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Sinningia Speciosa Helleri Tubiflora Cardinalis Conspicua

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Sinningia Speciosa Helleri Tubiflora Cardinalis Conspicua Biodiversity, Genomics and Intellectual Property Rights Aureliano Bombarely Translational Genomics Assistant Professor Department of Horticulture [email protected] ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity ๏ Intellectual Property and Genomic Information ๏ Open Source and Public Domain ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity ๏ Intellectual Property and Genomic Information ๏ Open Source and Public Domain ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity SinningiaA. Niemeyer Sinningia Sinningia Sinningia Sinningia speciosa helleri tubiflora cardinalis conspicua Taxonomic (e.g. Family / Genus / Species) ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity Tigrina Red Blue Knight SinningiaA. Niemeyer Sinningia Sinningia Sinningia Sinningia speciosa helleri tubiflora cardinalis conspicua Genetic (e.g. Populations / Varieties) / Populations (e.g. Genetic (Avenida Niemeyer) Taxonomic (e.g. Family / Genus / Species) ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity Tigrina Red Blue Knight Ecological (e.g. human interaction) A. Niemeyer Sinningia Sinningia Sinningia Sinningia helleri tubiflora cardinalis conspicua Genetic (e.g. Populations / Varieties) / Populations (e.g. Genetic Taxonomic (e.g. Family / Genus / Species) ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity (34,000) Bryophytes Pteridophytes (10,000) Bryophytes (34,000) Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity the Plant of Dimensions ๏ Gymnosperms (1,000) Pteridophytes (10,000) Bryophytes (34,000) Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity the Plant of Dimensions ๏ ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity (34,000) Bryophytes (10,000) Pteridophytes (1,000) Gymnosperms Angiosperms (304,000) AmborellalesNymphaealesAustrobaileyales Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots (198,000) (10,000) (62,000) Basal Rosids Asterids dicot ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity Embryophytes - Land plants (350,000) (34,000) Bryophytes Tracheophytes - Vascular plants (315,000) (10,000) Pteridophytes Spermatophytes - Seed plants (305,000) (1,000) Gymnosperms Angiosperms (304,000) AmborellalesNymphaealesAustrobaileyales Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots (198,000) (10,000) (62,000) Basal Rosids Asterids dicot ~350,000 Land Plant Species ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity Kew - State of the World’s Plants 2016 and 2017 ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity Plant World Biodiversity Hotsposts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity Pictures Copyright © by Sandra Knapp ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity ๏ Intellectual Property and Genomic Information ๏ Open Source and Public Domain ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene • More land for housing and food production • More water requirements • Faster environmental degradation (e.g. deforestation) • More movement of products and people translated in faster movement of pathogens and invasive species https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_population_growth_from_1800_to_2000.png Deforestation on the Mediterranean Basin 2001 2016 https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene 1977 Global Temperature Rise 1987 1997 2007 2017 https://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/climate-time-machine ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene Water Use ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene Water Use vs Biodiversity Hotspots ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene https://stateoftheworldsplants.com/2016/ ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene Plant Breeding & Crop Improvement (Better yield, lower land usage) Plant Pathology and Weed Science Evolution (Domestication), Population Genetics and Conservation https://stateoftheworldsplants.com/2016/ ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene Plant Breeding & Crop Improvement (Better yield, lower land usage) Plant Pathology and Weed Science Genomics Evolution (Domestication), Population Genetics and Conservation Genetic characterization (Genotyping) ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity ๏ Intellectual Property and Genomic Information ๏ Open Source and Public Domain ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding CROP AREA HARVESTED (M. Ha) Wheat 220 Maize 188 Rice 160 Soybeans 121 Barley 47 Sorghum 45 Rapeseed 34 Millet 32 13.2 M. Ha Seed Cotton 30 Beans 29 Groundnuts 28 Sugar cane 27 Sunflower 26 Cassava 23 Oil palm 21 Vegetables 20 Potatoes 19 Chick peas 13 Cow peas 12 Coconut 12 http://www.fao.org/faostat ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding • First patent: Venice (1474) “...if provision were made for the works and devices discovered by [men of great genius] so that others who may see them could not build them and take the inventors honor away, more men would then apply their genius, would discover, and would build devices of great utility and benefit our commonwealth” (10 years). • England (1624): Statute of Monopolies “Parliament restricted the Crown's power explicitly so that the King could only issue letters patent to the inventors or introducers of original inventions for a fixed number of years”. • The first Patent Act of the U.S. Congress was passed on April 10, 1790, titled "An Act to promote the progress of useful Arts". The first patent was granted on July 31, 1790 to Samuel Hopkins for a method of producing potash (potassium carbonate). Rights on the patent for 14 years for $30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding • Initial position from the US Patent Office about seeds: “seeds were already in the public domain as a product of nature. No one ‘invented’ seeds in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and court decisions reflect this philosophy”. • 1836 - Henry Ellsworth formalized seed distribution through the Patent Office. He stablished an informal program within the Patent Office to distribute seeds to farmers free of charge by mail. This service moved to the Department of Agriculture in 1868. Plants were public domain until 1930 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding • First US Plant Patent (Henry Rosenberg’s Rose - 1931) were for roses 1936, the patent office had issued 167 plant patents, of which seventy-seven https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding • US Plant Patent Act - 1930: Patent protection on asexually produced plants. Paul Stark funded a lobbying group (The National Committee on Plant Patents). Congress approved the act as tribute to Luther Burbank. • International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention) - 1961: • US Plant Variety Protection - 1970: Open pollinated plants. • Diamond vs Chakrabarty’s process - 1980: Set up the bases to let the GMO be patented. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding Pre-breeding plant domestication (10,000 BC) Mendelian Inheritance{ (1866) US Patent Office Free Seed (1873) Distribution (1836) Luther Burbank’s work Seed dealer paid $250 to Burbank for the rights on the Burbank Seedling potato (1875) (1925) First hybrid corn produced (1922) US Plant Patent Act (1930) Boyer-Cohen recombinant International UPOV DNA (1973) Convention (1961) US Plant Variety Protection (1970) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent Diamond vs Chakrabarty case (1980) ๏ Dimensions of the Plant Biodiversity ๏ Challenges for Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene ๏ Crops, Patents and Making Profitable Plant Breeding ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity ๏ Intellectual Property and Genomic Information ๏ Open Source and Public Domain ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity Massive molecular characterization of genomes using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity Biological Problem Scientific Question Hypothesis Approach Genetics & related disciplines Molecular biology Experimental Design Massive DNA Sequencing Genomic Data Analysis Genomics Results ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases— adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a strand of DNA. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing ATGCGCGTCGCGGTGAAT (Gentile et al. Nano Lett., 2012, 12 (12), pp 6453–6458) ๏ Genomics Tools for Plant Biodiversity Read length Technology Accuracy Reads/Run Time/Run Cost/Mb (bp) Applied Bio 3730XL 4 h 400 - 900 99.9% 384 $2,400 (Sanger) (12 runs/day) Roche 454 GS FLX 700 99.9% 1,000,000 24h $10 (Pyrosequencing) Single/Pairs Illumina HiSeq4000 (Seq. 75-250 99% 5,000,000,000 24 to 120 h $0.05 to $0.15 by synthesis) Single/Pairs Ilumina MiSeq 50-300 Single/ 99% 44,000,000
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