© in This Web Service Cambridge University

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02336-9 - Medieval Heresies: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Christine Caldwell Ames Index More information

INDEX

•

‘A’isha, 76 Acacius, 43 ‘Abbasids, 79, 82, 83, 88, 92, 100, 139, 140, Ad abolendam, 9, 154, 156, 213 167, 169, 204 Adamites, 49 ‘Abd al-Malik, 86, 87 Adémar of Chabannes, 131, 132, 134 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 165 adoptionism, 121, 128, 129, 130 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jili, 257 Adrian IV, 153 ‘Abd al-Rahman II, 98 Adrianople, 34, 284 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 98, 99, 100, 167 Afonso V, 281 ‘Abd as-Sallam, 249 Against Varimadus, 60 ‘Ali, 30, 75, 76, 77, 81, 86, 93, 94, 96, 305 Alan of Lille, 161 ‘Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashufin, 167 al-Andalus, 4, 80, 83, 97, 98, 99, 100, 126, ‘Anan ben David, 105, 108, 179, 216, 218 128, 140, 328 ‘Ananites, 135 al-Baghdadi, 95, 96, 102, 149, 170, ‘ilm, 20, 82 172, 326 ‘ilm al-huruf, 301 al-Baqaqi, 256 ‘Umar, 77 Albi, 159, 160, 161, 209, 214, 241 ‘Uthman, 73, 76, 77, 84 Albigensian Crusade, 139, 203, 208, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 233, 236, 238, 245, Aachen, 129 264, 298, 300 Abba Mari, 243 Alcuin of York, 129 Abraham Abulafia, 251, 301 Aleppo, 140, 171 Abraham Bibago, 280, 281 Alexander III, 155, 160 Abraham ibn Daud, 176, 178, 179, 180, 186, Alexander IV, 214 196, 216, 232 Alexandria, 12, 13, 34, 36, 42, 43, 65, 171 Abu Bakr, 74 Alexios III Angelos, 207 Abu Hanifa, 108 Alexios V, 193 Abu Hassan al-Ziyadi, 90 Alexios Comnenos, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, Abu ‘Isa, 110 198, 199, 208 Abu Khayr, 100 Alfonso VI, 176, 186, 232 Abu Yazid, 93, 167 Alfonso VII, 180 Abu’l-Taras, 176 Alfonso VIII, 181 Acacian schism, 43, 58, 143 Alfonso X, 205

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02336-9 - Medieval Heresies: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Christine Caldwell Ames Index More information

340 Index

al-Ghazali, 167, 170, 197, 249 Andres Bernaldez, 273, 276 al-Hadi, 88 Andronikos III Palaiologos, 310 al-Hakam II, 100 Andronikos Kamateros, 191, 192 al-Hakim, 83 Angel of Thyatira, 223 al-Hallaj, 91, 92, 153, 164, 168, 170, 171, Angold, Michael, 191 251, 289 Anna Comnena, 187, 188, 189, 198 al-Harith, 86 Anna of Savoy, 310 al-Isfarayni, 172 Anne of Bohemia, 296 al-Ja’d ibn Dirham, 87 Anselm of Alessandria, 220 al-Jawzi, 174 Anselm of Liège, 146 al-Judhami, 207 antichrist, 124, 221, 226, 245, 261 al-Khwarizmi, 94, 95 anti-clericalism, 123, 131, 147, 153, 157, al-Ma’mun, 79, 88, 89, 90, 99, 118, 135, 168, 287, 290, 317 173, 327 antinomianism, 91, 93, 164, 170, 174, 190, al-Mahdi, 88, 327 222, 245, 251, 253, 254, 304 al-Mansur, 88 Antioch, 12, 35, 121, 122 Almohads, 138, 141, 165, 167, 180, 181, 206, Antwerp, 149 208 Apikoros, 7 Almoravids, 137, 138, 140, 164, 165, 166, apocalypticism, 131, 138, 164, 166, 167, 222, 167, 181 223, 225, 300, 303, 317 al-Mu‘tasim, 90 Apollinarianism, 33, 34, 35, 198 al-Muqaddasi, 99 Apollinarius, 33, 34 al-Muqtadir, 92 apostasy, 3, 6, 7, 17, 18, 99, 185, 186, 197, al-Mutawakkil, 90 241, 242, 256, 279, 281 al-Nasir, 174 Apostles, 215, 222, 223, 224, 226 al-Nasir Muhammad, 256, 258, 259, 260 Apostolic Brethren, see Apostles Alonso of Cartagena, 274 apostolic life, 132, 135, 138, 147, 153, 227 Alonso of Espina, 274, 275 apostolic succession, 12, 43, 48, 51, 156, Alonso of Oropesa, 274, 275 293 Alphonse Jourdain, 151 Aqiba ben Joseph, 71 Alphonse of Poitiers, 210 Aquitaine, 132 al-Qa’im, 168 Arabian Peninsula, 29, 31, 66, 67 al-Qadir, 92, 168 Aragon, 140, 205, 206, 209, 213, 217, 220, al-Qirqisani, 94, 108, 109, 110, 239 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 245, 270, 271, al-Rawandi, 97, 172, 186 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 280 al-Shahrastani, 21, 172, 173, 264 Arcadius, 51 al-Suhrawardi, 171 Ardabil, 305 al-Talamanki, 167 Aréfast, 132 al-Tulaytuli, 166 Arianism, 12, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, al-Walid I, 112 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, al-Warraq, 97 62, 63, 64, 101, 113, 161, 194, 198, 300, al-Wathiq, 90 327 al-Yaziri, 167 Arians, 44, 48, 52, 154 Amalasuntha, 63 Aribert of Milan, 133 Amalric of Bène, 245, 246 Aripert I, 64 Amalricians, 245, 246, 250 Aristotle, 196, 198, 200, 242, 243, 247, 249, Amaury of Montfort, 210 250, 280, 312, 313 amoraim, 69, 178 Arius, 13, 54, 200 Amsterdam, 323 Armenia, 66, 121, 122, 140, 188 Anacletus II, 147, 151 Armenian Christians, 66, 143, 191, 192 Ananias and Saphira, 125, 218 Arnaud Amaury, 209 Andrea Saramita, 227 Arnold of Brescia, 153, 200, 289

Index 341

Arras, 133, 200 Battle of the Camel, 76 Arundel’s Constitutions, 293 Battle of Usti, 300 Ascalon, 177 Baybars, 204 Ash‘arites, 85, 95, 168 Bayezid I, 269 ashes, 92, 153, 171, 194, 230, 289, 298 Beatus of Liebana, 128 Assassins, 171 bees, 131, 137 Assyrian Church, 66 beghards, 253 Astarabad, 301 beguines, 225, 251, 253, 265 atabeg, 140 Beguins, 225, 226, 228, 251, 261 Athalaric, 63 beheading, 46, 87, 92, 98, 99, 167, 215, 216, Athanasian Creed, 48, 199 256, 302 Athanasius of Alexandria, 34 Bela IV, 211 Athinganoi, 125, 126 Belgium, 246 Augustine of Hippo, 40, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, Believers, 67, 74, 86 125, 127, 130, 149, 160, 218, 247, 264, Belisarius, 63 292, 326 Ben Meir, 105 Augustinians, 153, 221 Benedict XIII, 272 auto-da-fé, 277 Benedictines, 130, 138, 147, 150, 160, 224 Avignon, 207, 254, 267, 268, 272, 287, 309, Benjamin al-Nahawandi, 108 312 Benjamin of Tudela, 145, 175 Avitus of Vienne, 56 Berbers, 82 Ayn al-Qudat Hamadani, 170 Bergamo, 221 Ayyubids, 140, 164, 171, 204, 255 Berkey, Jonathan, 3, 22 Bernard Délicieux, 214 Babylonia, 18, 32, 68, 70, 103, 108 Bernard Gaucelin, 156 Baghdad, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 103, 139, Bernard Gui, 220, 221, 223, 228, 231, 237, 140, 145, 146, 168, 174, 197, 204, 249, 239, 240, 242, 308 255, 269 Bernard of Clairvaux, 150, 152, 153, 159, Bahira, 152 160, 161, 199, 200, 201 Bahram I, 14, 120 Bernard of Fontcaude, 156 baptism, 3, 51, 65, 123, 132, 133, 148, 149, Bernard Ydros, 155 151, 158, 159, 190, 231, 237, 241, 271, Bessarion, 316 272, 273, 317 Bethlehem Chapel, 296 Bar Kochba, 18 Béziers, 208, 209, 225 Barcelona, 234, 235, 237, 242, 243, 244 bid‘a, 8, 256 Barlaam of Calabria, 309, 310, 311 Blanche of Castile, 210, 238 Baruch, 241 blasphemy, 6, 17, 18, 129, 206, 218, 237, Baruch Spinoza, 323 239, 240, 272 Basil I the Macedonian, 122 blinding, 115, 256 Basil II, the “Bulgar Slayer,” 124 blood libel, 49 Basil “the Bogomil,” 188, 189, 190, 217, 294 Boethius, 58, 200, 242 Basra, 88, 91 Bogomils, 120, 123, 124, 158, 160, 188, 189, Batiniyya, 97 191, 194, 229, 232, 310, 311 Battle of Adrianople, 45 Bohemia, 220, 268, 296, 298, 300 Battle of Altanesch, 211 Boniface VIII, 227 Battle of Ankara, 269 book-burning, 44, 59, 125, 130, 165, 167, Battle of Ayn Jalut, 204, 256 174, 190, 199, 235, 236, 237, 239, 244, Battle of Chaldiran, 307 249, 289, 295, 297, 315 Battle of Lipany, 299 Bordeaux, 46 Battle of Manzikert, 140 Boris I, 123 Battle of Muret, 209 Brahmins, 94 Battle of Siffin, 75, 76, 93, 173 Buddha, 95

342 Index

Buddhists, 94, 259 Constantine, 4, 13, 14, 24, 31, 32, 43, Bulgaria, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 188, 44, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56, 68, 291, 316, 319, 211, 269 321, 327 Bulgars, 115 Constantine V, 115, 125 Burgos, 274, 276 Constantine VI, 115 Burgundy, 56, 131, 150, 152 Constantine IX Monomachos, 142, 187 Buyids, 84, 92, 140, 164 Constantine XI Palaiologos, 314, 316 Constantine Chrysomallos, 190 Caecilian, 51 Constantine Stilbes, 194, 195 Cahors, 241 Constantinople, 12, 31, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, Cairo, 111, 176, 181, 205, 256, 258, 259, 260, 43, 54, 62, 111, 112, 114, 116, 123, 126, 286, 303, 304 146, 163, 175, 189, 191, 193, 194, 196, Callistus II, 199 198, 199, 206, 209, 228, 229, 267, 269, Carcassonne, 208, 209, 214 284, 302, 309, 310, 312, 314, 316 Carolingians, 81, 82, 118, 127, 128, 130 Constantius II, 33, 34, 54 Carthage, 13, 40, 48, 49, 51, 60, 61 Consul of the Philosophers, 198, 199 Cassiodorus, 63 contagion, 45 Cataphrygians, 49 contrition, 212 Cathari, 49 conversion, 3, 17, 144, 205, 206, 237, 239, “Catharism,” 158, 162 240, 241, 256, 258, 266, 268, 271, 272, cats, 162 285, 327 Celestine I, 36 conversos, 264, 266, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, Charlemagne, 118, 119, 127, 129 277, 278, 280, 281, 286 Charles I, 207 convivencia, 100, 102, 166, 271 Charles IV, 296, 298 Coptic Christianity, 66 Charles the Bald, 130 Coptic Christians, 87, 172, 192, 256 Charles University, 296 Corbie, 130 Charter of Niquinta, 158 Córdoba, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 140, 166, Chartres, 200 167, 178, 181, 196, 197, 205, 276 Chatzitzares, 194 corporal punishment, 18, 84, 92, 99, 104, Chiaravalle, 227 130, 176, 184, 214, 242, 258, 318 Chinggis Khan, 204, 259 corruption, 10, 105, 207, 214, 267, 288, 296 Christology, 11, 12, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, Cosmas the Priest, 120, 123, 124 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 53, 61, 62, 66, 81, 101, Council of Basel, 312 112, 113, 115, 128, 187, 191, 198 Council of Carthage (404), 52 Christotokos, 33, 36 Council of Carthage (411), 52 Circumcellions, 51, 52 Council of Carthage (417), 50 Cistercians, 150, 156, 159, 161, 163, 222, 227 Council of Chalcedon, 33, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, Clement IV, 230, 240 61, 62, 66, 101, 193 Clement V, 223, 253 Council of Constance, 265, 268, 289, 295, Clement VII, 268 297, 298 Clement of Rome, 10 Council of Constantinople, 30, 32, 33, 35, Clovis, 54, 62, 307 38, 40, 42 Cluny, 131, 134, 152, 257 Council of Ephesus, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, Cologne, 159, 160, 247, 251, 254 45, 62 conciliarism, 268, 312 Council of Ferrara-Florence, 313, 314, confession, 133, 214, 290, 292, 317 315, 316 confiscation of property, 13, 44, 52, 59, 61, Council of Hiereia, 115, 118 103, 115, 122, 125, 160, 171, 188, 304 Council of Nicaea, 13, 14, 32, 33, 37, 38, 42, Cono of Praeneste, 199 54, 64 consolamentum, 158 Council of Pisa, 150 Constans II, 66 Council of Rheims, 200

Index 343

Council of Saragossa, 45, 46 Duran of Huesca, 157 Council of Sens, 199, 200 dyophysitism, 32, 37, 61 Council of Soissons, 199 Council of Toulouse, 151, 236 Eckbert of Schönau, 160 Council of Tours, 160, 161 Edessa, 66, 140, 141, 171 Council of Verona, 154 Edward III, 288 Council of Vienne, 245, 253, 265 Egypt, 4, 13, 32, 36, 43, 53, 65, 66, 74, 83, cross-wearing, 214 105, 111, 139, 140, 145, 172, 176, 177, crucifixion, 86, 87, 99, 166, 167, 216, 181, 185, 193, 195, 204, 235, 250, 286 217, 256 Elena of Wallachia, 320 crusades, 142, 163, 165, 211, 269, 298 Elijah Basyatchi, 284, 285, 286 Cum de quibusdam mulieribus, 253 Elipandus of Toledo, 128 Cyprian of Carthage, 40 Elisha ben Abuya, 186, 283 Cyril of Alexandria, 36, 38 endura, 158 Cyrola, 60 England, 144, 160, 238, 268, 287, 290, 296 Cyrus of Alexandria, 65 Enrique IV, 274, 275 Ephesus, 36, 37, 41, 313 Damascus, 76, 82, 86, 112, 146, 171, 257, Epiphanius, 113 258, 259, 260 Epiros, 229 Damasus I, 34, 39, 46 Erfurt, 251 Daniel al-Kumisi, 108, 109 eschatology, 137, 165, 302 David ben Zakkai, 105 Essenes, 9, 57 David Kimhi, 235, 237 Ethiopian Christians, 66, 192 David of Augsburg, 221 Étienne Tempier, 247, 248 David of Dinant, 246 Eudoxius of Antioch, 54 death penalty, see execution Eugenius III, 150, 153, 200 devils, 11 Eugenius IV, 312, 315, 316 dhimmis, 82, 165 Eugenius of Carthage, 60 diaspora, 18, 19, 20, 29, 69, 81, 104, 106, 108, Eusebius of Nicomedia, 54 186, 219, 245, 278, 279, 285 Eustratios Garidas, 191, 198 Didache, 10 Euthymios Zigabenos, 189, 190, 294 Diego of Osma, 163 Eutyches, 37, 41, 42, 200 din wa dawla, 4 Everwin of Steinfeld, 159, 160 Diocletian, 13, 31, 47, 51, 53 Excommunicamus, 213, 217 dismemberment, 92, 223 execution, 13, 14, 44, 46, 61, 65, 69, 70, 71, Disputation of Tortosa, 272 79, 86, 87, 88, 92, 99, 100, 122, 125, 126, divorce oaths, 259, 260 133, 135, 136, 146, 147, 153, 160, 165, docetism, 113, 119, 148 167, 170, 171, 180, 185, 186, 189, 192, Dolcinites, see Apostles 197, 207, 212, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, Dolcino, 222, 223, 227 223, 226, 231, 245, 250, 253, 256, 259, Dome of the Rock, 86, 113 277, 291, 295, 297, 302, 307, 314, 315, Dominic Guzman, 163 317, 318, 320, 327 Dominicans, 163, 213, 220, 224, 229, 235, exhumation, 245, 289 247, 251, 255, 276, 312 Exigit sincerae, 276, 277 Donatists, 13, 39, 47, 51, 52, 77, 125, 146, exilarchs, 4, 18, 32, 69, 103, 104, 105, 146, 226 185, 278 Donner, Fred, 74 exile, 18, 29, 32, 34, 41, 44, 46, 52, 59, 60, 87, dualism, 7, 13, 35, 49, 67, 81, 88, 119, 120, 92, 99, 116, 124, 125, 126, 144, 168, 171, 121, 123, 124, 126, 134, 148, 154, 158, 188, 217, 230, 304, 313 159, 161, 170, 188, 191, 211, 220, 221, 229, 311, 314 falasifa, 173 Duby, Georges, 300 falsafa, 197, 249

344 Index

Farid ud-Din Attar, 170, 171 Gennadios Scholarios, 219, 279, 312, 313, Fatimids, 83, 92, 93, 98, 100, 104, 111, 139, 314 140, 145, 163, 167, 176, 177, 181, 186 geonim, 103, 104, 178 fatwa, 168, 249, 258 Georgius, 220 Faustus, 49, 50, 264 Gerard of Borgo San Donnino, 222 Fayyum, 105 Gerard of Cambrai-Arras, 133 Fazlallah Astarabadi, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306 Gerard Segarelli, 222, 223, 224 Fedor Kuritsyn, 320 Gerhard II of Bremen, 211 Felix III, 42 Germanos I, 114, 115 Felix of Urgell, 128, 129 Germanos II, 229 Ferdinand II, 276, 277, 278, 319 Germany, 144, 158, 160, 211, 213, 221, 233, Fernando III, 205 250, 253, 270, 296, 319 Filastrius of Brescia, 48 Gershom of Mainz, 145 filioque, 119, 143, 194, 230, 309, 312 Ghaylan al-Dimashqi, 87 fiqh, 20, 84 Ghazan, 205, 256, 258, 259 firkah, 8 ghazi, 305 First Crusade, 141, 151, 187, 194 ghuluww, 8, 93, 94, 300 fitna, 75, 76, 77 Gilbert of Poitiers, 200, 246 Flavian of Constantinople, 41 Giovanni da Vercelli, 230 Fontfroide, 161 gnosticism, 121 Four Articles of Prague, 299 gnostics, 11, 45, 72, 102, 113, 119 Fourth Council of Toledo, 58 Godescalc of Arras, 200 Fourth Crusade, 193, 194, 195, 209, 211 Godfrey of Fontaines, 248, 252 Fourth Lateran Council, 210, 213, 214, 228, Good Men and Women, 157, 158, 159, 160, 245, 272 162, 210, 213, 220, 265, 266, 290, 298 France, 4, 25, 55, 131, 133, 139, 144, 151, Goslar, 146 154, 158, 161, 196, 207, 210, 213, 217, Goths, 54, 55 220, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 241, 243, Gottschalk of Orbais, 130 244, 245, 251, 266 Granada, 100, 104, 177, 205, 206, 270 Francis of Assisi, 137, 139, 155, 157, 222, Gratian, 44, 46 224, 225, 226 Great Mosque of Córdoba, 99 Franciscans, 137, 138, 155, 163, 213, Great Schism, 267, 268, 288, 297, 312 215, 222, 224, 226, 229, 235, 241, Gregorian Reform, 131, 142, 144 274, 275 Gregory III, 114 Frankfurt, 129 Gregory VII, 142 Franks, 54, 55, 62, 118, 119, 127, 128 Gregory IX, 211, 213, 217, 225, 229, 236, Fraticelli, 225 238, 239 Frederick I, 155, 156 Gregory X, 222, 230 Frederick III, 223 Gregory XI, 267, 288 Free Spirit, 253 Gregory Akindynos, 310, 311 free will, 50, 87, 89, 101 Gregory of Nazianzus, 34, 38 Fulk V of Anjou, 149 Gregory of Tours, 56, 59, 60, 62 Gregory Palamas, 309, 310, 311 Gabriel, 67 Grundmann, Herbert, 137, 138 Galla Placidia, 44 Guglielma of Milan, 227 gaon, 111, 135 Guglielmites, 227, 245, 265 Gascony, 160, 161 Guiard of Cressonessart, 252, 253 Gaucelin of Lodève, 161 Guibert of Nogent, 148, 152, 194, 195 Geilamir, 60 Guichard of Pontigny, 156 Geiseric, 61, 65 Guillaume of Paris, 253 gemara, 69, 70, 178 Gundobad, 56 Gennadii of Novgorod, 317, 318 Guy of Colmieu, 252

Index 345

hadith, 20, 21, 22, 73, 84, 86, 89, 93, 95, 102, Hoter ben Shlomo, 283 113, 141, 166, 172, 249, 257, 325 Huesca, 281 Hadrian I, 129 Hülegü, 204 Hagia Sophia, 116, 195, 198 Humbert of Romans, 230 hairesis, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17 Humbert of Silva Candida, 142, 143 hajj, 91 Humiliati, 157, 227 Hanafis, 84, 170 Huneric, 59, 60 Hanbalis, 84, 164, 168, 169, 216, 249, Hungary, 211 250, 257 Hurufiyya, 302, 303, 304 hanif, 67 Hussite Wars, 298, 299, 300 Harun al-Rashid, 88 Hussites, 264, 268, 298, 299, 313 Hasdai Crescas, 280, 281 hypostaseis, 32 Hautevillers, 130 Haydar, 305, 307 Ibas of Edessa, 62 Hebrew Bible, 16, 26, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, Iberia, 41, 45, 50, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 104, 105, 107, 110, 218, 219, 326 80, 81, 82, 83, 97, 98, 101, 103, 104, 129, Heinrich II von Virneburg, 254 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 163, 164, 165, Heloise, 199 166, 167, 176, 180, 181, 205, 207, 216, Henoticon, 43, 61, 62 233, 234, 238, 243, 251, 270, 271, 280, Henri de Marci, 156, 161 285, 327 Henrich Suso, 255 Ibn ‘Aqil, 168, 169 Henry II of England, 161 Ibn ‘Arabi, 257, 259 Henry III, 146 Ibn al-‘Arif, 167 Henry IV, 291, 293 Ibn al-Athir, 170 Henry V, 291 Ibn al-Faras, 167 Henry of Lausanne, 149, 150, 151, 161 Ibn al-Muqaffa, 88 Heraclius, 65 Ibn al-Qanbar, 172 Herat, 304 Ibn al-Salah, 249 herem, 19, 104, 105, 111, 176, 179, 185, 216, Ibn Barrayan, 167 234, 235, 236, 243, 244, 245, 323, 324 Ibn Battuta, 260 heresiarcha, 6 Ibn Hanbal, 89, 90 heresiography, 48, 81, 85, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, Ibn Hazm, 100, 101, 102, 103, 176, 177 102, 113, 123, 139, 170, 172, 174, 189, Ibn Masarra, 99, 100, 102, 326 193, 194, 325 Ibn Qasi, 137, 138, 139, 141, 148, 166, 167, heresis, 6 169, 221 hereticus, 6 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 166, 196, 197, 243, Heribert of Périgord, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137 247 Hermenegild, 59 Ibn Rushd al-Jadd, 166 Herods, 17 Ibn Saba, 77, 94, 96, 173 hesychasm, 124, 308, 310, 311, 320 Ibn Shaddad, 141, 171 hijra, 2, 67, 74 Ibn Shanabud, 84 Hildebert of Lavardin, 149, 150 Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 196, 249 Hilderic, 60 Ibn Taymiyah, 197, 203, 249, 250, 255, 256, Hillel of Verona, 236, 239 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 304, 323 Hisham, 87 Ibn Tumart, 141, 165 Holy Sepulchre, 83 Ibn Turka, 303, 304 homoiousios, 32 Ice de Gebir, 320 homoousios, 32 iconoclasm, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, Honorius, 51, 52 121, 125, 129, 143, 311, 317 Honorius I, Pope, 66 iconoclastic controversy, 113, 118, Honorius III, 210 327 Honorius IV, 222 iconodules, 114

346 Index

iconophiles, 114, 115, 118 Isaac ben Solomon, 234 idolatry, 17, 18, 46, 70, 114, 185, 218, istitaba, 216 260, 290 Italy, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 133, 152, 153, Ignatius of Antioch, 10 157, 158, 160, 213, 220, 225, 239, 270, ijma‘, 21, 178 281, 316 ijtihad, 21, 85, 178 Ivan III, 267, 315, 316, 318, 319 ikhtilaf, 16 Ivan IV, 316 ilhad, 8 Ivan Asen II, 211 Ilkhanate, 204, 268 images, 81, 114, 115, 117, 118, 145, 194, 245, Ja‘far al-Sadiq, 83 290, 292 Jackson, Sherman, 22 imam, 77, 83, 167, 302, 306 Jacob Bar ‘Addai, 66 imamate, 83, 101 Jacobites (Syrian Orthodox), 66, 94, 101, imprisonment, 58, 84, 87, 90, 97, 99, 108, 152, 192, 194 118, 125, 128, 130, 148, 150, 165, 168, Jacques Fournier, 220, 241, 254 170, 188, 189, 192, 198, 209, 214, 222, Jaime I, 205, 206, 237 230, 240, 245, 253, 257, 291, 303, 310, Jakoubek of Stribro, 298 311, 315 James, 18 India, 95, 269, 303 Jan Hus, 265, 295, 296, 297, 298 infection, 13, 53, 243, 289 Jan Milic, 296 Innocent II, 147, 153, 200 Jan Zizka, 299 Innocent III, 138, 157, 162, 163, 193, 194, Jean aux Belles Mains, 156 195, 208, 209, 211, 213, 221, 228, 272 Jean of Soissons, 148 Innocent IV, 214, 239 Jeanne of Toulouse, 210 innovation, 8, 21, 92, 150, 165, 168, 170, Jehiel of Paris, 238 174, 197, 200, 249, 250, 256, 257, 259, Jerome, 72, 73 260, 261, 301, 302, 313, 326, 328 Jerome of Prague, 296, 298 inquisition, 53, 70, 79, 88, 217, 220, 253 Jeronymites, 274, 275 inquisitions, 24, 203, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, Jerusalem, 9, 12, 17, 18, 50, 65, 70, 83, 86, 223, 231, 236, 237, 240, 274, 328 109, 111, 112, 141, 145, 175, 176, 179, Instantius, 45, 46 186, 187, 209 Interrogation of John, 159 Jesus Prayer, 308, 309 Iouvanalios, 314 Jewish War, 18 Iraq, 76, 79, 82, 87, 88, 91, 109, 110, 140, Jezebel, 223 204, 269, 305, 307 jihad, 141, 142, 165, 256, 258 Irenaeus of Lyons, 11, 12, 53 jizya, 82 Irene, 115, 119, 121 Joachim of Fiore, 213, 221, 222, 223, Isaac Abravanel, 278, 281, 282 227, 246 Isaac II Angelos, 193 Joan of Arc, 266 Isabella, 276, 278, 319 Joanna Clyfland, 289 Isaites, 94 João II, 281 Isawites, 109 John I, 58, 61 Isfahan, 303, 304 John I Tzimisces, 122, 188, 208 Ishaq ibn Ibrahim, 79, 88, 89 John III Doukas Vatatzes, 229 Isidore of Kiev, 315 John V Palaiologos, 310 Isidore of Seville, 6, 8, 9, 12, 50, 57, 58, 59, John VI, 310 73, 159, 321 John VII Grammatikos, 118, 135 Iskandar, 304 John VIII Palaiologos, 312, 316 Isma‘il I, Shah, 266, 305, 307 John XI Bekkos, 230 Isma‘il ibn Ja’far, 83 John XIV Kalekas, 310 Isma‘ilis, 83, 97, 169, 171, 197, 259 John XXI, 248 isnad, 21, 84 John XXII, 225, 226, 231, 241, 254, 261

Index 347

John Italos, 187, 198, 199, 260 khanqahs, 170, 171, 255 John of Damascus, 112, 113, 115, 118, Kharijites, 76, 77, 81, 82, 93, 101, 152, 271 167, 173 John of Gaunt, 288 Khazars, 177 John of Litomysl, 297 Kiev, 315, 318 John of Monzon, 267 Knysh, Alexander, 22 John of Ronco, 157 kofer, 7 John of St. Giles, 25 kofer ba-iqqar, 7 John Oldcastle, 291, 292 kofer ba-Torah, see kofer ba-iqqar John Skylitzes, 122 Kosmas II Attikos, 191 John Tauler, 255 Kufa, 76, 77, 96 John the Baptist, 55, 123, 158 kufr, 8, 256 John Wyclif, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, Kutna Hora, 299 295, 296, 297, 298 Joseph I, 230 Lapin, Hayim, 19 Joseph II, 312, 315 Las Navas de Tolosa, 208 Joseph ben Shem Tov, 280 Latrocinium, 37, 41 Joseph ibn Ferruziel, 176, 180, 232 Leff, Gordon, 250 Joseph Volotsky, 317, 318, 320 Leo I, 40, 41, 42, 43 Josephus, 9, 17, 18, 57 Leo III, Emperor, 114, 115, 118, 125 Juan I, 273 Leo III, Pope, 118, 129 Juan II, 274 Leo V, 115, 122 Juan of San Martin, 276 Leo IX, 142 Juan of Segovia, 320 Leo Styppis, 190 Judah b. Ezra, 180 León-Castile, 177, 180, 205, 217, 234, 235, Judah Hadassi, 176, 284 270, 275, 276, 277 Judah Halevi, 177, 178 Leovigild, 57, 59 Judah ibn Tibbon, 183, 233 leprosy, 139, 241, 276, 289 Judah the Nasi, 19, 69 lettrism, 251, 301, 303, 304 Judea, 9, 17, 18, 279 Leutard, 131, 137 Justin, 58, 61 Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim, 244 Justin II, 66 lineage, 3, 264, 265, 272, 276, 279, Justin Martyr, 11 306 Justinian, 29, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 112, Lisiard of Soissons, 148 125, 217, 291 Lisois, 132 Justinian II, 112 literacy, 129, 131, 132, 134, 138, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 161, 190, 196, 223, 286, Ka‘bah, 67, 96 293, 295, 326 kabbalah, 251, 301, 317 Lollard Conclusions, 290, 291 kalam, 20, 85, 94 lollard knights, 291 Kallistos I, 311 lollards, 264, 287, 290, 291, 292, 294, Karaites, 7, 81, 94, 103, 106, 107, 295 108, 109, 110, 111, 146, 174, Lombards, 64 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, Lombers, 160 185, 186, 196, 216, 232, 236, Louis VII, 161 239, 270, 277, 284, 286, 325, Louis VIII, 210 328 Louis IX, 210, 238 Karbeas, 122 Louis of Bavaria, 226, 228 karet, 216 Louis the German, 130 Karramiyya, 169, 170 Lucius III, 9, 154, 156, 213 Khadija, 67 Lunel, 183, 243 Khanate of the Golden Horde, 315 Lyons, 129, 154, 156, 157

348 Index

Ma‘bad al-Juhani, 87 Mazyariya, 97 madhhab, 7 Mecca, 67, 74, 96, 259, 260, 261, 302 madness, 30, 45 Medina, 2, 67, 74, 96, 259 madrasas, 141, 164, 170, 171, 174, 197, 255 Mehmet II, 302, 314 Magdalino, Paul, 191 Meister Eckhart, 203, 250, 251, 254, 257 mahdi, 83, 138, 141, 302, 303, 304, 306 Meletios Homologetes, 230 Mahmud Pasikhani, 303 melioramentum, 158 Maifreda of Pirovano, 227 Melitene, 122 Maimonides, 106, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, Melkites, 94, 192 201, 206, 207, 216, 218, 219, 232, 233, Mertola, 137, 148, 166 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 242, 243, 244, Messalianism, 121, 188, 189, 309, 311 245, 261, 265, 271, 280, 281, 282, 283, Messalians, 35, 121, 188, 309, 311, 317 284, 317, 324, 326 Metangismonites, 57 Mainz, 130 Michael I, 121, 125, 126 Majorinus, 51 Michael I Keroularios, 143 Makarios of Pelekete, 120, 125 Michael II, 191, 192 mala fama, 212 Michael VIII Palaiologos, 207, 229, 230 Malik ibn Anas, 99 Michael of Cesena, 225, 226 Malikis, 84, 99, 100, 101, 166, 216, 256, 260 Michael Psellos, 198 Mamluks, 204, 205, 250, 255, 256, 257, 258, “Middle Ages,” 3, 4 259, 268, 286, 303 “Middle Period,” 3 Manfred of Parma, 223 Miguel de Morillo, 276 Mani, 13, 120, 158, 160, 230 mihna, 79, 88, 89, 90, 92, 99, 118, 135, 168, Manicheans, 7, 13, 35, 40, 41, 44, 47, 49, 53, 173, 327 57, 61, 65, 88, 92, 94, 95, 120, 121, 125, Milan, 46, 133, 223, 227 134, 146, 149, 154, 158, 159, 160, 188, millet system, 270 200, 208, 310, 326 min, 7 Manicheism, 45, 97, 121 minim, 71, 107, 184, 241, see also min Manuel I Comnenos, 191 minut, 7 Marcellinus, 52 Miranshah, 302 Marcian, 37, 38 Mishnah, 7, 19, 69, 70, 71, 104, 178, 182, 286 Marcion, 72 monarchianism, 128 Marcionites, 143, 317 Moneta of Cremona, 220 Margery Baxter, 289 Mongols, 204, 205, 231, 255, 257, 259, Marguerite, 223 269, 315 Marguerite Porete, 248, 252, 253, 254 monoenergism, 65, 66 Mark of Ephesus, 313 monophysitism, 32, 37, 41, 42, 43, 61, 62, Marrakech, 141, 167 65, 66, 101, 152, 191, 193, 194, 229 marriage, 67, 115, 123, 133, 134, 159, 160, monotheletism, 65, 66 189, 245 Montaillou, 221, 254 Marseilles, 225, 226 Montanists, 44, 49, 125 Marsiglio of Padua, 288 Montpellier, 203, 234, 236, 244 Martin V, 297, 299 Montségur, 210 Martin of Tours, 46, 47 Moore, R. I., 5, 24, 26, 134, 135, 139, 144 Masarris, 99, 100 moriscos, 266, 272 master of the heretics, 88, 327 Moscow, 266, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 Matteo Visconti, 227 Moses Capsali, 284 Matthew of Janov, 296 Mosul, 140, 171, 249 Maturidis, 85 Mount Athos, 308, 309, 310, 311, 320 Maximus, 46 Mount of Olives, 111, 179 Mazdak, 95 Mount Tabor, 299 Mazdakites, 95 Mourners of Zion, 109

Index 349

Mozarabs, 97, 98, 100, 128, 136 Niketas Choniates, 193 Mu‘awiya, 75, 76, 82, 86, 93 Nil of Sora, 320 Mu‘tazilites, 85, 88, 92, 94, 99, 101, 168, 197 Niphon, 191 mudejares, 206, 320 Niphon of Mount Athos, 310 Mughals, 303 Nirenberg, David, 278 Muhammad, 1, 2, 4, 20, 21, 22, 29, 32, 66, Nishapur, 95, 169, 170, 172 67, 68, 73, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, Nizam al-Mulk, 169 93, 95, 96, 99, 101, 103, 111, 113, 152, North Africa, 40, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 59, 63, 166, 168, 172, 173, 174, 195, 217, 249, 64, 81, 83, 93, 138, 139, 141, 167, 177, 258, 260, 261, 302, 325 180, 181, 206, 272, 282 Muhammad ibn Hasan, 83 Norwich, 290 Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, 83 Novgorod, 267, 315, 317, 318, 319 Muhammad ibn Karram, 169 Novgorodian heretics, 317, 318, 319 Muhammad ibn Waddah, 102 Nuqtavis, 303 Muhammad Nurbakhsh, 303, 306 Nur ad-Din, 140, 171 Muhammad Shaybani, 307 Nurbakhshiya, 303 mulhid, 8 Nyctages, 57 Murji’ites, 94, 101 Musa ibn Ja‘far, 83 oaths, 161 muwalladun, 98 oath-taking, 157 mysticism, 91, 92, 164, 166, 167, 171, 174, obedience, 156, 157, 161, 162, 173, 222, 228, 203, 250, 252, 254, 255, 301, 317 231, 253, 291, 297 Obizzo of Parma, 222 nagid, 100 occultation, 83, 302, 306 Nahmanides, 206, 234, 235, 237, 243 Odo of Châteauroux, 239 Narbonne, 145, 156, 161, 225, 235 Odoacer, 58, 61 nasi, 4, 18, 145, 176, 180, 185, 235 Old Christians, 273, 274, 278 Natronay bar Hilay, 105, 135 Old Testament, see Hebrew Bible Navarre, 140 Oldcastle’s rebellion, 291, 292 navel gazers, 309 Olim felicis recordationis, 222 negidim, 104 Öljeitü, 259 Neilos, 187 Omnium plasmatoris domini, 299 Nestorianism, 36, 37, 54, 129, 191 Optatus of Milevis, 39 Nestorians, 44, 94, 101, 115, 152 Origen, 62 Nestorius, 35, 36, 62, 129, 200 Origenists, 49 Netanyahu, Ben-Zion, 278 Orléans, 132, 133, 134, 135 New Testament, 10, 26, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, Orosius, 50 133, 148, 154, 219, 292, 294, 326 Osman I, 269 Nicaea, 13, 193, 206, 229, 316 Ostrogoths, 55, 61, 63, 64 Nicaea-Nymphaion, 229 Otto of Freising, 150, 153, 199 Nicene Creed, 14, 33, 35, 48, 119 Ottomans, 265, 266, 269, 270, 283, 284, 302, Nicephorus I, 120 305, 307, 312, 314, 316, 328 Nicephorus of Constantinople, 116, 125 Nicetas Byzantios, 119 Pablo Christiani, 206, 237 Nicholas I, 119 Pablo of Santa Maria, 274 Nicholas III, 251 Paltoi ben Abbaye, 104 Nicholas III Grammatikos, 188, 189 Pamiers, 241 Nicholas Donin, 238, 239 Paris, 199, 200, 236, 245, 247, 253, Nicholas of Hereford, 291, 292 254 Nicolaus, 49 Parma, 222, 223, 224 niddui, 104 Paschal I, 118 Nikephoros Gregoras, 310, 311 Passau Anonymous, 221

350 Index

Paul, apostle, 6, 10, 12, 17, 18, 43, 52, 71, Pius II, 274 72, 125, 156, 159, 161, 194, 218, 224, 308, Plato, 61, 196, 198, 313 320 Plethon, 313, 314, 315 Paul Alvarus, 136 poison, 10, 13, 53, 162, 189, 211, 282, 292 Paul of Samosata, 101, 121 pollution, 41, 45, 53, 110, 162, 165, 189, 211, Paul of St. Père of Chartres, 132, 134 228 Paulicians, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, Polycarp of Smyrna, 10 128, 158, 188 Poor Catholics, 157, 221 Peace of God, 131 Poor Lombards, 157 Peasants’ Revolt, 287, 289 Poor of Lyons, see Waldenses Pedro II, 209 poor use, 225 Pedro of Villegas, 278 Pope Nicetas, 159 Pegg, Mark Gregory, 24, 211, 264 Portugal, 137, 268, 270, 281 Pelagianism, 35 Possessors, 318 Pelagians, 49, 154 poverty, 24, 91, 109, 137, 138, 147, 150, 153, Pelagius, 50, 287 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 163, 169, People of the Book, 29 170, 213, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, Pepuzians, 49 228, 288, 295 Pero Sarmiento, 274 Praemonstratensians, 156, 159, 200 Perpignan, 244 Prague, 296, 297, 299 Persia, 13, 18, 29, 65, 66, 67, 82, 92, 97, preaching, 138, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 140, 164, 167, 172, 204, 269, 301, 302, 163, 192, 223, 224, 247, 251, 271, 275, 303, 305 293, 299 Persian Empire, 31, 32, 68, 74, 81, 96 predestination, 130, 173 peshat, 108 pride, 8, 42, 173, 321 Peter, apostle, 30, 39, 42, 43, 125, 218 principles of faith, 176, 182, 183, 184, 201, Peter I, 123 233, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 324, Peter Abelard, 153, 199, 200, 246, 260 327 Peter of Bruys, 151 Priscillian of Avila, 30, 45, 46, 47, 55, 217 Peter of Pavia, 161 Priscillianists, 41, 44, 46, 49, 50, 149 Peter of Sicily, 120, 121, 125 Procopius, 63 Peter Olivi, 225, 226 property, 132, 134, 137, 149, 153, 155, 157, Peter the Venerable, 152, 200, 257 169, 224, 225, 226, 301, 318 Petilian, 51, 52, 53 pseudo-apostles, 10, 134, 159, 224 Petr z Mladonovic, 297 Pskov, 317 Petrarch, 3 Pulcheria, 38, 41 Petrobrusians, 151 Pumbedita academy, 103, 104 Petrus Alfonsi, 238 purgatory, 159 Pharisees, 9, 17, 57, 111 purity of blood, 274 Philip II Augustus, 209 Philip IV, 253 Qadarites, 173 Philip of Marigny, 253 qadi, 166, 303 Philippopolis, 122, 188 Qadid al-Qaffas, 171 Philostorgius, 54 Qadiri Creed, 168 Philotheus Kokkinos, 312 Qizilbash, 264, 305, 307 Phocas, 65 Qualiter et quando, 213 Photian schism, 119, 143 quietism, 124 Photius of Constantinople, 119, 123 Quinisext Council, 112 Photius of Kiev, 317 Quodvultdeus, 48 Pierre Autier, 220 Qur’an, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 68, 73, 74, 75, 77, Pierre of Castelnau, 163, 208 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, pir, 305 99, 101, 102, 111, 113, 118, 152, 167, 168,

Index 351

173, 217, 219, 249, 256, 257, 302, 306, sahib az-Zanadiqa, see master of the heretics 320, 326 Sahl ben Mazliah, 107 Quraysh, 67, 261 Saladin, 140, 141, 146, 171, 172, 181, 193, 204, 209 Rabanus Maurus, 130 Salimbene de Adam, 215, 222, 223, 229 Rabbanites, 7, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 175, Saljuqs, 139, 140, 145, 164, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 239, 270, 277, 187, 197, 269 284, 286, 328 Salvian, 45 Radbertus, 130 Salvian of Marseilles, 28, 29, 53, 54, 55, Ralph Glaber, 131, 132, 133, 134 56, 78 Ralph of Namur, 245 Salvo Burci, 220 Ramihrd, 146 Samarkand, 269, 302, 303 Ramla, 176 Samuel ben Solomon, 234 Ranier Sacconi, 220 Samuel ibn Naghrela, 100, 101, 102, 103, rape, 49, 195, 223 104, 176 Rashi, 7, 145, 238 Samuel ibn Tibbon, 233, 243 Ratramnus, 130 sanbenito, 277 Ravenna, 55, 112 Satan, 11, 36, 51, 60, 77, 133, 159, 160, 162, Ray, Jonathan, 236 173, 190, 195, 223, 249, 319 Raymond V of Toulouse, 161 Satanic verses, 261 Raymond VI of Toulouse, 163, 208, 209, Saul of Tarsus, see Paul, apostle 210 schism, 1, 6, 43, 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, 66, 75, Raymond VII of Toulouse, 210, 236 112, 147, 150, 151, 153, 176, 193, 221, Raymond Roger Trencavel, 209 230, 231, 267, 287 recantation, 84, 168, 291, 295, 298 Second Council of Constantinople, 62 Reccared, 57, 62, 63 Second Council of Lyons, 207, 222, 230, Regensburg, 283 308, 312 Reginald of Cologne, 160 Second Council of Nicaea, 115, 119 Reginald Pecock, 294, 295 Second Crusade, 144, 150 reincarnation, 93 Second Lateran Council, 151 relics, 114, 123, 149, 221, 317 Second Temple, 9, 17, 18, 86, 178 Richard II, 293, 296 secrecy, 7, 100, 102, 215 Richard II of Normandy, 132 Secret Supper, 159 ridda, 8 sect, 1, 6 ritual murder, 145, 206 secularists, 267 Robert II, 132, 134 Segovia, 276, 320 Robert Grosseteste, 9, 24, 25, 283, 297 Selim, 307 Rodinson, Maxime, 20 Septuagint, 72, 110 Roger II of Chalons, 146 Serbia, 269, 310 Romano Bonaventura, 236 Sergios I, Patriarch, 65, 66 rule of faith, 11, 48 Sergios II, Patriarch, 124 Rumi, 301 Sergius I, Pope, 112 Rustow, Marina, 5, 16, 19 Seville, 141, 167, 276 sexual immorality, 40, 49, 93, 97, 149, 171, Sa‘adia Gaon, 103, 105, 106, 111, 174, 183, 189, 195, 223 184, 234 Shabbetai ben Eliyahu, 284 Saba’iyya, 94, 96, 173 Shafi‘is, 84, 170, 259 Sabellians, 199, 311 shahada, 20, 21, 260 saboraim, 178 Shahrukh, 302, 303, 304 Sadducees, 9, 57, 109, 111, 179, 326 shari‘a, 20 Safavids, 266, 269, 303, 305, 307 sheep, 53, 189 Safi al-Din, 305 Sheikh Junaid, 305

352 Index

Shepherds’ Crusade, 241 Symeon Eulabes, 124 Shi‘ites, 20, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 93, 94, 96, Synod of Regensburg, 128 99, 101, 140, 141, 163, 164, 169, 171, 173, Synodikon of Orthodoxy, 116, 192, 199, 181, 197, 255, 259, 269, 300, 303, 304, 220, 311 305, 307 Syria, 32, 34, 43, 66, 74, 76, 82, 83, 88, 89, Shirkuh, 140 109, 110, 112, 140, 171, 204, 250, 256, Sicily, 4, 81, 143 257, 258, 259 Sifatiya, 173 Siger of Brabant, 247, 248 Taborites, 299 Sigismund, 298, 299 Tabriz, 301, 305 Simeon ben Samuel, 283 tafsir, 85 Simeon ben Tsemah Duran, 282, 285 Talmud, 7, 19, 70, 71, 101, 103, 104, 107, Simeon of Suzdal, 316 145, 185, 186, 206, 216, 219, 234, 236, Simon Duval, 248 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 271, 272, 283, 286 Simon Magus, 49 Tanchelm, 149 Simon of Montfort, 209, 210 tannaim, 69, 178 Simon Sudbury, 289 taqlid, 21, 85 simony, 131, 142, 146, 151, 153, 289, 311, tattooing, 125 317 tawhid, 101 Siricius, 47 Tefrike, 122 Sixtus IV, 276, 277 Templars, 150, 201 Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 3 Tertullian, 11 social exclusion, 96, 104, 160, 165, 180, 185 tevilah, 242 Solomon ben Abraham, 234, 235 Themistius, 43 Solomon ben Adret, 203, 216, 242, 243, 244, Theodahad, 63 245 Theodora, 116, 122 Solomon Petit, 243 Theodore Balsamon, 192, 193 sorcery, 46, 47, 92, 172, 231 Theodore Blachernites, 188 Spain, 2, 268, 319 Theodore Graptos, 125 Spanish Inquisition, 265, 276, 277, 278, 281 Theodore I Laskaris, 193, 206 Spiritual Franciscans, 225, 226 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 62 St. Felix de Caraman, 158 Theodore of Studios, 116, 118, 126, 136, 218 Stedinger, 211 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 36, 41, 54, 55, 62 Stefan Dusan, 310 Theodoric, 55, 58, 61, 63, 242 Stephen, 18 Theodosian Code, 44, 47, 61 Stephen I, 40 Theodosius I, 2, 4, 30, 34, 38, 44, 291 Stephen of Alexina, 124 Theodosius II, 35, 36, 38, 45, 51 Stephen of Anse, 155 Theodulf of Orléans, 119 Strigolniki, 317 Theophanes, 118, 120, 125, 126 stubbornness, 8, 9, 283, 321 Theophanes Graptos, 125 Studios, 126 Theophilus, 116, 118 Sufis, 90, 91, 137, 138, 153, 164, 165, 166, Theophilus of Ephesus, 126 168, 170, 171, 174, 197, 221, 250, theosis, 308 251, 256, 257, 258, 260, 266, 300, 301, theotokos, 33, 36 303, 304 Third Council of Constantinople, 66 Suger of St. Denis, 200 Third Council of Toledo, 57 sukr, 91 Third Lateran Council, 155, 161 Sulpicius Severus, 45, 47 Thomas Aquinas, 230, 247, 248 sunna, 8, 20, 21, 77, 84, 85, 101 Thomas Arundel, 293 Sunnis, 20, 77, 81, 83, 93 Thomas Hoccleve, 291, 292 Sura academy, 103, 105, 135 Thomas of Cantimpré, 239 Symeon, the “New Theologian,” 124 Three Chapters controversy, 62, 64

Index 353

Tikrit, 140 Uzun Hasan, 305 Timur the Lame, 269, 302, 303 Timurids, 269, 302 Valdes, 154, 155, 157 Toledo, 128, 166, 177, 178, 274, 275, Valencia, 205, 276 276, 286 Valenciennes, 252 Tomas of Torquemada, 277 Valens, 33, 34, 43, 44, 45, 47, 52 Torah, 7, 17, 19, 69, 70, 71, 104, 107, 108, Valentinian I, 44, 47, 52 110, 177, 179, 183, 232, 237, 239, 243, Valentinian II, 46 244, 280, 281, 282, 286 Valentinian III, 44 torture, 59, 90, 115, 122, 125, 189, 192, 212, Vandals, 40, 52, 55, 59, 60, 63, 64, 194 214, 219, 241, 277, 304, 307, 318 Vasilii II, 315, 316, 318 Tosafists, 145 Venice, 193, 195 Toulon, 241 Vercelli, 223 Toulouse, 151, 160, 161, 208, 220, 241 Verdun, 241 Tractate Sanhedrin, 70, 71, 183, 184, 185 Vergentis in senium, 163, 211 traditores, 51 Verona, 156, 157 translation, 54, 72, 155, 196, 215, 233, Victor of Vita, 59, 60, 61, 65 238, 242, 248, 280, 286, 291, 292, 293, Vigilius, 62 296, 320 Vincent Ferrer, 271, 273 Treaty of Paris, 210 Vincent of Lérins, 48, 73 Trebizond, 229 Vincentius, 52 Trinity, 11, 32, 60, 121, 128, 129, 134, 156, Visigoths, 34, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 81, 191, 199, 221, 227, 294, 317 97, 307 triumph of orthodoxy, 116, 117, 122, 198 Vision of Isaiah, 220 Troyes, 145 Viterbo, 162 tsar, 316 Vladimir the Great, 315 Tudela, 177 Volokolamsk, 317 Turan Shah, 204 Vulgate Bible, 6, 72 Turbato corde, 240 Turin, 133 Waldenses, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, Turribius, 41 162, 213, 221, 263, 265, 321, 326 Twelver Shi‘ites, 83, 305 Walter Map, 155 Wars of the Roses, 268, 287 ulama, 4, 15, 20, 22, 82, 85, 90, 92, 99, 100, Wazo of Liège, 136, 146, 218 101, 103, 141, 164, 170, 171, 174, 197, wealth, 147, 150 216, 255, 256, 259, 307, 325 Wenceslas I, 227 Ulfila, 54 wheat and tares, 53, 126, 127, 136, 146, 189, Umayyads, 76, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88, 92, 98, 112, 218 139 White Sheep, 305 umma, 20, 31, 67, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 139, William Barton, 289 164 William Courtenay, 288, 289 University of Naples, 247 William Goldsmith, 245 University of Oxford, 287, 288, 289, 290, William Sawtry, 291 296 wolves, 53, 189 University of Paris, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 266, 267 Yehuda Alharizi, 175, 176 Urban II, 141 Yonah of Gerona, 234 Urban VI, 268, 288 usury, 145, 151 Zahiris, 100 utraquism, 298 zanadiqa, 7, 95, 99, 259 utraquists, 299 zandaqa, 7, 93, 99, 166, 256 Utrecht, 149 Zangi, 140, 141, 171

354 Index

Zeno, 42, 58, 61, 62 Zoroastrianism, 29, 32, 67, 69, 82, 88, 92, Zeus, 313 95, 120 zindiq, 7, 87, 88, 95, 100 Zoroastrians, 14 Zoë Palaiologina, 316 Zosima, 319