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Latino a Thought Latino a Thought LatinoThought_PBK.qxd 10/31/08 3:11 PM Page 1 ETHNIC STUDIES / LATINO STUDIES FRANCISCO H. VÁZQUEZ SECOND EDITION VÁZQUEZ “With the publication of this new edition of Latino/a Thought, Francisco H. Vázquez has done a great service to scholars, the Latino community, and the gen- LATINO LATINO eral public. Framed within the global and transnational context and the history of POLITICS,CULTURE, and SOCIETY Latino struggles for social justice and political empowerment, this is simply the best, most comprehensive collection of essays available on the Latinos/as in the United States. Readers will find here a wide range of documents and analyses of critical historical, socioeconomic, political, and cultural concern. It is an ideal primer for the classroom or simply for all those seeking a well-rounded overview of the historical and contemporary Latino/a reality.” —William I. Robinson, professor of sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara / / A Latino/a Thought brings together the most important writings that shape Latino ATHOUGHT consciousness, culture, and activism today. This historical anthology is unique in its presentation of cross-cultural writings—especially from Mexican, Puerto Rican, THOUGHT and Cuban writers—and political documents that shape the ideology and experi- ence of U.S. Latinos. Students can read, firsthand, the works or authors that have most shaped the Latino/a cultural heritage. They are guided by vivid introductions that set each article or document in its historical context and describe its relevance today. The writings touch on many themes, but are guided by this book’s concern for a quest for public citizenship among all Latino populations and a better under- standing of racialized populations in the United States today. Francisco H. Vázquez is professor of history and philosophy and director of the Hutchins Center for Interdisciplinary Learning at Sonoma State University, California. Among his publications are “Philosophy in Mexico: The Opium of the Intellectuals or a Prophetic Insight” (Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1980) and “Chicanology: A Postmodern Analysis of Meshicano Discourse” (Perspectives in Mexican American Studies, Vol. 3, 1992). Cover art by Patricia Speier Torres Cover design by Piper F. Wallis LATINOLATINO/ A For orders and information please contact the publisher SECOND EDITION CULTURE, POLITICS, and SOCIETY ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-6355-1 ISBN-10: 0-7425-6355-3 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 90000 A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group 9 780742 563551 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ROWMAN & Lanham, Maryland 20706 1-800-462-6420 LITTLEFIELD www.rowmanlittlefield.com THOUGHT Latino/a Thought Latino/a Thought Culture, Politics, and Society Second Edition Francisco H. Vázquez ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vázquez, Francisco H. (Francisco Hernández), 1949- Latino/a thought : culture, politics, and society / Francisco H. Vázquez.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-6354-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-6354-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-6355-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-6355-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-6888-4 (electronic) ISBN-10: 0-7425-6888-1 (electronic) 1. Hispanic Americans—Intellectual life. 2. Hispanic Americans—Politics and government. 3. Hispanic Americans—Social conditions. 4. United States—Ethnic relations. 5. United States—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. 6. Ethnicity—Political aspects—United States. I. Title. II. Title: Latino thought. III. Title: Latina thought. E184.S75V38 2009 973'.0468—dc22 2008027779 Printed in the United States of America ϱ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. This book is dedicated to my daughters Sofía Eréndira and Vanessa Xochitl, my son Joaquín Tizóc, and to all Latino/a youth engaged in the struggle for respect and for belonging. Contents Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii Introduction Who Are These People and What Do They Want? xvii Why We Love Power but Hate Politics: An Introduction for Students xxxi Part I: Origins and Theories Part I A A Dream of Justice: Contexts, Methods, and Practices in Latino/a Thought 3 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 1 I Am Joaquín: An Epic Poem (1967) 15 Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales Chapter 2 A Continental American Quest for Democracy 31 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 3 The Chicana Woman: A Historical Materialist Perspective 51 Maria Linda Apodaca Chapter 4 Chicanology II: Law, Class Struggle, and Power/Knowledge 83 Francisco Hernández Vázquez vii viii Contents Part I B Seduction and Aggression: The Birth of Territorial, Involuntary, and Cultural U.S. Citizens 113 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Part II: Mexicans and Americans Part II A First Encounters between Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans 119 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 5 The Making of a Tejano: The Personal Memoirs of John N. Seguín 123 Jesús de la Teja Part II B The United States War with Mexico 145 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 6 Letter from James Buchanan and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 149 Part II C The Fragile Political Status of Mexican Americans and their Continued Quest for Democracy 161 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 7 El Primer Congreso Mexicanista de 1911: A Precursor to Contemporary Chicanismo 169 José E. Limón Chapter 8 Epilogue from Decade of Betrayal 193 Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodríguez Chapter 9 The Organizer’s Tale 205 César E. Chávez Chapter 10 Brown Beret National Policies 215 David Sánchez Chapter 11 Queer Aztlán: The Reformation of Chicano Tribe 223 Cherríe Moraga Chapter 12 Class and Culture Wars in the New Latino Politics 243 Victor Valle and Rodolfo D. Torres Part III: Cubans and Americans Part III A The Treaty of Paris: Exchanging Colonial Masters or Establishing Relations of Mutual Desire? 273 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Contents ix Chapter 13 Meanings in Transition 279 Louis A. Pérez Chapter 14 The Platt Amendment (1901) 295 Part III B Cuban Self-Determination under U.S. Hegemony 299 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 15 El Exilio: National Security Interests and the Origins of the Cuban Exile Enclave 305 María de los Angeles Torres Chapter 16 Havana USA 327 María Cristina García Chapter 17 Last-Mambo-in-Miami 355 Gustavo Pérez-Firmat Part IV: Puerto Ricans and Americans Part IV A Under Two Empires: A 400-Year Struggle 359 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 18 Excerpts from the Foraker and Jones Acts and Public Law 600: The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 369 Chapter 19 Albizu Campos and the Ponce Massacre 377 Juan Antonio Corretjer Chapter 20 Young Lords Party: 13-Point Program and Platform 405 Michael Abramson Part IV B Searching for the Best Life, Not the Best Citizenship 411 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 21 The Divorce of Nationalist Discourses from the Puerto Rican People 417 Ramón Grosfoguel Chapter 22 Reconstructing Racial Identity: Ethnicity, Color, and Class among Dominicans in the United States and Puerto Rico 439 Jorge Duany Chapter 23 Native of Nowhere 457 Chloé S. Georas x Contents Part V: History of the Present Part V A Comparative Thumbnail Sketch of the Status of Mexicans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans in the United States 461 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Chapter 24 Fields of Knowledge for Democracy, Justice, and Community: A Latina Quest 467 Teresa Córdova Chapter 25 Transnational Political and Cultural Identities: Crossing Theoretical Borders 491 María de los Angeles Torres Chapter 26 “Aquí estamos y no nos vamos!”: Global Capital and Immigrant Rights 511 William I. Robinson Chapter 27 A Postdemocratic Era 531 Guillermo Gómez-Peña Part V B Latino U.S.A.: A Canary in the Mine of Continental Democracy 535 Francisco Hernández Vázquez Appendix for the Instructor 563 Glossary 567 Index 573 About the Author 589 Acknowledgments I want to express my deepest gratitude to the following people who have been supportive in the production of this second edition. Alan McClare, Executive Editor of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, for asking me to do a second edition of the book and for patiently entertaining my attempts to turn it into an art book. Terri Boddorff, from the permissions department, for her acumen in finding the necessary information. Doug English and Claudia Gravier Frigo for their assistance in the editing process. Even though he was unable to collaborate in this second edition, I want to thank my camarada Rudy Torres for getting me involved in this worthwhile en- terprise in the first place, for his continued support, and for his friendship. Artist Patricia Speier-Torres for the attractive and striking covers for both editions. The students in my course Quest for Democracy, for their com- ments and critiques. The unknown reviewers who took the time to send their comments, especially one blind review that offered many useful sug- gestions for changes in the formatting. My friend Rebeca Treviño for the many hours she spent on the computer proofreading the manuscript and on the phone helping me to clarify and obscure passages. Teresa Córdova for her critical comments on Chicanology and her original contribution to this second edition.
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