Historic Document – Content May Not Reflect Current Scientific Research, Policies Or Practices

U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services

Historic document – Content may not reflect current scientific research, policies or practices.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF COMMON COMMERCIAL FISHES IN. THE PHILIPPINES

By AGUSTIN F .. UMALI, Ichthyologist

RESEARCH REPORT 21 . Fish and Wildlife Service, Albert M. Day, Director United States Department of the Interior, Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1950 f.Gr Hie l}y the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov~rnment Printing Office . Washington 25, D. C. - Price 20 cents CONTENTS Page Introduction. • . . • • • • . . . . . • . • • . • • . . • . . . . • . • . • • • • • • • • . • I Systematic list of common commercial fishes. • • • . • . • 2 Key to families Cartilaginous fishes • . • . . • . . . . • . . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 22 Bony fishes . ~ •.•••.•· . . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • 26 Glossary of technical terms •.•••••••••••.•• : . • . . • • • • • 41 Index of common and scientific names • . • . • • • • • • • • • 43 KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF COMMON COMMERCIAL FISHES IN THE PHILIPPINES

The proper identification of the fauna for which data are being gathered is essential in any survey work. Thus the correct compila tion of data on the survey of the fisheries of the Philippines is premised on the correct identification of the fishes. In the wake of World War II in the Pacific, practically all references that could be used were destroyed, and the few that were saved are very limited. It is to replace these lost references that this key is prepared. Although essentially similar to the key to families published by the author in his Edible Fishes of Manila (1936), several species have been added to the list of the common commercial forms. These additions to the composition of the commercial fish catch have been brought about by the extension of fishing grounds and by J;he employment of new fishing methods. This paper is an attempt to frame an artificial key to the families of the most common commercial fishes found in Philippine waters. As such, the order of treatment is without a.ctual reference to the morphological sequence of the different families. The key is dichot omous, and, when possible, only the most distinctive external features are used. For simplicity, two sets of keys have been compiled: one for the cartilaginous fishes represented by the sharks, rays, and their allies; and another for the bony fishes, or true fishes, to which group the majority of the present-day forms belong. A list of the representative species and the localities where each is abundantly caught is likewise included. The order of listing the different representative families and species follows closely that of 1 A. W. Herre in his Check List of Philippine Fishes ; however, Lev Semenovich Berg's Classification of Fishes both Recent and Fossil . (1876), and David · Starr Jordan's A .Classification of Fishes Includ ing Families and Genera as Far as Known (1923), were freely consulted . . The expression "throughout the Philippines" has been used in desig nating the localities of many species; this expression indicates such general distribution that enumeration of all the specific or principal centers of distribution is not practicable, although distribution may he scattered.

1 Research Report 20. Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior. (In press.)

I Systematic List of the Common Commercial Fishes in the Philippines and the Localities Where Each · Is Caught Abundantly Class ELASMOBRANCHll Subclass SELACHll Order EUSELACHll Suborder GALEI

Family SCYLLIORHINID& (Cat shatks) Atelomycterus marmoratua Bennett. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in the Sulu Archi pelago and Busuanga.

Family ORECTOLOBID& (Zebra sharks)

Stegoatoma varium Seba. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in the Sulu Archi pelago and the Calamian Group.

Family LAM:NID& (Kan-eaters)

Carcharodon carchariaa Linnaeus. • Localities: Northern Mindanao; Malampaya Sound, Pala.wan, and Jolo.

Family CARCRARHINID& (Gray sharklJ)

Carcharhinua albhnarginatua Ruppell. White-margined gray shark. Localities: Puerto Princesa, Pala.wan Province, and Sibutu Passage. Carcharhinua limbatua Muller and Henle. Small black-tipped gray shark. Localities: Pilas Group in the Sulu Archipelago, and Reinard Island, Palawan Province. Caroharhinua melanopterua Quoy and Gaimard. Large black-tipped gray shark. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially around the Sulu Archipelago and the Calamian Group. Carcharhinua meniaorrah Muller and Henle. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially around the Calamian Group and the Sulu Archipelago. Carcharhinua apallanzani (Le Seuer). Spallanzani's black-tipped gray shark. Localities: Sulu Afchipelago and Busuanga. Galeocerdo arcticua (Faber). Tiger shark. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially around the Sulu Archipelago and the Calamian Group. Scoliodon intermediua Garman. Localities: Calamian Group, northern Pala.wan, and Sulu Archipelago.

2 Scoliodon palaeorrah Cuvier. Localities: Throughout the· Philippines, but especially around the Sulu Archipelago and the Calamian· Group.

family SPHYRNID& (Hammerheads) Sphyma zygeena Linnaeus. ~ocalities: Throughout the Philippines. Order BATOIDEI Suborder SARCURA family PRISTID& (Sawftshes) Priatia microdon Latham. Localities: Lake Naujan, Mindoro; Laguna de Bay; Bikol River, Camarines Sur Province; Rio Grande and Liguasan Swamp, Cotabato Province; Agusan River, Davao Province. Priatia cuapidatua Latham. Localities: Throughout the Philippines in marine waters, especially in bays, gulfs, and ·straits.

family RHINOBATIDlE (Guitar 11.ahes) Bhynchobatua djiddensia ForskA.l. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, especially in bays and gulfs.

family DASYATID& (Sting rays) Daeyatia kuhli (MUiler and Henle) Blue-spotted sting ray. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Daeyatia uamak (Forsklll) Marbled sting ray. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Daeyatia aephen (ForskAl) Frill-tailed sting ray. · Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

family :MYLIOBATID& (Eagle rays) Aetobatua narinari Euphrasen. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

family RHINOPTERIDlE (Cow-nosed rays) Bhinoptera javanica Muller and Herile. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in Manila Bay at certain seasons of the year.

family :MOBULIDlE (Devil rays) Kobula eregoodoo-tenkee Cuvier. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

3 Class PISCES Subclass CROSSOPTERYGll Order ISOSPONDYLI Suborder ELOPOIDEA Family ELOPIDlE Elops hawaiiensis Regan. Ten pounders. Localities: Throughout the Philippines and entering brackish-water, bangos fish ponds, and bodies of inland water. ::Megalops cyprinoides Broussonet. Tarpons. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, and entering bodies of fresh water.

Family CHANIDlE (Milkfishes) Chanos chanos ForsklU. Localities: Throughout the Philippines in the sea and entering rivers and lakes. They are extensively cultured in brackish-water fishponds through out the Islands, but especially in the provinces around Manila.

Family CIDROCENTRIDAE (Dorabs) Chirocentrus dorab ForskAl. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

Family DUSSUMIERilDlE (Round herrings) Dussumieria hasselti Bleeker. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in Lings.yen Gulf, Manila Bay, Visayan Sea, and Ra.gay Gulf. · Spratelloides gracilis Schlegel. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in southern Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao, including the Sulu Archipelago.

Family DOROSOMATIDlE (Gizzard shads) Anodontostoma chacunda Hamilton-Buchanan. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Hematalosa nasus (Bloch). Localities: Throughout the Philippines, sometimes entering brackish waters.

Family CLUPEIDlE (Herrings and sardines) Disha hmveni (Cuvier and V alenciennes).. Big-eyed herring. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Sardinella flmbriata (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Fimbriated sardine. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. . Sardinella longiceps Cu vier and Valenciennes. Indian sardine. Localities: Although quite rare at present, formerly common especially in . the Visayan Sea and in Manila Bay. Sardinella perforate. Cantor. Deep-bodied sardines. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in Manila Bay, Ra.gay Gulf, western Sa.mar, and the Visayan Sea. 1llldlnella airm W albaum. Spotted sardines. . Localities: Visayas, Mindanao, Sulu Archipelago, and Ragay Gulf. sarmrula tawilia Herre. Fresh-water herrings. Locality: Lake Taal, Batangas Province. Olupeoidea lile Cuvier and Valenciennes. Transparent herrings. Localities: Southwestern Samar; Tayabas Bay; San Miguel Bay, Camarines ·Bur Province; and Visayan Sea.

Family ENGRAULIDJE (Anchovies) ThriPa bielama ForsklU. Deep-bodied anchovy. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, entering brackish water in mouths of rivers. ltolephorua commersoni Lacepede. Long-jawed anchovy. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in Sf!,mar Sea, Carigara Bay, and Manila Bay. ltolephorua heterolobus Riippell .. Localities: In many places in the Philippines, but especially in Ragay Gulf, southern Luzon, Mindoro, and the Visayas up to northern Mindanao. Stolephorus indicua (van Hasselt). Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Order SYMBRANCHIA Family SYNBRANCHIDJE (Swamp eels) B:ynbranchus bengalensis McClelland. Localities: Fish ponds and swamp lands in provinces around Manila. Order APODES Family ANGUILLIDJE (Fresh-water eels) Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. Localities: From the islands north of Luzon to Tawitawi, Sulu Province, and at all altitudes up to nearly 5,000 feet, entering bodies of fresh water such as lakes, rivers, and streams.

Family MURJENESOCIDJE (Pike-head eels) Kurienesox cinereus ForskAl. Localities: In seas throughout the Philippines.

Family MURJENIDJE (Morays) Gymnothorax pictus Ahl. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, oftentimes entering brackish water. Order EVENTOGNATHI Family CYPRINIDJE (Cyprinids) OJPrinus carpio Linnreus. Localities: An introduced species now abundant in Laguna de Bay; Bicol Provinces; Cagayan River; Rio Grande de Pampanga; Lake Nunungan, Lanao Province; Rio Grande de Mindanao; and Lake Paoay, llocos Norte Province.

5 Puntius lindog Herre. Localities: Dansalan and many other places on shores of Lake Lanao, Mindanao. Order NEMATOGNATHI Family ARIID..!E (Arid catfishes) Arius manillenais Cu vier and Valenciennes. Localities: Pasig River, Rizal Province; Laguna de Bay; Orani, Bataan Province; Navotas, Rizal Province. Known only around the vicinities of Manila. Arius leiotetocephalus Bleeker. Localities: San Miguel Bay, Camarines Sur Province; and Manila Bay. Arius thalassinus Riippell. · Localities: A marine fish present in many places in the Philippines from far north in the Ilocos Provinces to the Sulu Archipelago.

Family PLOTOSID..!E (Plotosid catfishes)

P~otoaua anguillaria Bloch. Localities: In many places in the Philippines; especially abundant around coral reefs.

Family CLARIID..!E (Clarid catfishes) Clariaa batrachua Linnreus. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Clariaa gilli Smith and Seale. Localities: Lake Bato, Camarines Sur Province; and Rio Grande, Cotabato Province. Order INIOMI Family SYNODONTID..!E (Lizard fishes) Saurida tumbil Bloch. Localities: In many bays, gulfs, and other inshore trawling grounds in the Philippines. Order CYPRINODONTES Family POECILIID..!E (Top minnows) Mollieneaia latipinna Le Sueur. Localities: Introduced and now naturalized in the Philippines; found in abundance in bangos fish ponds around Manila. Order SYNENTOGNATHI Family BELONID..!E (Gar fishes) Ablennea hiana Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Tyloaurua giganteua Temminck and Schlegel. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, from Aparri to Sitankai. Tyloaurua atrongylurua van Hasselt. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

6 Family HEllIRAM:PmDJE (Halfbeaks) Bemiramphus far ForskA.l. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. ' Hemiramphus georgi Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

Family EXOCCETIDJE (Flying fishe~) Oypselurus bahiensis Ranzani. Localities: Dalaguete, Cebu -Province. Oypselurus oligolepia Bleeker. Localities: In many places in the Philippines, especially around Cebu ·and N egros Islands. Oypselurus pmcilopterua Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In many places in the Philippines, especially around the islands of Cebu and Negros. Order HETEROSOMATA Family PSETTODIDJE (Turbots) Psettodea erumei Bloch and Schneider. Localities: In bays and gulfs in many places in the Philippines, including Manila Bay, Lingayen Gulf, Ragay Gulf, San Miguel Bay, Visayan Sea, Sibuguey Bay, and Samar Sea.

Family BOTmDJE (Brills) Pseudorhombua araiua Hamilton-Buchanan. Localities: In many places in the Philippines, particularly bays and gulfs and other smooth-bottom grounds adapted to trawling operations.

Family SOLEIDJE (Soles) Kicrobugloaaus ovatua Richardson. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

Family CYNOGLOSSIDJE (Tongue fishes) Cynogloaaua puncticepa Richardson. Localities: In many places in the Philippines, especially in sandy bottoms. Order BERYCOIDEI Family HOLOCENTRIDJE (Soldier fishes) Holocentrua cornutua Bleeker. Localities: In many places in the Philippines. Holocentrua ruber ForskA.l. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Kyripriatia murdjan ForskA.I. Localities: Throughout the Philippines.

893470 0-51-2 7 Order LABYRINTHICI Fa.mily OPmCEPHALID& (Murrels) Ophicepha.lus stria.tu& Bloch. _Localities: In streams, swamps, creeks, lakes, and other bodies of fresh water in the Philippines, up to an elevation of over 1,000 meters; especially abundant in Laguna de Bay, Candaba swamps, Mangabul fisheries, and in the Rinconada provinces of the Bicol regions.

Family ANABANTID& (Climbing t>erches and goramies) Ana.bas testudineus Bloch. Localities: In bodies of fresh water throughout the Philippines. Trichogaster pectora.lis Regan. Localities: An introduced species which is now very abundant in inland bodies of water, especially around the central Luzon Provinces and in Mangabul, Pangasinan Province. Order PERCOMORPHI Family MUGILID& (Mullets) Mugil dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Liza. cseruleoma.cula.tus Lacepede. Localities: In seas, rivers, and lakes in many places in Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao. · Liza. melinoptera. Cu vier and V alenciennes. Localities: In seas and entering rivers in many places in Luzon, the Visayas, ·and Mindanao. Liza. seheli Forskll.l. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Liza va.igiensis Quoy and Gaimard. Localities: In seas and rivers in many places throughout the Philippines.

Fa.mily SPHYR&NID& (Ba.rra.cuda.s) Sphyrsena barracuda W albaum. Localities: In the open seas throughout the Philippines, from as far north as Batanes to the extreme south, Sitankai, in the Sulu Archipelago. Sphyrsena. jello Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: Same as S. barracuda. Sphyrsena obtuse.ta. Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In bays and gulfs in many places throughout the Philippines.

Fa.mily POLYNEMID& (Threa.dfl.ns) Eleutheronema. tetradactylum Shaw. Localities: Manila Bay, Balayan Bay, and San Miguel Bay. Polynemus microstoma Bleeker. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines.

8 Fa.m.Iy SCOM:BRID& (Mackerels) Baatrelliger brachysomus (Bleeker). Locali_ties: In bays and gulfs in many places in the Philippines, especially Manila Bay, Ragay Gulf, Visayan Sea, and southwestern Samar. Bastrelliger chrysozonus Riippell. Localities: Southern Luzon and the Sulu Archipelago. Acanthocybium solandri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: . In the open sea in many places in the Philippines. Scomberomorus commerson Lacepede. · Localities: Throughout the Philippines in the open sea, as well as in bays and gulfs.

Family THUNNID& (Bonitos and tunas) Au:ds thazard Lacepede. Localities: Balayan and Batangas Bays. :Euthynnus yaito Kishinouye. Localities: .Throughout the Philippines not far from the coasts. Grammatorcynus bicarinatus (Quoy and Gaimard). Localities: Zamboanga and Jolo. Gymnosarda nuda Gunther. Localities: Lubang Island, Verde Island Passage, Tubataha Reef, Sulu Sea, Leyte Bay, and Zamboanga. Xatsuwonus pelamis Linnreus. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, but especially in northern Luzon, western Panay, Sulu Sea, Sibuguey Bay, and Davao_Gulf. Xishinouella tonggol Bleeker. Localities: In the open waters of the China Sea and the Pacific Ocean, near eastern Mindanao, Neothunnus macropterus Schlegel. Localities: In the open seas between Luzon and Formosa; in the Pacific Ocean on the eastern coast of Luzon and Mindanao, and in the Sulu Sea.

Family TRICHIURID& (Cutlass fishes) Trichiurus he.umele. ForskAl. Localities: In many places throughout the Philippines.

Family ISTIOPHORID& (Sailfishes and spearfishes) Istiophorus orients.lie Schlegel. Localities: Lubang Island and in Albay and Lagonoy Gulfs. Make.ire. mitsukurii Jordan and Schneider. Localities: Lubang Island, Balayan and Batangas Bays, and in Zamboanga.

Family XIPHIID& (Swordfishes) Xiphias gladius Linnreus. Localities: Albay and Lagonoy Gulfs, China Sea, Lubang Island, Mindanao, and Sulu Archipelago.

9 Family CORYPHlENIDlE (Dolphins) Coryphmna hippurue Linnreus. Localities: In the open sea in many places in the Philippines, especially southern Luzon, Lubang Island, Malampaya Sourid, and Polillo.

Family STROMATEIDlE (Pomfrets) · Apolectue niger Bloch. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines.

Family CARANGIDlE (Carangoid fishes) Alectie indica Rilppell. Localities: In bays and gulfs in many places throughout the Philippines. Atule djedaba ForsUl. Localities: In bays, gulfs, sounds, and other smooth-bottom grounds throughout the Philippines. . • . Atule kalla Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In bays, gulfs, sounds, and other smooth-bottom grounds through out the Philippines. Caranx ignobilie Forskll.l. . Localities: Throughout the Philippines, entering fresh water such as Lakes Taal and N aujan. Caranx malabaricus Bloch and Schneider. Localities: In bays and gulfs in many dragging grounds in the Philippines, such as Manila Bay, Lingayen Gulf, Ragay Gulf, San Miguel Bay, south western Samar, Carigara Bay, and northern Panay. Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, in the open sea and near the edge of reefs not far from shore. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines, entering fresh water lakes such as Lake Taal and Naujan Lake. Caranx stellatus Edydoux and Souleyet. Localities: Negros Island, and many other places near the edges of reefs. Citula armata Forskll.l. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines. Elagatis bipinnulatus Quoy and Gaimard. Localities: In the open sea in many places in the Philippines; particularly abundant around Jolo. Gnathanodon speciosus Forskll.l. Localities: Throughout the Philippines. Hynnis momsa Herre. Localities: Luzon: Bcomberoides lyean Forskll.l. Localities: In many places in the Philippines, but abundant in Manila Bay at certain times of the year. Megalaepis cordyla Linnreus. Localities: Throughout· the Philippines.

10 Selar orumenophthalmua Bloch. Locaiities: Throughout the Philippines. Decapterua macroaomua Bleeker. Localities:. In many places in the Philippines, especially in southern Luzon · from Batangas to the Bicol regions . . Selaroidea leptolepia Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In bays, gulfs, sounds, and other smooth-bottom trawling areas in many places in the Philippines.

Family MENIDJE (Moonftshes) M:ene maculata Bloch and Schneider. Localities: In bays and gulfs in the Philippines, especially around Guimaras Strait and Panay Gulf, in the vicinity of Oton, lloilo Province.

Family RACHYCENTRIDJE (Sergeant Ashes) Bachycentron canadua Linnreus. Locaiities: Throughout the Philippines.

Family LACTARIIDJE (Lactarids) Lactariua lactariua Bloch and Schneider. Localities: Manila Bay, Lingayen Gulf, and Ragay Gulf.

Family LEIOGNATHIDJE (Slipmouths) Gazza minuta .Bloch. Leiognathua bindua Cuvier and Valenciennes. Leiognathua daura Cuvier. Leiognathua equulua Forskll.1. Leiognathua faaciatua Lacepede. Leiognathua inaidiator Bloch. Leiognathua ntconiua Hamilton-Buchanan. Leiognathua aplendena Cuvier. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, especially in bays, gulfs, and straits with smooth bottoms. .

Family GERRID& (Mojarras) Gerrea punctatus GU.ther. Gerres kapas Bleeker. Pentaprion longimanua Cantor. Localities: In bays, gulfs, and other dragging grounds with smooth bottoms throughout the Philippines. ·

Family SERRANID& (Groupers and sea basses) Lates calcarifer Bloch. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, entering bodies of fresh water. Variola louti Forskll.l. Cephalopholia leopardua LacepCde. Cephalopholis maculatua Seale and Bean. Cephalopholia miniatus Forskll.l. Bpinephelus corallicola Cuvier and Vale11eie1111cs. Bpinephelua fusco~guttatua ForsklU. Leealities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines.

11 Epinephelua megachir Richardson. Epinephelua merra Bloch. Epinephelua aerlaaciatua Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In gulfs, bays, and reefs throughout the Philippines. Epinephelua tauvina Forskll.l. Epinephelua unduloaua Quoy and Gaimard. Plectropomua leopardua Lacepede. Plectropomua maculatua Bloch. Plectropomua oligacanthua Bleeker. Anyperodon leucogrammicua Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines.

Family PRIACANTHIDlE (Big-eyes) Priacanthus tayenus Richardson. Localities: In bays, gulfs, and coral reefs throughout the Philippines.

' Family LUTIANIDlE (Snappers) Lutianua argentimaculatua Forskll.l. Localities: In bays, gulfs, and in reefs throughout the Philippines, also entering rivers and lakes. Lutianua bohar Forskll.l. Lutianua decuaaatua Cuvier and Valenciennes. Lutianua fulvua Bloch and Schneider. Lutianua gibbua Forskll.l. Lutianus johni Bloch. Lutianus malabaricua Bloch and Schneider. Lutianua rivulatua Cuvier and Valenciennes. Lutianua aebee Cuvier and Valenciennes. Lutianus vitta Quoy and Gaima,rd. :Mac.olor macolor Lesson. Aprion vireacena Cuvier and Valenciennes. Aphareua rutilans Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines. Pristipomoides microdon Steindachner. Localities: Mouth of Ragay Gulf and around Burias Island. Pinjalo pinjalo Bleeker. Cmaio cuning Bloch. Cmaio chryaozona Cuvier and Valenciennes. Cmaio ceerulaureua Lacepede. Cseaio lunaria Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines, especially around Polillo Island; Nasugbu, Batangas Province; Visayan Sea; Busuanga and Calamian Group, and Pala wan; the whole of the Sulu Archipelago; northern Bohol and Samar Sea.

Family POMADASYIDlE (Pomadasid grunts) Plectorhinchus pictus Thunberg. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines. Pomadasya argyreus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Pomadaaya hasta Bloch. Pomadaaya maculatua Bloch.

12 ' Scolopsia bilineatus Bloch. Scolopsia treniopterus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Scolopsis vosmeri Bloch. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines. P. hasta is es pecially abundant in San Migu:l Bay, Camarines Sur Province. Family THERAPONIDlE (Tberaponid grunts) Therapon jarbua Forskll.l. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines often entering bodies of fresh water. Therapon puta Cuvier and Valenciennes. Therapon theraps Cuvier and Valenciennes. Pelates quadrilineatus Bloch. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines. Datnia plumbea Kner. Localities: In bodies of fresh water throughout the Philippines, such as lakes, rivers; swamps, and marshes. Family LETHRINIDlE (Pig fishes) Lethrinus nebulosus Forskll.l. Lethrinus ornatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Lethrinus reticulatus Cuvier and ·v alenciennes. Lethrinus variegatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. :Monotaxis grandoculis Forskll.l. Pentapus caninus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Pentapus nemurus Bleeker. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines. Family SPARIDlE (Porgie1) Sparus berda Forskll.l. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines, often entering bodies of fresh and brackish waters. Argyrops spinifer Forskll.l. Loc~lities: In bays and gulfs and coral reefs throughout the Philippines. Family NEMIPTERIDlE (N emipterids) Nemipterus hexodon Quoy and Gaimard. Nemipterus japonicus Bloch. Nemipterus marginatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. · Nemipterus nematophorus Bleeker. Localities: In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines. Family KYPHOSIDlE (Rudder fishes) Xyphosus lembus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In coral reefs, especially around Palawan, Calamian Group, and Burias. . Family MULLIDlE (Goa.tfisbes) Paraupeneus trifasciatus Lacepede. Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Upeneus sundaicus Bleeker. Upeneus tragula Richardson. Upeneus vittatus Forskll.l. Localities: In bays, gulfs, and coral reefs throughout the Philippines. 13 Family SCIJENIDJE (Croakers) Otolithes argenteus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: San Miguel Bay and Sisiran Bay, Camarines Sur Province. Pseudosciama aneus Bloch. Sciama dussumieri Cuvier and Valet)ci;nnes. Sciama russelli Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In bays and gulfs with smooth bottoms in many places in the Philippines.

Family SILLAGINIDJE (Sillago or whitings) Siliago maculata Quoy and Gaimard. Sillago sihama ForsklH. Localities: . In bays and gulfs throughout the Philippines.

Family CEPOLIDJE (Bandfishes) Acanthocepola abbreviata Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In bays and gulfs in many places in the Philippines.

Family MONODACTYLIDJE (Monodactyls} Monodactylus argenteus Linnreus. Localities: In many places throughout the Philippines.

Family PLATACIDJE (Leaf-fishes) Platax orbicularis Forskll.l. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines.

Family DREPANIDJE (Drepanids) Drepane punctata Linnreus. Localities: In bays, gulfs, and other dragging grounds throughout the Philippines. Family SCATOPHAGIDJE (Spade fishes) Scatophagus argue Linnreus. Localities: Throughout the Philippines, entering brackish-water fishponds and other bodies of inland waters including fresh-water streams, rivers, and lakes. Family ACANTHURIDJE (Surgeon fishes) Acanthurus bariene Lesson. Acanthurus bleekeri Gunther. Acanthurus olive.ceus Bloch and Schneider. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines.

Family TEUTHIDIDJE (Siganids) Teuthis javus Linnreus. Teuthis virgatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In coral reefs throughout the Philippines. Order CATAPHRACTI Family PLATYCEPHALIDJE (Flatheads). Platycephalus indicus Linnreus. Localities: In bays, gulfs, and coral reefs throughout the Philippines. 14 Order PHARYNGOGNATHI Family LABRIDJE (Wrasses) Ohcerodon anchorago Bloch. Oheilinua undulatua Ruppell. Localities: Coral reefs throughout the Philippines. Family SCARIDJE (Parrot fishes) Scarua spp. Localities: Coral reefs throughout the Philippines. · Order GOBIOIDEA Family ELEOTRIDJE (Sleepers) Bleotria fUaca Bloch and Schneider. Bleotria melanoaoma Bleeker. Butia butia Hamilton-Buchanan. Ophiocara aporoa Bleeker. Localities: In shallow bays and mouths of rivers and in coral reefs through . out the Philippines, ascending rivers and entering lakes far beyond the influence of tides. Family GOBIIDJE (Gobies) Otenogobiua criniger Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In bays, rivers mouths, and lakes, as well as the seas from Aparri to various places in the Visayas,. Mindanao, and Palawan. O:ryurichthya microlepis Bleeker. Localities: In Luzon and the Visayas. Present in the Manila markets in considerable quantities during November, December, and January being taken from bangos fish ponds and estuaries around Malabon and Navotas, Rizal Province. Sicyopterus lachrymosus Herre. Localities: The fry are abundantly caught as ipon in rivers in the Iloko provinces in northern Luzon from the latter part of August to December. Glosaogobiua giurua Hamilton-Buchanan. Localities: In both salt and fresh water areas throughout the Philippines, espe cjally around northern Luzon and the central plains. Glossogobius celebius Cuvier and Valenciennes. Localities: In fresh and salt water areas throughout the Philippines. Chonophorus melanocephalus Bleeker. Localities: An important food fish in the Cagayan Valley. It is one of the species composing the ipon in northern Luzon, ascending the Cagayan River in February and March. Mistichthys luzonensis Smith. Locality: Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur Province. Mirogobius lacustris Herre. Locality: Laguna de Bay. Mirogobius stellatus Herre. Locality: Mountain lake in Albay Province. Order DISCOCEPHAl.I Family ECHENEIDJE (Remoras) Bcheneis' naucrates Linnams. Locality: Ill bays, gulfs, straits, and coral reefs as well as in the open sea in many places throughout the Philippines. 893470 0-51-' -3 15 .... e-.

:;i Cl

=~ '----FIRST DORSAL FIN r SPIRA

~------>ooe---SPIRACLE

PECTORAL FIN

...,._ __VENTRAi,. FIN U+---CLASPER

TAIL

Figure 2.-A typical ray showing the important exti;; 'lal parts.

17 ='""" FIRST DORSAL FIN ,;'Tl· (t=.. ~ I PREORBITAL > I CAUDAL FIN ~ SNOUT 'Cl ;::;· SCUTES !...... ------············ ... er e '<= ..::I> ..=- =-e s~· (IQ ;. (t 3· 'Cl ..e aiii (t ~ ..(t !..= LOWER JAW 'Cl.. :1 !" PECTORAL FIN ~-, ~-, 0:: a: . UJ la.I Q. a. ~ :::> ..I UJ ..I () a: ..I a.UJ ;! 0 m la.I a: a: a. z ~ u:: ..I ct a: ~ ~z lL UJ ..I UJ > Cf z a: :i ~ ..I () Cf UJ a: a. la.I ~ ..I

z 1U:: ..I ~ a: c0 ~ lL ..I zct ct

z ii: ..I 0ct ___1 ~ ()

Figure 4.-A flatfish, an aberrant form of bony fish. · 19 Figure 5.-A hammerhead shark (family Sphyrnide).

[ ( ( ((

Figure 6.-Head portion of a typical shark.

Figure 7.-Left: Eye of shark showing the third eyelid or nictitating membrane. Right:. Eye of shark without nictitating membrane. Probing behind the lower exter· nal eyelid may be necessary to determine whether a nictitating membrane is presenL

20 Figure 8.-Left: Ventral side of the head of a zebra shark (family Orectolobide) showing oro-nasal groove. Right: Ventral side of head of a cat shark (family Scylliorhinide).

21 Key to the Families of Common Commercial Fishes

I. Cartilaginous F~ahea

(Fishes with cartilaginous skeletons such a.s the ~ harks and rays.) a. Body elongate, cylindrical; pectoral fins not attached to head; anal fin present; gill openings on side of body. SHARKS (figs. 1 and 6). b. Head hammer shaped (fig. 5) _ --- ______HAMMERHEADS (Sphyrnidre) bb. Head normally shaped (figs. 1 and 6). c. Eye with nictitating membrane (fig. 7-left) GRAY SHARKS (Carcharhinidre) cc. Eye without nictitating membrane. d. Caudal peduncle with keel on eacl:t side __ MAN-EATERS (Lamnidre) dd. C!!-udal peduncle without keel on each side. · e. Mouth and nostrils joined by an oro-n.asal groove; side of head with skinny appendages (fig. 8-left) ___ ZEBRA SHARKS (Orectolobidre) ee . .Mouth and nostrils separate, not joined by an oro-nasal groove; sides of head without skinny appendages (fig. 8-right) CAT SHARKS (Scylliorhinidre)

Figure 9.-Head portion of a sawfish (family Pris tide) showing the saw like snout.

Figure 10.-Tail portion of a guitar fish (family Rhinobatide).

22 Figure 11.-A typical sting ray (family Dasyatidlll). aa. Body flattened and typically disklike at least anteriorly; pectorals attached to head; anal fin absent; gill openings on underside of body (fig. 2) SA WFISHES, GUITAR FISHES AND RAYS b. Snout produced into a sawlike blade (fig. 9) ______SA WFISIJES (Pristidre) bb. Snout not sawlike. c. Tail stout with a longitudinal fold on each side, usually with two dorsal fins and never with a spine; caudal fin large (fig. 10) GUITAR FISHES (Rhinobatidre) cc. Tail slender or whiplike with or without lateral folds, but usually with spines; dorsal fin, when present, generally only one; caudal fin usually small or absent. d. Eyes dorsally located; pectoral fins extending uninterruptedly to tip of snout; no dorsal fin (fig. ll) ______STING RAYS (Dasyatidre) dd. Eyes laterally-situated; pectoral fins extending interruptedly to tip of snout, leaving side of head free and appearing only at the extremitv as cephalic fins; one dorsal fin present (figs. 12, 13, and -14). · e. Cephalic fin forms a single lobe at the lower part of the snout (fig. 12) EAGLE RAYS (Myliobatidre) ee. Cephalic fins form a pair of lobes at the lower part of snout (figs. 13 and 14).

f. Lobes short; teeth large, flat, mosaiclike (fig. 13) COW-NOSED RAYS (Rhinopteridre) ff. Lobes elongate; teeth minute and numerous, in band (fig. 14) DEVIL RAYS (Mobulidre)

23 C> 0 0

0 ( )

0 () o a () ~ 0 0 0 () 0 ('; 0 0 () '·' C) •

Figure 12.-A typical eagle ray (family Myliobatidie) showing a single lobe at the lower part of the snout. '

Figure 13.-Head portion 'of a cow-nosed ray (family Rhinopterid8') showing a pair · of short cephalic fins.

Figure 14.-Head portion of a devil ray (family Mobulidie) showing a pair of long cephalic fins. 24 Figure 15.-Head portion of a brill (family Bothidll!).

Figure 16.-A typical sole (family Soleidll!).

Figure 17.-A typical tongue fish (family Cynoglossidz).

25 11. Bony Fishes

(Fishes with bony skeletons under which majority of the living forms fall.)

a. Body asymmetrical and compressed, with eyes both on .same side of head, except in the young (fig. 4). b. Dorsal fin not extending to head; dorsal and ventral fins more or less spinous or with some spines (fig. 4) ______TURBOTS (Psettodidm) · bb. Dorsal fin beginning on head; no spines on dorsal and ventral fins. c. Mouth superior; preoperculum with a free margin; eyes on the left side (fig. 15) ______BRILLS (Bothidm) cc, Mouth inferior, preoperculum not free', hidden by skin and scales of head; eyes either on left or right side (fig. 16). d. Eyes on right side; caudal free from dorsal and anal (fig. 16) SOLES (Soleidm) dd. Eyes on left side; caudal confluent with dorsal and anal (fig. 17) TONGUE FISHES (Cynoglossidm)

Figure 18.-Example of an abdominal ventral fin.

Figure 19.-Example of a thoracic ventral fin.

26 • Figure 20.-Example of a jugular ventral fin.

aa. Body bilaterally symmetrical; eyes placed normally, that is, on each side of head. b. Ventral fins present. c. Ventral fins abdominal, that is, behind level of pectoral origin (fig. 18) . d. Body with scales; barbels absent. (except in the family Cyprinidre and some species of the family Exocretidre in which these are short, and never more than two pairs). e. One spineless fin on the back. f. Gill membranes broadly united with isthmus; jaws without teeth CYPRINIDS (Cyprinidie) ff. Gill membrane free from isthmus; jaws usually with teeth. g. Lateral line if present, normally situated along the upper half of sides without forming a raised ridge. h. Head scaly, dorsal fin ordinarily posterior in position TOP MINNOWS (Preciliidre) hh. Head naked; dorsal fin about halfway between head and tail (except in dorabs). i. Nine to eighteen rays in ventral fins ; a distinct lateral line. j. A bony(gular) plate on throat between branches of lower jaw (fig. ~1) TARPONS AND TEN POUNDERS (Elopidre)

Figure 21.-The underside of the head of a ten pounder (family Elopid2) showing the gular plate ( g) .

jj. No bony(gular) plate on throat between branches of lower jaw ______~ ______MILKFISHES (Chanidre) ii. Not more than eight rays in ventral fins; lateral line absent. j. Dorsal fin posteriorly situated opposite anal fin ' DORABS (Chirocentridre)

27 jj. Dorsal fin situated midway between head and tail, well before anal fin. k. Snout not overhanging mouth (fig. 22), (terminal arid superior mouths); jaws about equal or the lower slightly longer; teeth absent. I. Abdominal scutes present, especially on belly; body · compressed HERRINGS AND SARDINES (Clupeidie) II. Abdominal scutes absent; body and · es~cially the belly rounded ROUND HERRINGS (Dussumierijfiae) kk. Snout overhanging mouth (figs. 23 and 24), inferior mouth; jaws unequal, the upper somewhat longer; with or without teeth. I. Mouth small; no teeth (fig. 23) GIZZARD SHADS (Dorosomatidm) II. Mouth large; always with teeth (fig. 24) ANCHOVIES (Engraulidre)

Figure 22.-Head and the anterior portion of the body of a sardine (family Clupeid11e) showing the terminal mouth and some abdominal acutes.

Figure 23.-Head of a gizzard shad (family Dorosomatidie) showing the small inferior mouth.

28 Figure 24.-Head of an anchovy (family Engraulidie) showing the large inferior mouth. ·

gg. Lateral line situated abnormally low on sides, almost along edge of abdomen, there forming a raised ridge (figs. 25, 26, and 27). h. Mouth large, both jaws usually prolonged; scales small (fig. 25) GARFISHES (Belonidre) hh. Mouth small, only the lower jaw produced, if at all; scales large or moderate. i. Pectorals short or moderate; lower jaw usually· produced (fig. 26) ______" ______HALFBEAKS (Hemiramphidre) ii. Pectorals large; neither jaw produced (fig. 27) FLYING FISHES (Exoccetidre)

Figure 25.-Head of a garfish (family Belonidre) showing the large mouth with both jaws prolonged.

Figure 26.-Head of a halfbe11k (family Hemiramphidm) showing the small mouth with only the lower jaw prolonged.

Figure .27.-A typical flying fish (family Exol'retidm) showing the long pectoral fins.

29 ee. Two fins on the back. f. First dorsal of soft rays only; second fin adipose (fig. 28) LIZARD FISHES (Synodontidm) ff. First dorsal of spines only; second fin of soft. rays. g. Pectoral fin with lowermost rays detached and filamentous (fig. 29) ______THREAD FINS (Polynemidre)

gg. Pectoral fin entire, no free rays. h. Head somewhat pointed, the mouth large and armed with strong sharp teeth ; lateral line present BARRACUDAS (Sphyrrenidre) hh. Head blunt, the mouth small with small teeth or these totally wanting; lateral line rudimetary or absent MULLETS (Mugilidre)

Figure 28.-Posterior portion of the body of a lizard fish (family Synodontide) show ing the dorsal fin and the adipose fin behind it.

Figure 29.-Head and anterior portion of the body of a threadfin (family Polynemide) showing the detached fil8mentous rays of the pectoral fin.

dd. Body naked; long barbels always present. e. Adipose fin presenL ______ARID CATFISHES (AriidmJ ee. Adipose fin wanting. f. One long dorsal fin, this and anal fins separate from caudal fin (fig. 30) ______CLARID CATFISHES (Clariidm)

30 ff. T~o separate dorsal fins, the second dorsal and anal cdnfluent with caudal fin (fig. 31) - -- ~- -PLOTOSJD CATFISHES (Plotosidre) Ventral fins jugular or thoracic, that is, in front of or immediately below level of pectoral origin (figs. 19 and 20). d. Ventral fins always with one spine and five soft rays. e. Only one dorsal fin without spines; strictly fresh-water fishes with • accessory air-breathing apparatus. · f. Dorsal and anal fins of soft rays only; scales smooth MURRELS (Ophicephalidre) ff. Dorsal and anal fins with spines; scales spinous CLIMBING PERCHES (Anabantidre)

Figure 30.-Tail portion of a clarid catfish (family Clariidm) showing the long dorsal and anal fins separate from the caudal fin.

Figure 31.-Tail portion of a plotosid catfish (family Plotoside) showing the dorsal and anal fins confluent with the caudal fin.

ee. Two dorsal fins, the first of spines, the second of soft rays. f. Ventral fins very close together or completely united to form a disk like structure; lateral line absent. g. Ventrals close together, but not united SLEEPERS (Eleotridre) gg. Ventral fins completely· united to form a disklike or cuplike structure (fig. 32) ______. _GOBIES (Gobiidre) ff. Ventral fins well separated; lateral line evident. g. Spinous dorsal transformed into a sucking disk on· top of head (fig. 33) ______RE MORAS (Echeneidre) gg. Spinous dorsal not transformed into a sucking disk. h. Dorsal spines all or nearly all disconnected from each other (fig. 34). i. Body elongate, spindle-shaped SERGEANT FISHES (Rachycentridre) ii. Body oblong or ovate, compressed LEATHER JACKETS (Carangidre)

31 Figure 32.-Cuplike ventral fin of a go by (family Gobiidre).

Figure 33.-Dorso-lateral view of the head of a shark sucker (family Echeneide) showing the sucking disk.

Figure 34.-Anterior half of the hody of a sergeant fish (family Rachycentride l show· ing the dorsal spines all disconnec:ted from each other.

hh. Dorsal spines when present, all or most of them connected by membranes. i. Dorsal anrl anal fins each followed by one or more detached finlets (figs. 35 and 36). j. Anal fin preceded by two free spines. (except in genus Elagatis) (fig. 35) _.... _____ CARANGOIDS (Carangidre)

jj. Aual fin not preceded by two free spines. k. Robust, rather stout fishes with corselet (fig. 37) TUNAS A.'.\D BONITOS (Thunuidre) kk. Slender fishes without. corsclets MACKERELS (Scombridre) ii. Dorsal and anal fin without finlets. j. One or two knifelike structures at. sirles of base of tail (fig. 38l . SURGEON FISHES (Acant.huridre)

jj. :\o knifelike structures at base of tail. k. Two long barbels below chin __ GOATFISHER (Mullidre) kk. No barbels below chin, except. in some croaker>' as in t.lrn genus Sci.ena but with only one barbel. 32 Figure 35.-Posterior half of the body of a round scad (family Carangide) showing two free spines before the anal fin.

Figure 36.-Posterior half of the body of a mackerel (family Scombride) showing dorsal and anal finlets. Figure 37.-Anterior half of the body of a tuna (family Thunnidlll) showing corselet.

Figure 38.-Tail portion of a surgeon fish (family Acanthuridlll) showing the knife. like structure at the side.

I. Anal fin preceded by two free spines; the lateral line in most cases, armed with enlarged scales or scutes - (figs. 3 and 35) ______CARANGOIDS (Carangidre) II. . Anal fin not preceded by two free spines; lateral line not armed with scutes. m. Lateral line extending to tip of middle rays of · caudal fin (fig. 39) ___ CROAKERS (Scirenidre) mm. Lateral line not extending beyond base of caudal fin.

34 n. Gills, 3%, the slit behind the last very small and wanting. · o. Teeth in jaws quite dist.inct. separate, some of the anterior ones enlarged canines WRASSES (Labridre) oo. Teeth in jaws coalesced or united with only a median suture evident (fig. 40) PARROT FISHES (Scaridre) nn. Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth.

Figure 39.-Caudal fin of a croaker (family Sciamidai) showing the extension of the lateral line to the tip of the middle rays.

------ _,,. .. ------··········

Figure 40.-Head of a parrot fish (family Scaridai) showing the coalesced teeth 'in both jaws.

o. Body longer than deep. p. Body much elongate, almost bandlike BANDFISHES (Cepolidre) pp. Body nQt bandlike. q. Mouth excessively protractile (fig. 41) r. Top of head with body ridges and nuchal spine; scales small, wanting on head SLJPMOUTHS (Leiognathidre) rr. 'top of head smooth without nuchal spine; scales large, present on head MOJARRAS (Gerridre)

35 qq. Mouth not excessively protractile. r. Carnivorous fishes; intestines of mod erate length; teeth in jaws not all incisor like.

Figure 41.-Left: Mouth of a slipmouth (family Leiognathidie) showing normal shape· when not extended. Right: Same when protracted.

s ~ . Dorsal fin single, never deeply divided at the base, except in Lates cal carifer. t. Dorsal fin very long, beginning as a crest on the head, with about 50 to 60 rays without definite spines DOLPHINS (Corypllamidre) tt. Dorsal fin, shorter, not beginning as a crest on the head, anteriorly with spines. u. Maxillary exposed usually not slipping its whole length into a sheath formed by the bone before the eye (fig. 42) :

36 Figure 42.-Hea:d of a grouper (family Serranidie) showing the mouth with an exposed maxillary. .

v. Head and body everywhere covered with rough scales; anal fin nearly as long as the dorsal and similar to it BIG EYES (Priacanthidre) vv. Head and body but espec- · ially the head not every where covered with scales; anal shorter than dorsal GROUPERS AND SEA BASSES (Serranidre) uu. Maxillary exposed only at its most posterior end slipping for most part its length under edge of preorbital (fig. 43).

Figure 43.-Head of a nemipterid (family Nemipteridie) showing the mouth with the · maxillary slipping for the most part under the edge of the preorbital.

v. Vo'mer with teeth which are sometimes small SNAPPERS (Lutianidre)

37 • vv. Vomer wittiout teeth. w. Teeth on sides of jaws, molars. x. Preoperculum w i tho u t scales PIG FISHES (Leth rinidre) xx. Preoperculum with scales PORGIES (Sparidm) ww. Teeth on sides of jaws not molars. x. Distance between eye and angle of mouth con siderable; usually only three rows of scales on cheeks NEMIPTERIDS (Nemipteridre) xx. Distance between eye and angle of mouth moderate; three or more rows of scales on cheeks. y. Margin of gill cover spineless POMADASID GRUNTS (Pomada syidre) . yy. Margin of gill cover with one or two spines THERAPONlD GRUNTS (Thera ponidre) ss. Two distinct or separate dorsal fins. t. Body elongate and somewhat cylindrical. u. Head more or less strongly de pressed, covered with spines and bony ridges FLATHEADS (Platycephalidre) uu. Head conical and pointed, without spines and bony, ridges ' WHITINGS (Sillaginidre) tt. Body oval and compressed LACT ARIDS (Lactariidre) rr. Herbivorous fishes; intestines elongate; anterior teeth in jaws incisorlike; no molars or canines RUDDER FISHES (Kyphosidre} oo. Body deeper than long. p. Dorsal and anal spines absent in adult MOONFISHES (Menidre} pp. Dorsal and anal spines present in adult.

38 • q. First dorsal spine erect, not directed forward. r. Body covered with distinctly ctenoid scales LEAF-FISHES (Platacidre) rr. Body covered with cycloid or weak ctenoid scales MONODACTYLS (Monodactylidre) qq. First dorsal spine directed forward. r. Dorsal spines 8 or 9, the third longest and flexible; anal spines 3 ; pectorals elongate, sickle-shaped DREP ANES (Drepanidre) rr. Dorsal spines IO or 11, the fifth longest; anal spines 4; pectorals short SPADEFISHES (Scatophagidre) dd. Ventral fins not always with one spine and five rays. e. Upper jaw much produced, sword-shaped; two keels at base of tail; ventral fin reduced to two or three rays SAILFISHES AND SPEARFISHES (lstiophoridre) ee. Upper jaw· not produced; no keel at base of tail; ventral fin not reduced to two or three rays. f. Ventral fin of an· inner and an outer spine with three soft rays bet.ween (fig. 44); body covered with small, smooth, closely adherent scales ______SIGANIDS (Teuthididre) ff. Ventral fin with a spine and from five to eight soft rays; body covered with firm, strongly serrated scales SOLDIER FISHES (Holocentridre) bb. Ventral fins totally absent, except in young o( pomfrets (family Stromateidre). c. Extremely elongate fishes; scales minute or wanting. d. Body cylindrical in form ; caudal fin present; EELS (fig. 45). e: Only one gill opening on ventral surface (fig. 45) - SWAMP EELS (Synbranchidre) ee. Two gill openings, lateral in position ______" ______(True eels) f. Skin covered with embedded linear or narrowly oblong scales set at right angles with one another FRESH-WATER EELS (Anguillidre) ff. Scales wholly wanting. g. Gill openings well developed, tongue and pectoral fins present; color more or less uniform __ PIKE EELS (Murrenesocidre) gg. Gill openings small; tongue and pectoral fins wanting; color often striking or variegated ______MORAYS (Muramidre) dd. Body ribbonlike; caudal fin absent __ CUTLASS FISHES (Trichiuridre) cc. Body not extremely elongate, typically fishlike. d. Upper jaw prolonged into a sword; size very large with subcylindrical body ______SWORDFISHES (Xiphiidre) dd. Upper jaw not prolonged into a sword; size small with the body moderately ovate ______POMFRETS (Stromateidre)

39 Figure 44.-Anterior half of the body of a siganid (family Teuthididll!) showipg the unique ventral fin with two outer spines and three rays between.

---··--- -- ·-··-·-·-··---·--·----·------·-·-·- ... -- ......

Figure 45.-Swamp eel (family Synbranchidll!) showing the only gill opening on the underside of the head and the caudal fin at the tail region.

40 Glossary of Technical Terms Abdominal.-That which pertains to the belly portion; said of·the ventral fins when they are inserted considerably behind the posterior level of the pectoral origin. Adherent.-That which sticks together closely. Adipose fln.-A fleshy finlike projection, usually lacking typical fin rays, located on midline of back posterior to the dorsal fin. Adult.-A mature animal. Anal.-That which pertains to the vent or anus. Anal fln.-The fin on the median line behind the vent or anus. Anterior.-That which is in the front or fore part. Asymmetrical.-The condition in fishes in which the opposite sides differ; con sequently, the body cannot be divided into similar parts by a vertical longi tudinal plane. Barbel.-A fleshy projection or appendage to the jaw, chin, and nostrils of a fish. Bilaterally symmetric.al.-That condition in which the chief organs are ar ranged in pairs on either side of an axis passing from head to tail. Caziines.-Any conical teeth in the jaws which are larger or longer than the others. Camivorous.-That which subsists on a diet of flesh. Cartilaginous.-Skeleton composed of cartilage. Caudal fln.-The tail fin of fishes. · Caudal peduncle.-The .tapering portion of the body behind the base of the last ray of the anal fin. Cephalic flns.-The fins on the head, as in certain rays which are formed by the detached anterior portion of the pectoral fins. Coalesced.-That which are joined or united together in growth. Compressed.-That which is flattened laterally from one side to the other. Corselet.-The region of larger scales more or less differentiated at the region of the pectoral. Ctenoid scales.-Scales with the posterior margins minutely spinous or toothed. Cycloid scales.-Scales with smooth edges, having no trace of minute spines. Depressed.-Flattened dorso-ventrally, or from top to bottom like the rays. Dorsal 1ln.-The fin on the back of fishes. Finlets.-A series of small unconnected fins situated behind the dorsal and anal fins. Free spines.-Spines not connected by membranes. Gill cover.-The operculum or the posterior membrane bone of the side of the -head in fishes. Gill membrane.-The thin wall of skin, supported by the branchiostegals which closes the gill cavity below. Gµl openings.-Openings leading to or from the gills. Gular plate.-A single hard plate between the bones of the lower jaw. Herbivorous.-That which subsists on a vegetable diet. Jugular.-Pertaining to the lower throat; said of the ventral fins when they are placed in advance of the pectoral fins. Lateral line.-A series of sensory tubes opening to an exterior or a sensory canal along the sides of the fish.

41 Linear scales.-Scales that are longer than deep, like those of the family· Anguillidae. · Ma:dllary.-The upper jaw, or the outermo~t or hindermost bones of the upper jaw. Molars.-Flat-top grinding teeth, usually posterior in the jaws, as in the porgies. Mosaiclike.-Resembling the style of inlaid work called mosaic; similar to inlaid work composed of bits, squares; or cubes. Nictitating mei;;nbrane.-The third or inner eyelid, as found in some sharks. Naso-oral groove.-A groove which connects the nostrils and the mouth, like that of the zebra sharks. Nuchal spine~.-Spines found at the posterior edge of the parietal ridge on the back part of the head. - Palatines.-A pair of membrane bones on the roof of the mouth, one on each side extending from the vomer. ' Pectoral fl.ns.-The anterior or uppermost of the paired fins in fishes, corresponding to the anterior limbs of the higher vetrebrates. Posterior.-Tha~ which is in the hinder part. Preorbital.-The large membrane bone before the eye. Preoperculum.-The membrane bone lying in front of the opercle, nearly parallel with it. Protractile.-Capable of being drawn forward. Ray.-A cartilaginous rod supporting the membrane of fins. Scutes.-External bony or horny plate, usually spiny or keeled. Snout.-That portion of the head projecting beyond the front level of the eye. Spine.-A sharp projecting point. Ta.il.-That part of the body in fishes posterior to the body cavity; in fishes applied to the caudal fin only. Thoracic.-Pertaining to the chest; said of ventral fins when they are attached to the shoulder girdle. Ventral fl.ns.-Paired fins corresponding to the posterior limbs or pelvics. Vomer.-Bone immediately behind the maxillaries in the front part of the roof of the mouth; usually with teeth known as the vomerine teeth.

42 Index of Common and Scientific Names

Page Page Ablennes hians______6 Caesio caerulaureus ______-.- _ _ _ 12 Acanthocepola abbreviata ____ -- 14 chrysozona __ c ______12 Acanthocybium solandri______9 cuning______12 Acanthuridae ______"------14,32,34 lunaris______12 Acanthurus bariene______14 Carangidae ______10, 31, 32, 33, 34 bleekerL ______14 Carangoid______32, 34 olivaceus ______~--- 14 fish______10 Aetobstus narinarL ______. _ _ 3 Caranx ignobilis __ _.. ______10 · Alectis indica ______- 10 malabaricus ______.. _ _ _ _ 10 Anabantidae______8, 31 melampygus______10 Ana.bas testudineus ____ ------8 sexfasciatus______10 Anchovy______5, 28, 29 stellatus______10 deep-!>odied ______- ______5 Carcharhinidae______2, 22 long-jawed ______- __ ~ -- • 5 Carcharhinus albimarginatus_ __ _ 2 Anguilla mauritiana __ ------· 5 limbatus ____ ------2 Anguillidae ______·_ ------5, 39 melanopterus ______2 Anodontostoma chacunda ______4 menisorrab ______.______2 Anyperodon leucogrammicus_ __ _ • 12 spallanzani ______2 Aphareus rutilans ____ .. ______- 12 Carcharodon carcharias ______2 Apodes______5 Carp______5 Apolectus niger ______c _ _ _ _ _ 10 Cartilaginous fishes______22 Aprion virescens ______12 CataphractL ______14 Argyrops spinifer ______13 Catfish, arid______6, 30 Arid catfish------~ ------6, 30 clarid ______~ ------6, 30, 31 Ariidae______6, 30 plotosid______6, 31 Arius leiotetocephalus______6 Cat shark ______._____ . 2, 21, 22 manillensis ______- 6 Cephalopholis leopardus ______- 11 thalassinus______6 maculatus______11 Atelomycterus marmoratus __ _ _ _ 2 miniatus______11 Atule djedaba ____ .. ______10 Cepolidae ______14, 35 kalla ______- 10 Chanidae ______--- 4, 27 Auxis thazard ______- 9 Chanos cha nos ______- - - 4 Cheilinus undulatus ______- 15 Bandfish ______~------· 14,35 Barracuda ______8,30 Chirocentridae ______- - _ 4, 27 Chirocentrus dora.b______4 · Bass, sea ______c _ - 11, 37 Batoidei______3 Choerodon anchorago ______--- 15 Belonidae _____ . _____ ~ ______6, 29 Chonophorus melanocephalus_ -- 15 Citula armata ___ c______10 BerycoideL ______~ ______7 Cla.rias batrachus ______- 6 Big-eye __ ------~------12, 37 Big-eyed herring______.4 .gilli__ ------6 · Bonito______9, 32 Clarid catfish ______- 6, 30, 31 Bony fish______18, 19, 26 Clariidae ______6, 30, 31 Bothidae ______7, 25, 26 Climbing perch ______-- . 8, 31 BrilL ______7, 25, 26 Clupeidae ______4,28 Butis butis______15 Clupeoides lile ______- 5 43 Page l'agt> Coryphaena hippurus ______10 Engraulidae - ____ - - ______: 5, 28, 29 Coryphaenidae ______10, 36 Epinephelus corallicola______11 Cow-nosed ray______3, 23, 24 fusco-guttatus ___ ------11 Croaker ______14,34,35 megachir______12 CrossopterygiL ______4 merra______12 Ctenogobius criniger ______15 sexfasciatus ___ .______12 Cutlass fish______9, 39 tauvina ______~------12 Cynoglossidae ______"----- 7, 25, 26 undulosus______12 Cynoglossus puncticeps______7 EuselachiL ______2 Cyprinid ______5, 27 Euthynnus yaito______9 Cyprinidae ______5, 27 EventognathL ______5 Cyprinodontes _ .. ______6 Exocoetidae ______~------7, 27, 29 Cyprinus carpio ______-·~ _ _ _ 5 Fim briated sardine ______4 Cypselurus bahiensis______7 Flatfish ______19,38 oligolepis______7 Flathead ______poecilopterus ______7 14 Flying fish ______,7, 29 Dasyatidae______3, 23 Fresh-water eel______5,39 Dasyatis kuhlL ______3 Fresh-water herring ______5 sephen______3 uamak______3 GaleL _------2 Datnia plumbea______13 Galeocerdo arcticus______2 Decaptcrus macrosomus______11 Garfish _____ ------_:._ _ - 6, 29 Deep-bodied anchovy______5 Gazza minuta______11 Deep-bodied sardines______4 Gerres kapas______11 Devil ray______3, 23, 24 punctatus______11 DiscocephalL ------15 Gerridae_ ------11, 35 Dolphin ______10, 36 Gizzard shad______4, 28 Dorab ______4, 27 Glossogobius celebius______i5 Dorosomatidae ______14, 28 giurus______15 Drepane ______39 Gnathanodon speciosus______10 punctata______14 Goatfish ______~------13, 32 Drepanid______14 Gobiidae ______15, 31, 32 Drepanidae ______14, 39 Gobioidea ___ ------15 Dussumieria hasseltL______4 Goby ______15, 31, 32 Dussumieriidae ______4, 28 Goramy ------8 Grammatorcynus bicarinatus_ _ _ 9 Eagle ray______3, 23, 24 Gray sharks______2, 22 Echeneidae ______._____ 15, 31, 32 Grouper ______11,37 Echeneis naucrates______15 Grunt, pomadasid ______12, 38 EeL ______.. __ _ _ _ 39 theraponid ______13, 38 . fresh-water ______· 5, 39 Guitar fish______3, 22, 23 pike______39 Gymnosarda nuda ____ ~------9 pike-head______5 Gymnothorax pictus______5 swamp ______5, 39, 40 true______39 Halfbeak ______7,29 Elagatis bipinnulatus ______. _ _ IO Hammerhead ______3 Elasmobranchii ______2 shark ______20,22 Eleotridae ______15, 31 Harengula tawilis ______5 Eleotris fusca______15 Hemiramphidae ____ : ______7,29 melanosoma ______15 Hemiramphus far ______7 Eleutheronema tetradactylum___ 8 georgi ______1 · Elopidae ______4, 27 Herring ______4,28 Elopoidea______4 big-eyed ______- 4 Elops hawaiiensis______4 fresh-water ______5 44 Page ' B~ng-Continued Lutianus argentimaculatus-Con. round ______4,28 gibbus ______12 transparent ______5 johni ______12 Heierosomata_ ------7 Lutianus malabaricus ______12 Holocentridae ______7,39 rivulatus ______12 Holocentrus cornutus ______7 sebae ______12 ruber ______7 vitta ______12 ffynnis momsa ____ ------10 Mackerel______9, 32, 33 Ililiha hoevenL ______4 Macolor macolor ______12 Indian sardine ______~ ______4 Makaira mitsukuriL ______9 lnlomi______------6 Man-eaters______2, 22 laospondyJL _ ------4 Megalaspis cordyla______10 lstlophoridae ______._ 9,39 Megalops cyprinoides______4 Istiophorus orientalis ______9 Mene maculata______11 Jacket, leather ______31 Menidae_ - ______~ ______11, 38 Microbuglossus ~vatus______7 Katsuwonus pelamis ______9 Milkfish______4, 27 Kishin!)uella tonggoL ______9 Minnow, top______6, 27 Kyphosidae ______13,38 Mirogobius lacust.ris______15 Kyphosus lembus ______13 stellatus______15 Labridae ______- _____ 15, 35 Mie.tichthys luzonensis______15 Mobula eregoodoo-tenkee ______3 LabyrinthicL ______~ ______8 Mob ulidae______3, 23, 24 Lactarid~------11, 38 Mojarra ______11, 35 Lactariidae ______11, 38 Mollienesia latipinna______6 Lactarius lactarius______11 Larnnidae ______2,22 MonodactyL ______14, 39 Monodactylidae ______14, Lates calcarifer ______11, 36 39 Leaf-fish ______14, 39 Monodactyh.1s argenteus______14 Monotaxis grandoculis______13 Leather jacket______31 Moonfish ______11,38 I Leiognathidae ______11, 35, 36 Moray ______5,39 , Leiognathus bindus______11 Mugil dussumierL______8 daura______11 Mugilidae______8, 30 equulus----c------11 Mullet______8, 30 fasc1atus ______· ____ ~ _ _ _ _ 11 Mullidae ______13, 32 insidiator ______11 ruconius______11 Muraenesocidae ______~------5,39 splendens______11 Muraenesox cmereus______5 Muraenidae ______5,39 Lethrinidae ______13, 38 M urreL ______8, 31 Lethrinus nebulosus______13 Myliobatidae ______3, 23, 24 ornatus______13 reticulatus______13 Myripristis murdjan______7 variegatus______13 Nematalosa nasus______4 Liza caeruleomaculatus ______8 NematognathL______6 melinoptera______8 Nemipterid ______13, 37, 38 sehelL ______8 Nemipteridae ______13, 37, 38 vaigiensis ______c - ______8 Nemipterus hexodon______13 Lizard fish______6, 30 japonicus______13 Long-jawed anchovy______5 marginatus ______13 Lutianidae ______12, 37 nematophorus______13 Lutianus argentimaculatus______12 Neothunnus macropterus______9 bohar______12 Ophicephalidae ______·------8, 31 - ·decussatus______12 Ophicephalus striatus______8 fulvus______12 Ophiocara aporos______15 45 Page l'llJ«> Orectolobidae ______2, 21, 22 Ray ______17,22,23 Otolithes a.~genteus ______. 14 cow-nosed ______3,23,24 Oxyurichthys microlepls______15 devil______3, 23, 24 eagle ______3,23,24 Pa.ra.upeneus trifa.scia.tus______13 sting______3, 23 Parrot fish______15, 35 Remora.______15, 31 Pela.tes q ua.drilinea.tus______13 Rhinoba.tida.e ______3, 22, 23 Pentaprion longimanus______11 Rhinoptera. ja.va.nica.______3 Penta.pus caninus______13 Rhinopterida.e ______3, 23, 24 nemurus ____ ------13 Perch, climbing______8, 31 Rhynchoba.tus djiddensis______3 PercomorphL ______8 Round herring______4, 28 scad______PharyngognathL ______15 33 Rudder fish ______13, 38 Pig fish______13, 38 Pike eeL ______39 Sa.ii fish______9, 39 Pike-head eel. ______5 Sa.rcura ______3 Pinjalo pinja.Jo ______.:______12 Sardine ______4, 28 Pisces______4 deep-bodied______4 Pla.ta.cida.e______14, 39 fimbria.ted ______4 Pia.tax orbicula.ris ______14 Indian______4 Pla.tycepha.lida.e ______14, 38 spotted______5 Pla.tycepha.lus indicus______14 Sa.rdinella. fimbria.ta.______4 Plectorhinchus pi ctus______12 longiceps ______4 Plectropomus Jeopard us______12 perforate.______4 ma.cula.tus______12 sirum______5 oliga.ca.nthus______12 Sa.urida tumbiL ______6 Plotosid catfish ______" _ 6,31 Sa.wfish ______3,22,23 Plotosida.e______6, 31 Scad, round ______33 Plotosus a.nguilla.ris______6 Sca.rida.e ______~ 15, 35 Poeciliidae______6, 27 Sca.rus spp______15 Polynemida.e ______8, 30 Sca.topha.gida.e ______14, 39 Polynemus microstoma.______.8 Sca.topha.gus a.rgus ______~ _ _ _ _ _ 14- Poma.da.sid gr~nt______12, 38 Scia.ena. dussumieri. ______14 Poma.da.syida.e. ______12, 38 russellL ______14 Poma.de.sys a.rgyreus______12 Scia.enida.e______14, 34, 35 haste..------~------12 Scoliodon intermedius______2 ma.cula.tus ______~ ______12 Scoliodon pa.la.sorrah______3 Pomfret______10, 39 Scolopsis bilinea.tus______13 Porgy ______13,38 ta.eniopterus______13 Pria.ca.nthidae______12, 37 vosmerL ------13 Pria.ca.nthus ta.yen us______12 Scomberiodes lysa.n______10 Pristida.e ______3, 22, 23 Scomberomorus commerson_ _ _ _ _ 9 Pristipomoides microdon ______12 Scombridae_ ------_ 9, 32, 33 Pristis cuspida.tus______3 Scylliiorhinida.e ______2, 21, 22 microdon______3 Sea. bass ______11, 37 Psettodes erumeL ______7 Sela.chiL ------2 Psettodida.e______7, 26 ~elar c~umenophtha.Jmus ______11 Pseudorhombus a.rsius ______7 ela.rio es Jeptolepis ______11 Sergeant fish ______11, 31, 32 Pseudoscia.ena. a.neus ______14 Serra.nida.e______11, 37 Puntius lindog ______6 Shad, gizzard______4, 28 Ra.chycentrida.e. ______11, 31, 32 Shark ______16,20,22 Rachycentron ca.na.dus______11 cat______,______2; 21, 22 Ra.strelliger bra.chysomus______9 gray______22 chrysozonus______9 hammerhead ______20,22 46 Page Pa~e lbark-Continued Synbranchus 0engalcnsis______5 sucker______32 Synentognathi ______6 tiger______2 Synodontidae______6, 30 zebra_ ------2• 21 • 22 Tarpon ______4, 27 8icyopterus lachrymosus_ ------15 Ten pounder ______4, 27 8iganid_ ------14• 39, 40 Teuthididae ______14, 39, ~O 8illaginidae_ ------14• 38 Tcuthis javus______14 Sillago ------'------14 virgatus ______14 m.aculata_ ------14 Therapon J'arbua 13 sihama ______--- _-- - - 14 ------. puta ______13 Sleeper------15• 31 theraps ______13 Slipmouth ______11, 35, 36 Theraponidgrunt______·__ _ _ 13,38 Snapper ______12• 37 Theraponidae ______13,38 Soldier fish_ ------7, 39 Threadfin ______8, 30 Sole_------?. 25• 26 Thrissa baelama ______5 Soleidae-- ~ ___ - __ --- __ ------7, 25, 26 Thunnidae ______9, 32, 34 Spadefish ______14,39 Tigershark______2 Sparidae ______-- c - --- 13, 38 Tonguefish ______7, 25, 26 Sparus berda ___ ------13 Top minnow______6, 27 Spearfish ______9,39 Transparent herring______5 Sphyraena barracuda_ ------8 Tric_hiuridae ______9, 39 jetto______8 Trichiurus haumela.______9 obtusata______8 Trichogaster pectoralis . ______8 Sphyraenidae______8, 30 True eeL ______39 Sphyrna zygaena ______-- __ - - - 3 Tuna ______9, 32, 34 · Sphyrnidae ______3,20,22 Turbot______7, .. 26 Spotted sardine ______.______5 Tylosurus giganteus______6 Spratettoides gracilis _____ - ___ - - 4 strongylurus ______6 Stegostoma varium ______- ___ - - 2 Upeneus sulphureus ______Sting ray ______- ___ - - 3, 23 13 sundaicus ______13 Stolephorus commersonL _- __ __ - 5 tragula ______heterolobus ______- ___ - - 5 13 vittatus ______-.- __ indicus ______, __ - 5 13 Stromateidae ______10, 39 Variola loutL ______11 Sucker, shark______32 Whiting ______l4, 38 Surgeon fi!?h ______14, 32, 34 Wrasse ______l5, 35 Swamp ee•~------C------5, 39, 40 x· h' I d' 9 Swordfish ______- - -- - 9, 39 X~Ph ~~ g a ms_ ------~ - - Symbranchia ______5 Ip 11 ae _ ------9 • 39 Synbranchidae ______5, 39, 40 Zebrashark ______" _____ 2, 21, 22

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