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1 Pest Management of Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus

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1 Pest Management of Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NDSU Libraries Institutional Repository PEST MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE), IN WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Joseph Henry Stegmiller In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Entomology November 2012 Fargo, North Dakota 1 North Dakota State University Graduate School Title PEST MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUSNORTON (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE), IN WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA By Joseph Henry Stegmiller The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE ii SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Janet J. Knodel Chair Dr. David A. Rider Dr. Malcolm G. Butler Dr. David K. Weaver Approved: 11 Jan 2013 Dr. Frank Casey Date Department Chair ii ABSTRACT The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, is regarded as a major pest of dryland wheat in the Upper Great Plains. For peak emergence of wheat stem sawfly, the most accurate base was 0 C using air temperature, and then degree-day base of 0 C using soil temperatures. For Bracon cephi, the most accurate base temperature was the lower degree-day base using air (0 C) and soil (0 C) temperatures. The solid-stemmed varieties, Mott and Choteau, exhibited the highest stem solidity and also experienced the lowest percentage of wheat stem sawfly damaged stems. The hollow-stemmed varieties, Glenn, Reeder and Steele ND, had the lowest levels of solidity and usually the highest percentage of wheat stem sawfly damaged stems. When wheat stem sawfly populations were high, the solid-stemmed wheat varieties, Mott and Choteau, had yield, test weight, and protein that were comparable to the hollow-stemmed varieties, Glenn, Reeder and Steele ND. iii iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Janet Knodel, for her support and guidance throughout my graduate school career. I also acknowledge the rest of the committee; Dr. Malcolm Butler, Dr. David Rider, and Dr. David Weaver. I would like to give a special thanks to Patrick Beauzay of the Department of Entomology for all the help that he has provided. Thanks to Dr. David Buchanan and Curt Doetkott for help with statistics. Thanks to all the student workers who helped split wheat stems in the lab. I would like to thank Eric Eriksmoen (Hettinger REC), Neil Riveland (Williston REC), Roger Ashley (DREC Dickinson), Jeremy Pederson (NCREC Minot), and Todd Kautzman for maintaining plots at different locations. Funding was provided by the North Dakota Wheat Commission, the Wheat SBARE Committee, and the North Dakota Crop Improvement & Seed Association. iv iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xi GENERAL INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................3 Wheat Production ....................................................................................................................3 Natural History of Wheat Stem Sawfly ....................................................................................3 Economic Importance of Wheat Stem Sawfly ..........................................................................4 v Life Cycle of Wheat Stem Sawfly ............................................................................................4 Integrated Pest Management of Wheat Stem Sawfly ................................................................5 Chemical Control .................................................................................................................6 Cultural Control ...................................................................................................................7 Planting Date .......................................................................................................................7 Burning ................................................................................................................................7 Host Plant Resistance ...........................................................................................................8 Planting Strategies ...............................................................................................................9 Biological Control ................................................................................................................9 v DEGREE DAY MODEL FOR EMERGENCE OF CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) AND BRACON CEPHI (GAHAN) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ....................................................................................................................... 12 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 12 Introduction................................................................................................................................12 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 14 Location ............................................................................................................................. 14 Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 14 Sample Processing ............................................................................................................. 15 Temperature Recording ...................................................................................................... 15 Results ................................................................................................................................... 17 vi 2010 Field Season .............................................................................................................. 17 2011 Field Season .............................................................................................................. 20 Growing Degree Days ........................................................................................................ 24 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 34 COMPARISON OF WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE), DAMAGE IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT ............................................................................................................ 37 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 37 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 37 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 39 Results ................................................................................................................................... 41 vi Agronomy Performance across all Locations and Years ..................................................... 41 Agronomy Performance at Individual Locations in 2009 .................................................... 41 Agronomy Performance at Individual Locations in 2010 .................................................... 45 Agronomy Performance at Individual Locations in 2011 .................................................... 50 Solidity Ratings for Varieties ............................................................................................. 56 Percentage of Wheat Stem Sawfly Damaged Stems across all Internodes among Varieties . 97 Verification of Solidity Rating ......................................................................................... 116 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 119 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 123 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 124 vii vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Table of wheat stem sawfly emergence for 2010 and 2011. ............................................. 23 2. Accumulated degree days for adult wheat stem sawfly emergence interval based on soil temperature. .............................................................................................................. 26 3. Accumulated degree days for adult wheat stem sawfly emergence interval based on air temperature ...............................................................................................................
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