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Vector to Wheat Streak Mosaic CHEMICAL CONTROL AND DISEASE RESERVOIR STUDIES OF THE WHEAT CURL MITE (ACERIA TOSICHELLA KEIFER), VECTOR TO WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC VIRUS by Carmen Yvette Murphy A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Pathology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana November, 2016 ©COPYRIGHT by Carmen Yvette Murphy 2016 All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research could not have been undertaken without the provision of my primary adviser, Dr. Mary E. Burrows, who was both patient and supportive during my endeavors. I would like to acknowledge and thank my committee members: Dr. Zachariah Miller, Dr. Fabian Menalled and Dr. Michelle Flenniken. A special thank you to Zach for offering me invaluable mite knowledge and supplying the mite population. I would like to acknowledge Matt Moffet for his guidance with field research and laboratory procedures, as well as Monica Brelsford, Uta Stuhr, Nar Ranabhat, Maxwell Departee, Nate Arthun, Kevin Obert, Judit Barroso and Eric Olson for their technical assistance. Thank you to Ed Davis for equipment and assistance at planting and harvest time, and David Baumbauer for support in the Plant Growth Center. To my parents and family, for their encouragement, and to my husband Murph for your unwavering support. This project was made possible due to funding from the USDA Pest Management Alternatives Program (PMAP). iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus: a Global Picture .............................................................. 1 Biology of WSMV ........................................................................................................ 2 Biology of the Wheat Curl Mite ................................................................................... 4 Taxonomy of WCM ...................................................................................................... 5 Grass Host Range of WCM .......................................................................................... 6 Control of WCM and WSMV ....................................................................................... 7 Insecticides and Acaricides for WCM Control ........................................... 9 Economic Considerations of Chemical Control ....................................... 10 Predictors of Disease Reservoir Potential ................................................................... 10 Summary and Research Goals .................................................................................... 12 References ................................................................................................................... 13 2. EVALUATING PESTICIDES FOR EFFICACY AGAINST THE WHEAT CURL MITE ON SPRING AND WINTER WHEAT IN MONTANA ........................................................................................... 21 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 22 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 25 Mite Population and Virus Isolate ............................................................ 25 Mite Population Growth Rate ................................................................... 26 Greenhouse Experiments .......................................................................... 26 Insecticide Experiment.............................................................................. 27 Chlorpyrifos Experiment .......................................................................... 29 Biological Control Experiment ................................................................. 29 Organic Experiment .................................................................................. 30 Seed Treatment Experiment ...................................................................... 32 Statistical Analysis of Greenhouse Data ................................................... 33 Spring Wheat Field Trial .......................................................................... 33 Winter Wheat Field Trial .......................................................................... 35 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay .................................................... 37 Statistical Analysis of Field Data .............................................................. 40 Economic Analysis ................................................................................... 40 Results ......................................................................................................................... 41 Greenhouse Insecticide Experiment ......................................................... 41 Greenhouse Chlorpyrifos Experiment ...................................................... 42 Greenhouse Biological Control Experiment ............................................. 42 Greenhouse Organic Experiment .............................................................. 43 Greenhouse Seed Treatment Experiment.................................................. 44 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED Spring Wheat Field Trial 2013 ................................................................. 45 Winter Wheat Field Trial 2014 ................................................................. 47 Economic Analysis of Chemical Controls ................................................ 49 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 50 References ................................................................................................................... 53 3. GRASSES AS RESERVOIRS FOR THE WHEAT CURL MITE AND WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC VIRUS.................................................... 56 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 56 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 57 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 60 Mite Population and Virus Isolate ............................................................ 60 Species Selection ...................................................................................... 61 Susceptibility of Grasses to WCM and WSMV ....................................... 63 Wheat Curl Mite Competence .................................................................. 64 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................... 66 Results ......................................................................................................................... 66 Susceptibility of Grasses to WCM and WSMV ....................................... 66 Wheat Curl Mite Competence .................................................................. 68 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 69 References ................................................................................................................... 72 4. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 75 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................... 76 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.01. Insecticide treatments tested in the greenhouse ................................................. 28 2.02. Biological controls, mite growth inhibitors and miticides tested in the greenhouse ..................................................................................... 30 2.03. Organic products tested in the greenhouse ........................................................ 31 2.04. Seed treatment tested in the greenhouse ............................................................ 32 2.05. Pesticide applications in a 2013 spring wheat field trial to test efficacy against the wheat curl mite and Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in Bozeman, MT ........................................................... 35 2.06. Pesticide applications in a 2014 winter wheat field trial to test efficacy against the wheat curl mite and Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in Bozeman, MT. .......................................................... 37 2.07. The effect of carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids on population growth rate of WCM ............................................... 41 2.08. The effect of active ingredient chlorpyrifos on population growth rate of WCM in a subsequent experiment. ............................................ 42 2.09. The effect of biological control, plant defense response initiator, mite growth inhibitor, and ovicide treatment on population growth rate of WCM ........................................................................ 43 2.10. The effect of organic products on population growth rate of WCM ............................................................................................................. 44 2.11. The effect of thiamethoxam seed treatment on population growth rate of WCM .........................................................................................
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