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DISPERSAL and SAMPLING of the WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, <I> View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology Entomology, Department of 4-2016 DISPERSAL AND SAMPLING OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, Cephus cintus NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) Christopher McCullough University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologydiss Part of the Entomology Commons McCullough, Christopher, "DISPERSAL AND SAMPLING OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, Cephus cintus NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)" (2016). Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology. 41. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologydiss/41 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. DISPERSAL AND SAMPLING OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) By Christopher T. McCullough A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Entomology Under the Supervision of Professors Jeffery D. Bradshaw and Gary L. Hein Lincoln, Nebraska May 2016 DISPERSAL AND SAMPLING OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) Christopher T. McCullough, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2016 Advisors: Jeffery D. Bradshaw and Gary L. Hein The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is a serious insect pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in the northern central Great Plains. The sawfly has been a pest of wheat in Montana, North Dakota, and Canada since the early 20th century. It was first detected in Nebraska winter wheat in the early 1990s, in Scotts Bluff County. The sawfly has since spread throughout the Nebraska Panhandle region and become a pest of serious concern. To gain a better understanding of the sawfly in Nebraska, investigations on the emergence, dispersal, and sampling of the sawfly were conducted. Observations on the emergence and dispersal of the adult sawfly were made in 2014 and 2015 in three winter wheat fields in the Nebraska Panhandle by using emergence cages, sticky traps, and sweep net sampling. Adult sawflies begin emerging in mid-May and are no longer found by the end of June. Adult sawfly densities decreased the farther into the wheat that was sampled. This edge effect was observed for both sexes of the sawfly, but it is more apparent with male sawflies. The adult sawfly has an aggregated distribution when described by Taylor’s Power Law. By using Taylor’s Power Law, the number of sweep net samples required to maintain a desired precision level was determined. When sampling at early wheat heading, five, 20-sweep sweep net samples are needed to maintain a 20% precision level. These sampling data were correlated to larval infestation rates and used to develop a sampling plan that predicts larval infestation rates based upon stem density and the number of adults sampled. Sampling adults gives wheat growers ample time to take management action, such as swathing, during the current growing season. It also allows time for growers to change their wheat variety to a more resistant, solid stem wheat variety, for the next growing season. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS An acknowledgment in my thesis isn’t enough to say thank you to my parents for getting me through the rehabilitation process to be well enough to begin this journey. For now though, it is all I have to offer. Your support then in trusting that I was well enough to make the drive to Scottsbluff, and your continued support throughout this process has been instrumental in getting me to where I am today. Hopefully the next chapter doesn’t start with a trip to the hospital. Thank you to Jeff for providing me with this opportunity to pursue a Master’s degree. Three years ago I wouldn’t have known what a wheat stem sawfly was if it bit me; but, I can safely say today that they shouldn’t bite or sting me. You gave me a lot of freedom to pursue my ideas, even if in the end they didn’t work out or proved unreasonable. To you and Gary both, the patience you have had with me in making up my mind about future and in the continued process of improving my writing, has been great amount. Thank you both for your guidance through this process. Thank you to Dr. Heng-Moss for being on my committee and giving me the opportunity to teach ENTO 116. To everyone at the PREC, you all have helped me a great deal in my research, for that I am truly grateful. Marissa, Rick, Susan, and Tevyn you all helped keep the summers fun. With inside jokes galore, I don’t think I could summarize it all in one paragraph, let alone a few sentences. Maybe a weather rock saying would do, but I don’t know whether or not if a weather rock saying is appropriate for this document. Sorry, no puns either. v Thank you to the faculty, staff, and my fellow graduate students in Lincoln. Everyone in the department makes this a great place to be. You all have been helpful in answering the many questions that I have had, regardless of how obvious the answer might have been. Hopefully the occasional baked good has been fair compensation for the questions that have crossed my mind. An exceeding large thank you to Francis at the statistics help desk. You made my analysis better than it was and showed me how important it is to make a friend in the statistics department. Lastly, thank you Laura. You’ve supported me through this from afar. You put up with our dates getting side tracked by interesting insects that cross our path. You ask questions that I may not always give the best answers for, but you keep asking anyway. Maybe someday Cleopatra and Cinderella can become insect families. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. Literature Review ........................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2 Taxonomy and Description ............................................................................................. 3 Life Cycle........................................................................................................................ 4 Damage ......................................................................................................................... 10 Detection ....................................................................................................................... 11 Management .................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2. Dispersal and emergence of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, in Nebraska winter wheat fields .......................................................................... 40 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 41 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 43 Results ........................................................................................................................... 48 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 52 References Cited ........................................................................................................... 60 Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 3. Sampling adult wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, populations to determine adult distribution and predict larval infestation rates in Nebraska winter wheat fields .................................................................................................................................. 75 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 76 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 79 Results ........................................................................................................................... 83 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 86 Sampling Plan ............................................................................................................... 89 References Cited ........................................................................................................... 93 Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................ 97 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Distance (m) into the fallow, from
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