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The Pathogenicity of Fusarium Spp. to Wheat Stem Sawfly

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The Pathogenicity of Fusarium Spp. to Wheat Stem Sawfly THE PATHOGENICITY OF FUSARIUM SPP. TO WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, Cephus cinctus NORTON (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) by Zhitan Sun A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana February 2008 ©COPYRIGHT by Zhitan Sun 2008 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Zhitan Sun This dissertation has been read by each member of the dissertation committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Dr. David K. Weaver (Chairperson, Graduate Committee) Dr. Alan T. Dyer (Co-chairperson, Graduate Committee) Approved for the Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Dr. John E. Sherwood Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I further agree that copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for extensive copying or reproduction of this dissertation should be referred to ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, to whom I have granted “the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my dissertation in and from microform along with the non- exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my abstract in any format in whole or in part.” Zhitan Sun February 2008 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my graduate committee, David K. Weaver, William E. Grey, Alan T. Dyer, Wendell L. Morrill, and Robert C. Maher, for the mentoring and support through this program. I am grateful to Bob Johnston, Andy Hogg, Megan Hofland, Norma Irish, Kevin Delaney, Oscar Perez, Micaela Buteler, Godshen Robert, Robert Peterson, Jeanie Peterson, and Jenny Marquez for their technical assistance. I am thankful to my parents, Jinsheng Sun and Fenglan Meng, for their encouragement and support during my graduate studies. I would like to acknowledge Dave Carlson, Steve Keel, John van Dyke, and Ross Depner for allowing us to collect wheat samples from their farms. I would also like to acknowledge funding from these sources: the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, the USDA- CSREES Special Research Grants Program, and the Montana Board of Research and Commercialization Technology. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 Wheat Stem Sawfly Damage........................................................................................1 Wheat Stem Sawfly Description........................................... .........................................3 Wheat Stem Sawfly Life Cycle......................................................................................4 Wheat Stem Sawfly Control Methods...........................................................................8 Resistant Cultivars...................................................................................................9 Cultural Control.....................................................................................................11 Trap Crops.......................................................................................................11 Crop Rotation...................................................................................................12 Delayed Seeding..............................................................................................12 Tillage..............................................................................................................12 Swathing..........................................................................................................13 Burning............................................................................................................13 Sheep Grazing ................................................................................................14 Chemical Control...................................................................................................14 Biological Control..................................................................................................15 Parasitoids and Predators.................................................................................15 Pheromone Traps.............................................................................................19 Plant Semiochemicals......................................................................................20 Fusarium Species.............................................................................................21 Research Goals..............................................................................................................27 References....................................................................................................................28 2. INCIDENCE OF FUSARIUM COLONIZATION IN THE OVERWINTERING MORTALITY OF LARVAL WHEAT STEM SAWFLIES, Cephus cinctus NORTON............................................................................................41 Abstract........................................................................................................................41 Introduction..................................................................................................................41 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................44 Sawfy Larvae in Diapause......................................................................................44 Emergence Experiments.........................................................................................44 Field Surveys..........................................................................................................46 Fungal Isolation and Identification.........................................................................46 Statistical Analysis..................................................................................................47 Results..........................................................................................................................47 Discussion....................................................................................................................53 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................56 References....................................................................................................................57 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS- CONTINUED 3. OVERWINTER COLONIZATION OF DIAPAUSING LARVAE OF WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) WITHIN STEM HIBERNACULA BY FUSARIUM SPP. ISOLATES.................................................60 Abstract.........................................................................................................................60 Introduction...................................................................................................................61 Materials and Methods..................................................................................................63 Fusarium Inoculum ................................................................................................63 Collection of Larvae in Diapause...........................................................................63 Growth Chamber Experiments...............................................................................64 Field Experiments...................................................................................................65 Statistical Analysis..................................................................................................67 Results..........................................................................................................................68 Growth Chamber Experiments...............................................................................68 Field Experiments...................................................................................................72 Discussion.....................................................................................................................77 Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................81 References.....................................................................................................................82 4. FUSARIUM SPP. ISOLATES CAUSE MORTALITY OF LARVAL WHEAT STEM SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) IN GROWING WINTER WHEAT PLANTS......................................................................................85 Abstract.........................................................................................................................85 Introduction...................................................................................................................86 Materials and Methods..................................................................................................89 Fusarium Inoculum ................................................................................................89
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