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Teaching Christians About Islam : a Study in Methodology, Appendix 5

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Teaching Christians About Islam : a Study in Methodology, Appendix 5 C CROSS AND CRESCENT: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE OF ISLAM by COL IN CHAPMAN DRAFT MANUSCRIPT OF A BOOK TO BE PUBLISHED BY INTER-VARSITY PRESS Submitted in conjunction with the thesis TEACHING CHRISTIANS ABOUT ISLAM: A STUDY IN METHODOLOGY to the Department of Theology of the University of Birmingham Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak BIRMINGHAM September 1993 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. CROSS and CRESCENT; RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE OF ISLAM INTRODUCTION Part 1. RELATING TO OUR MUSLIM NEIGHBOURS 1. Meeting face to face 2. Appreciating their culture 3. Examining our attitudes 4. Visiting a mosque 5. Facing immediate issues 6. Bible Study Part 2. UNDERSTANDING ISLAM 1. The Muslim at prayer 2. Basic Muslim beliefs and practices 3. The Qur'an 4. Muhammad 5. Tradition 6. Law and theology 7. Sub-Groups in Islam 8. Suflsm 9. 'Folk Islam' or 'Popular Islam' 10. The spread and development of Islam TiT Is1 am in the modern world 12. Women in Islam Part 3. ENTERING INTO DISCUSSION AND DIALOGUE 1. Questions and objections concerning Christian practice 2. Questions and objections concerning Christian beliefs 3. Social and political issues 4. Guidelines and aims in discussion with Muslims 5. A deeper look at the main theological objections 6. Learning from the controversies of the past 7. Exploring dialogue Part 4. FACING FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES 1. Theological questions 2. The Islamic View of Jesus 3. Crucial differences 4. Thinking biblically about Islam 5. Counting the cost of conversion 6. Facing the political challenge of Islam Part 5. SHARING OUR FAITH 1. Natural openings in everyday life 2. Responses to 'Folk Islam' 3. Using the Bible - The Prodigal Son - The Gospel of Luke - The Message of the Tawrat 4. Rethinking and restating the Gospel, starting from the Qur'an - God and his prophets - God and his Word - God and his mercy 5. Strategies for the church: what can we do together? CONCLUSION: Walking the way of the cross I -7 CROSS AND CRESCENT; RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE OF ISLAM INTRODUCTION 1 Cross' and 'Crescent' It's not hard to understand why the cross has been a major symbol - if not the. major symbol - of Christianity since the beginning. But what of the crescent? The moon is important for Muslims because they follow a lunar calendar, and have their own names for the twelve months of the year. So, for example, the first sighting of the new moon at the beginning of the ninth month of the Islamic calendar signals the start of fast of Ramadan. Since a new moon is increasing in strength, the crescent symbolises something that is growing. The symbol of the crescent, however, has a strange history. The people of Byzantium (Constantinople) used to have a myth that the city had been founded by Keroessa, the daughter of the moon goddess, lo-Hera, They therefore used the crescent as a symbol for the city. It continued to be the symbol of Byzantium when it became the capital of the eastern half of the Holy Roman Empire. For centuries, therefore, it was the major symbol of a Christian empire, In other cultures it has been the symbol of 'the Great Mother', the lunar 'Queen of Heaven', It was then taken over by the Muslims some time after they conquered the city in 1453 AD, and for several centuries it was regarded as a Turkish symbol, Since the beginning of the 13th century, however, the crescent, usually combined with a star, has come to be regarded as the emblem par excellence of the faith and community of Islam all over the world. Just as Christians often put a cross on the spire or dome of a church, so Muslims put a crescent on top of the minaret or the dome of a mosque. By putting 'cross' and 'crescent' together in the title, therefore, we are bringing together the symbols of two major world religions - religions which have had an uneasy relationship with each other for more than 1400 years. Why speak of Islam as a challange? 'Challenge 1 is a popular word which we use in sport, politics and many other areas of life, It conveys the feeling that we're being invited to a contest or a duel. We cannot remain neutral and are forced to react in one way or another, since ignoring or refusing the challenge amounts to surrender, and making an inadequate response means certain defeat, Christians who live in predominantly Islamic societies, like the Copts in Egypt, tend to have all the fears of a minority community, and feel themselves to be at best tolerated and at worst persecuted. Since in many cases they have lived in this kind of situation for centuries, they have worked out ways of adapting, which often involve having as little close contact with Muslims as possible, Their concern is not so much with the growth of the Church, as with its survival, and the religion of Islam is perceived as a threat to their very existence, Christian expatriates working in the Gulf and Saudi Arabia come face to face with Islam in every area of their life and work, They cannot fail to see how Islam is practised all around them and how it is presented for their benefit on television, They are only too aware that the authorities want them to gain greater sympathy for Islam, even if they don't actually bee ome Mus1i ms, Christians in the western world who are gradually becoming aware of the growing Muslim communities in their inner cities and the increasing number of mosques, can easily feel threatened by what they see as an alien religion. They cannot avoid asking fundamental questions about the uniqueness of the Christian faith, and wondering if Islam is set to win the world, Many of these Christians would feel that the word 'challenge' is entirely appropriate, while some would feel that it is too weak, and prefer the word 'threat'. Most of them find it hard to agree with other Christians who adopt a 'live and let live' attitude to other faiths, or who think simply in terms of 'mutual sharing' between Muslims and Christians, They believe that Islam has its own clear agenda, and that in one way or another it continues to throw down the gauntlet to the Christian world, How is the challenge perceived? If we are thinking simply in terms of numbers, the feeling is that "is_la..m_ is growing and spreading". We know that Islam has been a missionary religion ever since the time when the Prophet Muhammad brought the tribes of Arabia into the House of Islam. We have heard of the glories of the Islamic Civilization, Islam is very obviously here to stay, and it seems incredible to us today that as recently as 1916 Samuel Zwemer, an American missionary in the Middle East, could write a popular book entitled The Disintegration of Islam. Muslims claim that Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world, with about one billion adherents, and that it is now poised for the conversion of Europe and North America. Here, then, in what is said to be a pluralist world, we have a missionary religion which would like to convert the world; and while the Christian Church seems to be contracting in the West, Islam seems to be expanding, If we are thinking in terms of culture, the typical reaction of Christians is that "Muslims are different - their culture is alien to us". When the average westerner thinks of Muslims, he thinks of Arabs, Pakistanis or Bangladeshis rather than of white Anglo-Saxon Muslims, When Muslims keep their wives in purdah. want their children to go to Muslim schools, and insist on tialaj. meat, they seem to be foreigners trying to maintain their own kind of culture and society in 'our 1 country, The smells of their cooking and the way they dress make us feel that we're dealing with a totally different culture, They don't seem to follow the saying "When in Rome, do as the Romans do", - 2 - When we come to think of politics and economics, the feeling seems to be that "Islam wants to conquer the world". Since Muhammad regarded himself as both prophet and statesman, his followers have always believed that "Islam must rule", The assumption was that the territory occupied by Islam (dar al-islam) would eventually overcome and absorb the territories as yet outside the control of Islam (dar al-harb). Within a hundred years of his death, the Islamic Empire had spread as far as Spain in the west and China in the east, If Charles Martel hadn't stopped their advance at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, they might have conquered the whole of Europe. In 1453 the Muslim armies captured Constantinople, and in 1683 they were battering on the gates of Vienna. Coming nearer to our own time, we think of Idi Am in attempting to turn Uganda into an Islamic country, or of Ayatollah Khomeini wanting to export the Islamic Revolution to other Islamic countries from Iran, We can never forget the way the Arab world used its oil as a political weapon in 1973, and we're aware of many countries in which Muslims are working to establish an Islamic state, And don't some of them even say that they want Britain to be an Islamic state? When we're told "The Arabs are buying up the whole of London",
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