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The Ikema Dialect of Miyako Ryukyuan†

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The Ikema Dialect of Miyako Ryukyuan† 音声研究 第 22 巻第 1 号 Journal of the Phonetic Society 2018（平成 30）年 4 月 of Japan, Vol. 22 No. 1 52–69 頁 April 2018, pp. 52–69 特集論文 Semantic Effects of Nouns on Tone Merger: The Ikema Dialect of Miyako Ryukyuan† Yosuke IGARASHI* SUMMARY: The Ikema dialect of Miyako, Southern Ryukyuan, has a three-pattern accent system in which three tone classes (Types A, B, and C) are lexically contrastive, although the Type A nouns are fewer. The biased distribution of tone classes is a consequence of a diachronic change whereby Types A and B merged together. This study aims to confirm that the original three-pattern system in Ikema retains the proto-Ryukyuan system and to demonstrate that a set of words that are originally of Type A and share specific meanings are not merged into Type B. Key words: tone merger, Ryukyuan, three-pattern accent, historical linguistics, Ikema 1. Introduction (Matsumori 2010), Yonaha (Matsumori 2013), and Karimata (Matsumori 2015), but for roughly a half a The Ryukyuan languages are the only language century these dialects also were regarded as having a group shown to have a phylogenic relation to Japanese two-pattern system (Hirayama 1964, 1983, Hirayama (Hattori 1979a, 1979b). The group is composed of five et al. 1967). languages, namely, Amami and Okinawa (the Northern A major reason descriptions of Miyako dialects have Ryukyuan group) and Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni been inaccurate concerning such a basic matter as the (the Southern Ryukyuan group) (Pellard 2015). The number of contrasting tone classes is to be found in Ikema dialect that is the focus of this study is a dialect the fact that the distinctions among the patterns are of Miyako in the Southern Ryukyuan group. The Ikema partially or wholly neutralized in a wide range of envi- dialect is spoken in three communities in Miyako City ronments (Matsumori 2013, 2014, 2015, Igarashi et al. in Okinawa prefecture (Ikema Island, Sarahama on 2012, Aoi 2012, Igarashi 2015, 2016). In order to iden- Irabu Island, and Nishihara on Miyako Island) (Hayas- tify the number of contrasting patterns in a given dia- hi 2010) and the Ikema dialect data analyzed in this lect, it is necessary to identify environments in which study was all collected in Nishihara. neutralization does not take place. However, in the case The Ikema dialect has a three-pattern accent system of Miyako dialects, it is not possible to identify such in which there is a three-way lexical contrast in tone environments solely by using concepts like syllable, patterns with no increase in the number of contrast- mora, word, or bunsetsu that have been widely applied ing patterns accompanying an increase in word length in the study of Japanese dialects. For this purpose, it has (Uwano 1984, 2012). The fact that the Ikema dialect been necessary in recent studies on dialects belonging has a three-pattern accent system has recently been to the Southern Ryukyuan group to define a prosodic confirmed by the author and his colleagues (Igarashi category called the “prosodic word”—a category onto et al. 2011a, Igarashi et al. 2012), but it had previ- which polymoraic stems and clitics are mapped (Iga- ously been erroneously reported that the dialect had rashi et al. forthcoming, Matsumori 2013, 2014, 2015, a two-pattern accent system (Hirayama 1964, 1983, 2016, Igarashi 2015, 2016). Hirayama et al. 1967, Sakimura 2006, Hayashi et There is another reason that it is difficult to identify al. 2008). Other Miyako dialects besides Ikema that the number of contrasting accent patterns in Ikema; have a three-pattern accent system include Tarama the distribution of the patterns is highly skewed. If we * Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University † This paper, which originally appeared in the Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan, Vol. 20, No. 3 (December 2016) in Japanese, was selected for the Best Paper Award for that year. As part of its international information outreach, the Pho- netic Society of Japan is pleased to present here an English translation of this prize-winning paper. — 52 — Semantic Effects of Nouns on Tone Merger: The Ikema Dialect of Miyako Ryukyuan call the three patterns Type A, Type B, and Type C, a (forthcoming) for a description of the accent realization characteristic of the Ikema is that the number of simple rules of the Ikema dialect that have been clarified up to nouns appearing in the Type A pattern is extremely the present time. limited (Igarashi et al. 2011a, Igarashi et al. 2012). For example, of the 121 nouns analyzed in Igarashi et al. 2. The Three-pattern Accent System (2012), only six (5％) appeared in the Type A pattern1). This extreme skewing of the distribution of accent 2.1 The “Prosodic Word” patterns is undoubtedly one reason for the erroneous How the three accent patterns of the Ikema dialect conclusion that Ikema has a two-pattern system. (Type A, Type B, and Type C) are realized is not pre- As previously indicated by the author (Igarashi et dictable solely from the number of mora in a noun or a al. 2011a, Igarashi et al. 2011b, Igarashi et al. 2012), phrase, nor can they be predicted solely from morpho- the skewed distribution in Ikema can be explained as logical boundaries. In order to describe the realizations the result of a diachronic change in which Types A and of the accent patterns in this dialect, it is necessary to B merged. However, until now there has been insuf- define a prosodic category generated by rules that refer ficient evidence adduced to support the claim that the to both the number of mora in each morpheme and to distribution of the accent patterns can be explained morphological boundaries. What to term this prosodic as a diachronic process of merger. The goals of this category is open to debate (see Igarashi (2016) for study are to confirm, based on comparison with other discussion of this problem), but this study will fol- Ryukyuan dialects, that the three-pattern accent system low Igarashi et al. (forthcoming) and Igarashi (2015) of the Ikema dialect preserves, albeit incompletely, the and call the prosodic category in question a “Prosodic system of proto-Ryukyuan and to report the fact that in Word”. Below, the boundaries of a prosodic word will the Ikema dialect the semantics of nouns played a role be shown by parentheses “( )”. When showing the in the process of the merger of Types A and B. More realization of an accent pattern, mora boundaries are concretely, it will be shown that nouns showing num- shown by periods “.” and high-pitch mora are shown bers, persons, time and space, place names, pronouns, in bold face type. When showing morphological and and deverbal nouns did not undergo the merger process syntactic structures, stem boundaries in compound and remained Type A. words are shown by “＋”, clitic boundaries are shown Section 2 provides an outline of the prosodic struc- by “＝”, and affix boundaries by “－”2). Example words ture of the Ikema dialect and the ways in which the and phrases are shown in italics. When both the mor- accent system is realized. Section 3, in addition to phosyntactic structure and the realization of the accent confirming that the three-pattern accent system of the patterns are shown, they will be given in that order. Ikema dialect preserves the proto-Ryukyuan system, The orthography used in the examples follows that of albeit incompletely, reports the fact that the number Hayashi (2010) except that “y” is replaced by “j”. the of simple nouns appearing in the Type A pattern is notations “sj”, “c”, “cj”, “z”, and “zj” show [ɕ], [ts], extremely limited and indicates that the distribution of [tɕ], [z~dz], and [ʑ~dʑ], respectively. The notations this pattern could be explained as the result of a non- “hn” and “hm” show sequences of unvoiced and voiced phonologically conditioned merger. In section 4, the nasals ([n̥n] and [m̥ m]), respectively. hypothesis that meaning played a role in the merger in A prosodic word in Ikema is generated by the Pro- question will be tested and confirmed based on com- sodic Word Formation Rule in (1). parisons with other Ryukyuan dialects. Section 5 will state the conclusions. The discussion in section 2 of (1) Prosodic Word Formation Rule the prosodic structure of Ikema and the realization of Insert a prosodic word boundary to the left of a polymo- accent patterns will be limited to the minimum neces- raic word stem or clitic. sary to confirm the fact that Ikema has a three-pattern accent system. The rules of accent realization in this Prosodic words in phrases with varying morphosyn- dialect are much more complex than those for Japa- tactic structures derived by Prosodic Word Formation nese dialects and their comprehensive description is Rule are given in (2). far beyond the scope of this study. See Igarashi et al. — 53 — 特集「『音声研究』優秀論文賞受賞論文の国際情報発信」●●●●●論文種別（Type）●●●●● (2) Formation of prosodic words a. mami b. avva c. maukjaa bean oil front (ma.mi (a.v.va (ma.u.kja.a (ma.mi) (a.v.va) (ma.u.kja.a) d. mami ＝nu e. avva ＝nu f. maukjaa ＝nu bean ＝NOM oil ＝NOM front ＝NOM (ma.mi.nu (a.v.va.nu (ma.u.kja.a.nu (ma.mi.nu) (a.v.va.nu) (ma.u.kja.a.nu) g. cɨmma ＋hai h. hana ＝mai i. maukjaa ＝mai onion ＋field flower ＝also front ＝also (cɨ.m.ma (ba.i (ha.na (ma.i (ma.u.kja.a (ma.i (cɨ.m.ma) (ba.i) (ha.na) (ma.i) (ma.u.kja.a) (ma.i) j.
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