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Jóvenes Mixtecos Y Zapotecos En Oaxacalifornia. Una Aproximación a Sus Prácticas Estéticas. Tesis Presentada Por Alan Robert

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Jóvenes Mixtecos Y Zapotecos En Oaxacalifornia. Una Aproximación a Sus Prácticas Estéticas. Tesis Presentada Por Alan Robert Jóvenes mixtecos y zapotecos en Oaxacalifornia. Una aproximación a sus prácticas estéticas. Tesis presentada por Alan Roberto Llanos Velázquez Para obtener el grado de DOCTOR EN ESTUDIOS CULTURALES Tijuana, B. C., México 2019 CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN Director de Tesis: Dr. José Manuel Valenzuela Arce Co-Directora de Tesis: _____________________________________ Dra. Maya Lorena Pérez Ruiz A mi abuelo Javier, por ser quien fue conmigo siempre. A mi madre Roberta, por su amoroso ejemplo de luchar y sonreírle a la vida. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a mi familia, a mi madre Roberta y mi padre Mauricio, a mis hermanos Mariel y Ricardo, a mi abuelo Javier, a mis tías Concepción y Lorena, a mi cuñada Alejandra y mi sobrina Paula, todo el apoyo, respaldo, cariño, esfuerzo y palabras de aliento que han tenido conmigo a lo largo de mi vida y particularmente durante los últimos tres años de estancia en la ciudad de Tijuana. La distancia fue más llevadera gracias a sus constantes muestras de amor. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, ya que gracias a su Programa Nacional de Becarios, financiado con recursos públicos provenientes de la sociedad mexicana, tuve la oportunidad de cursar de forma gratuita el Doctorado en Estudios Culturales de El Colegio de la Frontera Norte y obtener la beca de manutención correspondiente. Al Colegio de la Frontera Norte, por creer en la viabilidad de mi propuesta de investigación y permitirme ser parte de la primera generación del Doctorado en Estudios Culturales. Al personal técnico, académico, administrativo, de vigilancia, limpieza, comedor y transporte, quienes a través de su trabajo permiten que los estudiantes e investigadores podamos desarrollar con comodidad nuestros quehaceres. A mis directores de tesis, el Dr. José Manuel Valenzuela Arce, a quien le agradezco el interés y consejos compartidos a lo largo del proceso de investigación, y a la Dra. Maya Lorena Pérez Ruiz, por aceptar incorporarse al comité de tesis y por guiarme, orientarme y aconsejarme siempre de forma esclarecedora y oportuna. Al Dr. Maximino Matus por sus constantes observaciones, certeras críticas y plena disposición al diálogo desde los primeros meses del inicio del programa del doctorado; al Dr. Gaspar Rivera-Salgado, por aceptar ser mi tutor durante mi estancia de trabajo de campo en la ciudad de Los Ángeles, California, y por compartirme su perspectiva cercana sobre las comunidades migrantes indígenas. A la Dra. Ana Gabriela Hernández y la Dra. Lorenia Urbalejo, por aceptar ser sinodales de la tesis y con su mirada fresca brindarme oportunas críticas y observaciones al escrito realizado. A Andre y Fernando, porque juntos forjamos nuestro primer hogar tijuanense y porque el compañerismo se convirtió en una muy bonita amistad. A Mayra por la solidaridad y el acompañamiento a lo largo de nuestro paso por El Colef. A Flor e Iliana, por compartirme el cariño por su ciudad, Tijuana, y por el apoyo y ánimos constantes. A todas ustedes muchas gracias, son mi familia elegida. A Jazmín, mi compañera de vida, por tus innumerables muestras de amor, cariño, comprensión y respeto, por el acompañamiento solidario a lo largo del complejo camino de la escritura de esta tesis y por lo que día a día vamos construyendo juntos. Te amo y te agradezco. A Odilia, Alfonso, Biani, Tavo y Amelie, por abrirme las puertas de su hogar, por compartirme sus anécdotas, reflexiones, charlas, risas, bebidas y alimentos, por brindarme su honesta y sincera amistad, y hacerme partícipe de la solidaridad que los caracteriza. Gracias infinitas a todos ustedes. Finalmente, gracias a Efraín, Estefanía, Isaí, Janet, José Luis, Luis, Luis Antonio, Miguel, Miguel Ángel y Romario, por la confianza depositada en mí, por el tiempo que dedicaron a compartir diferentes aspectos de sus respectivas trayectorias de vida y por la constante lucha que realizan, día a día, buscando resistir y reivindicar sus identidades culturales desde la trinchera de la creación. Resumen En esta tesis se analiza cómo las “prácticas estéticas”, realizadas por parte de un sector de jóvenes inmigrantes o hijos de inmigrantes de diferentes pueblos mixtecos y zapotecos del estado de Oaxaca, México, generan posicionamientos que dan cuenta de configuraciones ideológicas y políticas que inciden en procesos relacionados con la representatividad de las organizaciones y los espacios artísticos en los que éstos participan, así como en las identidades culturales y juveniles vividas por ellos, en el espacio denominado Oaxacalifornia. Al ser estos jóvenes considerados como “étnicos”, aquí se propone desarticular el binomio “juventud étnica” para dar paso a un análisis que haga énfasis en el hecho de que ambas categorías al ser heterodenominaciones y heterorepresentaciones precisan que desde la autodenominación y la autorepresentación se dialogue con ellas para ser aceptadas o rechazadas. De modo que ha de realizarse el análisis contextual para identificar desde dónde se anuncian tales categorías para comprender los devenires situacionales de los jóvenes. Las “prácticas estéticas” pueden ir de la expresión pictórica a la musical, la producción poética, audiovisual, el activismo político, el uso del cuerpo como expresión y la gestión cultural, y se observan hipotéticamente como formas a través de las cuales los jóvenes ensayan diferentes maneras de identificación, representación y acción social, además de que a través de ellas cuestionan los marcadores étnicos y la etiqueta que los encasilla como parte de una minoría, asociada a un sector de población migrante situado, principalmente, en California, Estados Unidos. Palabras clave: jóvenes, oaxacalifornia, prácticas estéticas, identidades, etnicidad. Abstract This thesis analyzes how the "aesthetic practices", carried out by a sector of young immigrants or children of immigrants from different Mixtec and Zapotec peoples of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, generate positions that account for ideological and political configurations that affect in processes related to the representativeness of the organizations and the artistic spaces in which they participate, as well as in the cultural and juvenile identities lived by them, in the space called Oaxacalifornia. Being these young people considered as "ethnic", here it is proposed to dismantle the binomial "ethnic youth" to make way for an analysis that emphasizes the fact that both categories being hetero-nominations and heterorepresentations require that self-nomination and self- representation dialogue with them to be accepted or rejected. Thus, contextual analysis must be carried out to identify from where such categories are announced in order to understand the situational becomings of young people. The "aesthetic practices" can go from pictorial to musical expression, poetic, audiovisual production, political activism, the use of the body as an expression and cultural management, and are hypothetically observed as ways in which young people rehearse different ways of identification, representation and social action, in addition to questioning ethnic markers and labeling them as part of a minority, associated with a sector of migrant population located mainly in California, United States. Key words: youth, oaxacalifornia, aesthetic practices, identities, etnicity. INDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................... 1 Planteamiento del problema .................................................................................................... 3 Pregunta de investigación ........................................................................................................ 6 Principal ................................................................................................................................... 6 Particulares .............................................................................................................................. 6 Objetivos de la investigación ................................................................................................... 7 General..................................................................................................................................... 7 Específicos ............................................................................................................................... 7 Hipótesis .................................................................................................................................. 8 Justificación ............................................................................................................................. 8 Estructura de la tesis ................................................................................................................ 9 CAPÍTULO I. MARCO TEÓRICO Y REFERENTES CONCEPTUALES .......................... 12 1.1. Jóvenes, sujetos de estudio y análisis ............................................................................. 12 1.1.1. Los estudios juveniles. Perspectivas y enfoques ......................................................... 14 1.2. Jóvenes indígenas. La emergencia de nuevos actores .................................................... 18 1.2.1. Jóvenes indígenas en contextos transnacionales ......................................................... 23 1.3. Etnia. Compleja categoría de análisis ............................................................................. 26 1.4. Indígena como categoría de clasificación ......................................................................
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