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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa de pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais Bárbara Campos Diniz FROM LANGUAGE TO PRACTICE: Contemporary Counterterrorism in the European Union and the United Kingdom Belo Horizonte 2021 Bárbara Campos Diniz FROM LANGUAGE TO PRACTICE: Contemporary Counterterrorism in the European Union and the United Kingdom Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Rashmi Singh Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Jorge Mascarenhas Lasmar Área de concentração: Inteligência, Estratégia e Contraterrorismo Belo Horizonte 2021 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Elaborada pela Biblioteca da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Diniz, Bárbara Campos D585f From language to practice: contemporary counterterrorism in the European Union and the United Kingdom / Bárbara Campos Diniz. Belo Horizonte, 2021. 207 f. : il. Orientadora: Rashmi Singh Coorientador: Jorge Mascarenhas Lasmar Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais 1. União Europeia. 2. Terrorismo internacional. 3. Terrorismo - Prevenção. 4. Terrorismo internacional - Linguagem. 5. Política pública. 6. Britânicos. 7. Organizações Internacionais. 8. Segurança internacional. 9. Grã-Bretanha. I. Singh, Rashmi. II. Lasmar, Jorge Mascarenhas. III. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais. IV. Título. CDU: 323.285 Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Pollyanna Iara Miranda Lima - CRB 6/3320 Bárbara Campos Diniz FROM LANGUAGE TO PRACTICE: Contemporary Counterterrorism in the European Union and the United Kingdom Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Área de concentração: Inteligência, Estratégia e Contraterrorismo ___________________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Rashmi Singh, PUC Minas (Orientadora) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof, Dr. Jorge Mascarenhas Lasmar, PUC Minas (Co-Orientador) Prof. Dr. Cristiano Garcia Mendes, PUC Minas (Avaliador) Profa. Dra. Jamile Bergamaschine Mata Diz, UFMG (Avaliadora) Belo Horizonte, 26 de fevereiro de 2021 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer à Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), pelo amparo organizacional e financeiro ao presente estudo. Agradeço também aos meus orientadores Rashmi Singh e Jorge Lasmar por todo suporte, sabedoria e dedicação que tiveram (especialmente durante a pandemia) ao longo da minha pesquisa e da escrita da dissertação. Às professoras Fátima Anastasia e Daniela Secches pelo apoio, carinho e paciência que tiveram ao responder todas as minhas indagações e questionamentos durante o mestrado. Aos meus colegas de pós-graduação que me incentivaram e apoiaram, criticaram e colaboraram para minha pesquisa. Aos meus amigos por terem me suportado durante os últimos dois anos, por me terem apoiado durante a pandemia, que chegaram comigo até o final. À minha família que sempre me incentivou, me apoiou, me amou nas horas mais chatas e me trouxe até aqui. À Bárbara que conseguiu finalmente concluir seu objetivo e produzir uma pesquisa no meio de uma pandemia. Agradeço imensamente a todos que caminharam comigo. O que me resta agora é dizer: cruzamos a linha de chegada. “Power is actualised only where word and deed have not parted company, where words are not empty and deeds not brutal, where words are not used to veil intentions but to disclose realities, and deeds are not used to violate and destroy but to establish relations and create new realities”. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, 1958 RESUMO O terrorismo não é um conceito novo. Tem estado no vocabulário, no dia a dia de milhões de pessoas. Desde os ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro, o terrorismo se tornou um inimigo comum no sistema internacional. Após o ataque e a Declaração de Guerra contra o Terrorismo pelos Estados Unidos, vários estados e organizações começaram a desenvolver ou atualizar sua estrutura de contraterrorismo. Os atentados de 2001 mudaram a magnitude e a urgência com que o terrorismo era anteriormente combatido. A União Europeia, como organização regional, também começou a não apenas atualizar, mas também a expandir seus esforços de contraterrorismo ao longo dos anos, visto que a segurança de seus Estados membros é um de seus principais interesses e objetivos. Dos 27 estados membros, o Reino Unido tem o maior número de ataques terroristas e está entre os "três primeiros" em termos de prisões e julgamentos devido a acusações de terrorismo. Por causa das mudanças no contraterrorismo, esta dissertação teve o objetivo de compreender como a linguagem do contraterrorismo na UE e no Reino Unido empregada nas políticas de contraterrorismo criou e aumentou as práticas de contraterrorismo em ambos os níveis. Além disso, as duas hipóteses que orientaram a pesquisa (i) as experiências individuais que um Estado-membro da UE teve com o terrorismo produzem um conjunto de suposições, crenças, conhecimentos e verdades específicas sobre terrorismo e terroristas que se refletem na constituição de uma linguagem de contraterrorismo. Por sua vez, quando uma linguagem de contraterrorismo é sistematicamente empregada em políticas de contraterrorismo, ela criará e / ou aumentará um conjunto de práticas de contraterrorismo; e (ii) a linguagem regional do contraterrorismo é um amálgama das línguas individuais do contraterrorismo produzidas pelos Estados membros. Assim, o emprego de uma linguagem regional de contraterrorismo nas políticas também cria e / ou aumenta as práticas regionais de contraterrorismo. Uma vez que a linguagem, políticas e práticas regionais de contraterrorismo são consolidadas, há um processo de (re)internalização desse novo discurso pelos Estados membros que, como resultado, mudam suas linguagens, políticas e práticas de contraterrorismo. A dinâmica entre o contraterrorismo regional e doméstico é um processo constante de co- constituição e reconstituição; foram respectivamente corroborados e parcialmente corroborados. Através dos resultados e da análise, foi possível observar que uma parte significativa do quadro de contraterrorismo da UE foi baseado no quadro de contraterrorismo britânico. Assim, as linguagens e políticas de contraterrorismo europeias e britânicas são semelhantes em natureza, divergindo nas próprias práticas de contraterrorismo. Além disso, o último capítulo apresentou uma análise do processo Brexit e seus desafios e consequências para o contraterrorismo regional e doméstico. Palavras-chave: Terrorismo; Contraterrorismo; Linguagem; Políticas Públicas; Prática; Brexit. ABSTRACT Terrorism is not a new concept. It has been in the vocabulary, the daily lives of millions of people. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, terrorism has become a shared enemy in the international system. In the aftermath of the attack and the Declaration of War on Terrorism by the US, several states and organisations started to develop or update their counterterrorism framework. The attacks in 2001 changed the magnitude and the urgency in that terrorism has been previously fought. The European Union, as a regional organisation, also started to not only update but expand their counterterrorism efforts throughout the years as the security of its member states is one of its main interests and objectives. From the 27 member states, the United Kingdom has the highest number of terrorist attacks, and is in the ‘top three’ in terms of arrests and trials due to terrorism charges. Because of the changes in counterterrorism, this dissertation had the objective of comprehending how the language of counterterrorism in the EU and the UK employed in counterterrorism policies have created and augmented counterterrorism practices on both levels. Furthermore, the two hypotheses that guided the research (i) the individual experiences an EU member state has had with terrorism produces a set of specific assumptions, beliefs, pieces of knowledge and truths about terrorism and terrorists that are reflected in the constitution of a language of counterterrorism. In turn, when a language of counterterrorism is systematically employed in counterterrorism policies, it will create and/or augment a set of counterterrorism practices; and (ii) the regional language of counterterrorism is an amalgamation of the individual languages of counterterrorism produced by the member states. Thus, the employment of a regional language of counterterrorism in policies also creates and/or augments regional counterterrorism practices. Once regional counterterrorism language, policies and practices are consolidated, there is a process of (re)internalisation of this new discourse by the member states that, as a result, change their counterterrorism languages, policies and practices. The dynamics between regional and domestic counterterrorism is a constant process of co-constitution and re-constitution; have been respectively corroborated and partially corroborated. Through the results and the analysis, it was possible to observe that a significant part of the EU counterterrorism framework was based on the
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