products in Thousands of Yen 623,930,000 yen, according to the most 1919 1921 1928 recent figure, which is contrasted to 453,- 2,979,179 1,799,865 2,437,268 263,000 yen for 1921, 256,677,000 yen for The purchasing power of the rural 1919, and 193,821,000 yen for 1914. The community would be the balance between farmer's tax burden is estimated as fol- the total value of the agricultural prod- lows : ucts which could be put on the market, Land and income taxes and super and the farmers' burden in the form of taxes : 1919, 136,561,000 yen; 1921, 181,- taxes and inter& on debts. Calculated 730,000 yen ; 1928, 171,959,000 yen. on this basis, the purchasing power would House rates and supertaxes : 1919, be as follows (in thousands of yen) : 154,850,000 yen; 1921, 229,063,000 yen ; Value of marketable amount of farm 1928, 201,256,000 yell. products : 1919, 2,979,679 ; 1921, 1,799,- Conference expenses : 1919, unknown ; 865 ; 1928, 2,437,268. 1921, 20,740,000 yell; 1928, 33,293,000 Taxes : 1919, 494,384 ; 1921, 712,699 ; yen. 1928, 740,410. Expenses Interest : 1919, 256,677; 1921, 453,263 ; of agricultural societies : 1928, 612,939. 1919, unknown ; 1921, 4,382,000 yen ; 1928, 8,197,000 yen. Purchasing power of rural communi- ty : 1919, 2,485,295 ; 1921, 633,902 ; 1928, Expenses of irrigation guilds : 1919, 1,083,919. THE MID-PACIFIC 361
(Urban) industrial products : 1919, home. The import of cheaper colonial 6,737,632; 1921, 5,498,515; 1928, 7,029,- rice from Formosa and Korea and foreign 658. rice from Saigon, Rangoon, Bangkok and As may be seen from the above, the California, and of Canadian, American farmers' burden in respect -of taxes and and Australian wheat, chiefly account for interest is increasing by leaps and bounds, the drop of home rice and wheat prices. while the amounts of farm products are Japanese people used to despise eating fixed on the whole, or at any rate slow rice raised in countries other than their in increase, their value only fluctuating own, because of a bad flavor. At first according to the condition of the market. they did not like foreign and colonial The relief of agricultural villages is an rice, but in recent years foreign rice has absorbing topic of the day. The sad pre- been devised so as to suit the taste of dicament in which Japan's agriculture Japanese. Foreign and colonial rice is finds itself is not a sudden occurrence, largely mixed in Japanese rice now and but is caused by sundry circumstances gives a good taste to the Japanese. for years. The situation especially has The demand thus has risen sharply, run against the farming classes since and, consequently, cries were at once 1915. Prices of agricultural products raised by Japanese farmers to impose a have kept declining since. Rice and wheat tax on Korean rice. This has failed to (including barley and naked barley) form materialize, as the tax imposition means the principal agricultural products in discrimination on colonial products. Japan, and the drop of these prices has Korea annually produces 15,000,000 koku become the cause of depression. Ex- of rice, of which 5,000,000 koku is ex- ceptionally low labor wage and small in- ported to Japan and other countries, and come among the farming classes are as- the remaining 10,000,000 koku is con- cribed to the drop in prices of these sumed by its population of 10,000,000. products. Of the total agricultural prod- The deficient amount is made good with ucts in Japan, rice occupies about 62.01 Manchurian millet and inferior Saigon per cent, wheat, barley and naked barley rice. The rice and wheat price question included, 8.08 per cent. These combined is taken up by the authorities in connec- show 70 per cent of the country's total tion with the relief of agricultural value of agricultural products amounting villages. to 3,260,000,000 yen. Due to low wage Japan as a wheat-raising country does and meager income, young men and not amount to much. In ancient times, women in rural communities are turning when the Island Empire entirely shut itself away to industrial cities to seek more against foreign commerce for centuries, lucrative jobs. In Japan the agricultural and the people were self-sufficient in wage is always lower than other wages, foodstuffs, the wheat supply was enough. but the difference has become seriously The plantation areas and wheat crops wide in recent years. were larger than those for the last half The rice price in Japan from 1900 to century. Farmers in the feudal days 1915 was quoted at about 12 yen per came next to the Samurai class in the koku, but in 1919 it went up as high as precedence of social life, while they now 53 yen, falling now to 22 yen or so. It are situated in the lowest stratum, not soared up, but declined too sharply in only in the class notion, but in the stand- comparison with prices of other commodi- ard of living. Nominally there is no dis- ties. crimination whatever of farmers against The government and other authorities the people of other classes, but they as a interested in the agricultural question are whole are not favored in living. Japan racking their brains how to raise the from the days of her foundation adopted prices of rice and wheat produced at agriculture as her arterial pursuit until 362 THE MID -PACIFIC
recent years. The conquering race of honor to gods. The unity of church and Japan who came to the island from the state, which is the pervading spirit of Asiatic continent by way of Mongolia, Japan from the olden time, is still ob- Manchuria and Korea about thirty centu- served among rural communities. Shinto ries ago brought with them agriculture, priests then conduct a ceremony thanking when the native dwellers of Japan known gods for a day or two, during which they as Ainu and other prehistoric tribes, hold a carousal on a scale more extensive knew nothing about farming. Amaterasu- than they do during the New Year holi- O-Makami, the "Sun Goddess," who is days. They hold theatrical and other the central figure of worship of the performances in the shrine compound. Japanese people, and the ancestress of the Village kids go round from village to ruling imperial dynasty, made an impor- village carrying on their shoulders "taru- tant declaration on the planting of rice, tenno," or decorated wine casks, to return wheat and other agricultural products. thanks to gods. Since then agriculture has become the Primitive methods still are used by main pursuit of this country. The Sun most of the Japanese farmers of small Goddess on sending her grandson to this means in making wheat flour for their teeming and fertile soil from the own use. They rarely buy flour, but "Heavenly Plain" in the mythical days, grind wheat into flour to save expense. declared to him that he should devote his Japanese farmers use a large quantity of energy to the encouragement of agricul- udon made of wheat flour. They beat tural pursuits among his people. wheat and dry it for two or three days. The largest percentage of the Japanese Poor farmers use double fans to separate population in the ancient days was occu- husks from the grain, which is a unique pied by farmers. As it is today, "Thanks- method adopted in Japan for centuries. giving" has formed one of the most im- Another method of blowing husks from portant ceremonial functions to be per- hulled rice, wheat or other grains is formed. It is observed on November 23 adopted by farmers having much money. in Japan, when the Emperor, for the peo- In a water mill, wheat as well as rice is ple, holds a ceremony of offering thanks polished. Then a stone grinder is used to to gods for the harvest of the year. The make rice and wheat flour. All these are same function is observed throughout all simple and small-scale methods now agricultural districts here on large and adopted in various parts of rural com- small scales. Ceremonial functions for munities in Japan. In Japan rice is har- offering thanks to gods by farmers usual- vested 10 bushels from one tan of culti- ly are held between June and November vated area, or .25 acre, while wheat is in various parts of the country. Village harvested only 5 bushels from the same headmen submit reports to the tutelary area, and this is why Japanese cannot shrines on the year's harvest, according substitute wheat ifor rice. Udon, made of to the time-honored custom, and under wheat flour, which is an important diet their auspices are held thanksgiving fes- for Japanese, is of two kinds, one boiled tivals which are called "summer festi- udon and the other dried. Farmers eat vals." Japanese people, especially conserv- both heavily, but they never make bread ative farmers, cannot do without doing out of flour.
THE MID-PACIFIC 363
VCIV1 Vj •4m. wip • xt<,• • • •„,„,..,„,,,,• Tai-Kam Island Leper Colony of China By A. C. DECKELMAN Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu
rajra: /VIVO' 1WcItraNtrt aa slYiWkIIMIfriASN't:4 aix14•1 MANI' • CW•Vtastriat i
This institution, which is an outstand- almost impossible. A veritable paradise ing illustration of Sino-American coopera- has been created for those afflicted with tion and a great humanitarian project, that dread disease in a country ravaged first attracted my attention because of its by war and pestilence with its consequent pronounced practical value in fostering privation and suffering. better understanding between or among Twenty-seven years ago when first this the nations. As a result of the establish- missionary came to China, he set about ment of the leprosarium on the island making an effort to ameliorate conditionF, of Tai-Kam, waters in the neighborhood among the unfortunate lepers. In the "Sz of the colony have been made safe for Yap" country alone, in which he and his the passage of vessels which, at one time, wife, since deceased, were laboring were liable to attack by bands of maraud- chiefly, they learned that there were some ing pirates. 30,000 leper outcasts ; in all of China, No more than a labor problem can be probably somewhere near a million. In a considered purely domestic but has its so-called civilized Christian country, it is international effect, influencing the social indeed an unfortunate calamity to be an and economic status of the world, so outcast, but in a country like China, it neither can a contagious or infectious dis- often means that those discovered with ease be accepted merely as a local prob- leprosy are subjected on the part of their lem in a country or countries where it own relatives to death by drowning or happens to exist in greater degree. Not shooting. It is the superstitious heathen only is the social welfare of humankind belief that such have been visited, and threatened, but, materially, the trade re- this terrible sickness inflicted upon them lations of nations as well, as was indi- because of wicked acts or sins committed cated at an international trades conven- in this present life or in some past tion some years ago in Ghent, Belguim. existence. The worst pirate, leper and typhoon- After some years of lone endeavor to infested district in China has been turned provide sustenance and to care for a into a haven for that poor outcast class limited number of these miserable crea- —the leper. About $0 miles down the tures, supported in the activity merely coast, southwest from Hong Kong, is the out of their own humble incomes, they Island of Tai-Kam, once a pirate island ; were compelled to appeal to prominent now the site of a leper hospital. Chinese. The founder, John Lake, who has be- The applications for admission to any come famous in his work among pirates one of the three receiving stations which and lepers, faced and surmounted in- they were able to maintain became so numerable obstacles, and because of his numerous that the task soon grew be- inspired love for humanity and his in- yond them. Among those who responded domitable spirit, has accomplished the was the Hon. Dr. Wu Ting-fang (de- 364 THE MID-PACIFIC
ceased) famous old statesman and, at one of the hospital is a converted pirate chief, time, Ambassador to the United States with an unknown number of lives to his from the Government of China, and a credit. The pastor superintendent of the personal friend of Dr. Lake. He con- colony was once a robber-pirate and the tributed the $5,000 for the purchase of head nurse is himself a cured leper. Tai-Kam for the Chinese Association now Chaulmoogra oil is the curative agency. in control, from a Chinese fishing com- What a revelation to medical science and pany. The history of the acquisition of to humanity at large has been the dis- this pirate island is romantic and thrill- covery through research and experimental ing. Dr. Lake was forced to employ both work in the laboratory of the process of British and Chinese gunboats and air- the refinement of the oil and proper planes in its location. This daring and method of treatment ! It has made pos- intrepid missionary enjoys the distinc- sible the restoration of otherwise lost hu- tion of being the first one instrumental man beings to health and vigor and to a in bringing together in amicable relations, place of usefulness in human society. officials of China and pirate chiefs. With As an individual, John Lake has prob- his unswerving faith in God and human- ably accomplished more for the cause of kind, success crowned his efforts. From this unfortunate outcast than any other a hostile pirate stronghold has developed person living. During troublous times what promises to be in time the biggest in China he remained at his post, often institution of its kind in the world. facing shot and shell in protecting help- A pirate village still situated on the less women and children. He has not only island now does homage, paying to this won the heart of the masses in the sec- leper colony a nominal rental. Pirates tion of China in which he operates, but have been employed in the building con- the esteem and admiration of some of the struction. Fifteen buildings of brick and foremost political leaders of the country stone, with reinforced concrete roofs, where he has been divinely called to have been completed and occupied, while labor and, if need be, to lay down his in another cove on the island a second life. unit of buildings is now in course of con- On leaving on his recent furlough, he struction, to be reserved for female pa- was feted and presented with a Sun Yat- tients only. Recently the National Gov- sen Medal, as a mark of recognition and ernment of China, several Provincial Gov- distinctive honor for his valuable serv- ernments and the Municipality of Canton ices rendered a country and a race so appropriated the equivalent of $250,000 often misunderstood by those unable to (U. S. gold) for the project. divine the finer qualities beneath the This achievement has been given recog- surface. nition by the British Government at Only in very recent years has there Hong Kong, also the Portuguese Govern- been a transfornAtion in the attitude of ment at Macao (settlement in China) co- the Chinese Government toward its sub- operates. This great humanitarian work jects, in line with the general advance- appeals to all, irrespective of race, color, ment in every avent4e of human endeavor. nationality or creed. The strictly "Chin- It is a slow process, but gradually, ese" Board of Control is composed of through education, many parts of China men of high standing; some of the mem- have been enlisted in comprehending and bers are Government officials and leaders dealing with social problems in an intel- in the affairs of their country ; the others ligent and systematic way. Not only is are representative professional and busi- the physical and economic value of the ness men. A more efficient body of like individual recognized, but the soul value nature could hardly be found anywhere too, even of such a person as one af- in the world. The building superintendent flicted with leprosy. VOLUME VI OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1931 No. 4
JOURNAL
OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.
INDEX
A MEMORIAL TO DR. ARTHUR STARR EAKLE - 2 A CHECK LIST OF FISHES FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS - - - - - 4 A LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED AT MOOREA, ONE OF THE SOCIETY ISLANDS, BEING THE FIRST RECORD FROM THIS ISLAND - - - - 10 A CHECK LIST OF THE FISHES RECORDED FROM THE NEW HEBRIDES - - - - 11 By Albert W. Herre, Stanford University, California LABORATORY OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY OF THE CHINESE EA STERN RAILWAY - - - 14 THE CANAL ZONE EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS - 16 •
AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION
More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
Memorial to Dr. Arthur Starr Eakle By HAROLD T. STEARNS
Being such a congenial, affable, lovable Jaggar led to his appointment later on man, a single year's residence in Hono- Jaggar's Bogoslof Expedition to Alaska lulu was sufficient for Dr. Eakle to form in 1907. His association with Dr. Palache innumerable friends who now mourn his led to an appointment in 1898 at Harvard loss as friend and distinguished scientist. University. Correspondence indicates that Dr. Eakle's friendly smile will not soon only a short time before he died Dr. Eakle be forgotten. His ability to popularize his contributed money to help some of his lifelong study—mineralogy--made him a European scientific friends who had welcome speaker. He addressed the Engi- been left penniless by the political dis- neering Society, the Chemical Society, turbances since the war. His generous and the Pan-Pacific Union in Honolulu and sympathetic nature was evident in on several occasions, and, regardless of many other ways. the topic, his lectures were always well re- In 1898 he accepted an appointment ceived. On several occasions he served as as instructor in mineralogy at Harvard chairman of the Pan-Pacific Friday night and remained there until 1901 when he science programs and took an active part was called to the University of California, in all round-table discussions. where in 1919, he became full professor Born in Washington, D. C., on July 27, and in 1930, Professor Emeritus. During 1862, the son of Elias H. Eakle and Mary twenty-nine years of teaching in Cali- Frances Byington, he acquired many fornia he made numerous contributions southern graces and throughout his life to the science of mineralogy. He had re- he retained some of the southern dialect markable success as a teacher because he learned in childhood. After completing had a way of lessening the burden of his preparatory education Dr. Eakle the tedious memory work of mineralogy. worked in the U. S. Printing Office, but Among his students are such prominent when twenty-six years old he decided to scientists as Dr. Esper Larsen, Professor be an engineer and entered Cornell Uni- of Petrography at Harvard ; Dr. Adolph versity. Knopf, Professor of Petrography at While 'preparing for engineering he was Yale ; Dr. W. T. Schaller, mineralogist won over to mineralogy and after being and chemist in the U. S. Geological Sur- awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in vey; and Dr. W. F. Foshag, Curator of 1892 he accepted an appointment as in- Mineralogy, U. S. National Museum. structor in mineralogy at his Alma Mater. Upon retirement Dr. Eakle and his After remaining in this position for four wife came to Honolulu for a visit. After years he departed for Germany to do ad- a few days of sight-seeing he felt the urge vanced work in mineralogy. This study of his profession, and before long be- culminated in the degree of Doctor of came interested in the mineralogy of Philosophy at Munich in 1896. Dr. Eakle Oahu. Through the courtesy of Prof. loved to tell of his European experiences Harold Palmer hi was given laboratory and of his associations with his European space at the University of Hawaii where professors and his American co-students. he worked daily from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Among these students were Dr. Thomas analyzing minerals and determining their A. Jaggar, Jr., so well known for his optical properties. work in volcanology and Dr. Charles In the basalt at Moiliili quarry he de- Palache, Professor of Mineralogy at termined nephelite, melilite ( ?), bronzite, Harvard. This early association with Dr. augite, olivine, apatite, and titaniferous JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3
magnetite as primary minerals. Among Honolulu. He is survived by his widow, the secondary minerals present he found Fanny V. Kinney, whom he married on phillipsite, chabazite, thompsonite, cal- August 29, 1899, and a daughter, Mrs. cite, aragonite, chalcedony, limonite, hem- Alice Long, both of whom are now living atite, and clay. He identified chalcedony, in Berkeley, California. quartz, aragonite, heulandite, epistilbite, Dr. Eakle was a fellow in the Geolog- ptilolite, and laumontite among the min- ical Society of America, member of the erals filling cavities in the lava flows. He Mineralogical Society of America (presi- found also gypsum, pyrite, chrysocolla, dent in 1925), the Washington Academy labradorite, garnet, pyrolusite, psilome- of Sciences, Sigma Xi, g;s-Lna Gamma lane, kaolinite, and montmorillonite on Epsilon, and the American Association for Oahu. Unfortunately he had made the Advancement of Science. In various few notes, hence little can be sal- ways he served his community and the vaged from his on the year's work University of California during his long minerals of Oahu. Had his work not residence in Berkeley, and in reviewing been interrupted by his death, he would have undoubtedly made a notable con- his civic and academic life one finds him tribution on a subject hardly touched acting in such varied capacities as chair- upon in the Hawaiian Islands. In con- man of the Department of Geology, actor versation with the writer, Dr. Eakle in college plays, member of the Hillside often remarked how different was the Club, and a trustee of a Girl Scouts' fund. chemical composition of the minerals of In May, 1931, Dr. and Mrs. Eakle Oahu from that reported in Dana's planned to return to their home in Berke- "Mineralogy." His thirty-eight contribu- ley to attend to various matters, but Dr. tions to the science of mineralogy are Eakle was so fascinated by his work on listed in Nickle's "Bibliography of the the minerals of Oahu that he persuaded Geologic Literature of North America" Mrs. Eakle to return alone for the sum- published by the U. S. Geological Sur- mer. From May 20 until his death he vey. His most widely quoted works are lived at the writer's home and during this "Mineral Tables for the Determination of time became endeared to all the family. Minerals by Their Physical Properties" His lovable personality leaves an indelible and "California Minerals." impression with us. For his age Dr. Eakle was a very active man and seemed capable of many (Notes of Dr. Eakle's talk on "Miner- years of active work, but in June, 1931. als of Oahu" before the Friday evening he contracted influenza. It seemed only a Pan-Pacific science group appear on page mild attack but soon settled in his lungs 341 of the October Mid-Pacific Maga- and on July 5 at 5 :30 a. m. he died of zine. A recent photograph of Dr. Eakle pneumonia at the St. Francis Hospital in is published with that article.) 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
A Check List of Fishes from the Solomon Islands By ALBERT W. HERRE, Stanford University, California.
The fish fauna of the Solomon Islands Family Rhinobatidae. is an extension of that of the E,azt Indies, 6. Rhinobatos armatus Bleeker; Bougainville and is very rich. No intensive collecting Island. Family Dasyatidae. has been undertaken there as yet, although 7. Dasyatis kuhlii (Muller and Henle) ; Ugii various British, Australian, and Ameri- Island. can collectors have obtained a good many 8. Taeniura lymma (Forsk5.1). specimens during short stays in the archi- Family Myliobatidae. pelago. Mr. Alvin Seale made extensive 9. * Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) ; Teni- buli, Ysabel Island. collections at Shortland Island about 1903, and the author collected 189 species Family Clupeidae. 10. * Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett) ; Ha- in the Solomons in 1929, most of them thorn Sound; Tulagi; Shortland Island. at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, during a stay 11. Harengula punctata (Riippell) ; Shortland of four days at that place. The fresh- Island; Giza. water fishes of the Solomon Islands are Family Engraulidae. almost unknown and the streams of the 12. * Engraulis heterolobus (Rfippell) ; Tulagi. large islands should give a rich harvest Family Anguillidae. to the collector. 13. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett • fresh water. 14. Anguilla celebesensis Kaup; fresh water. As far as possible I have indicated the locality from which specimens have been Family Ophichthyidae. 15. Chlevastes colubrinus (Boddaert). recorded ; unfortunately the older authors 16. Ophichthys pinguis Gunther. rarely mentioned any other place than Family Muraenidae. "the Solomons." I obtained specimens at 17. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) ; Shortland Island. the following localities : Ugii Island ; Tu- 18. Echidna polyzona (Richardson) ; Bougain- lagi ; Auki, Malaita Island ; Tenibuli, Ysa- ville Island. bel Island ; Kulambangra Island ; Ha- 19. Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker. 20. Gymnothorax favagineus (Bl. and Schn.) thorn Sound, New Georgia Island ; and 21. Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson). Shortland Island. Unfortunately, at most 22. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) ; Shortland Is- of these places the time allowed for col- land. 24. * Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede) ; lecting was very, very brief. I have no * Tenibuli; Ysabel Island. doubt that at any one of them 700 or 800 Family Plotosidae. species could be collected during a single 25. Plotosus afiguillaris (Bloch) ; Shortland season. Island. (All records made from the author's col- Family Synodontidae. lections are marked by a *.) 26. Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard) ; Shortland gland. Family Orectolobidae. 27. Trachinocephalus myops (Bl. and Schn.) ; 1. Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnater re). Shortland Island. Family Carcharinidae. Family Belonidae. 2. Galeocerdo arcticus (Faber). 28. Tylosurus choram (Riippell) ; Bougainville 3. Carcharinus sorrah (Muller and Henle) ; Island. Shortland Island. 29. Tylosurus appendiculata (Klunzinger). 4. Carcharinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gai- Family Hemiramphidae. mard). 30. *Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuv. and Val.; Family Galeorhinidae. * Tulagi. 5. Triaenodon obesus (Ruppell). (NoT4—No. 23 missing in original mss.) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACI FIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5
3L * Hemiramphus far (Porskal) ; * Tenibuli; Family Centriscidae. Shortland Island. 63. Centriscus strigatus (Gunther) ; Howla Is- 32. Hemiramphus melanurus Cuv. and Val.; land. Shortland Island. 33. Zenarchopterus brevirostris (Gunther) ; Family Atherinidae, Guadalcanar Island. 64. * Atherina forskali Riippell ; * Tulagi. 34. * Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuv. and Val.) ; 65. Hepsetia lacunosa (B1. and Schn.) ; Short- * Auki, fresh water. land Island. 35. * Zenarchopterus kampeni Weber ; * Ha- Family Mugilidae. thorn Sound. 66. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus; Shortland Island. Family Exocoetidae. 67. *Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimarf1) ; 36. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson). *Auki, in fresh water ; Bougainville Is- 37. Cypselurus opisthopus (Bleeker) ; Short- land; Shortland Island. land Island. Family Sphyraenidae. 38. Cypselurus nigripennis (Cuv. and Val.) ; Shortland Island. 68. Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) ; * Teni- buli. 39. Cypselurus rubescens (Rafinesque). 69. Sphyraena genie Klunzinger ; Bougainville Family Pleuronectidae. Island. 40. Arnoglossus intermedius (Bleeker) ; Short- Family Polynemidae. land Island. 70. Polynemus plebeius (Bonnaterre) ; Gaudal- 41. Platophrys pantherinus (Ruppell) ; Short- canar Island. land Island. Family Scombridae. Family Soleidae. 71. Scomber kanagurta Riippell; Bougainville 42. Aseraggodes melanostictus (Peters) ; Bou- Island. gainville Island. 72. Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker) ; Short- 43. Pardachirus pavoninus (Lecepede). land Island. 73. * Acanthocybium solandri (Cuv. and Val.) ; Family Holocentridae. * Tenibuli. 44. *Holocentrus binotatus Quoy and Gaimard; Family Xiphiidae. Shortland Island; * Tenibuli. 74. 45. * Holocentrus caudimaculatus R ii ppell ; Xiphias gladius Linnaeus. * Tenibuli. Family Coryphaenidae. 46. * Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker ; * Tenibuli. 75. Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus. 47. * Holocentrus diadema Lacepede; * Teni- buli. Family Carangidae. 48. Holocentrus erythraeus Gunther. 76. * Scomberoides tol (Cuv. and Val.) ; * Tu- 49. * Holocentrus lacteo-guttatus Cuv. and lagi. Val.; * Tenibuli. 77. Elegatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) ; 50. * Holocentrus laevis Gunther ; * Tenibuli. Shortland Island. 51. * Holocentrus opercularis Cuv. and Val.; 78. Trachurops boops (Cuv. and Val.) ; Short- * Tenibuli. land Island. 52. * Holocentrus sammara (Forsk51) Short- 79. Caranx ignobilis (Forskal) ; Shortland Is- land Island; * Tulagi ; * Ugii. land. 53. * Holocentrus spinifer (Forsk51) ; Teni- 80. Caranx oblongus Cuv. and Val.; Bougain- buli. ville Island. 54. * Holocentrus unipunctatus Gunther ; * Au- 81. Caranx kalla Cuv. and Val. ki -' *Hathorn Sound; *Tenibuli. 82. *Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard; 55. * Holoceritrus violaceus Bleeker ; * Hathorn * Auki, fresh water. Sound; * Tenibuli. 83. * Caranx stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet ; 56. *Myripristis adustus Blegicer ; * Tenibuli. * Hathorn Sound; * Tenibuli; Shortland 57. * Myripristis intermedius 'Gunther ; * Teni- Island. buli. 84. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). 58. * Myripristis leiognathus Valenciennes ; Family Leiognathidae. * Tenibuli. Gazza equulaeformis Riippell. 59. * Myripristis murdjan 4(Forskal) ; * Teni- 85. buli ; Shortland Island. Family Apogonidae. Family Syngnathidae. 86. *Apogon amboinensis (Bleeker) ; * Kulam- bangra, fresh water. 60. * Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell) ; 87. * Apogon bandanensis Bleeker ; * Tenibuli ; * Tulagi. * Ugii ; Shortland Island. Family Pegasiidae. 88. * Apogon compressa Smith and Radcliffe; * Tenibuli ; Shortland Island. 61. Parapegasus volitans (Linnaeus) ; Wilanti, 89. * Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Seale) ; Malaita Island. * Auki ; * Tenibuli. Family Fistulariidae. 90. * Apogon frenatus Valenciennes ; * Auki ; 62. * Fistularia petimba Lacepede; * Tulagi. * Tenibuli. 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
91. * Apogon hartzfeldi Bleeker; * Auki; *Ten- 124. * Epinephelus merra Bloch; *Hathorn ibuli. Sound; "Solomons." 92. *Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker ; * Tenibuli. 125. * Epinephelus ongus (Bloch) ; * Tenibuli. 93. *Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker; * Tenibuli. 126. Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy and Gai- 94. * Apogon melas Bleeker ; * Tenibuli. mard) ; Shortland Island. 95. * Apogon multitaeniatus Cuv. and Val.; 127. Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg) ; * Auki. Shortland Island. 96. *Apogon novemfasciatus Cuv. and Val.; * Tenibuli. Family Plesiopidae. 97. * Apogon orbicularis Kuhl and Van Hass.; 128. * Plesiops nigricans (Ruppell) ; * Tenibuli ; *Auki; * Hathorn Sound; * Tenibuli. Shortland Island. 98. * Apogon rhodopterus Bleeker ; * Auki ; * Hathorn Sound; *Tenibuli; Shortland Family Pseudochromidae. Island. 129. Pseudochromis fuscus Muller and Tros- 99. * Apogon sangiensis Bleeker ; *Auki; *Ten- chel ; Shortland Island. ibuli. Family Priacanthidae. 100. Apogon sealei Fowler ; Shortland Island. 130. Priacanthus hamrur (Forsk51; Shortland 101. * Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker) ; *Ten- Island. ibuli. 102. * Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepede) ; Family Pempheridae. * Tenibuli. 131. *Pempheris dispar Herre; * Tenibuli. 103. * Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuv. and Val.; *Auki; * Tenibuli. Family Lutianidae. 104. *Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber ; * Ten- 132. * Lutianus biguttatus (Cuv. and Val.) ; ibuli. * Hathorn Sound. 133. * Lutianus bohar (Forsk51) ; *Tenibuli; Family Ambassidae. Shortland Island. 105. *Ambassis commersoni Bleeker ; * Auki. 134. * Lutianus chrysotaenia (Bleeker) ; * Ten- 106. * Ambassis miops Gunther ; * Kulamban- ibuli. gra, fresh water. 135. * Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) ; Ten- 107. Priopis buruensis (Bleeker) ; * Auki, fresh ibuli ; Shortland Island. water. 136. * Lutianus gibbus (Forskal) ; *Tenibuli; Family Kuhliidae. Shortland Island. 137. * Lutianus kasmira (Forskal) ; * Auki ; 108. *Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. and Val.) ; * Tenibuli. * Auki, fresh water. 138. '!Lutianus lineatus, (Quoy and Gaimard) ; 108a. * Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede) ; * Auki, * Tenibuli. fresh water. 139. *Lutianus malabaricus (Bl. and .Schn.) ; 109. Kuhlia caerulescens Regan. * Tenibuli. Family Serranidae. 140. * Lutianus marginatus (Cuv. and Val.) ; *Kulambangra Island, fresh water ; 110. * Plectropomus oligacanthus Bleeker ; *Ha- Shortland Island. thorn Sound. 141. Lutianus monostigma (Cuv. and Val.) ; 111. *Cephalopholis argus Bl. and Schn.; Shortland Island. *Tenibuli; Shortland Island. 142. * Lutianus oligolepis (Bleeker) ; * Ten- 112. * Cephalopholis cyanostigma (Cuv. and ibuli. Val.) ; *Tenibuli. 143. * Lutianus rivulatus (Cuv. and Val.) ; 113. * Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann and, * Tenibuli. Seale; * Tenibuli. 144. * Lutianus russelli (Bleeker) ; * Kulam- 114. * Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepede) ; bangra Island, in fresh water. *Auki; *Tenibuli; * Ugii. 145. * Lutianus semicinctus (Quoy and Gai- 115. Cephalopholis miniatus Forksal; Shortland mard) ; * Tenibuli; * Ugii-; Shortland Island. Island. 116. * Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuv. and 146. Macolor macolor (Lesson) ; * Tenibuli. Val.) ; * Tenibuli; Shortland Island. 147. * Caesio caerelaureus Lacepede; * Ten- 117. * Cephalopholis rogaa (Forskal) ; * Ten- ibuli; Shortland Island. ibuli. 148. * Caesio chrysozona Kuhl and Van Hass.; 118. * Cephalopholis urodelus (BI. and Schn.) ; * Tenibuli. *Tenibuli; "Solomon Islands." 149. * Caesio erythrogaster (Kuhl and Van 119. * Epinephelus caeruleo-punctatus (Bloch) ; Hass.) ; * Tenibuli. * Tenibuli ; Shortland Island. 150. Caesio lunaris Cuv. and Val.; Shortland 120. Epinephelus corallicola (Kuhl and Van Island. Hass.) ; Shortland Island. 151. Caesio teres Seale; Shortland Island. 121. Epinephelus daemeli (Gunther) ; Shortland Family Pomadasidae. Island. 152. * Plectorhinchus celebicus Bleeker ; * Ten- 122. Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch) ; Bougain- ibuli. ville Island; Shortland Island. 153. 123. Plectorhinchus diagramma (Linnaeus). * Epinephelus malabaricus (B1. and 154. * Scolopsis ciliatus (Lacepede) ; * Ten- Schn.) ; * Tenibuli. ibuli. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
155. Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch) ; Shortland 184. * Chaetodon bennetti Cuv. and Val.; * Ha- Island. thorn Sound. 156. *Scolopsis leucotaenia Bleeker ; *Hathorn 185. Chaetodon citrinellus Cuv. and Val.; Sound; * Tenibuli. Shortland Island. 157. * Scolopsis margaritifer Cuv. and Val.; 186. Chaetodon ephippium Cuv. and Val.; * Hathorn Sound. Bougainville Island. 158. Scolopsis temporalis (Cuv. and Val.) ; 187. * Chaetodon fasciatus (Forskal) ; * Ha- Shortland Island. thorn Sound; * Tenibuli. Family Theraponidae. 188. Chaetodon kleinii Bloch. 189. Chaetodon lineolatus Cuv. and Val.; Short- 159. *Therapon cancellatus (Cuv. and Val.) ; land Island. * Auki, fresh water. 190. Chaetodon melanotus Bloch and Schn.; 160. Therapon jarbua (Forskal) ; Shortland Bougainville Island. Island. 191. * Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch; * Ten- Family Sparidae. ibuli ; Bougainville Island. 161. * Sparus berda (Forskal) ; * Kulambangra 192. * Chaetodon rafflesi Bennett ; *Tenibuli; Island, in fresh water. *Ugii. 162. * Lethrinus haematopterus Bleeker ; * Ten- 193. Chaetodon semeion Bleeker ; Shortland Is- ibuli. land. 163. *Lethrinus harak (Forskal) ; *Tenibuli ; 194. * Chaetodon triangulum Kuhl and Van Shortland Island. Hass.; *Tenibuli; Bougainville Island. 164. * Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker; * Ten- 195. * Chaetodon trifasciatus Park ; *Tenibuli; ibuli. * Ugii; Howla Island; Shortland Island. 165. * Gnathodentex oculo-maculatus Herre ; 196. * Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus ; * Ten- * Tenibuli. ibuli; Shortland Island. 166. *Pentapus caninus (Cuv. and Val.) ; 197. Holacanthus bicolor (Bloch). * Tenibuli. 198. * Holacanthus sexstriatus (Kuhl and Van 167. Pentapus trivittatus (Bloch) ; Shortland Hass.) ; * Tenibuli. Island. 199. * Holacanthus vroliki Bleeker ; * Tenibuli. 168. * Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) ; * Ten- Family Zanclidae ibuli ; * Hathorn Sound ; Shortland Island. 200. Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus). Family Kyphosidae. Family Acanthuridae. 201. Acanthurus celebicus Bleeker. 169. *Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal) ; * Ten- 202. * Acanthurus gahm (Forskal) ; * Tenibuli. ibuli ; Shortland Island. 203. * Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) ; * Ten- 170. Kyphosus lembus (Cuv. and Val.) ; Short- ibuli. land Island. 204. *Acanthurus leucosternon (Bennett). Family Gerridae. 205. * Acanthurus matoides Cuv. and Val.; 171. Gerres argyreus (Bloch and Schneider) ; * Tenibuli. Shortland Island. 206. * Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) ; *Ten- ibuli Shortland Island. Family Mullidae. 207. *Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) ; * Ha- 172. * Upeneoides tragula (Richardson) ; * Tu- thorn Sound. lagi. 208. * Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch.) ; * Ten- 173. Upeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede). ibuli. 174. * Upeneus barbarinus (Lacepede) ; * Ha- 209. Naso brevirostris (Cuv. and Val.) ; * Ten- thorn Sound; Shortland Island. ibuli. 175. * Upeneus moana Jordan and Seale ; * Ten- Family Siganidae. ibuli. • 210. * Teuthis doliata (Cuv.) ; * Auki; * Ten- 176. Upeneus chryseredros (Lacepede). ibuli. 177. *Mulloides samoensis (Gunther) ; * Teni- 211. * Teuthis hexagonatus Bleeker ; * Tenibuli. buli ; Shortland Island. 212. * Teuthis lineata (Cuv. and Val.) ; * Ten- 178. Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuv. and Val.). • ibuli ; Shortland Island. Family Sillaginidae. 213. * Teuthis oramin (BI. and Schn.) ; * Ten- 179. Sillago sihama (Forskal) ; Bougainville ibuli. Island. 214. * Teuthis puella (Schlegel) ; *Tenibuli; Shortland Island. Family Cirrhitidae. 215. * Teuthis rostrata (Cuv. and Val.) ; 180. Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuv. and Val.). *Tenibuli; Shortland Island. Family Platacidae. 216. Teuthis striolata Gunther. 181. Platax orbicularis (Foraskal) ; Shortland 217. Teuthis vermiculata (Cuv. and Val.) ; Island. Shortland Island. 218. * Lo vulpinus (Schlegel) ; * Tenibuli; Family Toxotidae. Shortland Island. 182. Toxotes jaculator (Pallas) ; Shortland Is- Family Scorpaenidae. land. 219. Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gai- Family Chaetodontidae. mard) ; Bougainville Island; Shortland 183. Chaetodon auriga Forskal. Island. 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
220. * Pterois antennata (Bloch) ; * Tenibuli. 253. *Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) ; *Tul- 221. Synanceia verrucosa BI. and Schn. agi; Shortland Island. 254. Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuv. and Family Cephalacanthidae. Val.) ; Shortland Island. 222. Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuv. and Val.). 255. * Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- Family Pomacentridae. mard) * Hathorn Sound; *Ugii. 223. Amphiprion bicinctus Riippell. 256. * Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon (Bleek- 224. Amphiprion melanopus Bleeker. er) ; *Tenibuli. 225. * Amphiprion percula (Lacepede) ; * Ten- Family Labridae ibuli ; * Hathorn Sound. 257. * Choerodon anchorago (Bloch) ; * Ten- 226. Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus) ; Shortland ibuli ; shrortland Island. Island. 258. * Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) ; * Ten- 344. Dascyllus melanurus Bleeker ; Shortland ibuli. Island. 259. *Labrichthys cyanotaeina Bleeker ; * Ten- 227. * Acanthochromis polyacanthus (Bleek- ibuli er) ; *Auki; *Tenibuli; Shortland Is- 260. Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy and Gaimard). land. 261. Stethojulis phaekadopleura (Bleeker). 228. *Chromis caeruleus (Cuv. and Val.) ; 262. Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch) ; Short- *Auki; * Tenibuli ; *Ugii; Howla Is- land Island. land; Shortland Island. 263. Halichoeres centiquadrus (Lacepede) ; 229. * Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker) ; * Ten- Shortland Island. ibuli ; Shortland Island. 264. * Halichoeres gymnocephalus (BI. and 230. Cheiloprion labiatus (Day) ; * Ugii Island. Schn.) ; * Tenibuli; Shortland Island. 231. * Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker ; * Ha- 265. Halichoeres opercularis Gunther. thorn Sound; * Tenibuli. 266. * Halichoeres purpurascens (BI. and 232. * Pomacentrus caeruleus Quoy and Gai- Schn.) ; * Tenibuli. mard; * Hathorn Sound. 267. Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy and Gai- 233. * Pomacentrus cranei Herre; *Hathorn mard) Shortland Island. Sound; * Tenibuli. 268. * Platyglossus hoeveni (Bleeker) ; * Ten- 234. * Pomacentrus dorsalis Gill; *Tenibuli; ibuli. * Ugii. 269. * Platyglossus scapularis (Bennett) ; 235. * Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) ; *Kulam- * Tenibuli. bangra Island, in fresh water ; * Tenibuli ; 270. Macropharyngodon meleagris (Cuv. and *Ugii; Shortland Island. Val.) ; Shortland Island. 236. * Pomacentrus melanopterus Bleeker ; 271. Coris aygula (Lacepede). *Hathorn Sound; * Tenibuli. 272. Coris multicolor (Riippell). 237. * Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker ; *Ten- 273. *Thalassoma cranei Herre; *Auki; *Ten- ibuli. ibuli. 238. * Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) ; 274. Thalassoma aneitensis Gunther. *Ugii; Shortland Island. 275. Thalassoma guntheri (Bleeker). 239. *Pomacentrus notophthalmus Bleeker ; 276. *Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett) ; *Ten- * Hathorn Sound; * Tenibuli. ibuli ; Shortland Island. 240. * Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) ; *Auki; 277. Thalassoma janseni (Bleeker). * Hathorn Sound; *Tenibuli; Shortland 278. * Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus) ; * Ha- Island. thorn Sound; Shortland Island. 241. * Pomacentrus simsiang Bleeker ; *Ten- 279. * Thalassoma schwanenfeldi Bleeker ; ibuli.; * Ugii. *Ugii. 242. * Pomacentrus tripunctatus (Cuv. and 280. Thalassoma trilobata (Lacepede). Val.) ; *Auki; * Hathorn Sound; * Ten- 281. Cheilinus chlorurus Bloch; Shortland Is- ibuli. land. 243. * Abudefduf bankieri (Richardson) ; 282. Cheilinus diagrammus (Lacepede) ; Short- * Tenibuli. land Island.• 244. Abudefduf amabilis (De Vis) ; Shortland 283. * Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch) ; * Tenibuli; Island. Shortland Island. 245. Abudefduf assimilis (Gunther). 284. * Cheilinus oxyrhynchus Bleeker ; * Ten- 246. * Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch) ; * Ten- ibuli. ibuli. 285. Iniistius aneitensis (Gunther). 247. * Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuv. and Val.) ; *Tenibuli; Shortland Island. Family Scaridae 248. * Abudefduf curacao (Bloch) ; *Tenibuli; 286. * Callyodon abacurus (Jordan and Seale) ; *Ugii; Shortland Island. * Tenibuli. 249. * Abudefduf dickii (Lienard) ; * Tenibuli. 287. * Callyodon balinensis (Bleeker) ; * Ten- 250. * Abudefduf lacrymatus (Quoy and Gai- ibuli Shortland Island. mard) ; *Tenibuli; * Ugii. 288. Callyodon cyanognathos (Bleeker) ; Short- 251. * Abudefduf melas (Cuv. and Val.) ; land. * Tenibuli. 289. * Callyodon dimidiatus (Bleeker) ; * Ha- 252. * Abudefduf metallicus Jordan and Seale; thorn Sound; Shortland Island. * Kulambangra, fresh water; * Auki, 290. * Callyodon dubius (Bennett) ; * Tenibuli; fresh water ; *Tenibuli. Shortland Island. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9
291. * Calloyodon erythrodon (Cuv. and Val.) ; 319. * Amblygobius myersi Herre; *Hathorn *Tenibuli; Shortland Island. Sound. 292. *Callyodon frenatus (Sleeker) ; * Ten- 320. * Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus) ; iBuli. *Auki; Bougainville Island. 293. Callyodon muricatus (Cuv. and Val.). 294. Callyodon mutabilis Gray; Shortland Is- Family Callionymidae land. 321. Synchiropus lineolatus (Cuv. and Val.) ; 295. * Callyodon pectoralis (Cuv. and Val.) ; Bougainville Island. * Hathorn Sound; * Tenibuli. 296. * Callyodon quoyi (Cuv. and Val.) ; * Ha- Family Parapercidae thorn Sound; *Tenibuli; Shortland Is- 322. Parapercis hexophthalma (Cuv. and Val.). land. 323. Parapercis xanthozona (Bleeker) ; Short- 297. Callyodon rubroviolaceus (Bleeker) ; land Island. Shortland Island. 298. * Callyodon zonularis Jordan and Seale; Family Blennidae *Tenibuli; Shortland * Is. 324. * Petroscirtes kulambangrae Herre; * Ku- Family Rhyacichthyidae lambangra Island, in fresh water. 325. Salarias coronatus Gunther. 299. Rhyacichthys aspro (Cuv. and Val.). Family Carapidae Family Echeneidae 326. Carapus homei (Richardson) ; Howla Is- 300. Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus; Bougain- land; Shortland Island. ville ,Island. Family Balistidae Family Eleotridae 327. 301. Eleotris fusca (Bl. and Schn.) ; fresh Balistapus aculeatus (Linneaus). water. 328. *Balistapus undulatus (Park) ; *Tenibuli; 302. * Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker ; * Auki, in * Ugii; Shortland Island. fresh water. 329. Balistapus verrucosus (Linnaeus) ; Short- 303. Ophiocara aporos (Bleeker) ; in fresh land Island. water. 330. Balistes chrysopterus Bl. and Schn. 331. Balistes flavimarginatus Riippell; Short- 304. Ophiocara porocephalus Bleeker ; in fresh land Island. water. 332. * Butis amboinensis (Bleeker) ; * Auki, in * Balistes viridescens Bl. and Schn.; * Ha- 305. thorn Sound. fresh water ; *Kulambangra, in fresh 333. Odonus niger (Ruppell). water ; * Ugii, fresh water. 306. Valenciennea violifera Jordan and Seale; Family Monacanthidae Bougainville Island. 334.* Stephanolepis tomentosus (Linnaeus) ; Family Gobiidae * Tenibuli. 307. * Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell) ; * Ku- 335. Cantherines pardalis (Ruppell). lambangra, in fresh water. 336. * Amanses scopas (Cuvier) ; * Tenibuli. 308. Gobius ornatus Riippell; Shortland Is- Family Ostraciidae land. 337. Ostracion cornutus Linnaeus; Shortland 309. * Gnatholepis puntangoides (Bleeker) ; Island. * Hathorn Sound; * Kulambangra Island, 338. Ostracion diaphanus Bl. and Schn.; in fresh water. Shortland Island. Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner). 310. Family Tetraodontidae 311. * Macgregorella santa Herre; *Tenibuli. 312. *Rhinogobius aterrimus Herre; * Kulam- 339. Tetraodon nigropunctatus Bl. and Schn.; bangra, in fresh water. Shortland Island. 340. 313. * Rhinogobius filameztosus (Sauvage) ; Tetraodon immaculatus Bl. and Schn.; * Auki, in fresh wat r. Shortland Island. 314. Gobiodon citrinus (Riippell). Family Antennariidae 315. Gobiodon rivulatus (Riippell) ; Howla 341. Antennarius commersonii (Shaw) ; Short- Island. land Island. 316. Paragobiodon echisocephalus (Riippell) ; 342. Antennarius hispidus (BI. and Schn.) ; Bougainville Island; Shortland Island. "Solomons." 317. Chonophorus crassilabris (Gunther) ; 343. Antennarius striatus (Shaw). Shortland Island. 318. * Amblygobius insignis Seale; *Hathorn NOTE 344-Dascyllus melanurus Bleeker in- Sound. serted afterward on page 8 makes 344 species. 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
A List of Fishes Collected at Moorea, One of the Society Islands, Being the First Record from this Island By ALBERT W. HERRE, Stanford University, California.
Family Holocentridae. Family Acanthuridae. 1. Holocentrus diadema Lacepede. 25. Acanthurus aliala Lesson. 2. Holocentrus rubellio Seale. 26. Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). 3. Holocentrus sammara (Forskal). 27. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaim ard). 4. Myripristis intermedius Gunther. 28. Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett). 5. Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker. 6. Myripristis mooreanus Herre. Family Zanclidae. 7. Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). 29. Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus). Family Syngnathidae. Family Pomacentridae. 30. 8. Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker) ; fresh Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell). water. 31. Chromis dimidiatus (K.lunzinger). 32. Chromis iomelas Jordan and Seale. Family Carangidae. 33. Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede). 9. Caranx ignobilis (Forsk5.1). 34. Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuv. and Val 10. Caranx melampygus Cuv. and Val. Family Labridae. Family Apogonidae. 35. Halichoeres centiquadrus (Lacepede). 36. Cheilinus chlorurus Bloch. 11. Apogon f renatus Valenciennes. 12. Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepede). Family Scaridae. 37. Family Kuhliidae. Callyodon erythrodon (Cuv. and Val.). 13. Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. and Val.) ; fresh Family Eleotridae. water. 38. Eleotris fusca (B1. and Schn.) ; fresh water. Family Serranidae. 39. Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale. 14. Anthias moorensis Herre. Family Gobiidae. Family Lutianidae. 40. Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuv. and Val.).; 15. Lutianus marginatus (Cuv. and Val.). fresh water. 41. Papenua pugnans (Grant) ; fresh water. Family Kyphosidae. 42. Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner) ; fresh 16. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskil). water. Family Mullidae. Family Carapidae. 17. 43. Carapus homei (Richardson). Upeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede). 44. 18. Upeneus moana (Jordan and Seale). Carapus parvipinnis Kaup. 45. Encheliophis vetenicularis Muller. Family Chaetodontidae. Family Balistidae. 19. Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet). 20. Chaetodon auriga Forskal. 46. Balistes bursa Bloch and Schneider. 21. Chaetodon citrinellus Cuv. and Val. 47. Balistes vidua (Solander) Richardson. 22. Chaetodon trifasciatus Park. 48. Balistapus undulatts (Park). 23. Chaetodon ulietensis Cuv. and Val. Family Canthigasteridae. 24. Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus. 49. Canthigaster margaritatus (Ruppell). JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11
A Check List of the Fishes Recorded from the New Hebrides By ALBERT W. HERRE Stanford University, California.
The appended list includes the author's Family Moringuidae collections in 1929, of 140 species, to- 15. * Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup. gether with all the published records Family Muraenidae available. Beginning with Forster, who 16. * Echidna nebulosa (Ahl). 17. Echidna polyzona (Richardson). collected at Tanna, many collectors have 18. Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker). visited the New Hebrides, but there has 19. Gymnothorax favagineus (B1. and Schn.). never been any intensive collecting at one 20. Gymnothorax flavomarginatus (Riippell). 21. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl). locality so that only a small part of the 22. Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson). fish fauna of the archipelago is known. It 23. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede). 24. *Uropterygius concolor Riippell. is to be hoped that ere long some one may 25. * Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepede). devote a few months to making a careful Family Synodontidae study of the fishes of the New Hebrides 26. Trachinocephalus myops (BI. and Schn.). by making extensive collections of the Family Belonidae fresh-water fishes as well as those of the 27. Belone platyura Bennett. reefs and littoral regions, and also of the semipelagic species inhabiting the open in- Family Hemiramphidae. 28. Hemiramphus af finis Gunther. terisland channels. 29. Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus). (All species collected by the author are Family Exocoetidae. marked by a *.) 30. * Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus. *Cypselurus altipennis (Cuv. and Val.). Family Galeorhinidae 31. 32. Cypselurus naresi (Gunther). 1. Triaenodon obesus (Riippell) 33. Cypselurus ogilbyi Jordan and Snyder. Family Dasyatidae Family Pleuronectidae. 2. Pteroplatea poecilura (Shaw). 34. Platophrys mancus (Broussonet). 35. Paraplagusia bilineata. Family Myliobatidae Family Soleidae Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen). 3. 36. Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepede). Family Megalopidae Family Anomalopidae. 4. * Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) ; in Anomalops katopron (Bleeker). fresh water. 37. Family Alltlidae Family Holocentridae. 5. * Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). 38. Holocentrus diadema Lacepede. 39. Holocentrus erythraeus Giinther. Family Chanidae 40. Holocentrus laevis Gunther. 6. *Chanos chanos (F,prsleal). 41. *Holocentrus microstomus Gfinther. Holocentrus punctatissimus Cuv. and Val. Family Clupeidae 42. 43. * Holocentrus ruber (Forskal). 7. * Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett). 44. * Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker. 8. *Harengula melanura (Cuv.). 45. Holocentrus sammara (Forskal). 9. * Harengula moluccensis (Cuv.). 46. Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal). 10. Harengula kunzei (Bleeker). 47. *Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). Family Engraulidae 48. * Myripristis violaceus (Bleeker). 11. Engraulis setirostris (Broussonet). Family Syngnathidae 12. Engraulis tri Bleeker. 49. * Choeroichthys sculptus (Gunther). Family Anguillidae 50. Microphis brachyurus Bleeker. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. 51. Syngnathus modestus Gunther. 13. 52. *Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns). Family Ophichthyidae 53. * Corythoichthys corrugatus Weber. Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. 14. Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker). 54. 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
Family Centriscidae 99. * Epinephelus merra Bloch. 55. Centriscus strigatus (Gunther). 100.* Epinephelus caeruleo-punctatus (Bloch). 101. Family Atherinidae Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch). 102. Epinephelus corallicola (Kuhl and Van 56. * Atherina forskali Hass.). 57. * Atherina endrachtensis (Quoy and Gai- 103. * Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg). mard). 58. *Hepsetia lacunosa (Bl. and Schn.). Family Plesiopidae 59. Hepsetia pinguis (Lacepede). 104. *Plesiops melas Bleeker. Family Mugilidae. 105. * Plesiops nigricans (Riippell). 60. Mugil crenilabris Forskal. Family Lutianidae 61. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. 106. *Lutianus fulviflamma (Forslal) 62. * Mugil longimanus Gunther. 107. Lutianus gibbus (Forskal). 63. * Liza troscheli (Bleeker). 108. Lutianus kasmira (Forskal). 64. * Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard). 109. * Lutianus marginatus (Cuv. and Val.). 65. Cestraeus plicatilus Cuv. and Val.; fresh 110. * Lutianus monostigma (Cuv. and Val.). water. 111. * Lutianus semicinctus (Quoy and Gai- Family Sphyraenidae mard). 112. 66. Sphyraena obtusata Cuv. and Val. Caesio caerulaureus Lacepede. Family Polynemidae. Family Pomadasidae 67. 113. Pomadasis grunniens (Bl. and Schn.). * Polynemus plebeius (Bonnaterre). 114. *Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch). Family Carangidae 115. Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuv. and Val.). 68. * Scomberoides toloo parah (Riippell). 116. Scolopsis monogramma (Kuhl and Van 69. Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus) : Hass.). 70. * Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus). Family Theraponidae 71. Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus). 117. *Therapon jarbua (Forskal). 72. *Trachurops macrophthalmus (Ruppell). 118. Therapon argenteus (Cuv. and Val.). 73. *Caranx ignobilis (Fors16.1). 74. Caranx forsteri Cuv. and Val. Family Lethrinidae 75. Caranx melampygus Cuv. and Val. 119. *Lethrinus harak (Fors161). 76. * Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard; 120. Lethrinus ramak (Fors16.1). in fresh water. 121. Gnathodentex aureo-lineatus (Lacepede). 77. * Caranx stellatus Eydoux and. Souleyet. 78. Family Kyphosidae * Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal). 122. 79. * Trachinotus baillonii (Lacepede). Kyphosus lembus (Cuv. and Val.). 80. Tranchinotus ovatus (Linnaeus). Family Gerridae Family Leiognathidae 123. Gerres argyreus (B1. and Schn.) 124. 81. * Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepede). * Gerres filamentosus Cuvier. 82. Gazza minuta (Bloch). Family Mullidae Family Apogonidae. 125. *Upeneus sulphureus (C. and V.). 126. *Upeneus moana Jordan and Searle. 83. *Apogon bandanensis Bleeker. 127. Upeneus porphyreus Jenkins. 84. * Apogon frenatus Valenciennes. 128. * Mulloides samoensis Gunther. 85. * Apogon novemfasciatus Cuv. and Val. 86. * Apogon robusta Smith and Radcliffe. Family Monodactylidae 87. Apogon sangiensis Bleeker. 129. * Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus) ; 88. Archamia lineolata (Cuv. and Val.). fresh water. 89. Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepede). Family Scatophagidae 90. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuv. and 130. * Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus) ; in fresh Val. water. Family Ambassidae Family Chaetodontidae 91. * Priopis buruensis (Bleeker). 131. Chaetodon auriga (Forsleal). 132. Chaetodon citrineljs Cuv. and Val. Family Kuhliidae. 133. 92. Chaetodon ephippium Cuv. and Val. *Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. and Val.) ; fresh 134. *Chaetodon fasciatus (Fors161). water. 135. Chaetodon flavirostris Gunther. 93. *Kuhlia taeniura (Cuv. and Val.). 136. 94. * Kuhlia rupestris Chaetodon lineolatus (Cuv. and Val.). (Lacepede) ; fresh 137. Chaetodon mertensi Cuv. and Val. water. 138. Chaetodon pelewensis Kner. Family Serranidae 139. *Chaetodon triangulum Kuhl and Van Hass. 95. Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch) . 140. 96. * Chaetodon trifasciatus Park. Variola louti (Vorskal). 141. * Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch. 97. *Cephalopholis argus (BI. and Schn.). 142. 98. Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus. *Cephalopholis urodelus (Bl. and Schn.). 143. Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus). JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13
144. * Heniochus permatatus Cuv. and Val. 200. Abudefduf glaucus (Cuv. and Val.). 145. Holacanthus bispinosus Gunther. 201. *Abudefduf leucozona ( Bleeker ) . 146. Holacanthus cyanotis Gunther. 202. Abudefduf melas (Cuv. and Val.). 147. Holacanthus flavissimus Cuv. and Val. 203. * Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus). 148. *Holacanthus nicobariensis (BI. and 204. * Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal). Schn.). 205. * Abudefduf taupo Jordan and Seale. 149. * Holacanthus semicirculatus Lesson. 206. *Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- 150. Holacanthus tibicen Cuv. and Val. mard). Family Zanclidae Family Nesiotidae 151. Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus). 207. * Nesiotes purpurascens (De Vis) ; * Vila, Family Acanthuridae Efate Island. 152. *Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepede). Family Labridae 153. * Acanthurus flavoguttatus Kittlitz. 208. Lepidaplois atrolumbus Gunther. 154. Acanthurus guttatus Bloch and Schneider. 209. Lepidaplois axillaris (Bennett). 155. *Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus). 210. * Epibulus insidiator (Pallas). 156. Acanthurus •leucopareius (Jenkins). 211. Duymaeria caeruleomaculata Gunther. 157. * Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus). 212. Labroides dimidiatus (Cuv. and Val.). 158. * Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett). 213. Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy and Gaimard). 159. * Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). 214. * Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch). • 160. Naso brevirostris (Cuv. and Val.). 215. Halichoeres centiquadrus (Lacepede). 161. Naso annulatus (Quoy and Gaimard). 216. * Halichoeres miniatus (Cuv. and Val.). 162. * Naso lituratus (BI. and Schn.). 217. Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy and Gai- 163. Naso tuberosus Lacepede. mard). 164. Naso unicornis (Forskal). 218. * Platyglossus notopsis (Cuv. and Val.). 165. Naso vlamingi (Cuv. and Val.). 219. Coris aygula (Lacepede). Family Siganidae 220. Coris cuvieri (Bennett). 221. Coris multicolor (Ruppell). 166. Teuthis doliata (Cuvier). 222. Coris pulcherrima Gunther. 167. Teuthis lineata (Cuv. and Val.). 223. Hologymnosus semidiscus (Lacepede). 168. Teuthis marmorata (Quoy and Gaimard). 224. * Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett). 169. Teuthis rostrata (Cuv. and Val.) 225. Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus). 170. Teuthis striolata Gunther. 226. Thalassoma janseni (Bleeker). Family Scorpaenidae 227. Thalassoma purpureum (Forskal). 171. Sebastapistes bynoensis (Richardson). 228. Thalassoma trilobata (Lacepede). 172. *Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and 229. Thalassoma umbrostigma (Riippell). Gaimard). 230. Thalassoma aneitensis (Gunther). 173. * Scorpaenodes scabra (Ramsay and 231. Gomphosus varius Lacepede. Ogilby). 232. Cheilinus ceramensis Bleeker. 174. Pterois volitans (Linnaeus). 233. * Cheilinus chlorurus Bloch. 175. Pterois miles (Bennett). 234. * Cheilinus diagrammus (Lacepede). 176. Centropogon australis (Shaw). 235. Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch). 177. Pelor didactylum (Pallas). 236. Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepede. 237. Cheilinus undulatus Riippell. Family Pomacentridae 238. Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepede). 178. Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus). 239. Iniistius aneitensis (Gunther). 179. Dascyllus marginatus (Riippell). Family Scaridae 180. Dascyllus trimaculatus (Ruppell). 181. * Acanthochromis polyacanthus (Bleeker). 240. Leptoscarus moluccensis (Bleeker). 182. *Chromis caeruleus (Cuv. and Val.). 241. Callyodon balinensis (Bleeker). 183. *Chromis dimidiatus (Klunzinger). 242. Callyodon celebicus (Bleeker). * Chromis ternaten* (Bleeker). 243. Callyodon bataviensis (Bleeker). 184. Val.). 185. * Cheiloprion labiatus (Day). 244. Callyodon blochii (Cuv. and 186. *Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker. 245. *Callyodon erythrodon (Cuv. and Val.). 187. * Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel and 246. Callyodon fasciatus (Cuv. and Val.). Muller. 247. Callyodon dussumieri (Cuv. and Val.). 188. * Pomacentrus littoralis (Kuhl and Van 248. Callyodon macrocheilos (Bleeker). Hass.). Family Echeneidae 189. * Pomacentrus lividus (Forster). 249. Echeneis remora Linnaeus. 190. * Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede). 250. Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus. 191. * Pomacentrus notophthalmus Bleeker. Family Eleotridae 192. * Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch). Pomacentrus taeniurus Bleeker. 251. * Asterropteryx semipunctatus Rfippell. 193. * Eleotris fusca (BI. and Schn.) ; in fresh 194. Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuv. and Val. 252. * Pomacentrus tropicus Seale. water. 195. *Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker; in fresh 196. * Pomacentrus violascens Bleeker. 253. Abudefduf amabilis (De Vis). water. 197. * Ophiocara porocephalus Bleeker ; in 198. *Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett). 254. 199. Abdefduf coelestinus (Cuv. and Val). fresh water. 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
255. Ophiocara aporos (Bleeker). 288. Salarias aneitense Gunther. 256. *Eviota smaragdus Jordan and Seale. 289. Salarias beani Fowler. 257. * Eviota viridis (Waite). 290. Salarias belemnites De Vis. 258. * Encaeura evides Jordan and Hubbs. 291. *Salarias caudolineatus Gunther. 259. Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet). 292. * Salarias edentulus (Bl. and Schn.). 260. Valenciennea violifera Jordan and Seale. 293. Salarias fasciatus (Bloch). 294. Family Gobiidae Salarias fuscus (Riippell). 295. * Salarias guttatus Cuv. and Val. 261. * Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell). 296. Salarias irroratus Alleyne and Macleay. 262. * Gobius ornatus Riippell. 297. Salarias lineatus Cuv. and Val. 263. *Gnatholepis corlettei Herre; * Bush- 298. Salarias marmoratus (Bennett). man's Bay, Malekula. 299. * Salarias periophthalmus Cuv. and Val. 264. * Gnatholepis gemmeus Herre. 300. * Salarias saliens (Forster). 265. Callogobius hasseltii (Bleeker). 301. * Salarias walaensis Herre ; * Wala Island. 266. * Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner). 302. * Enchelyurus ater (Gunther). 267. * Macgregorella santa Herre; * Hog Har- bor, Espiritu Santo Island. Family Brotulidae 268. *Rhinogobius baliuroides (Bleeker). 303. Brotula ensiformis Gunther. 268a. *Rhinogobius malekulae Herre; * Bush- Family Balistidae man's Bay, Malekula Island. 304. 269. Rhinogobius criniger (Cuv. and Val.). Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus). 270. 305. Balistapus rectangulus (Bl. and Schn.). Gobiodon citrinus (Riippell). 306. 271. * Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Cuv. and * Balistapus undulatus (Park). Val.). 307. Balistes fuscus Bloch and Schn. 272. 308. Balistes chrysopterus Bl. and Schn. * Gobiodon rivulatus (Ruppell). 309. 273. Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell). * Balistes viridescens Bl. and Schn. 274. Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuv. and Val.) ; Family Monacanthidae in fresh water. 310. Cantherines pardalis (Riippell). 275. Chonophorus crassilabris (Gunther) ; in 311. Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quoy and fresh water. Gaimard). 276. *Amblygobius phalaena (Cuv. and Val.)• 277. * Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuv. and Val.). Family Ostraciidae 278. Sicyopterus taeniurus (Gunther). 312. Ostracion lentiginosum Bl. and Schn. 279. * Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus). 313. Ostracion sebae Bleeker. Family Parapercidae Family Canthigasteridae 280. Parapercis cylindrica Bloch. 314. Canthigaster cinctus (Richardson). 281. 315. Canthigaster striolatus (Quoy and Gai- Parapercis hexophthalma (Cuv. and Val.) • mard. Family Blenniidae Family Tetraodontidae 282. * Enneapterygius minutus (Gunther). 316. 283. Spheroides hypselogenion (Bleeker). *Enneapterygius punctulatus Herre. 317. Spheroides hamiltoni (Richardson). 284. Petroscirtes maroubrae (Ogilby). 318. 285. Tetraodon immaculatus Bloch and Schn. Petroscirtes rhinorhynchos Bleeker. 319. Tetraodon hispidus Linnaeus. 286. Petroscirtes tapeinosoma Bleeker. 320. 287. Tetraodon nigropunctatus Bl. and Schn. Cirripectes variolosus (Cuv. and Val.). 321. Tetraodon stellatus EL and Schn.
Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry of the Chinese Eastern Railway By N. I. MOROSOW (Harbin, North Manchuria)
The work of the Laboratory (estab- tioned sections and estimation of these lished, in 1923) is connected with the products according° to their chemical Railway Land Department (Agricultural composition. and Zootechnic Farms), Butter and The Experimental Stations of the Chi- Cheese Dairies, dry distillation of wood, nese Eastern Railway have to deal with etc. The Laboratory is making analyses experiments of different kinds of cereals, and investigations of products manu- beans and other plants, their selection, factured and produced in the above-men- the examination of their good standing JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15 against insects, diseases, etc., and espe- methods of estimation and qualification cially their nutritive value. The chemi- of soya bean oil. cal and physical examination of soils, 7. Methods of refining soya bean oil where the Experimental Stations are by means of bleaching earths found in making their experiments, are investi- North Manchuria. gated also. Forage plants and different 8. Chemical examination of soya bean fertilizers have to undergo tests and cake. 9. Changes in its chemical composi- analyses in the Laboratory. tion caused by different conditions of The Laboratory is also making analy- storage and transportation. ses of different food products of animal 10. Estimation of nutritive value of origin such as milk, cheese, cheese curd, soya bean extraction meal and its uses casein, etc., for private persons. for feeding purposes. In the summer of 1925 the Laboratory 11. Estimation of nutritive value of started investigations of cereals exported soya bean flour. from North Manchuria. These cereals 12. Elaboration of the best method of being exported in large quantities, the drying soya bean for export. Railway was in great need of getting a The fundamental plan of the work thorough knowledge concerning their that is being done in the Laboratory is precise estimation, the best conditions of their storage and changes in composition to investigate cereals and soya bean and which takes place by the influence of other agricultural products of North Manchuria. On the basis of many and different factors, such as moisture, tem- extensive analyses and investigations of perature, etc. The principal objects of different crops taken for several years the investigation have been soya bean, the Railway was enabled to fix certain soya bean oil, wheat, corn, sorghum standards in graduating soya bean of (kaoliang). different commercial qualities for the The Laboratory pays its special atten- standard samples. This kind of investi- tion to the investigation of soya bean as gation was necessitated by the Mixed a chief article exported from North Storage System of transportation partly Manchuria, which of late became widely accepted in the Railway. known all over the world. These in- Some of these works have not been vestigations may be pointed out under fully accomplished yet, but a larger part the following classification : of them is already completed. 1. Chemical composition of soya bean In this year the Staff of the Labora- from different parts of North Manchuria. tory consists of : Director, 1 ; Chief 2. Estimation of commercial qualities of soya bean (moisture content, impuri- Chemist, 1 ; Associate Chemists, 3 ; Mic- ologist, 1 ; Assistants, 4. ties, etc.). In the course of the next few years 3. Investigation of different condi- tions of storage and transportation of the Laboratory is planning to com- pletely organize the following Depart- the soya bean. 4. Physical and chemical properties of ments : soya bean oil productd at different oil 1. Analysis of agricultural and food mills of North Manchuria. products. 5. Changes in composition and com- 2. Research in local products of plant mercial qualities of soya bean oil caused and animal origin. by different conditions of storage and 3. Systematic investigation of soils, transportation. fertilizers and different minerals. 6. Finding out new and simplified 4. Plant diseases. 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION
The Canal Zone Experimental Gardens (In the Panama Star & Herald)
With the slow but constant increase in duced many varieties of cane, including a the development of agriculture in the number that have proved satisfactory in Republic of Panama, there should be a other countries. During the last year considerable amount of interest in a little sample lots for testing under plantation official publication of the Panama Canal conditions have been distributed without called the "Annual Report of the Canal charge to cane growers in the Republic. Zone Experiment Gardens." New varieties are constantly being re- The Experiment Gardens were estab- ceived and developed. The same work is lished several years ago, and prior to that being done with rice—great quantities of time practically nothing had been done in which are ever being imported into Pan- the matter of the scientific development ama. of agriculture on the Isthmus. The gar- While emphasis is placed on the devel- dens have been operated on a most modest opment of those things which give most scale and emphasis has been laid on the promise of producing economic results, development of trees and vines, fruits and the ornamental plants and trees are flowers, as well as the so-called economic not being overlooked, and many new va- plants. As to the relatively unimportant rieties, hitherto unknown to the Isthmus, matter of plants and flowers, the situation are being constantly introduced and de- was well summed up by Dr. Paul C. veloped. Mention might also be made of Standley, an eminent authority, who said, the strides which have been made in the in speaking of flora of the Canal Zone : scientific development of the avocado, the "There is probably no region of Central mango, the pineapple, the banana and America which exhibits so mediocre a se- even the fig. lection of horticultural or ornamental plants as does this part of Panama. Just recently Governor Roosevelt, of Scarcely one garden plant of any special Porto Rico, pointed out the great advan- interest is seen about Panama City, all tages which would result from the estab- those planted being the most ordinary and lishment by the government of the United widespread tropical ornamentals." States of extensive agricultural experi- All that has been changed and the Ex- ment stations in the tropics. Both the ne- cessity and the advantages of such out- periment Gardens have provided hun- lying stations cannot be overestimated. dreds of new varieties gathered from It would seem to us that the valuable many remote parts of the world. work which has been started at the Canal As an example of the work being done, Zone Experimenet Gardens at Summit is reference may be made to the introduc- one which should be conducted under the tion, propagation and dissemination of wing of the United States Department of the varieties of sugar cane. The report Agriculture. The•cost of operating the points out that the sugar industry in Pan- gardens would not be great and in all ama is at present suffering much from probability the expenditure of a sum not the Mosaic disease and other pests, and greater than $75,000 a year would pro- that there is a need of varieties of cane duce results of incalculable value to the resistant to this disease and also of higher agricultural interests of this part of the sugar-yielding capacity. world and would be a service worth many To meet this need the gardens intro- times its cost in the good will engendered. BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of tba interests common to the Pacific area.
CONTENTS
New Series, No. 140, October, 1931 Pan-Pacific Organizations in the Pacific 3
At the Osaka Pan-Pacific Club - 5
Dr. L. 0. Howard Visits Honolulu 6
A Pan-Pacific Club Program in Honolulu - 10 Speakers: K. C. Mui, Consul for China Sir Joseph H. Carruthers, Australia
Popular Science Talks at the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu 13 "Preserving Telephone Poles" "Reforestation in Hawaii"
Floating Flower Shows - 15 A Message to the Pan-Pacific Club and the Outdoor Circle
OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS — President of the United States Herbert Hoover Former Prime Minister, Australia S. M. Bruce- ._. —._ New Zealand The Prime Minister._ ...... - ...... — ...... _.__ President of China Chiang Kai Shek....- Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies Dr. A. C. D. de Graaf Canada Minister The Prime President House of Peers, Japan Prince I. Tokugawa.• .King of Siam His Majesty, Prachatipok .-• President of Mexico P. Ortis Rubio...._ .President of Peru Don Augusto B. Leguia .President of Chile Don Carlos Ibanez. Governor-General of Indo-China M. PatiflUier • HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT Governor-General of the Philippines Dwight F. Davis.. OFFICERS IN HONOLULU Former Governor of Hawaii President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Honolulu Director—Alexander Hume Ford
HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1931 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION
From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establish- ment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to oPacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and coopera- tive effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Pan-Pacific Organizations in the Pacific By ALEXANDER HUME FORD On the train to Nagoya, en route to Korea, Manchuria, and China, Aug. 1, 1931.
It is still astonishing to me how Japan, less alike to me—all placid—but here from Hokkaido to Formosa, is taking up there was a variety of expression and the organization of Pan-Pacific Clubs as facial form as varied as those encoun- well as kindred student organizations, all tered in an American girls' school. Of making use of the English language at course the great distinctive contrast of their gatherings. the blond with the brunette was missing, I was the guest for the day in old con- and the blue eyes were conspicuous by servative Nagoya of the Chamber of their absence. Commerce, and the entire day was spent I spoke to these hundreds of girls organizing the Pan-Pacific work for this about our school gardens in Hawaii, and great commercial city of over a million after the lunch they had prepared in their population. kitchen, they took me out and showed me The heads of schools, colleges, and their school garden. commercial bodies were there to confer Miss Kawasaki is doing a great work with me, and at lunch time we took a among the Buddhists in Tokyo, as Miss recess with the Rotary Club, where I was Yuki Kimura is doing kindred work in the guest of honor. Then we went into Nagoya among the Christian Japanese conference again until 6 P.M., when I there, for she is one of the active secre- was dined by the League of Nations So- taries and organizers of the Young Wo- ciety and the Pan-Pacific Women's Club men's Christian Association in Nagoya. of Nagoya. The three most interested They both attended the Second Pan-Pa- and energetic Pan-Pacific workers in Ja- cific Women's Conference in Honolulu pan are three women who attended the last August, and are staunch friends. Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Ho- They are both fellow workers with Miss nolulu. Kikue Ide, who is the moving spirit in In Tokyo Miss Shizuko Kawasaki is Pan-Pacific work in Osaka and Kobe. the moving spirit in the organization of She has organized the Pan-Pacific stu- the Pan-Pacific Women's Club in the dent bodies in both cities, and is herself capital. Not only that, but she is the an instructor in the Kobe Women's Col- leading worker among the women in lege, where there is now a chapter of the planning for the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse in Pan-Pacific Students' Association of Tokyo. Miss Kawasaki is one of the out- Japan, now the largest and most power- standing Buddhist women of the capital ful English-speaking organization in the of Japan. She is a true leAler and is the Empire. dean of a great Buddhist seminary an Another splendid woman worker is hour's ride from Tokyo, where I met a Miss M. Imanishi of Nara. It was she number of young Buddhist girls from who organized the Pan-Pacific Club in Hawaii, who are being trained as teach- that city. She will attend the next Pan- ers. Needless to say that a number of the Pacific Women's Conference. Really I older girls are members of the Pan-Pa- forget whether she is Christian or Bud- cific Students' Club. There is one out- dhist. I fear I never had the curiosity to standing feature of this Buddhist semi- ask. nary. The girl students are the most in- The meetings in Nagoya were arranged tellectual-looking females I had seen in by Miss Kimura. I was not aware that Japan. Usually all Japanese faces of I knew anyone in Nagoya. True, Miss children and young girls seemed more or Kimura had come to Tokyo to ask per-- 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN mission to organize in Nagoya, but I, press trains three hours apart between met her the once. However, when I Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and Tokyo. It is stepped into the Rotary room one after being planned to invite distinguished for- another of old friends came up to speak eigners, especially Americans, to stop off to me; prominent among these was Dr. for two hours at Nagoya as guests of the Makoto Saito, who was a member of the Pan-Pacific Club. They will be driven to Japanese delegation to the First Pan- the Castle for an hour, then to the Cham- Pacific Surgical Conference. The editor ber of Commerce building, where an ad- and proprietor of the leading Nagoya dress will be given in English to all the newspaper (Mr. I. Mori) was present. allied Pan-Pacific bodies. The Chamber His paper has a circulation of 300,000 is splendidly cooperating. Mr. Y. Tama- daily. He is a Doshisha man, knows Dr. gawa, the English-speaking secretary, is Harada, and speaks splendid English. gathering a splendid exhibit of Nagoya He is one of the Pan-Pacific workers of industries (a wonderful cloisonné is Nagoya. made here) and these will be shipped to It is summer in Japan, the schools and Honolulu for exhibit at the Pan-Pacific colleges are dismissed. Yet there were Clubhouse. An exchange exhibit from students as listeners to the five-hour con- Hawaii is in order. ference on the organization of the Pan- The Pan-Pacific organizations in Japan Pacific Students' Club of Nagoya, and have undertaken and are at work on a some of the school principals had come most ambitious project. Every graduate a hundred miles from their summer of a foreign university who speaks Eng- homes to be present. lish is being listed, as well as the English- The Japanese are nothing if not speaking graduates of the Japan uni- thorough. Mr. Kenkichi Suzuki of the versities. In a 500-page book the names Nagoya Commercial College, and Mr. of all English-speaking university men in Kinichi Sato of the Eighth Higher Com- Japan will be published, both in English mercial School had printed application and in Japanese. Home and business blanks and rules for the Pan-Pacific Stu- addresses will be given, phone numbers, dents' Club of Nagoya, and are prepared name of the university attended, and the to enrol and organize as soon as the col- trade or calling of each. In this way the lege students again assemble. It will prob- foreigner who speaks English, on landing ably be some organization ceremony, for in Japan, can at once get in touch with the mayor is to be asked for the use of the men interested in his line of work who Nagoya Castle for the ceremony. The speak English. Both the Japanese and American Ambassador, Hon. W. C. foreigners here are taking enthusiastically Forbes, will be one of the speakers, and to this scheme. Some 400 university men it is expected that Prince Tokugawa, signed up as charter members of the club whose ancestor, the first of the Shoguns, at its first n?eeting recently at the old built the castle three hundred years ago, Peers' Club, which it is expected will be- will be present. I am also invited. It is come the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse of probable that three Pan-Pacific organiza- Tokyo. A thousand more members are tions will be born in Nagoya at this one expected to sign up when the first regular gathering—a branch of the English- banquet and election of officers takes speaking University Club, the Pan-Pacific place on Balboa Day in Tokyo. Students' Association, and a Pan-Pacific Even Seoul, Mukden and Harbin in- Club of Nagoya. vite me to come and organize Pan- The Pan-Pacific Club of Nagoya will Pacific Clubs in these cities. Vladivostok function a little differently from its sister is even more enthusiastic—it dares me to organizations. Nagoya is about half way come—and some day I shall take the between Kobe and Tokyo. There are ex- dare—and win out. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5
At the Osaka Pan-Pacific Club By MISS MARGARET COOK Acting President of the Lumbuth Christian School, Osaka.
Osaka Hotel, June 17, 1931. Peace and to improve the economic con- I consider it a privilege to be one of ditions of the whole world. the guests at this meeting of the Pan- I believe in spirit, and I believe that Pacific Club. When I received your invi- without spiritual influences at work, ma- tation, I wondered why I should have the terial prosperity will not save the world honor : perhaps it is given me because I from war, nor lift humanity to brother- am soon to cross the broad Pacific to be hood. It is this that makes me glad to for a year among my people on the other have a part, even the smallest, in the work side of the ocean. And I realize that in Japan that has as its ultimate object whether there or here, my heart is one character and service to the world. The with the spirit and purpose of this club institution with which I am Connected that seeks the common interest of our has as its purpose the training of young countries bordering the Pacific. women for Christian service to women I came to Japan twenty-seven years and little children. We feel that ours is ago, reaching Hiroshima (which is my a strategic position; for the home is the "kuni" in Japan), in February, 1904, just center of strongest influence in any na- when war was declared with Russia. tion. I rejoice today, after twenty-seven During those first days and months of years, that what little I can do is multi- terrible anxiety and suffering and cease- plied by the lives of sacrifice and service less activity at the front during the siege of our four hundred graduates, Japan's of Port Arthur, my heart was knit to the own daughters. I think you can under- heart of Japan, and this people became stand how in a deeply spiritual sense my my people. heart is knit, through these young women, I visited Port Arthur last month and all my own daughters, to the heart of Japan, the memories of those early days were so that I, indeed, feel that the people of stirred in the presence of the revelation Japan are in a way, a very real way, my there of conditions as they were—terrible own people. sacrifice, heroic service. The friend who And so, as I return for a year's fur- was guiding us said truly, "The capture lough to my own people in America, I ap- of the 203 Metre Hill was the triumph of preciate deeply this opportunity to meet spirit over material." The words sank with you. I have counted it a privilege to deep into my soul as I saw japan's activ- come to the club from time to time and ity today in Manchuria, were she still share its activities. I thank you again for holds a strategic position following the great World War. I glory in the fact that the honor of being a guest, and promise today that same spirit, still at great cost to do anything I can when at home in and sacrifice, at heavy expenditure of America to deepen the sympathetic under- money and time and effort, is striving, standing and cordial cooperation of our not to carry on war, but to attain World peoples on both sides of the Pacific. 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN
Dr. L. 0. Howard Visits Honolulu
A Science Evening at the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse.,
Friday, Aug. 7, 1931. except to become more efficient. You Chairman: Dr. R. N. Chapman know the cockroach is a very persistent type. Let us suppose that another cata- Speaker: Dr. L. 0. Howard clysm might wipe out the human species Dr. Howard: In the first place, I must and all the plants, but as Dr. Holland once tell you that I am tremendously glad to said, on some dying lichen would be get back to Hawaii, the most charming found "one of your darned bugs, chirk spot in the civilized world. Some years and smiling !" ago I took Dr. De Bussy of Sumatra Man began agriculture in a simple way, across the country from Washington to the family became the tribe, the com- California and he was much impressed munity, the nation, etc., and all this time with California. In writing me later, he man has been growing crops to feed his said, "If I were to attempt to express my increasing numbers. We do not realize gratitude you would accuse me of speak- that in feeding increasing people we are ing in the California dialect, which seems feeding increasing insects and that we to be the language of superlative." But cultivate our crops in just the way to he was wrong—the language of super- encourage them. Very often it will turn lative is the language of people who have out that a variation in crop practice will visited Hawaii. keep them under control. The work When someone asked me what I would against them has been increasing in the talk about tonight, I said that it depended last fifty years ; but the danger wasn't on the people and the atmosphere of the appreciated until within the last ten years. place. I did say that I might discuss ento- Think of the locust swarms of Biblical mology, but someone says there are six- times, one of the plagues of Egypt, and teen entomologists here tonight, so there the Rocky Mountain locust in this coun- are only a few to pick flaws in what I say. try. These things demand our immediate Dr. Krauss suggested that I start in with attention. I have interviewed foreign the insect menace which is the subject of ministers and they have asked me what it a book of mine which will be out this was all about. They thought they didn't autumn. I have tried for many years to need insect control. They were getting work up this subject. There is a positive an average crop and were satisfied. Os- danger here which people have not recog- born made a study of the damage done nized. There is no doubt but that we will by the leaf hi-dipper. He found that a cer- overcome them in the end if we use our tain number of cows were being sup- unique intelligence. They have, however, ported on three acres of grass and after all the advantages except intelligence. it had been draved with nets for insects, They have been in existence some fifty that the three acres would support two million years, and humans have only been more cows. The more we grow crops, here half a million years. The great rep- the more the insects are apt to increase. tiles and dinosaurs have passed out of ex- For seven months of the year, the corn istence and the crocodile, rhinoceros and borer lies alone in the stalk and then out elephant are going fast. Those that remain comes the moth and lays eggs. The corn are those that have the powers of small stalk could be cut down and burned or size, rapidity, concealment and enormous plowed under, but we don't do it. reproduction, and they remain unchangerl, The cotton boll weevil has caused a PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7
loss of millions of dollars, bank failures other crop. Cotton was abandoned in and suicides. They could have stopped Mexico. that by stopping cotton growing in a very Question: Is it true that the southern small area in Texas, or as was suggested states are better off since they have given the first year, by forcing the crop and har- up cotton planting? vesting it before the end of October when Dr, Howard: They are growing other the weevil migration begins. But they crops so well, it is no longer a one-crop never did it. Now they have it more or country. The present comparative pros- less under control by dusting arsenate of perity of the South is also due to the ab- lime on the cotton by aeroplane at the sence of yellow fever and malaria, which rate of $5 per acre, which increases the were the work of mosquitoes. The land cost of cotton. The outlook is very good around the mouth of the Mississippi is as now because people appreciate that their rich as the delta of the Nile, and even brains must be put to work. The plant here, malaria has largely been eliminated. breeders and the agronomists and the The physical condition of the southern chemists and the physicists must help, too, laborer is improving, due to the hookworm and the agricultural engineers. I went to disease being eliminated and the South is an agricultural engineers' conference better off. The absolute blight of the boll years ago and they said, "The entomol- weevil is over. Other crops have been ogists have given up the corn borer." grown, and different industries have But we hadn't given it up. We had done come in. our part and it was up to the engineers Dr. Krauss: to do theirs. I found that the soy bean had taken the place of cotton in South Question: I should like to ask Dr. Carolina, but not due to the weevil. But Howard if the insects were ever much certainly the change of crop was bene- larger, and why they didn't get as large ficial. as the elephant ? Question: About two years ago, a large Dr. Howard: They were very large in area in South Carolina was given up as those times. There were dragon flies with a cotton area because of the fact that over two feet wing expansion. One rea- cotton was not profitable. Vegetables son why they didn't grow larger is be- were substituted and it was found they cause the skeleton is on the outside, not were very high in calcium. When I was on the inside. I have gone into this sub- there, they were canning tomatoes for ject in a book I have just written. the Battle Creek Sanitarium because of Question: I notice there is a possibility their high mineral content. of the reduction of the cotton crop be- Question: What is the present status cause of the arsenate put on the cotton. of the pink boll worm ? Dr. Howard: I might eay that the cot- Dr. Howard: It is virtually wiped out. ton boll weevil has caused a great revolu- One year it went as far as Louisiana, and tion in our idea of cotton planting. They they had to eradicate the whole cotton are now not cultivating land for cotton crop. The Federal government does that which will not produce more than half a work. bale per acre. Question: What is the present status of Question: Are there any important the Florida fruit fly? . crops that have been given up, due to Dr. Howard: I cannot say, but they say insect pests ? it is exterminated. Dr. Howard: There are cases where Question: Did you bring about that crops have been abandoned and other situation ? crops substituted. Whenever a crop is Dr. Howard: I was retired at that unsatisfactory, they change it to some time. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN
Question: Can you tell us how the I have heard many visitors say that Ha- fruit fly got into Florida? waii is an earthly paradise ; I have even Dr. Howard: No one knows, but the heard some of the residents make delicate prohibitionists say it was brought in by hints that it is difficult to overpraise its bootleggers from the Bahamas. I think it charm. The ethno-geographers are show- came in one of the hurricanes from Ber- ing the profound effects of climate and -muda or possibly the Bahamas. Aero- physical environments on the human race, plane observers have found insects as high and in many instances have traced the as 10,000 feet above earth. What is the course of history as influenced by geo- use of quarantines if the wind can carry graphic environment. They have begun a insects over ? There was a time when men broad study, gradually to be filled out, of brought the boll weevil into Louisiana to the ecology of humanity. As this study affect the cotton market. I used to be progresses, it will lead inevitably to inter- called out of bed at night to be asked if nationalism. There may possibly be some- there was a new parasite to kill the boll body here at this moment who heard an weevil, and many other questions. Many address I delivered in 1924 on the subject rumors were started to affect the cotton of "The Evolution of Internationalism." market. There is a story connected with that ad- Question: What would you say about dress. I liked the speech, and being a entomology as a field for young men at member of the Academy of Agriculture the present time ? of France, I sent a copy of it over to my Dr. Howard: It depends on whether friend, Paul Marchal, and asked him to they want to get rich or not. They will put it into French and present it to the always be poor, but they will be happy, Academy for publication. He did so, but if they are the right kind of men. the secretary of the Academy, M. Henri Question: Don't you think men should Sagnier, objected to the manuscript on ac- be trained for pathology rather in the count of the occurrence of the word "in- European sense? ternationalism." He said that it was too Dr. Howard: Yes, and the broader the strongly suggestive of Moscovietism, and education the better. was reminiscent of the Third Interna- Chairman: I am sure we all join in tionale, so Marchal altered the title and thanking Dr. Howard for this very de- submitted it to the Revue Rouge—the lightful visit. As it is now eight o'clock, great journal of popular science over and as he has a very strenuous program there—and it was printed at once. I won- while here, he wishes to be excused. We der if the late-lamented Sagnier thought all join in thanking him heartily for corn- that we were talking Bolshevistic doc- ing here this evening. trines over here in 1924. At the Pan-Pacific Club Luncheon. I introduced my remarks about ethno- geography just now to follow out the idea Dr. L. 0. Howard: It is a great joy to that the Hawaiian Territory should pro- be back in Honolulu. I came here first in duce, theoretically, an indolent, pleasure- 1915, and stayed ten days ; I returned in loving race to wheitn life would be so easy 1924 and stayed twenty days ; after seven that little would be done by them for the years I am here again, and will have been benefit of humanity at large. Probably here twenty-four days when I leave. You that happened up to a certain time. On will notice that the interval between visits the other hand, like all such places (if is growing shorter, and that the visits there are others), there are natural re- themselves are growing longer, so that in sources that should be developed for the plotting a curve it is plain that I shall benefit of all mankind, and such develop- be a permanent resident of Honolulu ment required, and requires, a race of long before I reach the century mark. different descent. The present population PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN 9 of these islands fills the requirements. this year, and of the circumstances that They have brought energy and far- necessitated its postponement until 1932. sightedness into this wonderful environ- I am on my way to France. I cannot ment. They are doing things that already come back next year, but may I help in have brought effect. There are still op- some way? I know nothing of the details portunities that have not been seized up- of the Colonial Government of France. on. I think that the formation of this I do not know the methods of the Min- Pan-Pacific Union has been a movement istry of the Colonies, but if the Union that should be followed everywhere. would like me to do so, I can state its Hawaii is a pioneer in this movement, plans to the Academy of Agriculture in and its influence has been felt very Paris, and urge that body to memorialize widely. the Minister for the Colonies to forward I am not supposed to make suggestions, his strong, efficient sanction and wishes but I cannot help thinking that some great to the French East Indies, for example. opportunities may be hit upon much later than would be quite wise. For example, This would be a small thing for me to do, Hawaii, as a center for research in tropi- but I see such a great future for the cal diseases, is an idea that has been sug- Union, and I see that from its results gested to me by Colonel Davis. I know will spread a spirit that will go around research laboratories in work of this the world. Hence, it seems that, small as kind—very many of them, those at Liver- it is, it is something that I can do. In pool, London, Madrid, Brussels, Ham- any way I can help the coming Congress, burg, Boston, New Orleans I have visited, I assure you that you can count on me. and I know those in Tokyo, South Africa, I profess, and you profess, a kind of Calcutta and in Java very well by cor- religion of tolerance of all mankind, of respondence with the workers. Not one helpfulness to all humanity in its struggle of these laboratories has the advantage against the adverse influences of nature, that you have here in Hawaii. It is a and I have learned it largely from you. central point for the tropics, of nearly the Therefore, I sit at the feet of the Pan- whole world. A laboratory simply for re- Pacific Union, and of the Pan-American search would attract the best workers, and Union. Someday there will be a republic the good that could be accomplished in of the world and the formation of this this way stretches out limitless to the Union will be a glorious point in history. imagination. This may sound a bit dramatic—as though I have been told about the Agricultural said for effect—but it is my profound Congress that was to have been held here conviction.
Dr. Howard first visited Hawaii in have thought about for a long time that 1924 as international chairman of the have not yet been put into print." His , First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation book on "The Insect Menace" will be Conference held under the auspices of published this autumn by the Century the Pan-Pacific Union. He retired in Co. of New York. "It is intended to be June, 1931, as Chief of the Bureau of a book that will be read by intelligent Entomology, U. S. Department of Agri- people not necessarily scientifically culture, and has just recently received trained. It is hoped that it will ac- the Capper Award inaugurated in 1929 centuate interest in the insect problem, by Senator Arthur Capper of Kansas for which is still a very serious one in spite distinguished service to American agri- of the greatly increased number of men culture. He is now en route to Paris where he expects to spend a year or who are now working intelligently on its more "writing up some things that I different aspects." 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN
A Pan-Pacific Club Program Honolulu, Mo nday, June 20, 1931.
Chairman: Judge Walter F. Frear. during the past century. The Pan-Pacific Speakers: K. C. Mui, Consul for China ; Union, as we all know, is an organization Sir Joseph H. Carruthers of Australia. which aims to develop international good- will and friendly cooperation among the Judge Frear: We have with us today nations bordering this greatest of oceans, two very distinguished guests, Mui King the Pacific. Needless for me to repeat Chow, the new Chinese Consul, who has here that the past records and accomplish- just recently arrived from Cuba, and Sir ments, especially those important con- Joseph H. Carruthers of Sydney, New ferences of the Pan-Pacific Union, are South Wales. I do not feel it necessary highly praised by people of every land. to introduce Sir Joseph, as he is known May I take this opportunity to pay my to many of you, being a frequent visitor high respects to Mr. Alexander Hume in Honolulu. Ford, founder of this notable organiza- Mui King Chow has recently been ap- tion. pointed Chinese Consul in Honolulu, and Modern scientific means of communica- Professor Shao Chang Lee, here, had Mr. Mui in his classes in Lingnan University tion and modern scientific experiments in Canton some years ago. Since then have not yet eliminated all of the obstacles Mr. Mui has studied at the University of to a perfect international understanding Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of and goodwill. False pride and prejudice Technology, and Oberlin, and has just of one particular nation or against one completed duty as representative of the particular race cannot, and must not sur- Republic of China in Havana. Professor vive. Prejudice, after all, is nothing but Lee, will you kindly introduce Mr. Mui a by-product of ignorance and misunder- King Chow. standing; ignorance of the custom and Professor Lee: It gives me great cultures of others ; misunderstanding of pleasure to have the honor of presenting things which may appear to us casually or to you Mr. Mui King Chow, who has re- at random. Below the veneer of the out- cently been appointed Chinese Consul in ward appearance of things, however, we Honolulu. Mr. Mui proved himself a can always see, if we are to possess a remarkable student at Lingnan Univer- genuine spark of what has been called sity, afterwards keeping up the good work "The International Mind," that human in various universities of note on the beings, irrespective of their race or na- mainland, finally being promoted to the tionality, are more alike than they are position of Chinese Representative of the different. Into vans we must and should Republic in Havana, and now coming to place windows which look out far and us in Honolulu as Chinese Consul. His wide on the behaviors, concepts and senti- record is remarkable. Mr. Mui : ments of our fellow creatures. We must supplant misunderstanding with under- Mr. Mui: It is a great pleasure for me standing; we must substitute tolerance for to be here with you on this occasion—an intolerance. If from time to time we seek occasion for expressing the goodwill to understand and appreciate the customs, which now exists between the Chinese modes of living and all other things that people and the people of Hawaii. China pertain to the national life of another and Hawaii are several thousands of miles country or another people, we are render- apart. Commercially, these two lands ing valuable service to the cause of inter- have grown closer and closer together national goodwill and international friend- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 ship. It is in this respect that I consider any question of doubt. Not long ago myself exceptionally fortunate, in behalf several trade commissions visited China of the people of the Republic of China from foreign countries for the purpose to bring to you their greetings and their of securing Chinese trade. In order to use message of goodwill. China as a market for their surplus goods, China has been interpreted in a thou- however, foreign nations should obtain sand and one ways by various observers. the goodwill of the Chinese. But whether their interpretation has been As you know, friendship between China reasonable or ridiculous, one thing seems and the United States, and particularly to be certain : that is, that China will the Hawaiian Islands, has been more than eventually play a spectacular role in world cordial. As far back as 1789 Chinese politics and in international commerce landed in Hawaii. Commercial relations and trade. have ever since then been established be- During the past two decades, China has tween China and the Islands. According been fighting for a republican form of to a recent survey, out of 583 retail stores government, based upon Dr. Sun Yet in Honolulu, 281 are operated by Chinese, Sen's "Three Principles of the People," and these range from grocery stores to which aim to secure for China a position banking institutions. Statistics show that of independence and equality among the there are 300 Hawaiian-born Chinese nations, and to establish in China a gov- teachers here in the public grade schools, ernment of the people, by the people and high schools and universities who are all for the people. Much blood has been shed helping to build Hawaii's progress and so that these principles may triumph. prosperity. China now stands at the threshold of a Theodore Roosevelt once said, "The new era, its era of reconstruction. China Mediterranean era died with the discovery today is fighting for international and of America ; the Atlantic era is now at social justice and is equally opposed to the height of its development, and must imperialism on one hand and communism soon exhaust the resources at its com- on the other. The Chinese people are mand ; the Pacific era, destined to be the willing to fight and die for these princi- greatest of all, is just at its dawn." ples. With this new spirit imbued in the Hawaii, situated in the middle of the minds of the present generation, just as Pacific, at the ocean's crossroads of surely as the sun will rise in the East, so American civilization, is helping to estab- surely shall China play a significant part lish this new era in the history of man- in the affairs of the world and in the kind for linking the Orient and the Occi- society of nations. dent in a bond of international friend- Now let us see what role China assumes ship and goodwill. The Chinese people in the field of international commerce. are eager and anxious to contribute their We all know that the whole world is suf- share to the development of this bond and fering from economic depression. Over- to assist in blending the two cultures and production is the order of the day. To two civilizations into a harmonious whole. remedy this disease it is imperative to I have passed through Honolulu several have new outlets f 0? things produced, that times, and do not feel a stranger here. is, to find new markets. The greatest un- For this reason, I am more than pleased developed market in the world awaits you to be back here in your most beautiful in China, if you care to take advantage city. Cuba is called the "Paradise of the of it. In spite of all sorts of impediments Carribean Sea," while Hawaii is called the and a world slump in trade, the commerce "Paradise of the Pacific." I have been of China has steadily increased. That she transferred from one paradise to another can consume a good portion of things paradise. But I think I am going to like overproduced by other nations is beyond this paradise better. Ever since my ar- 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN
rival here, a few days ago, I have been in roads, bridges, public buildings and so very busy that I have nor had an op- a navy. Moreover, from our land and our portunity to call on you. I am very grate- factories we produce annually £450,- ful to the Pan-Pacific Union for giving 000,000 worth of wool, wheat, butter, me this unique opportunity to meet you meat, fruits, timber, fish and gold, silver, all and greet all friends. I consider my- copper, tin and coal—a production equal self in this community like a freshman to £70-6-8 per head of population. So in a college. I am eager to learn and like that we have some assets and a lot of to make many new acquaintances and, at wealth, with nine-tenths of our land prac- the same time, try to become a useful tically untapped and unused. member of the community and serve both Against this we have a total public debt my government and the Chinese com- of £1,110,000,000, equal to about 12 munity of Hawaii to the best of my shillings per acre of our unsold land. We ability. have a total annual public revenue of Sir Joseph Carruthers: First of all, I £201,000,000. want to thank you for your welcome. And our private wealth easily exceeds Next, I want to tell you something about many times our public debts. I tell you my own native land—the truth about it, that Australia is one of the richest coun- since I'm afraid probably you've been tries in the world today, with its vast hearing a lot that's not true in these times heritage of unsold lands, its 30,000 miles when Dame Rumor is a bit busy. Aus- of publicly owned railways, its abundant tralia is a continent owned by the people production from the land and the enor- of the Commonwealth. mous private wealth of its people. It has an area of just about three mil- Yet there are some who dare to talk lion square miles. That is a bit bigger of Australia as if she were bank- than the area of your United States of rupt. The facts and figures I give you America. Less than 10% of that area are a complete answer to that fable. is alienated or in process of alienation, so What is wrong with Australia is that that 90% is still owned by the Crown for there has been a slump in the price of the people of Australia. That is an enor- our exportable products. Our wool, mous asset, more than is held by any which brought 3s. or 4s. per pound other country in the world. Our popula- a few years back, only brought 8 pence a tion is about 6,500,000 souls, of whom pound last year. Our wheat fell from 5s. nearly one-half live in the capital cities. a bushel to less than half, and so with So we have six and one-half million other products. people owning 2,700,000 square miles of What Adam Lindsay Gordon wrote is land on a continent or, put it into acres- our motto today— 1,722,000,000 acres of land unsold and "Most things are only froth and bubble. available for use. Two things stand like stone, The same people own just about 30,- Kindness in another's trouble 000 miles of railway in public ownership, And courage in our own." many good ports and harbors made with Yes, Australian pluck and courage was public moneys, fine water supply schemes, shown in the Great Altar, and now it will and many irrigation areas, all publicly be shown again, and we shall win out owned. The railways cost £325,000,000, learning our lesson to be more careful in and our tramways cover 500 miles, cost- the-future. ing £20,000,000, all state-owned. We Judge Frear: Thank you, Sir Joseph, get £66,000,000 a year earnings from for your very enlightening talk. We all these state-owned public works to pay appreciate this situation and feel, too, that working expenditure and interest. with such courage as you mention, Aus- And we have other great public assets tralia cannot do other than win out. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13
Popular Science Talks at the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu By E. M. EHRHORN, Entomologist, and T. M. ZSCHOKKE, Forester, June 12, 1931
Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn: Mr. Zschokke is Agricultural Company and are now in use going to tell you something about plants on the Island of Molokai where a tele- and forests and I shall tell you of their phone system has just been completed. preservation from pests. The treating tank holds from 40 to 60 We use a great deal of lumber here in poles, according to their size, and is an Hawaii, but there has been tremendous iron vat with steam pipes placed at the difficulty and expense in the preservation bottom through which constantly circulates of poles used by the utility companies, not live steam. The treatment consists of to mention our houses, etc., that belong holding the poles in oil kept at a tempera- to us individually. It seems strange, but ture of from 206 to 212 degrees Fahren- when we look back into history we find heit for twelve hours. They are then that at least for the last fifty years Ger- cooled as fast as possible by allowing many, France, Italy, England, Norway— cold water to circulate through the steam in fact all European countries, have been pipes, allowed to drain, and then removed endeavoring to find the best methods and from the tank. materials to use in preserving lumber, not It was found that the creosote pene- only for telephone poles but also for rail- trated very well through the sapwood road ties, which are widely used in all but never, in any case, has the heartwood countries. been impregnated. A deeper penetration The average pole used for electrical by the open tank treatment can be secured wires will last from seven to fifteen years. by raising the temperature to perhaps 240 Poles are, however, in use that were degrees Fahrenheit, but serious fractures treated 21 years ago. They were treated of the wood occur when the temeprature with the substance which is one of the is pushed beyond 212 degrees for any best for the preservation of poles and is length of time. They are doing very, very used in almost every country, viz. : creo- fine work at this plant. sote, which is made from the dead oil of This is Southern Pine and this is coal tar and is a product of the gas re- Douglas Fir. It would appear from the torts. experience of the Mutual Telephone The difficulty has been that some woods Company that, when treated, these repre- are very easily penetrated by creosote sentative pole woods last equally long while others are not. Experiments have and there is little to choose between them, recently been carried on in an endeavor and the cost is about the same. The to secure the penetration of wood with Citriodora variety of eucalyptus proved to coal tar creosote without the use of heavy be best adapted for telephone pones, and pressures which, necessarily, employs very was supplied in lengths of 20 to 25 feet. expensive equipment. I want to draw There might perhaps be some difficulty in your attention to an open tank plant re- securing suitable trees of greater length. cently installed by the Mutual Telephone It would appear that eucalyptus wood was Company in which were treated during the better adapted to short lengths and the last couple of months 2,000 eucalyptus small sizes, such as fence posts and cane poles of the Citriodora variety. These props. These younger trees lend them- poles were procured from the Waialua selves better to the impregnation of creo- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN
sote, and it is believed that their life nests. Here's a lead cable found at the would be from thirty to forty years. Hawaiian Pineapple Company's plant. It The Telephone Company believes that was in the ground with some woodwork the most promising timber for use in the surrounding it. Termites ate the wood- Islands that can be grown locally appears work and then went right through the lead to be a Japanese Cedar, large numbers of pipe to see what was in it. which have been planted on the Island of Theodore Zschokke: There are two Hawaii. This is a very fine timber, similar kinds of waste land that require planting. to the familiar cedar lumber of commerce, One always was useless, even in Hawaiian and cedar takes creosote well, and the few times. These are the slopes now covered specimens submitted showed very fine with cactus, the dry ridges and slopes on promise. the leeward side where there is willi I believe that there is a good chance but nothing you could call forests, just here for growing certain timbers if we natural waste land. The moist slopes in follow the plans outlined by our local Hawaiian times were forested. You might foresters, and profit by the experience of say that Hawaiian forests covered practi- California where, unfortunately, some fel- cally every bit of red soil. There are sev- lows thought they were going to make eral reasons for this conclusion. Charcoal easy money, and sold thousands of dol- is found in treeless red soil, and broken lars' worth of useless ground on which adzes are far down the mountain side, to plant eucalyptus. showing that these were forest ridges at The trees for poles should be planted one time. The reason why forests disap- 8 feet apart, and after 7 years, alternate peared was the demand for firewood ; try- trees should be cut. These trees can be ing out whale blubber took considerable used for telephone poles and the remain- wood, and the sugar mills burned wood ing trees now 16 feet apart will make only. Then cattle, goats and hogs finished larger poles. On the right kind of land the destruction. In Europe, where for- one can plant trees on steep bare slopes ests abound in boar and deer from time which will raise the finest specimens. immemorial, the trees learned to survive. The question arises, why are these The Hawaiian trees died out and the proc- woods so easily destroyed. Our worst ess is still going on. In Manoa you will enemy here is the termite. It is not see the mountain apple trees all dry on enough to dip a pole into creosote, because top. This tree must have shade, and when the penetration is only about the thickness any tree needing shade is exposed to the of the sapwood. Termites enter the pole sunlight it dies. through a crack, eat to the treated edge, As to other waste lands, these are en- leaving a thin shell. A dipped pole was tirely unnecessary, but through reckless in the ground for one year while it was cultivation all loose soil has washed away being eaten by termites. By looking at it from the fields afld disappeared. It is casually, you wouldn't think anything was rather unfortunate that the lease contract wrong. The termites eat wood pulp a used in this country is one which orig- great deal because of the cellulose in it. inated in England, NO in the Mainland, An old German scientist said in 1847 where it works well. Every lease drawn there was nothing the termite would not up in these countries provides that the attack but stone and iron, and I think he tenant shall commit no waste. In Europe, was right, as stone and iron are the only and in the eastern United States, this, things that can resist termites. Buildings term "waste" is well defined. It has never put up with hollow tile offer an open road been defined in Hawaii. The legal de- to Mr. Termite, who soon finds it and gets cisions regarding waste are that the culti- into the woodwork. In fibre board 6 vator is not committing "waste" if he inches thick, termites penetrate, and build uses local farming methods. Local farm- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 ing methods in Hawaii are destructive to been set out and then forgotten. If they the soil. The tendency in the United grow, all right and good ; we can now States at the present time is to fix respon- recommend their use. The territorial sibility for waste. It has long been estab- forester recently had a man out froth lished in Europe that a man cannot re- India to study local problems, and he move trees if by doing so he damages his recommended a large number of trees neighbor. This same law prevails among for trial. It will be interesting to note the pagan tribes in Northern Luzon. This what will happen to them. The sugar law is enforced among these so-called sav- plantations have set out hundreds of trees ages, and if a man destroys a forest, caus- for three reasons : First, for firewood ; ing springs to dry up, he must reimburse secondly, they had an idea that forests the injured farmer for every year the would improve the water supply and, spring fails to flow. If he doesn't pay that thirdly, it was something for the men to damage, then he is an outlaw, probably do. They have a labor organization that loses his head, at least he did twenty-five they don't want to break up, and so keep years ago. the men busy during slack seasons by The Hawaiian chiefs owned all the land planting trees. They have used the hills in the valley from the coast to the top of of Kauai, Maui and Hawaii, where the the range. This land was sold in one tree planting is easy, but the dry regions parcel, hence the sugar companies own have been neglected, chiefly because no much forest land, and they have a forest- trees would grow there. However, the ing department of their own. They sugar planters are experimenting in that secured trees from all over the world and region now, using trees from Australia planted them to see what would happen. and South Africa and possibly parts of Naturally, a lot of the trees failed to South America. grow. Still we expect a high percentage Some of the plantation people want a to fail because we know that trees have light wood that they can use to prop up special requirements. On the other hand, flumes in cane fields. They probably will certain trees succeeded in spots where the use bamboo, as it grows easily, and when ordinary tree-planter would never dream they abandon it in the field it rots by the of planting anything. Many trees have time they are ready to plow.
Floating Flower Shows A Message from the Director of the Pan-Pacific Union to the Pan-Pacific Club and the Outdoor Circle.
Tokyo, japftn, July 3, 1931. if you will and divide between the Club Friends : I wish your joint cooperation. and the Outdoor Circle. I wish an annual carpet of flowers in the Of course, you might use the several sunken garden of the ian-Pacific Club- kinds of bougainvillea and our mountain house. ferns. I think we might let the Japanese This can be done and I am sure the florists make one carpet for a week. My carpet can be kept fresh for a week or friend, Mrs. Newton, who is in the Orient more. The carpet will be about forty by studying interior decorating, might help in eighty feet. It can be made of branches this. I will see her. of the jacaranda, the golden shower, and Now some other matters : You can't the pink and red showers, or it may be import the wonderful potted plants of made of the 2,500 varieties of the hibiscus Japan, the soil can't get by, and it takes in wonderful designs. Charge admission 300 years to grow some of these floral 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN
marvels. I saw azalea trees two feet high Then when the boat returns from San that had been in blossom annually for more Francisco the potted hibiscus will be than three centuries. I saw about 1,000 taken from the Pan-Pacific Club palm specimens ; I will send an illustrated cat- garden and carried to the boat and its alog if you don't believe me. They were palm garden transferred into a hibiscus gotten together under canvas at Hibiya exhibit—ready for visitors at Yokohama, Park across the way from the Imperial Kobe, Shanghai, and Hongkong. Hotel. I will now instruct Nomi to go un to For a week this marvelous exhibit of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association every kind and color of azalea was on Experiment Station in the dark of the show. There were azalea bushes that hung half moon and purloin some 200 sake tubs down ten feet in a mass of blossoming that are lying idle in the back of the lot ; tendrils ; there were veritable tree trunks that will make a good start and we can near a foot in diameter that sent forth plant the young slips of hibiscus, say 200 sprays of gorgeous azalea blossoms. varieties, and by next spring have a show- Now I have seen the azaleas at Mag- ing. nolia Gardens in my own South Carolina, Now in the wistaria season there is no azalea bushes from ten to thirty feet high, reason why we should not make a veri- shaded under drooping moss from great table wistaria bower of that palm garden, live oak trees, centuries old, and all re- and as we have 2,500 different kinds of flected in the great placid lakes around hibiscus we can keep up the change for which the masses of azalea grew in pro- a year. Then in this wonderful iris sea- fusion. They were wonderful, but these son we can ship in the palm garden some azaleas of Japan are potted plants never 200 varieties of iris, and I have visited more than three or four feet high. But in June some wonderful iris gardens. oh, the glory and variety—only our hi- We can easily send a score of cherry biscus can compare with them. trees in that palm garden, for at the Im- Now the people of Japan do not know perial Hotel during the cherry season our hibiscus and we do not know their whole trees are brought from the moun- azaleas—we are both the losers. tains in the bud, placed in the gorgeous The Pan-Pacific Club must remedy lobby and in a week they burst into full this and the Outdoor Circle must cooper- blossom, and for another week the lobby ate. I have a botanic club here ; I am one of the hotel is the most beautiful floral of the fathers. Alas, it has a Japanese den in Japan. name, but any way let us make it a Pan- Then in winter there are the dwarf pine Pancific Botanic Club. trees, some a thousand years old. They We can't land azalea plants in Hawaii, cannot land in Hawaii, but the people of and we can't land hibiscus plants in Japan Hawaii can go aboard the boat and view and neither will grow in the other coun- them for a day in the palm garden. try. But I have a plan—I am going to In return the wonderful tree ferns from persuade the Nippon Yusen Kaisha to the volcano region may for a trip make let me have the palm garden of one of a Hawaiian forest, of the palm garden. its boats and each time that boat arrives In the fall there are the gorgeous chry- in Honolulu the Pan-Pacific Club and the santhemums. I am out for another bid Outdoor Circle will invite the people of to the Imperial Chrysanthemum party in Honolulu to the floating palm garden and October, and I will tag the exhibits which there they will see the marvelous azaleas I think should be seen in Honolulu. of Japan. The floating palm garden will Now this is not a joke. I seriously be a bower of azaleas growing in the very mean that if the Outdoor Circle will pots in which they were planted centuries cooperate I will seek to bring this floating ago, this in the azalea season. exhibit into being. ADVERTISING SECTION 1
THE MID-PACIFIC
A sketch of the world-famous Wanganui River, New Zealand's scenic stream
IN NEW ZEALAND "In New Zealand there are mountain tions of the old land. No Arden ever ranges grander than the giant bergs of saw such forests, and no lover ever Norway ; there are glaciers and water- carved his mistress's name on such trees falls for the hardy hill-men ; there are as are scattered over the Northern Island ; sheep-walks for the future Melibeus or while the dullest intellect quickens into shepherd of Salisbury plain; and there awe and reverence amidst volcanoes and are the rich farmlands for the peasant boiling springs, and the mighty forces of yeoman ; and the coasts, with their inlets Nature, which seem as if any day they and infinite varieties, are a nursery for might break their chains." seamen, who will carry forward the tradi- —J. A. Froude, in Oceana. •
New Zealand is on the route of the Ca- of the Union Royal Mail Line between nadian-Australasian Royal Mail Line be- Sydney, Wellington (N. Z.), Rarotonga tween Vancouver, Honolulu, Suva (Fiji), (Cook Is.), Tahiti, and San Francisco. Auckland (N. Z.), and Sydney. A capi- tal grand tour of the Pacific may be Theo. H. Davies & Co. are the Honolulu made by combining this route with that agents.
ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC
The Royal Hawaiian and the Moana Hotels at Waikiki
The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., those who go to the city in the morn- own and operate the Royal Hawaiian ing and to the beach or golfing in the Hotel, Moana Hotel, Seaside Hotel and afternoon. The grounds are spacious Bungalows, and the Waialae Golf Club. and the rates reasonable. This hotel has The Royal Hawaiian has been voted the been under the same management for a world's finest hotel by ten World Cruise score of years, which speaks for itself. Steamers. Rates upon application. Cable Both transient tourists and permanent address Royalhotel. guests are welcomed.
At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Child's Hotels and Apartment Service accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real homelike style. If you wish to live in town, there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sand- Famous Hau Tree Lanai wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you de- The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- sire, we will help you to get located. lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at • Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, and House Without a Key. Rates from has its motor trucks meet all incoming $5.00 per day to $140.00 per month and steamers and it gathers baggage from up. American plan. Clifford Kimball, every part of the city for delivery to owner and manager. the outgoing steamers. This company receives, and puts in storage until needed, Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on the King street car line above Thomas excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu Square. This is the ideal location for and finds many ways to serve its patrons. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3
One of the Lenvers & Cooke, Ltd., Lumber Yards
Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., have, since They are also agents for Celotex cane- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties fibre products, Blue Diamond Stucco, of building material, lumber, hollow tile, cement colors, corrugated steel sheets, cement, brick, glass, hardwoods and oak Lupton's metal windows, Gladding Mc- flooring ; as well as tools of the leading Bean's brick, roof and floor tile, and manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong Pabco prepared roofings. A Home Build- ing Department is maintained to help linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs, small home builders, and a Home Service W. P. Fuller & Company's superior Department to assist home owners in re- paints and Sargent Hardware. decorating and modernizing. OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY
Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline inotor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honolulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC
THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Ha- climate, and remarkable facilities for waiian Pineapple in delicious desserts, canning immediately the sun-ripened salads and refreshing drinks are sug- fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained gested in a recipe book obtainable with- a superiority enjoyed by no other canned out cost at the Association of Hawaiian fruit. Pineapple Canners, P. 0. Box 3166, Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Honolulu. Readers are urged to write, ing favor because of its convenience in asking for this free book.
FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blenci,of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.
ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU
oir.ioci Rho Pow
114.1--1
4`..-411 k
S. M. DAMON BLDG., HOME OF BISHOP FIRST NATIONAL BANK
The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bishop First National Bank of Honolulu, successor to The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., (established 1858,) The First National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu (established 1900,) the First American Savings Bank, and the Army National Bank of Scho- field Barracks, which were consolidated on July 8, 1929. "Old Bishop," as the bank is still called, is one of the oldest west of the Rocky Mountains, and has capital funds in excess of $5,500,000, and deposits in excess of $30,000,000. Mr. A. W. T. Bottomley is chairman of the Board, and President.
The Bank of Hawaii Limited, incor- to its other banking facilities. Its home porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, business office is at the corner of Bishop substantial growth of the islands since and King streets, and it maintains the period of annexat*on to the United branches on the islands of Hawaii, States. Over this period its resources Kauai, Maui, and Oahu, enabling it to have grown to be the largest of any financial institution in the islands. In give to the public an extremely efficient 1899 a savings department was added Banking Service.
ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC
The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants
Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7
Home of Alexander Co' Baldwin, Ltd.
Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd. ; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 3o years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin,. Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new (office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd. ; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co. ; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC CASTLE & COOKE BkEVEN., MALOLO BERLIN °K MANHATTAN Wherever you travel . . . whichever route you prefer . . . Castle & Cooke's Travel Bureau will arrange your reserva- tions or accommodations and relieve you of all annoying detail. Information, rates, or suggestions are offered with- out obligation and you are invited to use the travel files and service of the bureau. Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Merchant St., at Bishop. Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels.
C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED
C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, fiawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9
The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.
The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the terred in your own plot on the mainland, Alexander Young Building, on Bishop Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- street, make office equipment their spe- range all details for interment in Hono- cialty, being the sole distributor for the lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the National Cash Register Co., the Bur- Pacific for any other, but if you must, let roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal your friends talk it over with Williams. Construction Co., the York Safe and Lock Company and the Underwood Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- Typewriter Co. They, carry in stock ing music store in Hawaii, is located at all kinds of steel desks and other equip- 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete ment for the office, so that one might in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano at a day's notice furnish his office, safe and a Victor talking machine. The against fire and all kinds of insects. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you Honolulu is so healthy that people with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano don't usually die there, but when they do for your mansion, or a tiny upright they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- Boudoir for your cottage; and if you liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number are a transient it will rent you a piano. 1408, and he arranges the after-details. The Bergstrom Music Company, Phone If you are a tourist and wish to be in- 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC Honolulu as Advertised
The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising children and adults in Honolulu. It agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- also supplies the city with ice cream waii with an advertising and publicity for desserts. Its main office is in the service of a very high order. The or- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of Dairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in 'perfecting its plant and tionally or internationally. The organi- its methods of handling milk and de- zation is distinguished especially for livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- originality in the creation and presenta- tomers. • tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elab- cient is the loading and unloading of orate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11
On Hawaii and Maui
Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches ants, administrators, insurance agents, almost daily excellent passenger vessels and as your stock and bond brokers. You will need the services of the First to the island of Maui and twice a week to Trust Company in Hilo whether you are the island of Kauai. There is no finer a visitor, or whether you are to erect cruise in all the world than a visit to all a home or a business block. of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., Company. The head offices in Honolulu Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of are on Fort at Merchant Street, where Hawaii, one of the most spectacular every information is available, or books trips in the world, thirty-four miles, costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 on the different islands are sent on re- sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 ranged. to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 Connected with the Inter-Island Steam feet long, and many precipitous gorges Navigation Company is the world-famous lined with tropical trees, and with wa- Volcano House overlooking the everlast- terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- conut trees and palms along the way, maumau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House in the Hawaii National Park on the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- The Haleakala Ranch Company, with toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. head offices at Makawao, on the Island of Maui, is as its name indicates, a There are other excellent hotels on the cattle ranch on the slopes of the great Island of Hawaii, the largest of the mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 group, including the recently constructed feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Coast—the most prinitive and historic a future when it will supply fine bred district in Hawaii. cattle to the markets and breeders in Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— The Hawaiian Cogtracting Company The Paia Store, which is conducted maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This their freight for Hilo and the big island. is one of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life. ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu service embracing the following : Trusts, Wills, Real Estate, Property Manage- ment, Home Rental Service, Stocks and Bonds and the Largest Safe Deposit Vaults in Hawaii. The Pacific Engineering Company, Ltd., construction engineers and general contractors, is splendidly equipped to handle all types of building construc- tion, and execute building projects in minimum time and to the utmost satis- faction of the owner. The main offices are in the Yokohama Specie Bank Building, with its mill and factory at South Street. Many of the leading busi- Youngsters on Surfboards at Waikiki. ness buildings in Honolulu have been constructed under the direction of the The International Trust Company, Pacific Engineering Company. with offices on Smith street, is, as its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers financial organization, with leading in the Damon Building, have a branch American and Oriental business men office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- conducting its affairs. Its capital stock manu Street. This firm does a general is $200,000 with resources of over surveying and engineering business, and $500,000. It is the general agent for has information pertaining to practical- the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- ly all lands in the group, as this firm ance Company of Boston, and other in- has done an immense amount of work surance companies. throughout the islands. The blue print department turns out more than fifty per cent of the blueprinting done in Honolulu. The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- ing automobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the corner of King and Bishop streets, and their magnificent automobile salesroom and garage just in the rear, fa.00ing on Alakea Street. Here one may find almost anything. Phone No. 6141. Interior View of Bishop Trust Co. The Chrysler nur and Six-Cylinder The Bishop Trust Co., Limited, larg- Cars, the culmination of all past ex- est Trust Company in Hawaii, is located periences in building automobiles, is at the corner of Bishop and King Streets, represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu It offers Honolulu residents as well as Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. mainland visitors the most complete The prices of Four-Cylinder Cars range trust service obtainable in the islands from $1200 to $1445 and those of the today. The Company owns the Guardian Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers Trust Co., Pacific Trust, Waterhouse are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Trust, and the Bishop Insurance Agency, ords as a distinct departure in motor and is thus able to offer an all-inclusive cars. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13
The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with There is one East Indian Store in Ho- a power station generating' capacity of nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1017 power service to Honolulu and to the Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains quarters for Oriental and East Indian its cold storage and ice-making plant, curios as well as of Philippine embroid- supplying the city with ice for home eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, consumption. The firm acts as electrical Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and Indian brass ware. An hour may and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar plies, completely wiring and equipping examining the art wares of Oriental buildings and private residences. Its beauty. splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richards Streets has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well equipped and supplied, so that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carb9pated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii. • A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business.
ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC
Wonderful New Zealand
Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. A Maori Mother and Child
SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY
South Manchuria Railway Company Cheap Overland Tours
Travellers and Tourists journeying Modern Hotels under the South Man- between Tokyo and Peking should travel via the South Manchuria Rail- churia Hotel Company's management are way, which runs from Antung to Muk- established on foreign lines at Mukden, den and passes through magnificent Changchun, Port Arthur, Dairen and scenery. At Mukden the line connects Hoshigaura (Star Beach). with the Peking Mukden Line and the Main line of the South Manchuria Rail- Illustrated booklets and all informa- way, running from Dairen to Chang- tion post free on request from the South chun, where connection is made with Manchuria Railway Company. the Chinese Eastern Railway for Har- bin. DAVEN The ordinary daily trains have sleep- Branch Offices : Tokyo, Osaka, Shi- ing accommodation. Steamer connec- monoseki, Shanghai, Peking, Harbin tions between Dairen, Tsingtao and and New York. Shanghai by the Dairen Kisen Kaisha's excellent passenger and mail steamers. Cable Address : "MANTETSU" or Wireless telegraphy and qualified doc- "SMRCO." CODES : A.B.C. 5th, 6th tors on board. Ed., Al., Lieber's, Bentley's and Acme.
ADVT. THE MID- PACIFIC 15
The Matson-Lassco Steamship Com- visitors are welcomed to the gardens at pany maintains a regular, fast, reliable all times. Adjoining these gardens are passenger and freight service between the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Honolulu and San Francisco, Los the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. Angeles, South Seas, Australia and Hilo. Castle & Cooke, Ltd. are local agents for the line, whose comfort, service and cuisine are noted among world travelers. The Consolidated Amusement Com- pany brings the latest drama films to Hawaii to provide evening entertain- ment. Its leading theatres are the New Princess on Fort Street and the palatial Hawaii Theatre nearer the business dis- trict. Those and the outlying theatres served by the Consolidated Amusement Company keep the people of Honolulu and its visiting hosts entertained, matinee and evening. Phone for seats.
Honolulu Paper Company, Honolulu's "Meet me at Benson-Smith's" has be- leading book and stationery store, is lo- come a password in Honolulu because at that oldest of Hawaii's drug stores every cated on the ground floor of the Young one finds real service, accompanying re- Hotel Building in the heart of Hono- liable drug store items. There are six of lulu's business district. The company these Better Benson-Smith stores for has a complete stock of all the latest your convenience. fiction, travel, biography and books re- lating to Hawaii. It is also distributor for Royal Typewriters, Adding Ma- Jeff's Fashion Company, Incorporated, chines, Calculators and steel office fur- at 223 South King St. is Hono- lulu's leading establishment for women niture. who set the pace in modern dress. At "Jeff's" the fashions in woman's dress in Honolulu are set. Here the resident The Office Supply Co., Ltd.., at 110 and tourist may outfit and be sure of acquiring the latest styles. "Jeff's" has Merchant Street, is, as its name denotes, its branch and a work shop in New the perfectly equipped store where every York City. kind of office furniture and supplies are on display. This is the home of the • Remington typewriter and of typewriter Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on repairing. Offices are completely out- Kuakini Street, near Nuuanu Avenue, fitted at quickest notice. The Company constitute one of the finest Japanese tea also maintains an up-to-date completely gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- stocked sporting goods department. ful Japanese dinners are served, and
ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC
The outrigger canoe carved out of a log of Hawaiian mahogany, is still in use and the surf- riders at Waikiki still send their narrow planks to shore at a thirty-mile an hour speed.
Gray's By-the-Sea is the wonderfully correspond. There are spacious cot- located seaside hotel at Waikiki where tages on the grounds, tea roms and the very best sea bathing is right at the wide grounds. The rates are reasonable, door ; you put on your bathing suit in either American or European plan. The your own room. The rates are moderate, Pleasanton is a pleasant home while in and in the main building all are outside Honolulu. • rooms. There are a number of cottages on the grounds. You should visit Gray's The Sweet Shop is the name of the Beach first. American plan, excellent leading downtown • popular-priced res- cuisine. taurant, opposite the Young Hotel on Hotel Street and adjoining the Central The Pleasanton Hotel, at the corner Y. M. C. A. On the street floor is the of Dominis and Punahou Streets, was main restaurant, soda and candy coun- the home of Jane Addams during the ter, while downstairs is the cozy "Den," Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. It in- popular as a luncheon meeting-place for vites the delegates to all the confer- clubs and small groups that wish to ences called by the Pan-Pacific Union to confer in quietude. ADVT. Hwtvaiian Rice Fields
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