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Suden Uskonnollinen Asema Antiikin Roomassa JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES in HUMANITIES 341

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Suden Uskonnollinen Asema Antiikin Roomassa JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES in HUMANITIES 341 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 341 Mika Rissanen Suden uskonnollinen asema antiikin Roomassa JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 341 Mika Rissanen Suden uskonnollinen asema antiikin Roomassa Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston päärakennuksen salissa C2 kesäkuun 5. päivänä 2018 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in the Main Building, auditorium C2, on June 5, 2018 at 12 o’clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2018 Suden uskonnollinen asema antiikin Roomassa JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 341 Mika Rissanen Suden uskonnollinen asema antiikin Roomassa UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2018 Editors Raija Vainio Department of Language and Communication Studies, University of Jyväskylä Päivi Vuorio, Sini Tuikka Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Sabine Ylönen, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Epp Lauk, Department of Language and Communication Studies, University of Jyväskylä Permanent link to this publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7427-5 URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7427-5 ISBN 978-951-39-7427-5 (PDF) ISSN 1459-4331 ISBN 978-951-39-7426-8 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4323 Copyright © 2018, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2018 ABSTRACT Rissanen, Mika The Religious Significance of the Wolf in Ancient Rome. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2018, 82 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4323; 341 (print), ISSN 1459-4331; 341 (pdf)) ISBN 978-951-39-7426-8 (print) ISBN 978-951-39-7427-5 (pdf) Diss. This study aims to analyze the religious significance of the wolf in Ancient Rome and throw light on the basis of the special relationship between the Ro- mans and the wolf. The most important research questions of the thesis are whether any common elements can be found in the various wolf cults of Central Italy, what the significance of the wolf was as a portent, and whether the Romans avoided violence against the wolf. The study is based on the method of classical philology, studying linguis- tic documents critically in their historical and cultural context. I show in the thesis that in Ancient Italy the special religious significance of the wolf was not limited only to the Romans. I propose the hypothesis that the religious reverence shown to the wolf by the Romans, the Faliscans and the Etruscans could be based on the worshipping of the wolf in the Tiber valley in the prehistoric era. The special position enjoyed by the wolf can also be seen in daily life and practices in the Roman cultural sphere. Wolves that were seen in urban areas were interpreted as portents. The wolf was the only quadruped that was con- sidered by the Romans to be a significant portent. Wolves do not seem to have been actively hunted or displayed in the vena- tiones of Roman amphitheaters. Whenever possible, the Romans avoided vio- lence against wolves in other contexts, too. This must be due to the religious importance of the wolf to the Romans. Keywords: animal ethics; animals -- antiquity; Lupa Romana; Roman history; Roman religion; wolf Author’s address Mika Rissanen Department of Language and Communication Studies [email protected] Supervisors Dr. Raija Vainio Department of Language and Communication Studies University of Jyväskylä Dr. Anne Helttula Department of Language and Communication Studies University of Jyväskylä Reviewers Maijastina Kahlos Faculty of Theology University of Helsinki Mika Kajava Department of Languages University of Helsinki Opponent Mika Kajava Department of Languages University of Helsinki TIIVISTELMÄ Rissanen, Mika Suden uskonnollinen asema antiikin Roomassa Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, 2018, 82 s. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4323; 341 (nid.), ISSN 1459-4331; 341 (pdf)) ISBN 978-951-39-7426-8 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-7427-5 (pdf) Diss. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia suden uskonnollista merkitystä antii- kin Roomassa sekä tuoda esille suden ja Rooman välisen erityissuhteen taustoja. Keskeisinä tutkimuskysymyksinäni on selvittää, missä määrin roomalais- ten ja lähikansojen susiin liittyvissä kulteissa oli yhteisiä rakennetekijöitä, mikä oli suden merkitys roomalaisille enne-eläimenä sekä välttelivätkö roomalaiset susiin kohdistuvaa väkivaltaa. Tutkimukseni perustuu klassillisen filologian metodiin eli kielellisten do- kumenttien kriittiseen tarkasteluun historiallisessa ja kulttuurisessa kontekstis- saan. Osoitan tutkimuksessani, ettei suden uskonnollinen erityisasema rajoittu- nut antiikin Italiassa pelkästään roomalaisiin. Esitän hypoteesin, että roomalais- ten, faliskien ja etruskien parista tunnettujen, suteen liittyvien uskonnollisten arvostusten taustalla voisi olla Tiberin laakson alueella esihistoriallisena aikana harjoitettu suden palvonta. Myös roomalaisen kulttuuripiirin arkielämässä ja -käytännöissä voi nähdä merkkejä suden poikkeuksellisesta asemasta. Kaupunkialueilla nähdyt sudet tulkittiin antiikin Roomassa enteiksi. Susi oli ainoa nisäkäs, joka oli roomalaisil- le merkityksellinen enne-eläin. Roomalaiset eivät näytä käyttäneen susia amfiteattereiden metsästysnäy- töksissä eivätkä aktiivisesti metsästäneen niitä. He pyrkivät välttämään väkival- taa susia kohtaan muulloinkin, jos se vain oli mahdollista. Syynä väkivallan kartteluun on mielestäni pidettävä suden antiikin Roomassa nauttimaa uskon- nollista erityisasemaa. Asiasanat: eläimet -- antiikki; eläimet -- etiikka; Lupa Romana; mytologia -- Rooma; susi; uskontohistoria -- Rooma KIITOKSET Haluan kiittää erityisesti työni ohjaajia, lehtori Raija Vainiota (Jyväskylän yli- opisto) ja dosentti, lehtori emerita Anne Helttulaa (Jyväskylän yliopisto). He ovat antaneet arvokkaita kommentteja ja rohkaisseet minua tutkimuksessani. Eleanor Underwood (Jyväskylän yliopisto) on tehnyt englanninkielisiin artikke- leihini huolellisen kielentarkistuksen, mistä olen erittäin kiitollinen. Kiitän esi- tarkastajia, Maijastina Kahlosta ja Mika Kajavaa, osuvista huomioista, jotka ovat auttaneet väitöskäsikirjoituksen viimeistelyssä. Lämpimät kiitokseni saavat myös Luca Cerchiai (Università degli Studi di Salerno), Massimiliano Di Fazio (Università degli Studi di Pavia), Sami Koski (Tikkurilan lukio), Outi Merisalo (Jyväskylän yliopisto), Gherardo Ortalli (Uni- versità Ca' Foscari Venezia), Ville Rauvola (Atena Kustannus), Juha Tahvanai- nen (Itä-Suomen yliopisto), Ilaria Verga (Université de Neuchâtel), Krešimir Vukoviþ (British School at Rome) ja Simo Örmä (Suomen Rooman-instituutti). Tätä väitöskirjaa ei olisi voitu kirjoittaa ilman apurahoja, joita minulle ovat myöntäneet Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistinen tiedekunta, Suomalainen Tie- deakatemia (Eino Jutikkalan rahasto), Suomen Kulttuurirahasto ja Suomen Kulttuurirahaston Pohjois-Karjalan rahasto (Eliel ja Ina Engelbergin rahasto). Tutkimustyötäni ovat helpottaneet matka-apurahat, joita olen saanut Jy- väskylän yliopiston kielten laitokselta, Kymin Osakeyhtiön 100-vuotissäätiöltä ja Väinö Tannerin säätiöltä. Olen kiitollinen heidän tuestaan. Minulla on ollut tilaisuus nauttia hedelmällisestä yhteistyöstä Arctoksen, Atena Kustannuksen, Athenaeumin ja Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classican toimitusten ja henkilökunnan kanssa. Kiitos! Grazie! VÄITÖSKIRJAN RAKENNE Tässä artikkelimuotoisessa väitöskirjassani tarkastelen suden uskonnollista asemaa antiikin Roomassa. Väitöskirja koostuu aihetta esittelevästä ja keskeiset tutkimustulokset kokoavasta suomenkielisestä johdanto-osasta sekä kolmesta liitteenä olevasta englanninkielisestä tutkimusartikkelista, joissa syvennyn eri- tyiskysymyksiin. Artikkelit, jotka muodostavat väitöskirjan tieteellisen ytimen, on julkaistu kansainvälisissä, vertaisarvioiduissa, antiikintutkimukseen keskittyvissä aika- kauslehdissä vuosina 2012–2015. KUVAT KUVA 1 Roomalainen hopeinen didrakma vuodelta 269 eaa. ............. 15 KUVA 2 Bolsenan peili ................................................................................ 18 KUVA 3 Lupa Capitolina ............................................................................... 19 KUVA 4 Kartta Palatium-kukkulan länsikulmasta ................................. 23 KUVA 5 Etruskilainen Calu-jumalaa esittävä pienoispatsas ................ 38 KUVA 6 Roomalainen velites-luokan sotilas ........................................... 48 KUVA 7 Italialainen historian elävöittäjä (signifer) ................................. 49 KUVA 8 Synnadalainen pronssikolikko 200-luvulta jaa. ...................... 51 SISÄLLYS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ KIITOKSET VÄITÖSKIRJAN RAKENNE KUVAT SISÄLLYS 1 SUSI ANTIIKIN ROOMASSA .......................................................................... 11 1.1 Sudet luonnossa ja kirjallisuudessa ....................................................... 11 1.2 Rooman ja suden erityissuhde ................................................................ 14 2 SUDEN USKONNOLLINEN ASEMA ............................................................ 21 2.1 Susiemon imettämä kansa ....................................................................... 21 2.2 Väitöstutkimuksen tausta ja tavoitteet .................................................
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