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Parque Nacional Jardines De La Reina EVALUATION REPORT Parque Nacional Jardines de la Reina Location: Cuba, Caribbean Sea Blue Park Status: Nominated (2020), Evaluated (2021) MPAtlas.org ID: 3701 Manager(s): La Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna, Marlin Azulmar MAPS 2 1. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA 1.1 Biodiversity Value 3 1.2 Implementation 7 2. AWARD STATUS CRITERIA 2.1 Regulations 11 2.2 Design, Management, and Compliance 15 3. SYSTEM PRIORITIES 3.1 Ecosystem Representation 25 3.2 Ecological Spatial Connectivity 25 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: Evidence of MPA Effects 26 Figure 1: Jardines de la Reina National Park encompasses an archipelago formed by 661 cays, located approximately 80 km offshore of the southwest coast of Cuba. It is one of the four main groups of islands around Cuba, stretching for approximately 360 km from the Gulf of Guacanayabo to Casilda Bay. It is the largest continuous marine reserve in the Caribbean and covers an area of 2170 km2, including 161 km2 of land and 2010 km2 of ocean. Jardines de la Reina National Park has four types of regulatory zones: a Conservation Zone (dark blue, fully protected), Recreational Zone (light blue, lined, highly protected), Extractive Use Zone (light blue, highly protected), and Administrative Zones (highly protected) that fall within the Extractive Use Zones. The boundary of the park is surrounded by a 500-meter buffer zone in which extractive uses, with the exception of lobster fishing, are prohibited. (Source: Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute) 2 1.1 Eligibility Criteria: Biodiversity Value (must satisfy at least one) 1.1.1. Includes rare, unique, or representative ecosystems. Jardines de la Reina National Park (JRNP) is formed by 661 cays.1,2 It is the largest continuous marine reserve in the Caribbean3 and contains representative examples of all the types of marine habitats present in Cuba and the insular Caribbean region.4 The park includes mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, coral reefs, deep water areas, and coastal habitats including coastal lagoons and estuaries.5 These ecosystems, common to the region but often degraded, are abundant with fish, sharks and other marine life.6 Jardines de la Reina National Park contains some of the most well-preserved and resilient7 coral reefs of the Caribbean, with the most developed reefs found on the southern side of the park: fringing reefs with reef crests (1-3m depth) and reef slopes (12- 15m for shallow reef slopes and 20-30m for deep reef slopes).8 The coral reefs at JRNP represent a rare, healthy ecosystem with top predators and large fish present.9 1.1.2. Includes area of high species richness or endemism within the context of the biogeographic region. The coral reefs of JRNP are considered some of the most well-preserved reefs in the insular Caribbean region and in the world, due to their high diversity, complexity, and productivity.10 Reef health and resilience has been associated with JRNP’s isolation from the mainland, separated by cays and by broad, shallow lagoons with many patch reefs.11 1 Martín Blanco et al. (2010) Abundance, distribution and size structure of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) in South Eastern Cuban coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical 58: 663-676. 2 Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (2017) Jardines de la Reina National Park Management Plan 2017-2021 Executive Summary, p. 3. 3 Pina Amargós et al. (2014) Evidence for protection of targeted reef fish on the largest marine reserve in the Caribbean. PeerJ 2:e274. 4 Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (2017) Jardines de la Reina National Park Management Plan 2017-2021 Executive Summary, p. 4. 5 Puritz, A. (2017) Evaluating Management Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Cuba’s Southern Archipelagos: A Comparative Analysis Between Punta Francés and Jardines de la Reina National Parks. [Master’s Thesis]. University of Miami Scholarly Repository. 6 Environmental Defense Fund (2013) Research Cruise in the Gulf of Ana Maria and Gardens of the Queen. Collaborative Research to Increase Knowledge, Capacity and Science for Healthy Marine Ecosystems in Cuba. Environmental DeFense Fund. Retrieved December 2020 from https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/waitt_cuba- research-cruise_oct2013_08_screen.pdf. 7 Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (2017) Jardines de la Reina National Park Management Plan 2017-2021 Executive Summary, p. 4. 8 Martín Blanco et al. (2010) Abundance, distribution and size structure of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) in South Eastern Cuban coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical, 58: 663-676. 9 Burke, L. (2014) Cuba’s Jardines de la Reina Reef—A Beacon of Hope in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute. Retrieved June 2017 from https://www.wri.org/blog/2014/01/cubas-jardines-de-la-reina-reef%E2%80%94- beacon-hope-caribbean. 10 Martín Blanco et al. (2010) Abundance, distribution and size structure of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) in South Eastern Cuban coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical 58: 663-676. 11 Wilkinson C., Souter D. (2008) Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral ReeF Monitoring Network, and ReeF and RainForest Research Centre. Townsville, p. 77. 3 Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2016 on Cuba’s seven main coral reef systems found that JRNP reefs exhibited the highest coral density and species richness with 37 coral species. The comparative health of JRNP may be linked to lower impacts from fishing and land-based pollution given its remote location.12 A study conducted in 2017 on benthic coverage and diversity in JRNP recorded 20 species of Scleractinian corals, with Siderastrea siderea, Agaricia spp., Porites astreoides, Stephanocoenia intersepta, and Orbicella spp. being the most common.13 Studies in the park have also identified substantial populations of Acropora spp., especially Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata), relative to other reef systems in the Caribbean.14 The marine flora of JRNP is composed of 183 species of macroalgae (74 Chlorophyta, 37 Ochrophyta, 72 Rhodophyta) and 4 phanerogams – Halimeda pygmaea, H. cryptica var. acerifolia, and H. pumila (Halimedaceae), with reports of new species being discovered.15 The Jardines de la Reina National Park protects 283 reported species of fish, accounting for approximately 25% of Cuba’s total ichthyofauna and 26% of its strictly marine species, representing a higher diversity of taxa than in the northwestern and northeastern regions of Cuba.16 The park exhibits a fish diversity, abundance and biomass that is not seen elsewhere in the insular Caribbean region.17 A study comparing fish species richness, composition and nestedness throughout Tropical America found species richness to peak around the Florida Peninsula, Bahamas and Greater Antilles, most notably Cuba, primarily due to favorable current environmental conditions for demersal and benthic fish species.18 The park also protects 165 species of marine invertebrates, including 60 species of sponges, 43 gorgonians, 37 corals, 19 mollusks and 6 echinoderms.19 Additionally, 120 species of birds have been identified in the park, taxonomically grouped into 17 orders and 37 families, with a 10% level of endemism. JRNP is seen to provide winter residence to many Neo-Arctic and Neotropical migratory birds, as well as providing nesting, breeding and hunting habitat for marine birds. The best represented orders are Passeriformes, Charadriformes and Pelecaniformes, as well as the families Parulidae, Scolopacidae and Ardeidae. Regarding nesting and residence, there are 30 permanent resident species, 18 bimodal, 24 winter resident, 10 summer resident and 32 passerby species.20 12 González-Díaz et al. (2018) Status of Cuban coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 94.2:229-247. 13 Hernández-Fernández et al. (2019) Small-Scale Variability Dominates Benthic Coverage and Diversity Across the Jardines de La Reina, Cuba Coral Reef System. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:747. 14 Hernández-Fernández et al. (2019) Distribution and status of living colonies of Acropora spp. in the reef crests of a protected marine area of the Caribbean (Jardines de la Reina National Park, Cuba). PeerJ 7:e6470. 15 Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (n.d.) Jardines de la Reina. Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Retrieved June 2017 from http://www.snap.cu/index.php/ct-menu-item-15/ct-menu-item-120/ct-menu-item-125. 16 Pina-Amargós et al. (2014) Ichthyofauna of the Jardines de la Reina archipelago, Cuba. Journal of Marine Research 32.2:54-65. 17 Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (2017) Jardines de la Reina National Park Management Plan 2017-2021 Executive Summary, p. 4. 18 Polanco F. et al. (2020) Marine fish diversity in Tropical America associated with both past and present environmental conditions. Journal of Biogeography 47.12:2597-2610. 19 Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (n.d.) Jardines de la Reina. Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Retrieved June 2017 from http://www.snap.cu/index.php/ct-menu-item-15/ct-menu-item-120/ct-menu-item-125. 20 Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (2017) Plan de Manejo PN Jardines de la Reina 2017-2021, p. 13, English translation: p. 17. 4 The Jardines de la Reina National Park is one of the core areas of the Caribbean Biological Corridor, due to its regional importance in terms of representativity of its ecosystems and the importance of the park for the regional connectivity.21 1.1.3. Includes demonstrated historic or predicted ecological refugia. Jardines de la Reina National Park is an important site for coral reefs because it is where reef crests with some of the best-preserved colonies of Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) can still be found.22,23 These key reef-building species were once abundant throughout the Caribbean basin, but their populations have declined 80-90% since the 1980s, primarily due to hurricanes, white-band disease (WBD), and mass bleaching events.24 The rapid loss of this species has been linked to the overall decline in coral abundance in the Caribbean basin.
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