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The Cephid Stem Borers of California

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BULLETIN OF THE CALIFOWLA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 11 THE CEPHID ST RS OF CALIF IA terz Cephi BY WOODROW W. MIDDLFXAm UNNERSITP OF CALIF0 BERKEXSY AND LOS ANGELE3 1966) THE CEPHID STEM BORERS OF CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Cephus clavatus (Norton) on flowers of buttercup. (Photo courtesy of David C. Rentz.) BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 11 THE CEPHID STEM BORERS OF CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) BY WOODROW W. MIDDLEKAUFF ( Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1969 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Advisory Editors: J. N. Belkin, R. M. Bohart, J. R. Douglas, R. L. Doutt, C. A. Fleschner, P. D. Hurd, D. D. Jensen, E. I. Schlinger, F. M. Summers VOLUME 11 Approved for publication April 18,1969 Issued December 22,1969 Price, $1.00 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELJZY AND LOS ANGELES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD. LONDON, ENGLAND LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO.: 76-627149 01969 BY THE RECENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Introduction ................ 1 Acknowledgments .............. 1 Systematic Treatment ............. 3 Key to tribes and genera of Cephidae in North America .... 3 Tribe Hartigiini ....... ....... 3 Tribe Ceph- ............... 8 Literature Cited ...............15 Figures .................17 V THE CEPHID STEM BORERS OF CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) BY WOODROW W. MIDDLEKAUFF INTRODUCTION MEMBERSOF the sawfly family Cephidae are re- and second tergites and male genitalia lacking well stricted to the Northern Hemisphere, except for two differentiated claspers due to fusion of the harpes species from Madagascar in the unique subfamily with their respective gonostipes. Athetocephinae. It is a small family of about one hundred known species, divided into two subfami- A number of morphological similarities show that lies. three tribes, and eleven genera. The tribe they are an annectent group between the siricid Pachycephmi is restricted to the Mediterranean area woodwasps and the most primitive family of the and the Eurasian steppes, the remaining two tribes, higher Hymenoptera, the Bramnidae. both in the subfamily Cephinae, are represented by species found in California. Larvae in the tribe Cephini are internal borers in stems of Gramineae, while those in the tribe Harti- Of the twelve North American species of Cephinae, giini bore in the twigs of Rosaceae or other arbores- five have been found in California. These are Caeno- cent plant families. They are white in color, lack cephus alarichi Bradley, Hartigia cressonii (Kirby), abdominal prolegs, and possess only vestigial, un- Janus rufiventris (Cresson), Cephus cinctus Norton segmented thoracic legs without tarsal claws. The and C. clavatus (Norton). Hartigia cowichana Ries abdomen terminates in a tubular prong or horn. and H. trimaculatu (Say) are found in nearby west- They are single brooded (univoltine) and pass their ern states. The remaining five North American resting stage in cocoons within the host plant. A species occur in the eastern United States. Since number - of species are of considerable economic there are so few species, all are discussed, with the importance. western ones being treated more thoroughly. Adults are slow-flying, slender insects, with long, cyclindrical or laterally compressed bodies. They are ACKNOWLEDGMENTS characterized by a number of unique morphological conditions not possessed by other sawflies. These The cooperation of the following institutions and include such conspicuous features as a maxapontal individuals in making specimens available for study head, in which a hypostomal bridge separates the is gratefully acknowledged. Abbreviations below are oral cavity from the occipital foramen; absence of used throughout the text to indicate the present cenchri; abdomen slightly constricted between first location of material seen or referred to in this study. 2 Bulletin of the California Insect Sumey ANSP -Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. CAS - California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- BSNH- Boston Society of Natural History, Cam- cisco. bridge, Massachusetts. CIS - California Insect Survey, University of CDA - California Department of Agriculture, Sac- California. ramento. CNC - Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. CU - Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. UCD - University of California, Davis. SJSC - San Jose State College, California. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT KEY TO TRIBES AND GENERA OF acute basal lobe (figs. 5, 6) ; maxillary palpus shorter CEPHIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA than front tibia and with segment 4 scarcely longer (Adapted from Benson, 1951) than 6, which emerges from near the apex of 5. Larvae bore in twigs of rosaceous shrubs.. ... .Hartigia 1. Antenna with segment 3 slightly longer than 4; flagel- 4. Saw sheath broadening slightly toward apex, where it lum either uniform or swelling very slightly after is broader than apex of tibia; 6 with a deep setifer- the 3rd segment, the following segments of almost ous pit on sternites W and Vm.................... equal thickness; claws bent almost at right angle, Tmchelus tabidus (Fabricius) with inner tooth stout, and as long or longer than Saw sheath tapering evenly behind, where it is nar- the end tooth (figs. 4, 5); hind basitarsus as long rower than apex of tibia; is without deep pits on as the 3 following tarsal segments together. Larvae sternites VII and VIII (figs. 10, 11) ............Cephvs bore in woody plants or herbaceous Rosaceae, Tribe HARTICIINI......................................... 2 Antenna with segment 3 not longer than 4, and usually Tribe HARTIGIINI shorter; flagellum not swelling before the 6th seg- Genus Caenocephus Konow, 1896 ment, subclavate, with the subapical segments the thickest; claws only very slightly curved and with a Only two species are known, one Nearctic and small, slender, shorter inner tooth and no basal lobes one Palearctic. (fig. 6) ; hind basitarsus not as long as the 3 follow- ing segments together. Larvae bore in Gramineae, Caenocephus aldrichi Bradley Tribe CEPHINI..................................... 4 (Figs. 3,5; Map 1) 2. Hind tibia without pre-apical spines; antennal segment Caenocephus aldrichi Bradley, 1905, Canad. Ent., 37: 363. Type 3 longer than 4; left mandible with 2 parallel and P (Juliaetta, Idaho; CU) . equal inner teeth (fig. 3); hind wing with vein 3r-m Caenocephus konowi Bradley, 1905, Canad. Ent, 37:363. absent; abdominal sterna of 8 simple .............. Caenocephus ddrichi Bradley Geographic range.-British Columbia, California, Idaho, Hind tibia with 1 or 2 pre-apical spines; hind wings Washington (see map 1). with vein 3r-m present (fig. 7) ..................... 3 California records.--AummA Co.: Berkeley, 9, V-5-34 3. Hind tibia with 2 pre-apical spines; claws with an (CIS). CONTRACOSTA Co.: Orinda, 0,V-24-51, collected from acute basal lobe (fig. 4); maxillary palpus longer Conium macututum L. (G. Loshbaugh, CIS); EL Do- Co.: than front tibia and with segment 4 at least 1% times Echo Lake, 8,7400 ft. elev. (W. W. MiddlekauR, CIS). MARIN as long as 6; segment 6 emerges from base of 5; left Co.: 2 miles W Fairfax, 0,V-13-66 (J. Powell, CIS). mandible without a middle tooth between the 2 main Host.-Uncertain. ?Conium maculcrhrm teeth (fig. 3). Larvae bore in twigs of trees and L. shrubs ......................................... .Janus Hind tibia with 1 pre-apical spine; claws without an Life history.-Unknown. c31 4 Bulletin of the California Insect Survey Antenna black; abdominal segments not colored as above ............................................. 2 2. Abdomen with tergites 3 and 4 and tibiae and tarsi, orange ............................... .cowichana Ries Abdomen with tergite 3 black; tergite 4 with yellow or whitish spots or bands; tibiae and tarsi dusky brown h.imcrcU&ta (say) lMALEs 1. Tibiae and tarsi orange; abdomen mostly black with tergite IV entirely orange ............. .cowiehana Ries Tibiae and tarsi brown or blackish; abdomen black, or black marked with yellow or white ................ 2 2. Tibiae and tarsi entirely yellow-brown .............. cressonii (Kirby) Inner side of fore tibiae yellow; remainder of tibiae, and tarsi brown ....................trlnracuIata (Say) Hartigia cowichana Ries Hatigiu cowichana Res, 1937, Ent. News, 48:82. Type 0 (Victoria, British Columbia; CNC) . Geographic range.-British Columbia, Oregon*, Washing- ton. Califol..icr recorc&-This species has not been reported from California. Map 1. California distribution of Caenocephus aidrichi Bradley. Inset map shows distribution in North America. Host.-Rose. Discussion.-This distinctive species is uncommon Life history.-Unknown. in collections, and nothing is known about its biol- Discussion.-This uncommon species has been re- ogy. The Loshbaugh specimen was swept from ported previously only in British Columbia and poison hemlock. Washington. A poorly preserved female in the Cali- It is the only species in the genus known from fornia Insect Survey was collected on the Sprague North America. Ries (1937) placed konowi Bradley River in Oregon, 12 miles E of Chiloquin, July 13, in synonymy when he stated that it was the male of 1951, by B. Malkin. It is the first specimen reported aldrichi Bradley. from Oregon. It undoubtedly occurs in Oregon, but to date has not been recorded from there. Hartigia cressonii (Kirby) (Figs. 412;Map 2) Genus Hartigia Schiodte, 1838 Cephus abdominalis Cresson (not Latreille, 1816), 1880, Trans. Amer.
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    United States Department of Agriculture FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES AND INSECTS OF QUAKING ASPEN IN THE WEST Part I: WOOD AND BARK BORING INSECTS Brytten E. Steed and David A. Burton Forest Forest Health Protection Publication April Service Northern Region R1-15-07 2015 WOOD & BARK BORING INSECTS WOOD & BARK BORING INSECTS CITATION Steed, Brytten E.; Burton, David A. 2015. Field guide to diseases and insects FIELD GUIDE TO of quaking aspen in the West - Part I: wood and bark boring insects. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Missoula DISEASES AND INSECTS OF MT. 115 pp. QUAKING ASPEN IN THE WEST AUTHORS Brytten E. Steed, PhD Part I: WOOD AND BARK Forest Entomologist BORING INSECTS USFS Forest Health Protection Missoula, MT Brytten E. Steed and David A. Burton David A. Burton Project Director Aspen Delineation Project Penryn, CA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Technical review, including species clarifications, were provided in part by Ian Foley, Mike Ivie, Jim LaBonte and Richard Worth. Additional reviews and comments were received from Bill Ciesla, Gregg DeNitto, Tom Eckberg, Ken Gibson, Carl Jorgensen, Jim Steed and Dan Miller. Many other colleagues gave us feedback along the way - Thank you! Special thanks to Betsy Graham whose friendship and phenomenal talents in graphics design made this production possible. Cover images (from top left clockwise): poplar borer (T. Zegler), poplar flat­ head (T. Zegler), aspen bark beetle (B. Steed), and galls from an unidentified photo by B. Steed agent (B. Steed). We thank the many contributors of photographs accessed through Bugwood, BugGuide and Moth Photographers (specific recognition in United States Department of Agriculture Figure Credits).
  • Background and General Information 2

    Background and General Information 2

    United States Department of National Program 304: Agriculture Agricultural Crop Protection and Research Service Quarantine National Program Staff August 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Background and General Information 2 Component I: Identification and Classification of Insects and Mites 5 Component II: Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies (Including Microbes) 8 Component III: Plant, Pest, and Natural Enemy Interactions and Ecology 17 Component IV: Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment 24 Component V: Pest Control Technologies 30 Component VI: Integrated Pest Management Systems and Areawide Suppression 41 Component VII: Weed Biology and Ecology 48 Component VIII: Chemical Control of Weeds 53 Component IX: Biological Control of Weeds 56 Component X: Weed Management Systems 64 APPENDIXES – Appendix 1: ARS National Program Assessment 70 Appendix 2: Documentation of NP 304 Accomplishments 73 NP 304 Accomplishment Report, 2001-2006 Page 2 BACKGROUND AND GENERAL INFORMATION THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the intramural research agency for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and is one of four agencies that make up the Research, Education, and Economics mission area of the Department. ARS research comprises 21 National Programs and is conducted at 108 laboratories spread throughout the United States and overseas by over 2,200 full-time scientists within a total workforce of 8,000 ARS employees. The research in National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, is organized into 140 projects, conducted by 236 full-time scientists at 41 geographic locations. At $102.8 million, the fiscal year (FY) 2007 net research budget for National Program 304 represents almost 10 percent of ARS’s total FY 2007 net research budget of $1.12 billion.