Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart - Nomos

European Constitutions Compared

Bearbeitet von By Prof. Dr. Albrecht Weber

1. Auflage 2019. Buch. XVII, 221 S. In Leinen ISBN 978 3 406 72923 2 Format (B x L): 16,0 x 24,0 cm Gewicht: 628 g

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A – regional 698, 702, 710 et seq., 719 et seq. a posteriori control 644 et seq. – Standing Order(s) 309, 311, 350, 356 et seq., a priori control 648 373 et seq., 388, 430 et seq., 452 et seq. abrogative referendum 192 – statutes of 492, 608, 499, 533, 536 et seq., 5497 absolute monarchy 279 – territories 155, 694, 701, 723 abstract judicial review 644 autorité judiciaire 614, 621 Act of Parliament 284 Act of Settlement 32, 155, 524 B Act of Union 52, 630 Bacon, Francis 24 allocation of functions 255, 268, 271 Bagehot 270, 524, 585 amending power 73–75, 77, 81 Basic Law (Grundgesetz) 23, 108, 195, 217, 557 actio popularis 657 basic rights 41, 229 action for annulment (EU) 669 Belgian Senate 180 Acts of Parliament 51, 270, 298 Bill of Rights 31, 40, 51, 81, 169, 284, 337, 489, 630 administrative decentralisation 591 bloc de constitutionnalité 289–290, 804 administrative jurisdiction 612, 615, 617 Bodin, Jean 150, 157 administrative regions 145 bonum commune 123 administrative regulation 309 Brexit referendum 200, 201 administrative structure 592 British Constitution 31, 39–40, 81 administrative tribunals 619, 622 British government 585 Advocates-General 671 British Nationality Act 1981 51 agencies 278 British parliamentarism 203 Agreement of the People 24, 35, 630 Bryce, James 39 Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht 123 budget 335–336, 338, 344, 346, 515 allocation of functions 255, 268, 271 – budgetary statutes 294 amending power 73 et seq. – law 342 American Constitution 39 – proposals 367, 573 American Federalists 630 budgetary sovereignty 336 anti-constitutional parties 108 Bundesaufsicht 732 Aquino, Thomas of 150 Bundesexekution 751 Aristotle 2, 24, 150 Bundesfinanzgericht 619 Assemblée Nationale 76 Bundesrat 180, 451, 729, 736 assumed confidence 385 Bundesversammlung 382, 530 asymmetrical model 708, 762 Bundesverwaltung 735 asymmetrical regionalism 712 Bundesverwaltungsgericht 619 Austrian Federal Constitution 558, 609 Burke, Edmund 169 Austrian Federal Council 359, 451 byelaws 281 authentic interpreters 68 C autonomous communities 291, 331, 354, 391, 451, 603, 655, 710 et seq. cabinet 568, 573, 578 autonomous law-making 53, 62 Camera dei Deputati 448, 723 autonomous regions 700, 719 cantonal constitutional law 750 autonomy 54, 107, 155, 291, 433, 452, 454 et seq., cantonal courts 620 511, 554, 592 et seq., 602, 604, 686 et seq., 701 cardinal laws 293 – cantonal 731, 741, 762 case law 51, 61 – constitutional 109, 249, 254–255, 261–262, 265, Cases – Bonham (1610) 35, 630 269 – – cultural 687 Costa v ENEL 674, 784 – – Entick v Carrington (1765) 219 financial 727, 736, 847, 755, 765 – – judicial 613 Foto Frost 675 – – Marbury v Madison (1803) 35, 630 law making 54, 63, 683, 686 et seq., 690, 695, – 701 Prohibitions del Roy (1607) 613 – local 592 et seq. Chambre des Pairs 441 – Chancellor 420, 567 nationalities and regions 41 – – parliamentary 433, 455 Austria 569, 583 – German Reich 388, 369

209 Index

– 397, 398, 400, 423, 568, 581–582 Conseil Supérieur de la Justice 625 – of the Exchequer 337 Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature 268, 621 Charte Constitutionelle 81 Consejo General del Poder Judicial 268, 624, 634 Charte de l’environnement 137 Consiglio di Stato 622 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 33 Consiglio Regionale 720 checks and balances 233, 271, 275 Consiglio Superiore dela Magistratura 269, 448, Cicero 24, 150 623 Citizens’ Commissioners 507 constitucâo 23 civil jurisdiction 626 constitución 23 civil liberty 216 constituent act 687 civil service 590, 601 constituent assembly 112, 162, 283, 711 CJEU 275, 668, 675, 790 constituent laws 34 co-decision 276–277, 509, 514 constituent power 26, 42, 49, 73–79, 93, 115, 122, cohabitation 544 126, 133, 158, 161–163, 687, 703, 711, 719, 750 Coke, Sir Edward 613, 630 constitution 23 collective self-defence 809 – factual 24 collective systems of security 129, 811 – flexible 39, 74 collectivités territoriales 595 – formal 40 collegial principle 568, 578–580, 584, 587, 589 – formal sources 44 commissions permanentes 472 – France (1789) 139 Committee of Ministers 677 – France (1946) 49–50, 289, 768, 794 committees 53, 279, 360, 364, 366, 377–378, – France (1958) 49 423–424, 435–440, 441, 462, 469–473, 512, 519 – functions 41 common constitutional tradition 72, 797 – Great Britain 31, 40, 81 common good 122, 150, 278 – integrating function 41 common law 35, 43, 67, 111, 613, 630, 818 – mixed 24, 94 common welfare 152 – non-formal sources 44 Commoners 169 – normative 1, 23–24, 32, 40, 50, 134–135, 208, communautés 725 258, 264, 267, 271, 275, 291, 293, 300, 532, 612, Communautés /Gemeenschappen / 682, 769, 809 et seq. Gemeinschaften 760 – normative foundation 75 communist regimes 209, 249, 631 – primacy 222, 235–236, 632–633, 676–677, 689, comparative constitutional law 74, 108, 809 727, 732, 741, 751–752, 763, 785–786, 788 et compensation for expenditure 476–477, 495, 498 seq., 803, 811, 827 compétence négative 312 – Poland 42, 77, 106, 271–272 competence-competence 1 – Prussia (1850) 173 competences – St Paul’s Church 729 – concurring 277, 721, 734, 738, 753, 763 – stabilising function 42 – divided 714 – substantial sense 41–42, 233 – exclusive 277, 734 – unwritten sources 45, 47, 57, 72 et seq. – executive 278 – USA 26, 563 – legislative 306 – Weimar 39, 77, 81, 88, 92, 110, 132, 139, 151, – residual 753, 760 161, 173, 188, 195, 216, 309, 387, 396, 437, 555, – supplementary 277 568, 582, 606, 729, 811 – supporting 277 – written sources 47 et seq., 71 et seq. competential norm 136 constitutional amendment 80, 84, 89, 92–93, 232, comunidades autónomas 283, 292, 355, 366, 445, 622, 724, 740, 781–782 see autonomous communities constitutional complaints 135, 268, 759, 800, 804 concentrated constitutional review 631, 643 constitutional conventions 44, 65, 66 Conciliation Committee 513 Constitutional Council 94, 95, 108, 118, 119, 228, conciliation conference 630 251 conditions essentielles d’exercice de la souverai- Constitutional Court 17, 42, 44–45, 50, 52, 68, neté 776, 794 103, 108, 135, 174, 221, 228–229, 242, 246 et Condorcet 138 seq., 254, 257, 260, 262, 268 et seq., 271, 285, Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbund) 1803) 291, 305–306, 309, 319, 330–331, 380, 392, 398 728 et seq., 530 et seq., 607, 615–616, 618, 619 et Conference of European Committees (COSAC) seq., 631, 634, 642, 675, 687, 700, 713, 723, 730, 519 741, 759, 773, 787, 791, 793, 800, 804, 812, 820 Conseil Constitutionnel 36, 50, 63, 154, 218, 246, constitutional directive principles 121 614, 635, 776, 794, 802 constitutional interpretation 16, 45, 49, 818 Conseil d’Etat 63, 68, 218, 314–315, 350, 625, 802 constitutional judges 292, 392, 632, 635, 641 Conseil des ministres 350 constitutional jurisdiction 95, 392, 624, 628, 738

210 Index constitutional jurisprudence 43, 806 Court of Appeal 620–621, 626 constitutional mandates 52, 121, 130, 136, 141, Court of Justice of the European Union 275, 666, 143, 710 668, 790 constitutional monarchy 41, 203, 279, 296, 347, Crisis Powers 539 420, 476, 482, 522–523, 532–533, 555, 562, 582, Cromwell, Oliver 24, 35, 630 661 Crown 151, 155–156, 169, 221, 298, 338, 503, 524, constitutional norms 47–49, 51, 68, 103, 128, 178, 585, 601, 613, 626, 696, 701, 704 217, 227, 234, 682, 783, 789 Crown Court 626 constitutional principle 14–15, 37–38, 40, 44, 57, Crown Proceedings Act 1947 51, 284 64, 72, 149, 217, 222, 224, 229, 232, 259, 267, Cultural Communities 760 491, 789, 793 cultural freedoms 142 constitutional reforms 41, 81, 185, 734, 739 cultural heritage 136, 138, 140–141, 148 constitutional review 218, 614, 628–629, 631, 633, culture 138, 140–142, 148, 736, 753 643, 645, 657, 669 customary law 42, 44, 51, 58–59, 60–62, 71, 236, constitutional sources 43 816, 818–819, 819 – legal cognition 43 – legal validity 43 D constitutional state 138, 285, 299, 305, 482, 817 Daseinsvorsorge 131 constitutional status of parties 205 decentralisation 4, 106, 154, 594–597, 603–604, constitutional theory 4, 28, 43, 74 682, 686, 693–695, 719 Constitutional Treaty for Europe 94, 185, 200 decentralised state 603, 682, 684, 686, 695 constitutionalisation 4, 33, 70, 108, 111, 118–119, decentralised unitary state 597, 689, 696 134, 436, 761, 797 decisions 44–45, 156, 185, 263, 267, 360, 377, 422, constitutionalism 4, 6, 24, 26, 36, 41, 77, 151, 173 447, 514, 521, 573, 575, 580–581, 583, 589, 598, constructive vote of no confidence 393, 397–298, 618–619, 649–650, 652, 676, 707 418–420, 590 Déclaration de politique générale 389 consultative referendum 195, 199–200 Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme 26, 36, 117, Contrat Social 26 158, 289 contreseing 586 déclaration sur la politique générale 403 control function 279, 380, 435, 446, 518, 566 declarations of war 540–542 control of the government 280, 393, 429 deconcentrated administration 592, 604 Convent 94 deconcentrated unitary state 689 cooperation deconcentration 591, 593, 595, 603 – enhanced 514 decree statutes 295 – horizontal 757, 766 decretos legislativos 319–320 – international 128, 771, 809 decretos leis 370 – interregional 721, 723 decretos leyes 319, 327, 331 – intra-federal 726 décrets-lois 312 – loyal 723 Defence Commissioner 501 – states and regions 723 degressive proportionality 510 – territorial entities 762 delegated legislation 42, 44, 276, 298, 308–309, – vertical 757, 766 314, 319, 321, 323, 329 cooperative administration 278 delegation of legislation 310, 312 corps législative 169–170 delegation of legislative powers corps représentative 170 263, 270, 310 Corte di Cassazione 623 democracy 2, 4, 15, 22, 101, 108, 126, 138, 149, Cortes 162, 268, 291, 350, 712, 714, 820 157, 163–164, 166–168, 205, 207–208, 229, 271, Cortes Generales 268, 327, 481, 820 274, 525 costituzione 23 – concordant 167 Council 39, 88, 278, 510–511, 514, 516–518 – consensual 166, 402 Council of Europe 5–6, 256–257, 676, 769–771 – consensus 416 Council of Ministers 269, 271, 276, 278, 332, 350, – deliberative 166 364, 390, 403, 416, 419, 509, 519, 539, 542, 544, – direct 185–188, 195, 199–200, 384, 750 547, 550, 570, 573, 576, 586–589, 765 – discursive 166 Council of State 265, 287, 350, 360–361, 384, 402, – federal-oriented 166 425, 439, 445–447, 458, 478, 542, 544, 547, 550, – militant 209, 663 622 – notion 166 counterlimits (controlimiti) 793 – plebiscitary 195 countersignature 333, 542, 547, 562, 572, 582, – principle 208, 273, 774 586 – referendum 186– 188, 195, 750 Cour d’Arbitrage 763 – representative 175–178, 193, 195, 200, 202, Cour de Cassation 218, 614, 621, 802 209–210

211 Index democratic deficit 519 E democratic participation 687, 272 ECB (European Central Bank) 790 démocratie semi-directe 186 ECHFR départements 693–694 see European Charter of Fundamental Rights departmental principle 521, 575, 580–581, ECHR 583–584, 586, 588–589, 604 see European Convention of Human Rights – Austria 583 ECJ – France 586 see European Court of Justice – Spain 588 ECSC deputies 169, 369, 428, 476 see European Coal and Steel Community – – – compensation 477, 494 495, 497 498 education 138, 141–143, 235, 736–737, 753 – constitutional position 53 EEC – free mandate 475, 513 see European Economic Community – freedom 491 effective judicial protection 72, 218, 239–240, – – immunity 585 587 242–243 – indemnity 483 égalité 250, 255 – independence 483 Eidgenossenschaft 152 – – interpellation 422, 426, 428 429, 431 election 41, 112, 167, 178–180, 192–193, 195, 212, – right of question 422, 426, 428 261, 278, 373, 377, 380–386, 389, 391–392, – right of questioning 431 398–399, 402, 412, 417, 419–420, 445–446, 448, Deputies 451, 460, 483, 510, 517, 523, 526–530, 544, 547, – – Chamber of (Belgium) 350, 361 362, 447, 765 566, 576, 583, 593, 621, 634–636, 659–660, 691, – Chamber of (Italy) 350, 366, 382, 448, 723 693, 707, 720, 723, 750, 760, 774, 824 – Chamber of (Luxembourg) 372 – direct 384 – Chamber of (Romania) 379, 460 – general 178 – Congress of (Spain) 268, 327, 369 election function 380, 517 – House of Commons 169 election of the President 112, 381, 660 – House of (Belgium) 362 election period 460 – House of (Ireland) 350 elections of state organs 167 – House of (Spain) 350, 369, 468 electoral campaigns 212 Deputies Act 492, 494 electoral college 180 Deutscher Bund 11, 27, 728 electoral law 40, 112, 182, 193, 291, 327, 331, 366 devolution legislation 273, 601 electoral system 184, 203, 208, 291, 385 devolution referendum 200 emergency 110–115, 126, 308, 326, 332–334, devolution statutes 702 538–539 – Dicey, Albert Venn 59 60, 65, 169, 219, 221, 250, – external 113 270 – internal 113 – dignity 72, 250 251, 680 emergency decrees 309 direct applicabilty 48, 813 emergency law 62 – direct election 180, 193, 381, 383 384, 448, 510, Emergency Powers Defence Act 111 – 523, 527 529, 566, 576, 720, 723, 760 emergency regime 110 direct federal administration 606, 619 emergency regulations 326, 329, 332–334 direct popular legislative initiative 194 environment 136, 140, 147, 714, 743, 809 – directive 132, 145, 148 149, 223, 595, 741 Environmental Charter of 2004 49, 137, 289 – directive principle 121, 127, 146 147, 214, 256 environmental protection 136, 147, 714 directoire 564 EP 70, 94, 106, 509–515, 517–520 direct-plebiscitary elements 193 see European Parliament disputes among constitutional organs 651 equality 41, 63, 72, 133, 135, 154, 177, 221, 228, dissolution of Parliament 65, 266, 279, 321, 231, 250–255, 291, 300, 446, 579, 615, 768, 771 398–400, 410, 413–414, 420–421, 479, 544, – equality before the law 221, 250, 254 546 547, 572 equality principle 252–253, 255 diversity (cultural/linguistic) 148, 152 erga omnes effect 45, 68, 649 division of powers 1, 105, 261, 266, 441, 523, 563, Esmein 279 591, 682 estado autonómico 710 doctrine of implied repeal 284 estado de autonomías 710 droit 26, 49, 76, 117, 124, 236, 252, 504 estates 24, 26, 77, 117, 172, 281, 296 droit fondamental 137 établissement public 315, 595 dualism 279, 281, 812 état de droit 4, 168, 214, 218 dualist parliamentarism 279 – see also Rechtsstaat dualistic executive 279, 521, 561 562, 565, 819 état déconcentré 689 Duguit 279 état legal 215, 218

212 Index eternity clause 101 Federal Administrative Court 618–619 EU 1, 4–6, 17, 33, 67, 70–72, 93–94, 109, 144–145, Federal Assembly 92, 190, 265, 287, 360, 382, 384, 167, 200, 256–258, 273–277, 470, 472, 509, 665, 424–425, 439, 446, 468, 488, 508, 564, 751 667, 669, 671, 673, 675, 698, 736, 741, 746, 765, Federal Constitutional Court 108, 174, 209, 217, 769, 770, 774–776, 783, 787, 790, 797–798, 816, 262, 285, 299, 301, 309, 397–398, 437, 607, 618, 819, 824 730, 790–791, 804 see European Union Federal Council 112, 193, 265, 288, 309, 342, European Charter of Fundamental Rights 19, 70, 358–360, 384, 402, 424–425, 439, 451, 460, 492, 94, 259, 681, 770 521, 543, 558, 564, 584, 610, 736, 745–746, 751 European Coal and Steel Community 145, 769 federal homogeneity 729 European Communities Act (1972) 51, 200, 772, federal loyalty 687, 729, 733, 762 788 federal principle 107, 752, 774 European Community 93, 200, 769, 784 federal state 80–81, 285, 353, 392, 634, 645, 682, European constitutional law 1, 4, 6, 58, 273 687, 726, 732, 759–760, 764 European constitutional theory 4, 28, 43, 74 federal statute 190, 265, 286–287, 302, 333, 336, European Convention of Human Rights 19, 40, 356, 457, 468, 606–607, 610–611, 735, 740, 817 55, 67, 114, 143, 179, 218, 242, 252, 257, 264, federal supervision 732, 751 302, 308, 676, 678-681, 795, 797-800, 801-808 Federal Supreme Court 310, 437, 620, 759, 802 European Council 94, 278, 517 federalisation 723, 725, 760 European Court of Human Rights 143, 257, 676, federalism 4, 99, 101, 725 800 – aggregated 682 European Court of Justice 72, 214, 674 et seq, 784, – composite 744 797 – cooperative 737, 747, 756, 766 European Economic Community 145, 258, 665, – disaggregated 682 769, 819 – executive 729, 734, 753 European Human Rights Convention – in Austria 744 see – in Belgium 725, 762, 767 European Convention of Human Rights – in Germany 451, 728–731, 734–735 European legislation 277, 514 – in Switzerland 754–755, 758 European minimal standard 797 – tax 754 European ordre public 676 Federalist Papers 26, 35 European Parliament 277–278, 493, 509 federative conflicts 653–655, 669 European Union Finance Act 335–336, 338–344, 368 see EU First Minister (Ireland, Scotland, Wales) 703, European Union Bill 200 705–707 Europeanisation 4, 121, 768–770, 797 Fixed Term Parliaments Act 2011 573 exclusive competences 277, 714, 721, 734, 741, form of state 103, 149, 156–157 762–763 formal law 236, 281 exclusive federal competences 736, 753 formal sources 44 executive 65, 115, 156, 215, 218, 235–236, 239, formal statutes 40, 648 242, 257, 261–263, 265–266, 268, 270–272, forms of government 150, 266 278–279, 281–282, 295, 305, 309, 312, 317–318, Founding Fathers 26, 35, 40 325–326, 328, 332, 336, 348, 355, 389, 451, Fourth Home Rule Act 1920 31 492–493, 499, 502–503, 505, 521–523, 533, 536, franchise 203–204 551, 565, 584–585, 590, 593, 598, 601, 607, free ballot 179 612–614, 618, 628–629, 656–657, 682, 696, 704, free communication 179 706–707, 750, 761, 819 free mandate 169, 475–480, 494, 513 – dualistic 54, 279, 521, 561–562, 565, 819 freedom 41, 70, 72, 123, 131, 133, 135, 142, 175, 177, – monistic 521, 561–564 206, 208, 228, 250–251, 260, 262, 267, 270–271, executive agencies 601 273, 274, 281, 299–300, 303, 305, 315, 319, 327, executive devolution 702 331, 484, 485–487, 490, 506, 519, 621, 682, 725 executive function 265, 268, 278, 548, 559, 562, 565 freedom from prosecution 486–487, 491 executive power 272, 295, 389, 612, 704 freedom of external emergency 113 – arts and science 139, 142 – assembly 175, 177 F – establishment 208 facultative referendum 88, 89 – mandate 475–476, 481, 483 fair trial 257–258, 615 – manifestation 175 federal administration – opinion 175, 209 – Austria 502, 609, 619 – press 175 – Germany 558, 606, 734 – religion 175, 177 – Switzerland 584, 610 – speech 483, 489

213 Index

French Declaration of Human Rights 49, 78, 117, High Court 266, 626 124, 138, 158, 218, 241 High Court of Justice 614 French Revolution 1, 21, 26, 29, 36, 75, 150, 158, historical interpretation 15, 743 169, 204, 281, 441, 475, 564, 614 of the German Nation 24, French Senate 180, 450 116, 123, 131, 728 Frühkonstitutionalismus 612 homogeneity clause 730 functional comparison 13 Hooge Raad 550, 625 fundamental constitutional principles 38, 149 House of Commons 169, 284, 338–339, 351, 363, fundamental laws 24, 31, 51, 81, 631, 779, 824 385, 395, 429, 441, 453, 465, 547, 573, 705 fundamental principle(s) 40, 63, 72, 99, 101–102, House of Lords 169, 270, 284, 337, 363, 441, 445, 112, 122, 149, 273, 617, 675, 686, 735, 774, 451, 465, 613 794–795 House of Lords Act 1999 51 fundamental right(s) 9, 17, 27, 51, 70, 72, 104, 112, human rights 1, 4, 19, 26, 36, 40, 55, 72, 114, 116, 114, 128, 137–138, 142, 175, 177, 217–218, 124, 126, 128, 138, 153, 158, 167, 252, 257, 308, 229–231, 234, 236, 257–258, 285, 291, 299, 676–677, 680, 771, 774, 793, 797–798, 800, 802, 302–305, 307, 615, 656, 658, 681, 774, 789–791, 805, 809–810, 815–817 793, 795, 797, 804–805, 824 Human Rights Act 40, 51, 222, 808 Human Rights Commission 677 G Humboldt, Wilhelm von 216 Gemeinsamer Ausschuss 112 General Council of the Judiciary 624 I General Court 666, 670–671 immunités parlementaraires 490 general principles 72, 232, 252–253, 271, 740, 819 immunity 360, 471, 476–477, 485–491, 511, 513, – of international law 72 533, 641 – of law 57, 63, 72, 241, 304, 797, 813–816, 819 impeachment 448, 662 27 Imperial Court 612 German Federal Act 1815 172 Imperial Reich (1871) 728 Gesamtänderung der Verfassung 193 inalienable human rights 153, 793 Gesetz(e) 217, 235–236, 309 incompatibility 264, 269, 477, 492–493, 700, 808 Gesetzesvorbehalt 216, 246 indemnity 476–477, 483, 486, 490–491, 641 Gettysburg Address 166 independence of judges 620–621, 638 giudice naturale 615 independence of justice 233 Giunta Regionale 720 independence of the courts 277 Glorious Revolution 35, 169, 203 individual complaints 218, 642, 656–658, 679 gobierno 571 individual rights 59, 104, 215, 226, 468 Golden Charter 116 indivisibility 106, 154, 532, 682, 691, 693, 719 good neighbourhood 128 institutional balance 275 gouvernement 103, 166, 553, 556 institutional guarantees 130, 138, 141, 621 governing function 278 institutions 4, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21–22, 60, 65, 70, 82, government 553 et seq., 558 et seq., 567 et seq. 102, 111, 128, 210, 274, 315, 327, 331, 393, 434, Government of Ireland Act 1920 31 447, 535, 595–595, 597, 601–603, 606, 635, 649, Government of Wales Act 2006 308, 706 696, 700, 713, 808, 811, 818, 821 Great Council 169 integrating function 41, 532–533 Great Reform Act 1832 203 integration 1, 145, 520, 533–535, 535, 556, Greenland 698 768–769, 771, 783, 791–792, 809, 811, 824–825 Grondwet 15, 23, 696 internal emergency 113–114 Grundgesetz 15, 23, 108, 195, 217, 557 international law 3, 47, 54, 72, 93, 126, 128, 447, see also Basic Law 540, 676, 811–817, 819–821, 826–827 guarantee function 533–535, 538 international representation 541, 543 international treaties 1, 65, 187, 190, 192, 293, 366, H 537, 645, 755, 760, 802, 812, 815, 817–818, Habeas Corpus 31, 67, 621 820–821, 823, 826, 828 Hauriou 279 internationalisation 809–810 Haute Cour de Justice 614 inter-organ control 268 head of government 279, 389, 391, 417, 521, 544, interpretation 3, 15–16, 20–21, 27, 45, 49, 54, 67, 546–547, 579, 589 128, 130, 134, 214, 222, 224, 228, 234, 243, 257, head of state 521 et seq., 524 et seq., 532 et seq., 308, 312, 315, 665–666, 674–676, 743, 789, 804, 547 et seq. 810, 815–816 – competences 547 intervention 135, 142, 275, 688, 732, 810 – functions 532–535, 538, 544–546, 548 intra-federal conflicts 726 Henry VIII clause 308 intra-federal cooperation 726 High Council of the Judiciary 617, 621 intra-federal disputes 738

214 Index intra-federal distribution of competences 765 legal regulation 309 intra-federal financial compensation 715 legal security 218, 228–230, 244, 249 intra-federal treaty law 733 legal sources 42–45, 48, 50–51, 66, 293, 307, 318, investigatory committees 279, 393, 436–440 819 inviolabilité parlementaire 490 legal validity 43 Irish Senate 180, 441 legality 226, 231, 258, 593, 596–597, 617, 619, 721 irreconcilability 264–265, 267, 476, 492–493 legality of the administration 299 irremovability 638 leges fundamentales 24, 27, 34, 631 irresponsibilité parlementaire 490 legge di conversione 330 ius cogens 55 legge di delega 318 leggi costituzionali 30 J leggi di revisione 292 Jellinek, Georg 11, 22, 39, 135, 281 leggi provvedimenti 292, 295 Jennings, Sir Ivor W. 270 légicentrisme 36 joint committee 290, 365, 470 legislation 42, 44, 230, 249, 264–265, 268–270, judge-made law 43, 45–46, 59, 67 273, 277, 279, 281–282, 284, 291, 296, 298, 306, judges 67, 268, 292, 380, 392, 448, 550, 613, 616, 308–312, 314, 317, 319, 321, 323, 326, 329, 340, 618–621, 623, 625, 632–635, 638–639, 641, 350, 352, 355, 357, 359–360, 364, 371, 373–374, 671–672, 677–678 376–378, 437, 446, 451, 472, 498, 509, 514, 524, judicial independence 613, 616–617, 638–639, 672 536, 539, 553, 555, 558, 594, 601, 604, 606, 609, judicial order 614, 622 694, 705, 723, 734, 740, 742–743, 751, 753, 760, judicial power 265, 268–269, 271, 612–616, 619, 773, 788, 808, 823 623, 625, 628 legislative chambers 53, 514 judicial protection 72, 217–218, 221, 238–243, 250 legislative committees 472–473 judicial review 68, 215–216, 218, 257–258, 270, legislative competence 266, 281, 287, 296, 298, 437, 614, 626, 628–631, 642–644, 648, 653, 669 302, 304, 306, 509, 564, 592, 595, 597, 606, 687, judicial settlement of territorial conflicts 717, 724, 695, 699, 702, 704, 708, 729, 742, 762 726, 767 legislative consultations 358 judicial sovereignty 612 legislative debates 361, 379 judiciary 3, 122, 242, 261–264, 266, 268, 270–273, legislative decrees 296, 307, 311–314, 319–321, 275, 315, 492, 533, 612–613, 617–619, 621, 327, 330, 332, 539 623–625, 634, 657, 664 legislative delegation 309, 319, 366 jurisdiction 41, 121, 264, 275, 614, 618, 621, 624, legislative devolution 702 626, 629, 664–665, 667, 670, 675, 677 legislative function 266, 268, 274, 276, 277, 279, – administrative 612, 615, 617, 621–622, 624–625, 281–282, 296, 312, 482 627 legislative initiative 172, 185, 187, 189, 191, – constitutional 95, 392, 624, 628, 661, 738 193–196, 347–353, 371, 373, 377–378, 519, 523, – criminal 617, 619 720 – EU 673 legislative procedure 81, 112, 267, 277, 290, 294, – national 673–674, 676 306, 318, 347, 364, 367, 373–374, 378, 514 – ordinary 612, 614–615, 621–625, 627 legislative proceedings 294, 357, 377, 451, 520 – supranational 674 legislative proposals 260, 350, 364, 369, 374, jurisdictional reservation 615–616 376–378, 472, 591, 536 jury 626 legislative reservation 621 – K legitimacy 26, 73, 93 94, 271, 279, 525, 533, 687 lex posterior 38 Kant, Immanuel 150, 216 lex posterior derogat priori 812 Kelsen, Hans 34, 216, 234, 631, 648 ley 305 ’ King s Parliament 169 ley(es) ordinária(s) 219 konstitytucja 23 ley(es) orgánica(s) 40, 52, 283, 291, 624, 712 Kulturstaat 140 ley(es) de base 319, 714 L Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité 155 liberty 116, 125, 145, 216, 219, 257, 680 Laband, Paul 309 limitation of powers 260, 265, 682 Lambermont Agreement 760 limitation of sovereignty 773–774, 817 Landesverwaltung 734 Lincoln, Abraham 166 Landesverwaltungsgerichte 619 linguistic communities 761, 765 Law on Neutrality 30 Lisbon Treaty 70, 259, 274, 277, 515, 517, 519, law-making 47, 53, 62, 631, 682, 685–687, 689, 671 694, 700 local remedies rule 676 legal certainty 29, 229, 246–248, 377, 591 local self-government 596–597, 686, 719 legal cognition 43 Locke, John 216, 260

215 Index loi d’habilitation 313 N loi(s) organique(s) 40, 52, 283, 290, 493, 497, 645, National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) 776 109, 209 lois fondamentales 25 national Parliaments 277, 509, 517, 519–520 lois ordinaires 645 national representation 169, 174, 441, 541 Lord Chancellor 585 national unity 154 nationalities 709 M negotiated constitution(s) 77 Macchiavelli, Niccoló 151 network of Parliaments 520 magistrat de siège 621 nomination of judges 618–619, 621 Magistrates Courts 626 non-accountability 488 Magna Carta 31, 51, 81, 116, 284, 630 non-departmental public bodies 601 majority party 385, 575 non-derogability 34, 38 majority principle 176 non-formal sources 44 majority vote 181–183, 454 non-retroactivity 226, 228–229, 248, 258 Malberg, Carré de 36, 171, 218 non-revisibility 28, 34 mandates for the legislator 48, 130, 138 norm control 265, 267–268 masters of the treaties 70 norma superior 34, 48 material law 281 Northern Ireland Act 707 médiateur 504 Notstandsverfassung 118 Mediation Committee 357, 361, 365, 379 447, 451 Notverordnungsrecht 110 Merkel, Adolf 631 nulla poena sine lege 114, 227, 248, 615 Minister President 380, 383, 385–386, 389–391, 405, 410, 412, 414, 419, 523, 542, 544, 547, O 549–550, 552, 567, 570, 575–577, 579, 587–590, Oberste Gerichtshof 619 604 objectifs de valeur constitutionnelle 50 Ministeranklage 661 objective-historical interpretation 743 ministerial responsibility 582–583, 585, 598, 601 obligatory referendum 88–90, 93, 189, 191, 755, ministers 365, 388, 396, 411, 413, 416, 419, 423, 815 427, 429, 549–550, 562, 568–576, 580, 582–583, Ombudsman 291, 393, 474, 499–501, 503–505, 585–590, 601, 618, 661–662, 677, 705–706 507–508, 512 Ministers of the Crown Act 1975 585 one man, one vote 181 minority (cultural/linguistic) 141, 180 open-mindedness 128 mixed presidential government system 387, 523, opposition 167, 398, 422, 776 565, 572 optional referendum 187, 190–191, 195, 197, 755 mixed presidential-parliamentary systems 394, order function 41 420, 523, 544–545, 562, 565, 572 Orders in Council 270, 298 Model Parliament 169 ordinance 236, 287, 645–646 Mohl, Robert von 216 ordinary jurisdiction 612, 614, 621, 624 monarch 3, 24, 26, 41, 74, 77, 116–117, 156, 157, ordinary statute 28, 39, 285, 290–292, 294, 299, 172, 222, 270, 279, 347, 385, 409, 420, 521, 421, 425, 495, 501, 533, 568, 587–588, 719–720, 524–525, 533, 541, 547, 551, 562, 565, 612, 826 615–616, 624, 661, 696, 711, 713 ordine giudiziaria 622 monarchical prerogative 281, 385 ordonnance 312, 314, 326, 350 monarchy 2, 150, 153, 155, 279, 523–525 ordre judiciaire 614 money bill 337 organ disputes 268, 269, 275, 399, 652 monist parliamentarism 279 organic law 44, 47, 211, 290, 493, 572, 616, 624, monist theory 279, 693, 712, 717, 781 Montesquieu, Charles de 24, 138, 216, 260, 266, organic statutes 40, 285, 291–292, 294, 305, 343, 482, 614 460, 506, 645 motion de censure provoquée 389 organisation of the judiciary 618, 624 motion de censure spontanée 389, 404, 416 organs 4, 9, 15, 23, 26, 40, 42, 47–48, 51, 53, 62, motion of confidence 388–389, 393–394, 397, 399, 70, 82, 95, 115, 167, 170–171, 234, 260–269, 402–403, 406–411, 413, 415–417, 420 271–275, 309, 347–348, 380, 392, 420, 441, 452, motion of no confidence 389, 394–395, 462–464, 468, 473, 476, 492, 502–503, 507, 511, 401–403, 406, 409, 411–412, 415–417, 521, 562, 589, 592–593, 596, 603, 607–609, 619, 419–420, 547 628, 633–634, 651–652, 661, 669, 677, 691, 693, multi-chamber system 442 712, 759–760, 810, 813–814 multi-level governance 682 organs of Parliament 462–463, 468, 476 nation 60, 73, 76, 111, 134, 158–160, 164, 169–171, 204, 266, 271, 441, 445, 481, 532, P 534 –535, 559, 765, 768 parlementarisme rationalisé 266

216 Index parliament 3, 41, 65, 67, 69, 83, 88, 117, 135, 151, parliamentary statute 35, 53, 288, 294, 296, 308, 169, 185, 194, 197–198, 200, 222, 235–236, 260, 312, 317, 336, 630 399, 586, 590, 635, 649, 691, 698, 713, 720, 730, parliamentary supremacy 284, 296 745, 750, 760–761 parliamentary-presidential government 268 Parliament 53, 81, 155, 169, 174, 180, 188, 193, partial revision 92, 193 200, 263–266, 270–272, 276, 278–279, 281–282, participation of citizens 682 284–285, 287–288, 292, 295–296, 298, 306–309, participation of the cantons 755 312, 316, 321–323, 326, 332–337, 342, 346–348, participation of the Länder 736, 745–746 350–351, 364, 370, 374–375, 377–378, 380–382, participation of the people 185–186 385, 388–394, 401–402, 404, 409, 414, 422, 426, partidarian representative democracy 167 428, 434, 441, 444, 446, 448, 451–452, 460, partisan influence 635 463–465, 468, 474–476, 481, 483–485, 487–496, partisan system 204 498, 502–503, 505–506, 509, 517, 519–520, 523, party financing 210–212 525–526, 530, 534, 536, 538–539, 542, 544, Paulskirche 651 546–547, 550, 562, 565–566, 573, 576, 582, 585, Paulskirchenverfassung 27, 77, 132, 728, 731 587, 590, 630, 634, 671, 695, 699, 702–705, 707, peace 126–129, 145, 768, 771, 809–810 712–713, 718–719, 776, 790, 816, 820–821, 824 peacemaking function 41 – bicameralism 444, 446, 448, 450, 723 People of the Representation Act 1983/2000 182 – commissions and committees 442 people’s legislative initiative 350, 352 – Commissions d'enquête 436 personality voting system 181 – monocameral election 382 Petition of Rights 31, 51, 630 – monocameral systems 372, 441, 443, 445, 519 Plato 150 Parliament Acts 350, 360, 439, 488, 495, 824 pluralism 126, 176 Parliament Acts (1911/1949) 284, 337, 363, 451 poder judicial 616 parliamentarisation 62, 347, 420, 523 political parties 40, 176, 202, 207–209, 212–213, parliamentarism 186, 203, 266, 279 349–350, 416, 420, 430, 432, 456, 462, 468, 512, parliamentary allowances 494 544, 547, 635, 663 Parliamentary Commissioner 464, 503, 508 political responsibility 279, 402, 422, 562, 588, 661 parliamentary committees 318, 350, 360, 374, 378, popular complaint 657 462, 472–473, 503 popular constitutional initiative 187, 190 parliamentary control 297, 326, 330, 393, 403, 499, popular legislative initiative 187, 191, 193–196 501, 593 popular political initiative 187, 193 Parliamentary Council 309, 606 popular referendum 88 parliamentary democracy 166, 475 pouvoir constituant 26, 40, 49, 73–74, 80, 93, 96, parliamentary electoral system 208 158, 162, 172, 283 parliamentary factions 53 – mixte 93 parliamentary government systems 263, 266, – originaire 77 278–279, 336, 351, 380–381, 390, 393, 400, 414, pouvoir constitué 26, 49, 73–74, 96, 158, 172, 283 420, 475, 493, 522–523, 544, 555, 562, 565–567, pouvoir judiciaire 614 572, 575, 580, 585 pouvoir réglementaire 694 parliamentary immunities 488, 490 power of military command 548, 551–552 parliamentary legislation 281, 723 powers of the prerogative 222 parliamentary mandate 267, 269, 479, 492–492, preamble 50, 77, 80, 127, 132, 140, 145, 162, 229, 586–587, 659 682, 768, 770, 810 parliamentary model 523, 531 Preamble of the parliamentary monarchy 268, 279 – ECHFR 94 parliamentary ombudsmen 462, 499–501, 504 – French Constitution 49–50, 78, 117, 289, 768, parliamentary parties 129, 131, 137, 144, 155, 773, 794, 817 167 – Maastricht Treaty 258 parliamentary political parties 349–350, 416, 420, – Swiss Constitution 80, 152, 750, 815 430, 432, 456, 462, 468 – Weimar Constitution 77, 161 parliamentary privileges 480 precedent 43, 45, 67, 219, 816 parliamentary questions 279, 432 prefect (préfet) 595, 604, 694, 721 parliamentary regime 279, 470, 517, 691 preliminary references 275, 790 parliamentary representation 27 preliminary ruling 614, 669–670, 812 parliamentary reservation 282, 285, 296, 299, prerogative 267, 297, 385, 451, 547 301–302, 312, 367 prerogative power 222, 298 parliamentary resolution(s) 83, 308 prerogatives of the Crown 65, 67, 207, 281, 385, parliamentary responsibility 380, 393, 395, 413, 524, 573, 613 415, 425, 483, 490, 582, 720 President/Head of State parliamentary salary 496 see presidential model/system parliamentary secretaries 585 Presidente del Consiglio 570

217 Index

Presidente del gobierno 571 – of good administrative management 604 presidential model 562 – of legality 226, 231, 596 presidential system 22, 266, 381, 387, 521, 563 – of loyalty 723, 752 presidential-parliamentary government 523 – of proportionality 228, 254, 258 presidential-parliamentary model 531 – of subsidiarity 277, 519, 687, 774 presumption of competence 743 – of unity 693 preventative norm control 267, 537 – rule of law 215, 217, 228–229, 258, 271 preventive constitutional review 614, 645 – social 135, 774 preventive review (a priori) 644 prohibition against force, threat of force and/or primacy 28, 35, 731, 826 aggression 127 – of European human rights law 802 prohibition of retroactivity 591 – of federal law 751, 762 projets de loi 350, 364 – of fundamental rights 231 property 125, 299, 680 – of international treaties 802, 820 proportional representation 471, 713 – of international/European law 796 proportionality 72, 181, 228–229, 254, 258, 510, – of secondary law 788 519, 591, 597 – of the Constitution 26, 34–38, 234, 630–631 proportionality vote 181 – of the federal constitution 688, 726, 731, 740, propositions de lois 350, 364 750 protection 9, 72, 95, 97, 115, 123, 146, 217–218, – of the law 221, 235 219, 221, 238–243, 259, 487, 491, 591, 594, 597, – of treaties and resolutions 801 681 – of Union law 674–675, 784–785, 787 – of confidence 229, 244, 258 primary education 143 – of cultural goods 136, 139–141, 148 primary law 4, 33, 69–71 – of fundamental rights 51, 218, 230, 257, 304, primauté de la loi 235 681, 774, 790–791, 793 Prime Minister 219, 279, 380, 517, 547, 567, – of human rights 4, 36, 676–677, 680, 797–798, 577–578 810 – Belgium 419 – of individual rights 215 – Great Britain 156, 385, 395, 524, 573, 585, 601 – of individuals 646 – France 350, 364–365, 389, 403–404, 544, 572, – of freedom 260, 262, 506 586 – of social rights 135 – Ireland 414, 544, 574 – of subjective rights 622 prime ministerial government 573, 585 – of the autonomy 594 primogeniture 524 – of the basic rights 501, 506 principe à valeur constitutionnelle 137, 289, 595, – of the citizen 115, 219, 250, 507 693 – of the constitution 38, 95, 112, 283, 523, 538, principe d’égalité 255 661 principe de libre administration 595 – of the environment 136–137, 147, 714, 743, 809 principe de libre administration des collectivités – of the people’s rights 302 territoriales 693 Protocols 33, 55, 70, 676 principe général du droit 68, 241, 304 provvedimenti provvisori con forma di legge 440 principes fondamentaux reconnus par la public administration 269, 559, 597, 603 République 50 Public Attorney 500, 502, 506 principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la public Bills 363 République 63, 289, 796 public corporations 602 principle 1, 4, 14–15, 25, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 44, 48, Public Order Act 1986 284 57, 63–64, 70, 72, 100–102, 113, 121–122, public responsibility 258 126–129, 133–135, 146–147, 149, 153–154, 167, publication of norms 245–246 169, 176, 179–181, 200, 207–208, 214–218, Pufendorf, Samuel v. 216 222–224, 228– 229, 231–233, 238, 241, 244–247, 249, 253–254, 256–259, 261–264, 267, 271, Q 273–274, 281, 283–285, 287, 289–290, 292, quasi-federative conflicts 653, 655 299–300, 305, 312, 315, 318, 322, 338, 357, 360, question of confidence 400–401, 413 400, 403, 428, 446, 471, 478, 491, 519, 521, 568, question préjudicielle 614 572, 575, 578–581, 583–589, 591, 595–599, 601, question time 426, 429, 431 – – – – 603 606, 609, 616 617, 686 687, 693, 709 710, R 714, 720, 725, 728–731, 733, 735, 737, 740, 745, 762, 774, 789–791, 793–795, 810, 813–814, 817, rationalised parliamentarism 266 819, 827, 829 rationalised vote of no confidence 420 – of decentralisation (Netherlands) 594 reasonableness 604 – of equality 231, 250, 252–254, 291 Recht 236 – of favourability 680–681 Rechtsprechung 618

218 Index

Rechtsstaat 4, 15, 168, 214, 216–217 reservation by law 216, 218, 231, 236–237, 246, Rechtsstaatsprinzip 224, 591 258 Rechtsvergleichung 11 réservation de loi 218, 236, 303, 621 reconcilability 492–493 reserved matters 704, 706 referendum 1, 33, 70, 83, 89–90, 92–93, 99, 162, resistance, right to 95, 116–120 164–165, 186–187, 190, 193, 195, 200–201, 495, responsibility 167, 231, 278, 326, 517, 520, 594, 528, 547, 659–660, 713, 776, 778, 780, 782, 795 597, 609, 816 – abrogative 193 – judicial 216 – Brexit 200–201 – of judges 616 – constitutional 193 – of state organs 95 – consultative 195, 199–200 – of the cabinet 65, 573 – democracy 187–188, 195, 750 – of the deputies 476, 482, 484 – devolution 200 – of the government 380, 395, 422, 425, 574, 601 – facultative 88–89 – of the head of state 523 – législatif 198 – of the ministers 429, 568, 580–583, 585–587, – obligatory 88–89, 189, 191, 755, 815 598, 601 – optional 187, 190–191, 195, 197, 755 – parliamentary 393, 413, 415, 483, 490, 582, 720 – popular 88, 193 – penal 661 Regierung 553 – political 279, 402, 562, 588, 661 Régime d’Assemblée 266, 312 – public 258 regimes 11, 108, 205, 294, 346 retroactivity 245, 591 – communist 209, 217, 249, 631 review (concrete) 218, 629, 642, 648, 669 – fascist 209, 631 revisibility 28, 34 regional entities 687, 689, 695, 708 revision 1, 9, 38, 283 regional model 601, 603, 761 – constitutional 38, 78, 89, 92, 95–96, 153, 187, regional state 687 193, 361, 447, 749, 755, 814, 818 regionalisation 682, 708, 718 – partial 190, 193 regionalised states 392, 600 – procedure 33, 38, 93–94 regionalism 4, 604, 712 Richterwahlausschuß 618 regioni a statuto ordinario 719 right of citation 393, 428 regioni a statuto speciale 719 right of investigation 434, 437 regions 106, 269, 273, 292, 353, 445, 447, 491, 509, right of pardon 548–549 587, 595, 597, 604, 611, 655, 687, 691–692, 696, right of questioning 430–431, 433 700, 709, 711, 718–723, 760–765 right of veto 276, 359, 451, 536, 687 reglamento 305 right to a fair trial 258 regulation 26, 33, 42, 110–111, 208, 236, 265, right to a natural judge 229, 240 267–268, 281, 293, 305, 307–309, 311–312, 315, right to be heard 72, 240, 258, 423 318–319, 322, 325–334, 340, 343, 361, 437, 460, right to equal vote 181 499–500, 512, 536, 559, 572, 586, 594, 609, 612, right to life 114, 147 621, 689, 694, 720, 767, 820 right to question 427–428, 436 Reichsgrundgesetze 24, 631 right to raise questions 393 Reichskammergericht 612 right to resistance 95, 116–120 Reichspräsident 110, 188, 195 right to vote 177–178, 203, 776, 790 Reichspublizistik 123, 131 rights and liberties 116, 676, 774, 805 Reichsrat 39, 729 rigid constitutions 39, 81 Reichstag 39, 173, 188, 195, 388, 455 riserva di legge 236, 306, 604 Reichsverfassung 77, 132, 731–732 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 26, 157, 169, 216, 482 representation 151, 169–171, 173–174, 180, 204, Royal Assent 270, 284, 363 210, 371, 402, 441–442, 445, 451, 471, 475–476, Royal Prerogative 67, 270, 524, 573, 613 481, 510, 521, 534, 540–541, 543, 562, 603, 713, rule of law 1, 4, 40– 41, 59–60, 64–65, 72, 101, 126, 729, 736, 765, 812 149, 152, 167–168, 214–219, 221–223, 225–226, representation function 533–535, 540 228–233, 238, 242, 244, 249–250, 256–259, 268, representative mandate 475 270–271, 273–275, 555, 591, 665, 730, 771, 774, representative parliamentarism 186, 691 see also Rechtsstaat, état de droit representative system 172 rules of international law 54, 128, 811, 813–814, republic 10, 15, 101, 150–153, 523, 532–534, 682 819 republican principle 153–154 res communis 150 S res iudicata 649 Sachsenspiegel 116 res publica 150 salus publica 123 reserva de ley 236, 305 Schmitt, Carl 27, 74, 110, 535 reserva de ley orgánica 305 Scotland Act 81, 51, 284, 308, 703–704

219 Index second chambers 81, 180, 350, 353, 361, 371, 377, – of the member states 93 386, 444–446, 450–451, 705, 716, 723, 736 – of the people 73, 77–78, 80, 93, 157–158, Second Spanish Republic 127, 188, 711 163–165, 172–174, 279, 296, 482 secondary Union law 785 sozialer Rechtsstaat 217 secret ballot 179 Sozialstaat 130 secretaries of state 585–589 Spanish Constitutional Court 228, 291, 305 securing of peace 127, 809 Staatslehre 11, 22 security 123, 125–126, 129, 145, 264, 519, 353, Staatsrecht 11, 55, 136 558, 810, 815 staatsrechtliche Anklage 661 – legal 218, 228–230, 244, 249 staatsrechtliche Klagen 654, 759 – national 332 Staatszielbestimmungen 121 – public 110, 721 stabilising function 41 – social 130, 135, 364 Standing Orders 309, 311, 350, 356, 358, 366, – systems of 810–811 368–369, 370, 373, 375, 377–378, 388, 428, sede referente procedure 366 430–431, 437–438, 453, 455–457, 459, 462–464, select committees 435 467–468, 470–471, 511–513, 518, 568, 581, 645, self-administration 599–600, 603, 692–695 774 self-determination 80 state self-dissolution of Parliament 420–421 – centralised 685 self-government 315, 596–597, 686–687, 691–692, – decentralised 686, 689 719 – regional 687 self-organisation 452 – unitary 684 Senado 716 state aims 1, 40, 48, 121–122, 132, 134–135, 140, Senate 144, 769 – of Belgium 180, 353, 361–362, 447, 760, 762, state of law 215 765, 767 state symbols 41 – of France 180, 185, 364–365, 430, 445, 450, 460, state treaties (Staatsverträge) 359–360, 739, 814 493, 625, 635 States-Provincial (Provinciale Staten) 696 – of Ireland 180, 340, 350, 376, 441, 445, 574 statute law 67–68, 288, 292–293, 295, 299, 302, – of Italy 350, 368, 382, 445, 448, 723 319, 425, 501, 554, 568, 572, 587–588, 591, 597, – of Poland 271, 378, 445, 695 603, 607, 763, 799, 802 –808, 814–815, 817, 819, – of Romania 350, 379, 460 826 – of the Czech Republic 181, 378, 392, 445, 460 statute law reservation 591 – of Spain 268, 327, 350, 369, 451, 460, 467, 624 Statute of Westminster 1931 31 séparation des pouvoirs 26, 241, 266, 614 Statute on the Irish Free State Constitution Act separation of functions 260, 271, 273, 492 1922 31 9, 15, 26–27, 36, 41, 101, 149, statute-dependent regulation 309 154, 229, 233, 260, 262–271, 273–275, 310, 482, statutes 31, 35, 44, 52, 62, 187, 236, 246, 267–268, 492–493, 613, 635, 651, 682, 687, 725 281, 283–286, 291–295, 297, 307, 309, 311–312, Sieyès 26, 73, 158, 169 319–322, 326, 330, 332, 344, 346, 356–357, Single European Act 70, 147 372–373, 377, 447, 492, 499, 536–537, 589, slavery 114 596–597, 614, 619, 630–631, 641, 645, 648–649, Smend 27, 555–556 702, 719–720, 745, 765, 767, 810, 812, 820 social rights 130, 134–135 – budgetary 294 social state 101, 130, 132–135, 146, 229, 268, 730 – constitutional 30, 40, 42, 51, 286, 290, 358–359, Solange judgement 790 370, 533 source of cognition 43, 67 – of autonomy 291, 711–713, 717–718 source of validity 43, 67–68 – federal 190, 265, 286, 302, 356, 606–607 sources 42–52, 54–56, 59, 61, 66–69, 72–73, 147, – legal 226 157, 221, 281, 293, 307, 312, 318, 615, 682–683, – ordinary (regular) 27, 39, 285, 290, 292, 294, 819 533, 719–720 – of constitutional law 43, 51–52, 69 – organic 40, 285, 291, 305, 645 – of law 42–43, 291, 790, 826 – parliamentary 53, 294, 308, 336, 630 souveraineté nationale 49, 164, 296 – single case 295 sovereign 3, 23, 26, 65, 92, 110, 151, 156, 235, 460 – temporary 295 sovereign people 41, 74, 93, 615 Statuto Albertino 81 sovereignty 3, 26–27, 73, 77, 93, 156, 222, 273, statutory authorisation 305, 309, 311, 318, 597, 611, 702, 719, 739, 768–769, 773–774, 776, 337–338 794–795, 809–811, 817 statutory decrees 370 – budgetary 336 statutory delegation 311, 322–323, 326 – of Parliament 35, 65, 200–201, 222, 270, 630 statutory instruments 326 – of the cantons 107 Statutory Instruments Act 1946 308

220 Index statutory judge 615 UN Charter 772, 810, 811 statutory law 235–236, 686, 816, 828 unconstitutional parties 96, 109 et seq. statutory regulations 318, 327, 330–331, 343, 820 unconstitutionality 109 statutory reservation 282, 287, 296, 299–307, 312, Union Act 156, 702 604, 607, 609 unitary chambers 181 Stein, Lorenz von 131, 553 unitary model 683, 690 et seq. Storting 297, 342, 377, 385, 444, 691 unitary state 698 et seq., 740 structural identity 774 – decentralised 598, 690, 694 et seq. subjective rights 48, 622 – deconcentrated 593 et seq. subsidiarity 64, 277, 519, 597, 604, 682, 687, 721, United Kingdom 702 et seq. 774 unity 710, 720 substantial justice 230 – of jurisdiction 624 substantial sense 40–41, 231 – of the judiciary 534 et seq. Superior Council of the Judiciary 625 – of the nation 534 et seq. superior norm 48 – of the people 720 supranational law 47, 54 – of the Republic 155, 534 supremacy 33, 36, 246, 284, 296 – of the state 209, 710 Supreme Administrative Tribunal 68, 620 unwritten sources 45, 47, 57 et seq. Supreme Council of the Judiciary 623 US Supreme Court 36, 632 Supreme Court 17, 45, 68, 214, 234, 392, 628–629, 784 V – Ireland 143, 376 values 71, 73, 139, 146, 169, 275, 313, 231 – UK 270, 613, 626 Verbundföderalismus 745 – USA 25, 630 Verbundsystem 736 sustainable development 147, 152 Verfassung 15 Swiss Confederation 152 Verfassungsgerichtshof 243, 621, 633 syntagma 23 Verfassungslehre 4 Verordnung 111, 309 T vertical division of powers 592 Taoiseach 414, 574 vertical financial compensation 716, 736, 755 territoires d’outre-mer 693 vertical separation of powers 592 territorial communities 312, 315, 350, 354, 364, Verwaltungsgerichtshof 621 369, 445, 693 Volksbefragung 194 territorial reform 195 Volksentscheide 196 territorial unity 106 volonté générale 159, 170, 171, 253 TEU 33, 70, 145, 665 Vorrang des Gesetzes 236 see also Treaty on the European Union vote theocratic legitimation 73, 172, 279 – majority 182 et seq., 454 theory of the state 7 – proportionality 182 Third Reich 217 vote à deux tours 184 Tiers État 73, 204 vote of confidence 386, 310, 394, 402 et seq., 420, times of emergency 112 588 Tories 203 vote of no confidence 280, 388, 393, 397, 398, 401 torture 114 et seq., 401 et seq., 417 et seq., 518 total revision of the constitution 89, 193, 749, 814 voting 71, 86, 180, 182, 196, 236, 290, 327, 331, transfer of sovereign rights 128, 768, 773, 811 358, 361, 377, 403, 486, 706, 769, 777 Treaty of Amsterdam 259 W Treaty of Maastricht 259 Treaty on the European Union 34, 71 et seq., 94, Wahlkapitulationen 24, 117 146, 201, 245 et seq. Wales Act 308, 707 treaty violation 671, 672 Walpole, Robert 574 – Tribunal Constitucional 229, 305, 618, 633, 794 196, 217 218, 309, 396, 569, 607 see also Constitutional Court welfare state 131, 135 Tribunal Supremo 626 Wesentlichkeitstheorie 299 Whigs 204 U Wiener Schlußakte (Final Act of Vienna 1820) 173 ultra vires 308 written sources 45, 48 et seq., 71 et seq.

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