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The Politics of “Access”: Undocumented Students and Enrollment in Toronto Schools

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The Politics of “Access”: Undocumented Students and Enrollment in Toronto Schools The Politics of “Access”: Undocumented Students and Enrollment in Toronto Schools by Francisco Javier Villegas A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Humanities, Social Science, and Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Francisco Javier Villegas 2014 The Politics of “Access”: Undocumented Students and Enrollment in Toronto Schools Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Francisco Javier Villegas Department of Humanities, Social Science, Social Justice Education OISE/University of Toronto Abstract Bordering occurs beyond ports of entry. It operates in spaces where immigration status is examined in order to participate or access a public good. In Ontario, schools serve as borders and often exclude undocumented migrant on the basis of status. At the same time, community activists work to erode border-zones and redefine “membership.” This project tracks and analyzes one such initiative. It historicizes constructions of membership in relation to the Toronto District School Board and its “Students Without Legal Immigration Status Policy.” This policy, discursively known as a “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) policy stipulates that the Board would protect students by barring employees from asking, reporting, or sharing information regarding a family’s immigration-status. However, the policy remains to be fully implemented, the Board has constructed procedures that make enrolment more difficult, and undocumented students continue to experience exclusion. Thus, this project addresses the gaps in implementation as well as differing understandings of what constitutes “access.” The project combines Anti-racist theory, LatCrit, border rhetoricity, and concepts developed by Frantz Fanon, and Antonio Gramsci. This framework facilitates the examination of the construction of internal borders along hegemonic understandings of membership, how these processes are facilitated by the dehumanization of undocumented migrants, and the resistance practices of migrants and their allies. Data stems from interviews, experiential knowledge, and grey literature. Interviews were conducted with fourteen differently located social actors ii including TDSB administrators and grassroots organizers. Grey literature from the TDSB, the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Coalition, and No One Is Illegal- Toronto was also examined Key findings include the ways bureaucratic processes at the TDSB invisibilize undocumented migrants and the resultant hegemonic reproduction of bordering in spite of “access” policies. Additionally, this project highlights the strategies employed by community organizers to make Toronto a space of “non-compliance” to immigration authorities and how access to schooling is framed as a key component. Finally, different framings of “access” are examined. While Board practices equated access to the ability to enroll, local activists demanded broader understandings of this concept including recognition of the ways interrelated factors, including safety and access to other services affected schooling. iii Acknowledgements In Memory of Sal Castro and Bert Corona, two of our greats who taught us to resist through collective action. Nothing is achieved through individual action. In the process of going through this degree I have been blessed to have supportive and caring individuals to guide, help, and encourage me. I, along with many Chicana/os in academia, recognize that these spaces were not meant for us. Too often, the fruit of academic labor has been used to subjugate our communities. To be Chicana/o is to recognize the political urgency of our work, our responsibilities to our communities, and the need to continue fighting. La lucha sigue. I wish to dedicate this dissertation to six important people in my life: Paloma Villegas, Amelia Jimenez, Jeanett Castellanos, Julia Curry Rodriguez, Patricia Landolt, and George Dei. I also wish to thank the numerous individuals who through their love, kindness, and encouragement helped me survive this endeavor. While I aim to be as comprehensive as possible in this section, I will surely omit many names. I apologize in advance and hope that I have in other ways displayed how much you have meant to me. There is no one who can understand me, my life, or this journey better than my sister Paloma Villegas. From the everyday struggles embedded in our migrant lives to the constant insecurities and self-doubt attached to academic work, she has been the one true constant. Momis, I have been next to you your entire life and it has been a pleasure and honor to see you grow. You are a superstar in my eyes and I am at awe of you. You are brilliant and incredibly talented. Thank you for reading this dissertation, along with every word I have probably ever written. Thank you for filling my life with love and support. Thank you for believing in me, iv caring for me, and being honest with me. This would not have happened without you and I dedicate it to you. I love you doots. ¿Qué puedo decir de mi Mamá? Ella es todo para mí, un superhéroe, una mujer llena de lucha, una fuente de sabiduría, y un refugio. Ha movido montañas para mi Hermana y yo y sacrificado su cuerpo y orgullo para asegurar nuestro futuro. Ya sea vendiendo zapatos de casa a casa o limpiando casas, ella nos enseñó el valor del trabajo y la dignidad. Simplemente, el alma de este proyecto procede de ella. Es mi inspiración y aspiro ser como ella. Todo lo que hago es para que este orgullosa de mi. Mamá, gracias por enseñarme como ser un hombre de bien y que el sacrificio para la labor es importante. Te quiero mucho y te dedico esta tesis. I hate translating Spanish into English. While both are languages of the colonizer, I come from a particular context whereby English is constructed as the dominant and racialized Spanish speakers are portrayed as the symbol of deficiency. Thus, I offer this translation, not to appeal to the dominant and provide comfort, but solely to show off about my mom. What can I say about my Mamá? She is everything to me, a superhero, a fighter, a source of wisdom, and a shelter. She has moved mountains for my sister and me and has sacrificed her body and pride to ensure our future. Whether it be selling shoes door to door or cleaning houses, she taught us the value of labor and dignity. Simply said, the soul of this project stems from her. She is my inspiration and I aspire to be like her. All I do is to make her proud. Thank you Mamá for teaching me to be a good man and that sacrifice for labor is important. I love you and I dedicate this thesis to you. I am one among many who owe the belief that a graduate degree was a possibility to Jeanett Castellanos. Dr. C, you were my introduction to both Chicanismo and mentoring and I have continued to emulate what you taught me with my own students. I remember lining up outside your office alongside my peers for my chance to speak with you. We did it every week v and it was always worth it. You showed us you cared in the kind, respectful, and loving way you treated us. We showed you we cared by telling everyone we met about you. It is because of your guidance that I began this path and I want to thank you in the way you taught me: by sharing all I have with everyone and developing community. I also dedicate this dissertation to Julia Curry Rodriguez. Julia has been a professor, mentor, friend, and ally. It is Julia who I attempt to channel when thinking about ethics and defiance. It was Julia who first taught me that research is meaningless without going beyond the requirements of ethical boards and that the true value of scholarship is felt and measured in a community. Julia also showed me what it means to put everything on the line for what you believe. I am honored to have met you and truly blessed to have worked with you. I wish I had been present at your recent promotion but please allow me to add my voice and shout “Curry! Curry! Curry!” Patricia Landolt has the questionable distinction of receiving the “Villegas 2 for 1 special” as she worked in my sister’s and my dissertation. The primary lesson I have learned from Patricia is what it means to be in someone’s corner. I would like to thank Patricia for her guidance and encouragement, not just in my academic life but also in my personal wellbeing. Thank you for taking a chance on me and your unwavering support. You have been a pillar of strength and have selflessly given time, advice, and comfort. I am appreciative of your sharing of your family with us and dedicate this dissertation to you. Thank you. Finally, I also dedicate this dissertation to my supervisor George Dei. I have learned many things from George but what immediately comes to mind is humility. In a place like academia, and a prestigious university like the University of Toronto, humility seems to be in short supply (I heard it might have something to do with the water). However, how amazing is it vi that one of the biggest names at UofT and one of the strongest voices in Anti-racism is also one of the most humble people I have met? The valuing of all voices and the development of space for racialized peoples to challenge dominant thought make George unique in academia. Most importantly, they make him true to his word as I have witnessed too few in his position “walk the walk.” I would like to thank Ruben Gaztambide-Fernandez for his support on the development of this project. I am particularly grateful for pushing me beyond my theoretical comfort zone.
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