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The Ocean in a Changing World Contents No. 73, April 2009 The Global Change NewsLetter is the quarterly newsletter of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). IGBP is a programme of global change research, sponsored by the International Council for Science. Compliant with Nordic www.igbp.net Ecolabelling criteria. The Ocean in a Changing World Contents Oceanic Projects and Programmes IGBP and big observational campaigns..............................4 SOLAS and Cape Verde scientists establish an atmosphere and ocean observatory off North West Africa...................6 GLOBEC: ten years of research.........................................9 Three IMBER imbizo workshops on ecological and biogeochemical interactions......................12 New developments in marine ecosystem research: recommendations for IMBER II........................................14 Global change and the coastal zone: c urrent LOICZ science activities.....................................16 Working groups of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)........................18 The Ocean in a High-CO2 World: The Second Symposium on Ocean Acidification...........22 Science highlights from the symposium Reef development in a high-CO2 world................................................................24 High vulnerability of eastern boundary upwelling systems ..................................25 Changes in the carbonate system of the global oceans........................................25 Salmon pHishing in the North Pacific Ocean........................................................26 Consequences of ocean acidification for fisheries...............................................26 Impact of ocean acidification on underwater sound............................................27 The early development of oysters........................................................................27 Low winter CaCO3 saturation in the Baltic Sea....................................................28 Mechanisms linking climate to ecosystem change..............................................28 Impact of ocean acidification on marine snails and deep-sea corals...................29 Natural CO2 vents reveal ecological tipping points..............................................30 From the lab to models........................................................................................30 Economic impacts of ocean acidification.............................................................31 Ocean acidification: connecting the science to policy..........................................31 IGBP Network News.........................................................................................32 Cover photo: Arne Körtzinger, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel/Germany Recovery of a sediment trap from a long-term mooring at the Cape Verde Ocean Time Series site (tenatso.ifm-geomar.de, see article page 6) on the French ship L’Atalante in February 2008 as part of the German SOPRAN project (sopran.pangaea.de). Global Change NewsLetter No. 73 April 2009 Editorial Ocean science towards Continuous observations over time are fundamental informed decisions for identifying and understanding global changes and SOLAS is working to improve global coverage of time- series stations. The Cape Verde Observatory (p. 6) is an example that combines both atmospheric and ocean measurements, supported by a consortium of national funding agencies. It not only brings international scien- tists and funding to this remote island, but the project is committed to improving facilities and training local scientists, who are integrated into the management and operation of the project from the start. The new Chair of the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) Project, Alice Newton, invites collaboration in the case-study approach to understand- ing coastal problems and in creating solutions and tools for policy makers (p.17). Most of IGBP’s marine activities over the decades have been conducted in close collaboration with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, p.18). SCOR provides invaluable scientific guidance and helps creates opportunities for our joint activities. The 2008 Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is an example of a The role of the ocean in regulating climate change successful collaboration, which brought together scien- is now recognised as being critical. But there are conse- tists from SOLAS, IMBER, GLOBEC, LOICZ, PAGES and quences for marine ecosystems and human livelihoods. beyond to present the latest results on ocean acidifica- IGBP scientists are at the forefront of research, tackling tion and its consequences. Highlights of the Symposium how both climate change and other global changes – such include scientific, economic and policy perspectives and as fishing, loss of biodiversity and nutrient deposition to are presented in this issue (p. 24 onwards). name a few – interact. One of our objectives is to provide The Symposium participants produced the Monaco scientific knowledge upon which informed decisions can Declaration (see article p. 20), which called for urgent be made to minimise impacts on the Earth System. action to limit damages to marine ecosystems due to This edition of the Global Change NewsLetter allows increasing ocean acidity. The Symposium and Declaration, readers to wet their feet and sample marine results from with the support of Prince Albert of Monaco, received across IGBP core projects. Ian Perry and Manuel Barange wide media coverage on the consequences for marine (p. 9) introduce the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics systems and the need to urgently reduce CO2 emissions. (GLOBEC) analysis of marine socio-ecological systems A Summary for Policymakers has also been prepared, and describe how human communities and marine designed to influence the political decisions being made, ecosystems are intimately connected and offering policy above all, at the Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to options for adapting to changes. Fish to microbes are the the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate focus of an article from the Integrated Marine Biogeo- Change being held in Denmark this coming December. chemistry and Ecosystem Research leadership (IMBER, This conference will meet to decide on a future agreement p. 12 ). The end-to-end food webs approach paves the way for greenhouse gas emission reductions. for integration of scientific questions from GLOBEC into IMBER at the end of this year when GLOBEC reaches its Wendy Broadgate conclusion (see John Field, p. 14). Deputy Director, Natural Sciences, IGBP Testing hypotheses such as the feedback between and ocean ecosystems and climate requires large, coordinated Sybil Seitzinger field campaigns. IGBP projects such as the Surface Ocean Executive Director, IGBP – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) have planned experiments to test such hypotheses. Barry Huebert ques- tions whether the funding mechanisms to implement these ambitious experiments are adequate. (p. 4). Global Change NewsLetter No. 73 April 2009 3 Oceanic Projects and Programmes ship time, this is no guarantee IGBP and big that any of its participants will be funded. This makes it difficult to observational campaigns assure that even the most critical B. Huebert observations can be made. The VOCALS programme (Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere- Land Study, under the aegis of How successful have IGBP proj- off, leaving just (very good) the Variability of the American ects been at bringing together studies of atmospheric sulphur Monsoon Systems) is an excel- international groups to do chemistry. The cross-disciplinary lent example. This is a study observation programmes that linkages rarely appeal to disci- in the South East Pacific of no one nation could manage? pline-oriented reviewers and linkages between ocean heat International collaboration on programme managers. budgets and mixing, upwelled big programmes certainly helps Projects from both the IGBP nutrients, marine biota, aero- bring more people into the and the World Climate Research sols, clouds, and radiative enterprise and has unequivocal Programme (WCRP) make plans transfer. It could have been benefits for scientists in coun- for observations by groups from the ideal IGBP/WCRP collab- tries that lack the resources to many countries. Unfortunately, orative programme (initiated by create their own Science Plan, one can never be sure in advance CLIVAR – Climate Variability but are the overarching goals which of these groups will be and Predictability), in which all achieved? Certainly the devel- funded to participate, so imple- the related programmes (the opment of stationary facili- mentation plans can’t include WCRP working group on surface ties (Mace Head, Large-scale strategies that depend on having fluxes, and the IGBP projects: Biosphere Atmosphere Experi- any one group or platform. SOLAS studying the surface ment in Amazonia towers, Cape Any programme officer in any ocean-lower atmosphere inter- Verde – see following article by country, whether well-informed face, IGAC addressing global D. Wallace – and other research or not, can decline a grant for atmospheric chemistry, and sites) has facilitated observa- critical participating groups or IMBER that investigates marine tions by international groups. platforms. The experiment plan- biogeochemistry and ecosys- Both the IGAC science plan ners are at the mercy of review- tems, etc.) could find issues their addressing global atmospheric ers, panelists, and programme community could address. So chemistry, and the SOLAS managers, many of whom have, that is what was written
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