Activity Report 2006

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern / Switzerland

Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052 Fax +41 (0)31 631 4405 URL: http://www.ifjungo.ch http://www.hfsjg.ch

May 2007 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2006 Table of contents

Message of the President...... i Report of the Director ...... iii High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Statistics on research days 2006 ...... 1 Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ...... 3 Activity reports: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry, Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium) ...... 5 Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor, ozone and temperature by LIDAR (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland) ...... 11 Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland)...... 15 Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) ...... 19 Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV photovoltaic plant at 3454 m (Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik und Informatik HTI, Photovoltaik Labor, Switzerland) ...... 21 Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases (EMPA, Switzerland)...... 23 National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL, (EMPA, Switzerland) ...... 27 European passive air sampling campaign for selected Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs, (Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway)...... 33 Monitoring of air radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch Research Station: Test of a new High Volume Aerosol Sampler (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Switzerland)...... 35 The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland)...... 39 Automated GPS Network in Switzerland AGNES (Bundesamt für Landestopographie swisstopo, Switzerland)...... 47 High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements (Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland)...... 53 14 222 Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch (Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany)...... 55 Atmospheric physics and chemistry, (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ...... 57 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany, and Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 63 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2006

Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 5 (CLACE 5) (Particle Chemistry Department, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany)...... 65 Mass spectrometric studies of ice nuclei and background aerosol within CLACE 5 (Particle Chemistry Department, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz, Germany)...... 69 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 5 (Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität Frankfurt, Germany) .... 73 Ice-nuclei concentration and dewpoint measurements during CLACE 5 (Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany) ...... 77 Sampling and physio-chemical characterization of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds (Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany)...... 81 Single particle analysis of ice nuclei and interstitial particles of mixed- phase clouds from the CLACE 5 campaign (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Umwelt- mineralogie, Darmstadt, Germany) ...... 85 Investigation of cloud condensation nuclei properties (Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, Mainz, Germany) ...... 91 Single particle studies of ice nuclei during CLACE 5 (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich ...... 93 Characterization of cloud particles with FSSP and CIP Instruments during CLACE 5, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany)...... 95 Tomographic characterization of ice particles (University Mainz, Environmental Geochemistry, Mainz, Germany)...... 97 Digital in-situ holography of atmospheric ice particles (Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany)...... 101 Measurements of PAN and formaldehyde at the interface between the planetary boundary and the free troposphere (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETHZ Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 105 Soft Error Test of electronic memory devices at high altitude (iRoC Technologies, Grenoble, France)...... 109 SPAESRANE environmental experiments (Project SPAESRANE, Solutions for the preservation of Aerospace Electronic Systems Reliability in the Atmospheric Neutron Environment) ...... 111 Cosmogenic nuclide production rate calibration using artificial quartz and water targets (Institut for Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 115 Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 117 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2006

Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith angles, (Department of Physics, University of Rome “La Sapienza, Italy)...... 121 Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher (Versuchsanstalt für Wasser- bau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 123 Testing snowmaking and firn coring equipment (Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek Groningen University, The Netherlands)...... 127 PERMASENSE and PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine rock walls (Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 129 Change of impulse oscillometric parameters in healthy people after exposure to high altitude (Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Germany) ...... 131 VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution (Labor für Radio- und Umwelt Chemie der Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts, Switzerland) ...... 133 The weather in 2006 (MeteoSchweiz Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 137 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Statistics on research days 2006 ...... 141 Activity reports: KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie (I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln; Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany) ...... 143 SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 149 On the outburst of glacier-dammed lakes: A study at Gornergletscher, Valais (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum, Switzerland) ...... 153 The International Foundation HFSJG in the news ...... 161 Publications ...... 167 Index of research groups / institutes...... 181 Index of projects ...... 185 Review of 2006: Pictures of the month from http://www.ifjungo.ch ...... 191 Research at Jungfraujoch – “Top of Science” International Conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Research Station at Jungfraujoch: Medienmitteilung “Top of Science at the Top of Europe”...... 197 Conference summary...... 199 Conference program ...... 203 Acknowledgements ...... 207

International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2006

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 Message of the President

We are looking back on a very special year: For 75 years the research station at Jungfraujoch has served scientists in pursuing their special projects, projects that can only be performed at very high altitude, at the Top of Europe. Without exaggeration it can be said that the station has enabled outstanding results in a wide variety of fields over this long period of its existence. And the outlook for the future is as bright as the past… The highlights of the past year were the well-attended media event at Jungfraujoch, the international scientific conference in Interlaken, and the extraordinary meeting of the board (see the report of the director for details). These events all had a very special flavor thanks to the generous anniversary gift of the Jungfrau Railway Company: All participants at the three events got a free ride to the Jungfraujoch! I personally enjoyed the very special experience of the third of these visits to the station, when the members of the board together with more than 20 former employees of our foundation boarded the historic train at Kleine Scheidegg. What foresight and courage of the pioneers to build this railway almost 100 years ago! It was this very spirit that enabled the establishment our research station in 1931 and that has supported our activities ever since. In order to demonstrate its gratitude for this continued support of the Jungfrau Railway Company, the board of the foundation at its anniversary session elected for the first time a non-scientist as a corresponding member: Walter Steuri, the company’s Chief Executive Officer, who during all the years has cared very actively for any smaller or larger problems that the station and the people working there faced. Mr. Steuri represents all the people – railway workers, restaurant staff, administrators etc – who keep up a very positive spirit towards our researchers. I include them all in my thanks. I would like to finish by gratefully acknowledging the continued support of the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Foundation’s various foreign and national members. Their financial contributions are of course the basis without which “the high altitude research spirit” could not survive.

Bern, June 7, 2007 Hans Balsiger

i International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

ii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Report of the Director

The years 2005 and 2006 were very special ones for the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG). The Foundation HFSJG celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2005, and the Research Station Jungfraujoch celebrated 75 years of scientific service in 2006. The scientific station at Jungfraujoch was inaugurated on July 4, 1931, after intense preparatory work by devoted individuals and institutions. From its beginnings as a meteorological and astronomical observatory and a station where acute mountain sicknesses were studied, the scientific station Jungfraujoch has evolved during its 75 year history into one of the most renowned centers in Europe for environmental sciences. For this important celebration several special events were organized. The most important ones were a press conference at Jungfraujoch on August 29, an international scientific conference held from September 11-14, at the Casino-Kursaal in Interlaken, and an extraordinary meeting of the board HFSJG on September 14, 2006. Beside all the jubilee events, however, the year 2006 was also rich in successful scientific activity at both sites Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, as documented by the individual reports that have been prepared by the respective research groups.

The Foundation HFSJG On September 14, 2006, the Board of the Foundation HFSJG met at the Grand Hotel Victoria-Jungfrau in Interlaken for its extraordinary jubilee meeting to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the scientific station Jungfraujoch. The president, Prof. Hans Balsiger, had the honor to welcome the members of the board, the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (scnat), the Astronomic Commission HFSJG, and a number of distinguished guests. The annual activity report 2005 as well as the statement of accounts for 2005 were approved unanimously and with no ab- stentions. The extensive and excellent scientific output that resulted from the research at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat was recognized with great pleasure and satisfaction. Finally, the board HFSJG elected Mr. Walter Steuri, Chief Executive Officer of the Jungfraubahn Holding AG, as Corresponding Member of the Foundation, honoring thus his and his company’s meritorious service to the Foundation. The jubilee board meeting was followed on the next day by a visit to the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. With many former employees of the Foun- dation and custodians of the Research Station Jungfraujoch in attendance and with the exclusive transportation in an historic train offered by the Jungfrau Railway Com- pany, this day was indeed a very special one. Unfortunately, during 2006 we were saddened that three persons passed away who had greatly and devotedly served the Foundation: - Hans Boss, former architect of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. - Hansruedi Eggenberg, former treasurer (from 1973-1994) of the Foundation HFSJG. - Prof. Luc Delbouille, corresponding member of the Foundation HFSJG, and outstanding scientist who was active at Jungfraujoch for more than 50 years.

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In Memoriam

Hans Boss Hansruedi Eggenberg Luc Delbouille 1911 - 2006 1925 - 2006 1929 - 2006 The Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (scnat), which looks after the interests of Swiss research within the Foundation, held no meeting in 2006. A scheduled meeting of the Astronomic Commission, which acts as a users’ and science advisory committee to strengthen the Foundation’s internal and external communication, had to be cancelled due to last-minute schedule conflicts of participants. The meeting of the Board and the General Assembly of the Sphinx AG took place at Jungfraujoch on May 05, 2006.

Scientific and Public Events in Celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch On January 12, 2006, Swiss Television SF1 broadcasted a one hour special program about Jungfraujoch and the scientific station in the science magazine “Menschen – Technik – Wissenschaft (MTW)”. At the beginning of the year, Prof. L. Delbouille and PD Dr. U. Baltensperger gave a presentation in a special colloquium for high school teachers organized at the Univer- sity of Bern by the director HFSJG. At the annual shareholders’ meeting of the Jungfrau Railway Holding AG on May 22, 2006, a movie about the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch was shown to the audience. The president of the Board, Mr. Riccardo Gullotti, congratulated the Foundation on its high-standing scientific achievements. He also emphasized the excellent contacts between his company and the Foundation HFSJG, with the Jungfrau- bahn AG being the prime partner of the scientific station at Jungfraujoch from the very beginning. Under the auspices of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (scnat) and with the kind assistance of the Jungfrau Railway Holding AG, a media event „Top Science at the Top of Europe” was held at Jungfraujoch on August 29, 2006. Representatives of the Foundation HFSJG and of several research groups explained ongoing research activity to a number of interested media people. Reports about the High Altitude Re- search Station Jungfraujoch were published throughout the year in major national newspapers and magazines.

iv International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

From September 11-14, 2006, the international scientific conference, Research at Jungfraujoch – “Top of Science”, was held at the Casino-Kursaal in Interlaken. The conference was organized by a scientific committee headed by Prof. H.H. Loosli and the director HFSJG. The goal of the conference was to encourage interdisciplinary dialogue among researchers doing high-level, internationally recognized research at Jungfraujoch and/or other high altitude stations in greater Europe. During three days an overview of historical, present, and future aspects of high alpine research was given in 18 invited plenary talks. Emphasis was laid on the international networking and the interdisciplinarity, which reflect the nature of research work at Jungfraujoch. Specific topics from astrophysics, atmospheric chemical compounds and mixing, climate, environmental sciences, glaciology, and medicine were addressed in 44 poster presentations. To emphasize the importance of the poster contributions, all posters were on view during the entire time of the conference, in the coffee break / lunch area. This allowed ample time for discussions. Awards were given to the best three poster contributions. During the conference, MeteoSwiss, the Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, had an exhibition on display about its key weather station at Jungfraujoch and its leading role in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The conference was attended by 91 persons from 10 countries (including the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, Russia and Japan). Thanks to the broad funding, a very large part of the participants were students (23) and early-career scientists. In a special session, research and career aspects of relevance to this important group were addressed. The conference was concluded by an excursion to Jungfraujoch with a visit of the scientific station and ongoing experiments. All contributions to the conference will be published in refereed proceedings.

Research at Jungfraujoch – “Top of Science” Snapshots from the scientific conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Research Station Jungfraujoch, held in Interlaken, September 11-14, 2006.

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The 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch provided an additional reason to promote public outreach. Under the leadership of the President of the Foundation, Prof. H. Balsiger, the compilation of a popular brochure about the scientific station at Jungfraujoch was initiated. A preliminary, although still incomplete version was ready for the jubilee events in September. The same is true for the update of the information brochure published by the Jungfraubahn AG, thanks to Mr. P. Wenger. Both projects will be finished in 2007.

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch As documented by the individual reports and the lists and statistics, the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continued to be a place of exceptionally lively and exciting research. In 2006, 35 teams were active at Jungfraujoch. Among a total of 37 research projects, 20 were primarily based on automatic measurements around the clock. All member countries of the Foundation benefited from the excellent research conditions (Figure 1). By number of projects, Germany was again the second largest user after Switzerland. Scientists spent a total of 1157 person-working days at Jungfraujoch. As shown in Figure 2, this number is again above the long-term average. Figure 3 illustrates the relative number of person-working days for 2006 by country. Leading in presence at Jungfraujoch were the Institut d’Astrophysique et Géophysique de l’Université de Liège (226 person-working days), the Max-Planck- Institut für Chemie, Mainz (162), and the Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt (98). A special highlight was again the Cloud and Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 5 (CLACE 5), during which more than 50 individual scientists went to Jungfraujoch and more than 25 additional instruments were installed in the Sphinx lab and on its outside platforms. Complementing the automatic meteorological measurements, our custodians continued the daily weather observations for the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). The custodians also provide the updates for the internet weather report of the Jungfraubahnen. The extensive research conducted at Jungfraujoch during 2006 resulted in 136 scientific publications, conference contributions, and data reports, many of them by young scientists. Two Ph.D. theses were based on work conducted at Jungfraujoch. On February 11, 2006, Prof. L. Delbouille, who was the leader of the Migeotte group for many years, was presented the „Distinguished Scientist Award” in recognition of 50 years of outstanding achievements in solar spectroscopy and atmospheric research at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch and in grateful acknowledgement of his personal endeavours for the benefit of the Research Station and the Foundation. Due to the unique location and the unspoiled environment as well as the quality of the scientific work, Jungfraujoch has maintained its role as a center for environmental research. The site plays a significant role in a number of nationally and internationally coordinated research programs. Jungfraujoch is a key station in the following major networks: NDACC Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change Primary Site GAW Global Atmosphere Watch Global GAW Station vi International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

20 18 18 Research Projects 16 at Jungfraujoch 14 11 12 2006 10 Total = 37 8 6 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 Switzer- Germany Belgium Italy United Austria France Norway land Kingdom

Figure 1: Number of research projects at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by country. Working Days at Jungfraujoch 1600 1479 1500 1432 1400 1278 1197 1157 1200 1095 1032 1027 967 976 1000 922 906 910 881 800 686 600 400

200

2 4 7 9 1 4 6 9 93 9 95 9 9 00 0 02 0 0 9 9 0 0 1991 19 1 19 1 1996 19 1998 19 2 20 2 2003 20 2005 20

Figure 2: Number of working days spent by scientists at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch during the past years.

1.0% 0.4% 1.9% 0.4% 0.2%

21.0% Switzerland Germany 41.4% Belgium United Kingdom Italy The Netherlands France Austria

33.7% Figure 3: Relative number of person-working days in 2006 at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by country.

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SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe EARLINET European Aerosol Research Lidar Network CHARM Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring Program SwissMetNet Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity Monitoring NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und -Meldung NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (National Air Pollution Monitoring Network) ASRB Alpine Surface Radiation Budget Network AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland CarboEuro-IP Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance TOUGH Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution Jungfraujoch, however, is not only a center for atmospheric and environmental research. The high alpine surroundings are of equal importance, as demonstrated e.g. by the research project conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Zürich (permafrost temperature monitoring in alpine rock walls, studies on the variations of the Grosser Aletsch- gletscher). These long-term investigations are of utmost importance for the evaluation of the consequences of global warming for the high alpine environment in general, and in particular for the region of the UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch- Bietschhorn (JAB). As in previous years, the extraction of proxy climate records from ice cores and snow samples by a team from the Paul Scherrer Institute was again the goal of research projects within the NCCR Climate projects VITA and VIVALDI (NCCR Climate: National Centre of Competence in Research on Climate; VITA: Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings - Archives with annual resolution, VIVALDI: Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits). Material sciences are a further topic where the high altitude site Jungfraujoch is becoming increasingly important. As in the years before, several experiments were again conducted addressing the problem of soft errors on electronic devices due to cosmic rays. During 2006, MeteoSwiss, the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, changed many of the meteorological installations in the Sphinx in order to implement the automatic weather station at Jungfraujoch into the new SwissMetNet. A new contract between MeteoSwiss and the Foundation HFSJG regarding the visual observations that complement automatic measurements was signed in December 2006. The spark chamber, built by the Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern (Prof. Klaus Pretzl and his team), in collaboration with CERN, and installed with support by the Jungfraubahn AG in the tourist area of the Sphinx during the Einstein Year 2005, continued operation throughout 2006. The Research Station, the scientific activity, and the unique environment of the UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn attracted a number of visitors throughout the year. Several organizations initiated meetings of national and international scientific committees in the Jungfrau region and combined these meetings with an excursion to Jungfraujoch, e.g. viii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

- Argon-37 Plenary Meeting, IAEA and Chinese Delegation (Prof. H.H. Loosli, Dr. R. Purtschert, 09.03.2006) - CBMTS VI, Chemical, Biological, Medical Treatment Symposium (Proff. U. Brodbeck, H.H. Loosli, 06.05.2006) - Schweiz. Kommission für Polarforschung (Prof. Heinz Blatter, 11.05.2006) - Academic Delegation, Belgian Science Policy und Université de Liège (Migeotte group and HFSJG, 21./22.05.2006) - Space Center EPFL (Dr. M. Borgeaud EPFL, 10.06.2006) - PAGES (Past Global Changes) Workshop (Ch. Kull, PAGES IPO Bern, 11.06.2006) - Kleinklasse Bönigen (Frau A. Buchs, 15.06.2006) - Prof. E.G. Wang, Frau Dongmei Gu, Chinese Physical Society (Prof. M.C.E. Huber, 04.07.2006) - Ozone Block Course, Universität Bern (PD Dr. Eva Schüpbach, 10.07.2006) - Workshop Climate Variability and Extremes during the past 100 years (ETH Zürich, Dr. Tracy Ewen, 27.07.2006) - Annual Congress 2006 Meteoritical Society (Prof. Wieler, ETH Zürich, 15.08.2006) - “Top of Science” conference excursion (HFSJG, 14.09.2006) - Members of the Board HFSJG und Jubilee Guests 75 Years High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (15.09.2006) - ISSI Symposium on the Composition of Matter (Prof. R. von Steiger, ISSI, 16.09.2006) - NATO/PfP Custodial Meeting, VBS/BABS (Dr. M. Cadisch, Labor Spiez, 20.09.2006) - Mrs. Chizuko Kuroiwa, Mount Fuji Weather Station (29.09.2006) - Hungarian Delegation Environment and Public Transportation (EDA, 04.10.2006) - BKW Energy Trading (BKW Energie AG, Bern, 07.10.2006) - 4 academic guests of Prof. Ohmura, ETH Zürich, from Japan (24.10.2006) - Indian Delegation (DEZA, 01.11.2006) - BISA/BIRA und Belgian Governemental Delegation, Belgium (Dr. M. De Mazière, 12.12.2006) - Climate Group Meeting (Prof. M. Beniston, 19.-21.12.2006)

In order to provide the researchers with optimal working conditions, continuous effort is made to keep the environment clean and the infrastructure in good condition. As in previous years, several coordination discussions took place with the management of the Jungfraubahnen. The annual coordination meeting at Jungfraujoch, a platform for the discussion of such items, took place on October 24, 2006, and was attended by the director HFSJG and Mr. Fischer. Prime topics from our point of view were again the measures to avoid or minimize disturbances of the scientific measurements by emissions in connection with construction work or by apparatus defects, as well as problems with high temperatures in the Sphinx buildings. The frequent situation with too high and too variable temperatures in the Sphinx laboratory, which especially affect the measurements of the EMPA, could not yet be solved in 2006. However, a concept worked out by a team of specialists together with the Jungfraubahn AG will be realized in 2007 and is expected to solve the problem. The continuous support by Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance division of the Jungfraubahnen at Jungfraujoch, of Mr. Fritz Jost and Mr. Heinz Schindler is gratefully acknowledged.

ix International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

As in the previous year, Mr. and Mrs. Hansruedi and Therese Staub, former custodians, were again so kind to help out during a limited time period.

The High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Due to its unique location, its clean environment, and the good infrastructure, the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat, which includes the two astronomical observatories Gornergrat South and Gornergrat North as well as a container laboratory, continues to be an excellent basis for astrophysical research. From 1974 to 2005 the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North was subleased to the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). As stated in my last report, the 1.5m Cassegrain-Infrared (IR) Telescope (TIRGO) was dismantled in 2005 upon the announcement of the renovation of the Kulm-Hotel Gornergrat. Part of the former Observatory Gornergrat North, i.e. the living quarters, was then transformed into hotel rooms. The end of the TIRGO era leaves the future of Gornergrat North open, and although discussions are ongoing no final solutions have been found. The Burger- gemeinde Zermatt would like the Foundation HFSJG to use Gornergrat North to embed science in public outreach and tourism. Under the lead of the president of the Schweizerische Astronomische Gesellschaft, Dr. M. Hubmann, a team of astronomers has worked out a project for a robotic telescope. Negotiations are still ongoing. In the meantime the Observatory Gornergrat North is used by an experienced amateur astronomer for astrophotography and astronomical lectures to the public. For this purpose, after the interruption due to the renovation of the Hotel, the entire cupola was inspected and made operational again in December 2006 by two technicians from the former TIRGO team. Also, new agreements were made between the Burger- gemeinde Zermatt and the Foundation HFSJG with respect to the responsibilities for the Observatory Gornergrat North. The Observatory Gornergrat South is subleased to the Universität zu Köln. Here, the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln has installed the 3m radio telescope KOSMA (Kölner Observatorium für Submillimeter und Millimeter Astronomie). The central topic of the research with KOSMA, conducted jointly with the Radio- astronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, is the spectrally resolved observation of the global distribution of interstellar matter in the Milky Way and nearby external galaxies, using the important mm-, submm-lines of CO, and atomic carbon. The most advanced technical equipment combined with the excellent observing conditions at Gornergrat allows astronomical observations up to the highest frequencies accessible to ground-based instruments. After completion of the extended renovation work of the Kulm Hotel Gornergrat, which is the property of the Burgergemeinde Zermatt, the Observatory Gornergrat South could again be taken into operation during the winter 2006/07. For the Obser- vatory Gornergrat South, a new contract was signed between the Burgergemeinde Zermatt and the Foundation HFSJG. Figure 4 shows the statistics for the use of the Gornergrat South Observatory during 2006. Compared to previous years, the number of 386 working days at Gornergrat was somewhat smaller, but still remarkable. As in previous years, the Observatory was again used by a significant number of guest observers.

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200 182 180 23.1% 160 140

120 22.5%

100 89 87 80 54.5% 60

40 28 20 Germany 0 1. Physikal. Inst Astron. Inst. CEA Paris ETH Zürich France Universität zu Köln Universität Bonn Switzerland Figure 4: Statistics of the person-working days at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South.

Since 1998, the Space Research and Planetary Sciences Division of the University of Bern has been operating a solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) on the Belvedere plateau. This detector is the European cornerstone of a worldwide network initiated by the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory of the Nagoya University for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. During 2006, continuous operation of SONTEL was ongoing, with the registration of a large solar particle event on December 13, 2006. During the last couple of years the region of the Gorner glacier has become increasingly interesting to the glaciologists of the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). In 2006, the teams under the leadership of Prof. Martin Funk spent about 465 working days near and at the Gornersee in order to study the processes controlling the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes. In 2006, six scientific papers were published based on work at Gornergrat. Details can be found in the individual reports. An extremely important help for the operation of the observatories and the successful scientific work at Gornergrat is the continued support provided by the Burger- gemeinde Zermatt as the owner of the Gornergrat Kulm Hotel, by the Gornergrat Bahn, and locally by Mrs. Fabienne Clemenz and Mr. Fernando Clemenz as the directors of the Kulm Hotel, and their crew. The Foundation HFSJG is confident that with the improved infrastructure and the prospective new use of the observatory Gornergrat North the site will strengthen its position as an attractive site both for science and tourism.

Summary and Acknowledgements As documented by the individual activity reports, the large number of publications, and the feedback from meetings, scientific work at the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat during the report period 2006 continued to be extensive and of high international standard. Due to the unique observational and measuring conditions, the Jungfraujoch station has maintained its position as a key station in a number of European and global measuring networks for climate and

xi International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 environmental studies. For the same reasons, and even more so after the refurbishing, Gornergrat continues to be a center for astronomical and astrophysical research. The Foundation HFSJG confirmed its role as a provider of excellent research infrastructure. The hard work and the efforts of all who contributed to this success are highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. We also thank all members of the Foundation and their representatives for their support. In particular, we thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for the most significant funding of the Swiss contribution, and in particular Prof. Hans Rudolf Ott and Prof. Christian Leumann (past and present President Div. II), Dr. Paul Burkhard (Head secretariat Division II), and Dr. Jean-Bernard Weber (Deputy Director; Head Interdivisional coordination), for the excellent and benevolent collaboration. Many individuals and institutions helped to make the jubilee events in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch a success. The list would be too long to mention them all. We are extremely grateful to them. A particular thank goes to Prof. H.H. Loosli for heading the scientific committee; to Dr. Ingrid Kissling-Näf, Secretary General of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (scnat), Mrs. Natascha Branscheidt, Head of Communication (scnat), as well as Mr. Peter Wenger, Head of Communication of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd, for organizing an unforgettable media event; and to Mr. Walter Steuri, CEO of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd and Mr. Urs Zumbrunn of the Gletscherrestaurants Top of Europe for their substantial support. Prof. Urs Baltensperger is gratefully acknowledged for his help in obtaining additional funding from INTROP and ACCENT. Operation of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat would not be possible without the help and support of many individuals and organizations. For the Research Station Jungfraujoch, our thanks go to our custodians, Mr. and Mrs. Fischer, and Mr. and Mrs. Hemund. With their devotion to duty, their competence, and their ability to create a comfortable atmosphere in the station, they are providing the basis for all scientists to do good research work. Special thanks goes to the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd and to the Jungfrau Railways. Without their goodwill and their substantial support the Research Station at Jungfraujoch could hardly be operated. The Board of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd under its past president Mr. Riccardo Gullotti and his successor Prof. Thomas Bieger, as well as the management and personnel of the Jungfraubahnen under Chief Executive Officer Walter Steuri, are always open and positive toward our needs, which quite often conflict with touristic objectives. We gratefully acknowledge the generous direct and indirect support and appreciate the continued interest in the research activity and the scientific output. At Jungfraujoch we are particularly grateful to Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance, and his team, and to Mr. Fritz Jost, chief Zugförderung und Werkstätte (ZfW). Our thanks also include Mr. Urs Zumbrunn, and the personnel of the Restaurant Top of Europe. The great efforts of all these individuals and institutions would, however, be worthless if the research facilities would not be used adequately. We therefore would like to express our sincere gratitude to all scientists for their dedicated work and good collaboration, demonstrating through the excellence of their research that the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continues to fulfill an undisputed need of the scientific community. In this sense, for Gornergrat our thanks go first to all the scientists of the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln (Prof. Juergen Stutzki, Dr. Martin xii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Miller), and to the MPI for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, of the University of Bern, and of all collaborating institutions. We are also grateful to the scientists of the Versuchs- anstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). We then thank the Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ Holding AG) and, in particular, its member of the board, Mr. René Bayard. The substantial continuous support provided by the Gornergrat Bahn, by its Chief Executive Officer Hans-Rudolf Mooser as well as the entire crew, has been essential for the success of the scientific work. Finally, we are extremely grateful to the Burgergemeinde Zermatt under the presidency of Mr. Andreas Biner, the members of the Burgerrat, and to Mr. Fernando Clemenz, director of the Matterhorn Group Holding AG and of the Kulm-Hotel Gornergrat. Without their goodwill and support it would not be possible to operate a world-famous astrophysical observatory at Gornergrat. At the administrative office in Bern I would like to thank Dr. Urs Jenzer, the technical assistant HFSJG for electronics and computers, for his proficient work and his unlimited patience in struggling with an increasing number of obstacles (i.e. fire- walls) affecting free flow of scientific data. Continued assistance by the Informatik- dienste of the University of Bern in networking and data transfer is also gratefully acknowledged. We have greatly appreciated the competent services of our treasurer, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss, the knowledgeable support and bookkeeping by Mr. Christian Gasser, and the professional auditing by Treuhand Cotting AG, Bern (Mr. H. Lüdi). Last, but not least, I would like to thank our secretary, Mrs. Louise Wilson. Her devotion to the Foundation HFSJG, her competence and flexibility in running the administrative affairs is most gratefully acknowledged. In addition to the daily contacts with staff and scientists she was in 2006 a key person behind most of the jubilee events. Thank you so much, Louise, for managing all this with kindness and professional competence!

Bern, May 20, 2007 Erwin O. Flückiger

xiii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

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Research statistics for 2006 High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Institut d’Astrophysique et Belgium 224 2 Géophysique, Université de Liège Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz Germany 160 2 Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Germany 94 4 J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt Pneumologie, Medizinische Klinik Germany 60 München Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory of Switzerland 60 12 Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Germany 58 Leipzig Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Switzerland 57 Science, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich (CLACE 5) Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und Switzerland 29 39 Forschungsanstalt (EMPA) Dübendorf Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Switzerland 27 2 Group, Department of Geography, University of Zurich Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz Germany 22 SPAESRANE High Altitude UK 21 1 Experiments Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Switzerland 18 4 Science, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Freiburg Switzerland 16 6 Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Belgium 16 1 (BIRA-IASB), Brussels Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique Switzerland 14 7 et Sol, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Germany 10 Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Department of Physics, University of Italy 10 1 Rome „La Sapienza“

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Institute Country Research with Research overnight stay during the day only Climate Research, University of Geneva Switzerland 9 CIO Groningen, University of The 5 Groningen Netherlands Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Switzerland 5 Paul Scherrer Institut Österreichischer Alpenverein, Austria 2 Alpenvereinsmuseum, Innsbruck iRoC Technologies Corp., Grenoble France 2 2 Klima- und Umweltphysik, Switzerland 2 22 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern MeteoSwiss Switzerland 2 91 Joint Research Centre of the European Italy 1 commission TSI Aachen Germany 1 Monika Löffel, Biel Switzerland 1 VAW Glaziologie, ETH Zürich Switzerland 12 Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Switzerland 7 Universität Bern Gruppe Kosmische Strahlung, Switzerland 7 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Switzerland 4 Information, Photovoltaiklabor, Burgdorf cabo3 (climate and background ozone), Switzerland 2 Physical Geography, University of Berne Institut für Angewandte Physik, Switzerland 1 Universität Bern Universität Freiburg Switzerland 1 Institut für Umweltphysik, Germany 1 Universität Heidelberg TOTAL 926 231

Overnight stays Days with no overnight stay Workers, Jungfrau railway, and visitors 125 Media / film / TV and radio 23 HFSJG administration 22 Total including researchers 1074 253

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Long-term experiments and automatic measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Institut d’Astrophysique et Atmospheric physics and solar physics de Géophysique de l'Université de Liège B-4000 Liège

Belgian Institute for Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Space Aeronomy B-1180 Brussels

Federal Office of Meteorology Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry and Climatology (radiation measurements) MeteoSwiss CH-1530 Payerne

Schweiz. Bundesamt Automated Global Positioning System Network für Landestopographie AGNES swisstopo CH-3084 Wabern-Bern

Paul Scherrer Institut Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Laboratory of Atmospheric (aerosol measurements) Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Labor für Radio- und Umwelt- VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – chemie Archives with annual resolution) and VIVALDI Universität Bern (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake CH-3012 Bern Deposits – Integrated), both within the frame of and NCCR Climate Paul Scherrer Institut Analytical Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und Atmospheric chemistry Forschungsanstalt EMPA (O3 - and NOx measurements) CH-8600 Dübendorf NABEL

Abteilung für Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements) Weltraumforschung und Planetologie Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

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Institute Experiment / Measurements

Berner Fachhochschule für Photovoltaic power plant Technik und Informatik CH-3400 Burgdorf

École Polytechnique Fédérale de LIDAR Lausanne EPFL CH-1015 Lausanne

Federal Office of Meteorology Weather observations and Climatology MeteoSwiss CH-8044 Zürich

14 222 Universität Heidelberg Long term observations of CO2 and Radon Institut für Umweltphysik D-69120 Heidelberg

Institut für atmosphärische 85Krypton measurements Radioaktivität, D-Freiburg i.B. and Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Bundesamt für Gesundheit Measurements of radioactivity CH-1700 Freiburg RADAIR NADAM

VAW Glacier measurements Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center Aerosol depth monitoring CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Abteilung für Klima- und High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen Umweltphysik, measurements Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège

Title of project: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

Project leader and team: Luc Delbouille (†), Philippe Demoulin, Pierre Duchatelet, Emmanuel Mahieu, Ginette Roland (em.), Christian Servais (project leader), Rodolphe Zander (em.) Jacqueline Bosseloirs, Guy Buntinx, Olivier Flock, Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane Zander

Project description: The main activity of the Liège group at the Jungfraujoch was the continuation of the long-term monitoring of the Earth atmosphere. The observations achieved by the two high-performance Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers allow to routinely derive abundances of more than 20 constituents related to the erosion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere (HCl, ClONO2, HNO3, NO, NO2, HF, COF2, O3, CCl2F2, CHClF2, CCl3F…), affecting our climate and monitored in the frame of the Kyoto protocol (N2O, CH4, CO2, SF6…) or altering the oxidization processes in the troposphere (CO, C2H2, C2H6, OCS, HCN, H2CO…). The resulting databases allow the determination of the short-term variability, seasonal modulations, as well as long- term changes affecting most of these species. During 2006, observers spent 225 days at the Jungfraujoch. Good weather conditions enabled solar observations on 102 days. Regular measurements with a sealed cell containing HBr gas have also been realized, intended to characterize the instrumental line shape and check the good quality of the spectra. For a number of the species listed above, a complete re-analysis of the archived spectra is currently under way with SFIT-2, a modern retrieval algorithm that provides in most cases information on the distribution of the molecules versus altitude. This algorithm allows determining partial columns (e.g. to distinguish between tropospheric and stratospheric contents) as well as more accurate total columns. For example, a retrieval strategy for hydrogen cyanide (HCN), using simultaneously five HCN lines and specific microwindows for the proper simulation of water vapour absorptions (the major interference in the fitted windows), has been developed, validated and applied to Jungfraujoch FTIR observations. Figure 1 shows the results of this re-analysis in terms of tropospheric partial columns. In addition to the constituents routinely retrieved, emphasis was placed in 2006 on some gases related to the tropospheric processes, for example HCN (already mentioned above), carbonyl fluoride COF2, formaldehyde H2CO, ethylene C2H4 and methane isotopologues.

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HCN above Jungfraujoch

) 6.0 2

molec./cm 5.0 15

4.0

3.0

2.0 HCN 3.58-10.6 km partial columns (x10 HCN 3.58-10.6

1.0

1994.0 1996.0 1998.0 2000.0 2002.0 2004.0 2006.0 Calendar Year Figure 1: Daily-mean partial columns of HCN above the Jungfraujoch, from the ground upwards to 10.6 km and from 1994 onwards, derived from FTIR spectra. One notices very high tropospheric columns in 1998 (and to a lesser extent in 2003) correlated with documented high values of carbon monoxide resulting from important biomass burning. Also obvious is the strong seasonal variation, with maximum tropospheric columns generally observed in July.

Formaldehyde results from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. It is a prominent product of biomass burning and an important element in air quality monitoring. However, even the most favourable infrared absorptions of formaldehyde are extremely weak.

Up to now, reliable H2CO retrievals from Jungfraujoch FTIR spectra were only possible with weekly- or monthly-averaged spectra, preventing proper characterization of its variability and the production of data relevant for satellite validation. Efforts have therefore been undertaken to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the solar observations, with the hope to be able to retrieve H2CO abundances from individual spectra, with sufficient precision. For this purpose, a tuneable optical filter covering the 2810 to 2850 cm-1 spectral range has been installed in December 2005 in the Bruker FTS. The combination of this narrower interval with a larger aperture has resulted in H2CO spectra with S/N between 7000 and 15000 – an improvement by more than a factor 4 – with the resolution unchanged. This specific experimental setup has been regularly used since December 2005, allowing to record nearly 400 atmospheric spectra in 2006. Preliminary results are displayed in Figure 2 and 3. In the Earth's atmosphere, the cycle of methane – one of the main greenhouse gases – is complex and its understanding requires a complete study of its sources and sinks.

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Figure 2: Spectral domain used for the retrieval of formaldehyde H2CO from Jungfraujoch spectra. In the lower frame, the blue trace corresponds to a mean of 74 spectra and the magenta trace to a synthetic spectrum fitted to the observation. The upper frame shows the differences between computed and observed spectra. Main interferences are also displayed on the figure. Notice the high quality of the spectrum and the extremely faint H2CO absorption (less than 0.2 %, for a solar elevation of 8.2°).

Different processes are known to fractionate the common isotopologues of methane, and hence measuring their isotopic ratios may yield constraints on the nature of the methane sources. Preliminary retrieval strategies have been established to retrieve the 13 isotopologues of methane CH4 and CH3D from the Jungfraujoch FTIR spectra and the first results seem promising. In support of the validation of the Canadian ACE-FTS spectrometer flying onboard the SCISAT-1 satellite, specific observational campaigns were organized at the Jungfraujoch in 2006, to record as many coincident measurements as possible. Amongst about 40 occultations of ACE-FTS that occurred in 2006 in the vicinity of Jungfraujoch, we succeeded in obtaining coincident measurements for half of them. Our group participated to the international conference “Research at Jungfraujoch – Top of Science”, held at Interlaken on September 11-14, 2006, in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. Four posters were presented (“The evolution of inorganic chlorine above the Jungfraujoch station: an update”. “Recent evolution of atmospheric OCS above the Jungfraujoch station: Implications for the stratospheric aerosol layer”. “Solar spectroscopy 1950 - ...” “M. Migeotte observations in 1950-1951.”) as well as an oral presentation by R. Zander and S. Reimann (“Long-term monitoring of greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases at Jungfraujoch”). In May 2006, authorities from the Liège University and from the Belgian Federal Science Policy showed their interest and recognized the quality of our work, when they visited our laboratory at the Jungfraujoch.

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Figure 3: Preliminary H2CO total columns for the December 2005 to June 2006 period. These first results indicate that: (i) minimum values of about 3x1014 molec./cm2 are found in February-March; (ii) higher columns ranging up to 8x1014 molec./cm2 are observed during spring; (iii) spring is characterized by higher variability.

In February 2006, Luc Delbouille, who has been during many years the leader of the group, received an award "in recognition of 50 years of outstanding achievements in solar spectroscopy and atmospheric research at the High Alti- tude Research Station Jungfrau- joch and in grateful acknowledgement of his personal endeavours for the benefit of the Research Station and the Foundation". Active in electronics, optics and computers, he developed the solar spectroscopy laboratory at the Jungfraujoch since 1956, designing the huge grating spectrometer that remained in operation until 1989 and the first Fourier transform spectrometer that is still in use now. Very sadly, Luc Delbouille suddenly died on September 7th, 2006 at the age of 77. His death came as a terrible shock for the members of the group and for the scientific community. He was still very active, spending every year more than 80 days at the Jungfraujoch.

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Key words: Earth atmosphere, ozone layer, greenhouse gases, climate change, long-term monitoring, infrared spectroscopy

Internet data bases: ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/, http://www.nilu.no/nadir/

Collaborating partners/networks: Main collaborations: IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, previously NDSC; http://www.ndacc.org/) / partners of the EC-project HYMN (http://www.knmi.nl/ samenw/hymn/) / NASA Langley Research Center / ACE science team / NASA JPL / University of Oslo / EMPA / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / satellite experiments: ACE-FTS, ENVISAT, MOPPIT / …

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Dils, B., M. De Mazière, J. F. Müller, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T. Kerzenmacher, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, C. P. Rinsland, H. Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, A. G. Straume, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor, M. van den Broek, V. Velazco, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and ground-based FTIR data for total columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1953-1976, 2006. Hase, F., P. Demoulin, A. J. Sauval, G. C. Toon, P. Bernath, A. Goldman, J. W. Hannigan, C. Rinsland, An empirical line-by-line model for the infrared solar transmittance spectrum from 700 to 5000 cm-1, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 102, 450-463, 2006. Myhre, G., F. Stordal, I. Gausemel, C.J. Nielsen, and E. Mahieu, Line-by-line calculations of thermal infrared radiation representative for global conditions: CFC- 12 as an example, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 97, 317-331, 2006. Nassar, R., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, C. Clerbaux, P.F. Coheur, G. Dufour, L. Froidevaux, E. Mahieu, J.C. McConnell, S.D. McLeod, D.P. Murtagh, C.P. Rinsland, K. Semeniuk, R. Skelton, K.A. Walker, and R. Zander, A global inventory of stratospheric chlorine in 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22312, doi:10.1029/2006JD007073, 2006. Nassar, R., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, S.D. McLeod, R. Skelton, K.A. Walker, C.P. Rinsland, and P. Duchatelet, A global inventory of stratospheric fluorine in 2004 based on Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE- FTS) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22313, doi:10.1029/2006JD007395, 2006. Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, J.W. Elkins, L.S. Chiou, J.W. Hannigan, S.W. Wood, E. Mahieu, and R. Zander, Long-term trend of CH4 at northern mid-latitudes: Comparisons between ground-based infrared solar and surface sampling measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 97, 457-466, 2006.

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Rinsland, C.P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, R. Nassar, P. Bernath, C. Boone, and L.S. Chiou, Long-Term Stratospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) Increase Inferred from 1985-2004 Infrared Space-based Solar Occultation Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02808, doi:10.1029/2005GL024709, 2006. Data books and reports Mahieu, E., R. Zander, C. Servais, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland, FTIR Observations at the Jungfraujoch Station: Long-term Trend Studies and Validation of Space-based Sensors, in Tropospheric Sounding from Space, ACCENT-TROPOSAT-2 in 2004-5, J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., 289-296, 2005. Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland, FTIR Observations at the Jungfraujoch Station: Long-term Monitoring of the Troposphere and Validation of Space-based Sensors, to appear in Tropospheric Sounding from Space, ACCENT-TROPOSAT-2 in 2005-6, J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., 2006. Notholt, J., H. Bingemer, H. Berresheim, J. Holton, A. Kettle, E. Mahieu, and S. Montzka, Precursor Gas Measurements, Chapter 2 of the Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP), Edited by L. Thomason and Th. Peter, WCRP-124, WMO/TD-No. 1295, SPARC Report n° 4, 2006. Magazine and Newspapers articles Jungfraujoch - Veille atmosphérique au sommet de l’Europe. Le 15ème jour du mois, n° 155, June 2006 (http://www.ulg.ac.be/le15jour/155/jungf.shtml) L’ULg sur le Jungfraujoch : Veille atmosphérique sur le sommet de l'Europe, au service de la communauté mondiale. Wallonie Espace Infos n° 27, 39-41, July- August 2006 (http://www.wallonie-espace.be/docs/ClusterInfos27.pdf) Jungfraujoch - Veille atmosphérique. Athena n° 223, 40-41, September 2006 (http://recherche-technologie.wallonie.be/home/fr/particulier/menu/revue-athena/par- numero/n-223-septembre-2006/environnement/index.html?PROFIL=PART) Veille atmosphérique au sommet de l’Europe. Science Connection n° 14, 14-16, Dec. 2006 (http://www.belspo.be/belspo/home/publ/pub_ostc/sciencecon/14sc1_fr.pdf)

Address: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Contacts: Philippe Demoulin Tel. +32 4 366 9785 e-mail: [email protected] Pierre Duchatelet Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Emmanuel Mahieu Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Ginette Roland Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: [email protected] Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 e-mail: [email protected] Rodolphe Zander Tel. +32 4 366 9756 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/

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Name of research institute or organization: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Title of project: Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor, ozone and temperature by LIDAR

Project leader and team: Dr. Valentin Simeonov, project leader Prof. Hubert van den Bergh, head of the Laboratory for Air and Soil Pollution Dr. Marian Taslakov, Marcel Bartolome, Pablo Ristori, Todor Dinoev

Project description: In 2006, the EPFL lidar group continued the work on the upgrade of the multiwavelength elastic-Raman scattering lidar with an ozone channel. The transmitter part of the lidar was completed with a system protecting the laser of the lidar from freezing in a case of power breakdown. The DIAL spectral separation unit of the receiver was designed built and installed. The first signals were acquired. The freezing protection system (Fig.1) consists of a heating cable wrapped around the water cooled oscillator and amplifier laser heads. The heater is powered from the main power supply and in case of emergency from a battery when the temperature of the heads drops below 10°C. The battery ensures 48 h autonomous operation without external power supply. The battery charge is maintained by special circuit during normal operation. In order to improve the laser security an additional protection system was employed. It consists of an air pump, which drains the cooling water from the laser head after the laser is being stopped.

Fig. 1: Freezing protection system: (a) cooling water reservoir; (b) pump; (c) laser oscillator; (d) laser amplifier; (e) additional air pump to empty the cooling circuit; (f) 12 V battery (120 Ah), (g) thermostat; (h) heating cable (15 W).

The long-range receiver of the lidar has been redesigned and upgraded with an ozone channel. The receiver separates the backscattered radiation, collected by the astronomical telescope, by wavelength and directs the radiation to the detecting photosensors. The UV radiation used for ozone detection is first taken out from the backscatterd light by means of dichroic mirrors and directed to the ozone channel. This channel (Fig. 2) is based on a UV-enhanced, flat-field, imaging grating (Zeis

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GmbH) and has a resolution of 1 nm/mm, sufficient for separating the three closely spaced DIAL wavelengths.

Fig. 2: ozone DIAL detection box: (a) entrance diaphragm, (b) diffraction grating, (c) PMTs block

The remaining backscattered radiation is separated in three elastic (355, 532 and 1064 nm) and two Raman (384 and 604 nm) channels by interference filter polychromator and used for aerosol measurements. The Raman signals at 404 nm and 384 nm are used for water vapour measurements. A 3D plot of the long-range receiving box is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: Long-range detection box. (left): (a) entrance diaphragm, (b) collimating spherical mirror (c) UV beam-splitter, separates the UV DIAL from the other wavelengths. The residual long-wavelength light is distributed by dichroic mirrors on the detectors. (right): (d) UV-reflector above (c), (e) focusing spherical mirror, (f) UV DIAL detection box (Fig.2).

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First DIAL signals were acquired at the end of the year and are shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 First DIAL signals.

The vertical ozone profile will be calculated with a MATLab based routine developed in the laboratory. The ozone data together with the data from the water vapour and temperature channels will be used to study troposphere-stratosphere exchange (STE).

Key words: Multi-wavelength lidar, Raman lidar, pure rotational Raman scattering, aerosols, backscatter and extinction coefficients, troposphere, water-vapor mixing ratio, temperature, ozone, STE.

Internet data bases: http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html

Collaborating partners/networks: EARLINET -European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork ISM: Payerne station Institute of Atmospheric Optics-Tomsk, Russia

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Marcel Bartlome, Valentin Simeonov, Hubert Van den Bergh, “Upgrade of the EPFL multiwavelength lidar with an ozone channel” submitted to Science of the Total Environment.

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Valentin Simeonov, Marian Taslakov, and Hubert van den Bergh, “Sensitivity enhancement of open-path trace gas measurements by a multi-pass approach” submitted to Optics letters. Conference papers V. B. Simeonov, I. Serikov, P. R. Ristori, M. M. Froidevaux, T. Dinoev, M.Parlange, H. van den Bergh, “High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of water vapor, temperature, and aerosol with by Raman LIDAR for turbulent observations” in Proc. of SPIE 6367 (13th International Symposium on Remote Sensing, 2006, 11-14 September 2006, Stockholm, Sweden), SPIE Paper number: 6367- 12, in print. T. Dinoev, Y.Arshinov, S. M. Bobrovnikov, I.Serikov, P. R. Ristori, B. Calpini,; H. van den Bergh, and V. B. Simeonov “"Water vapor Raman lidar for meteorology - advances", in Proc. of SPIE 6367 (13th International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2006, 11-14 September 2006, Stockholm, Sweden), SPIE Paper number: 6367- 11, in print. M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, and J. Feist, “Open Path Measurements of Ozone water vapour CO2 and atmospheric temperature Using intrapulse tuning method of Quantum Cascade Laser”, SPIE “ Lasers Physics and Applications “, in print. Taslakov M., Simeonov V, van den Bergh H, “Open Path Space resolved measurements of atmospheric compounds using pulsed Quantum Cascade Laser spectroscopy”, SPIE “ Lasers Physics and Applications “, in print.

Address: EPFL ENAC LPAS Station 6 CH 1015 Lausanne

Contacts: Valentin Simeonov Tel.: +41(0) 21 693 61 85 Mob. +41 (0) 79 277 61 76 Fax: +41 (0) 21 693 36 26 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements

Project leader and team: Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader Dr. Rolf Philipona, Dr. Stephan Nyeki, Armand Vernez

Project description: In 2006 began the integration of the data acquisition infrastructure of the GAW Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring program (CHARM) in the main MeteoSwiss ground measurement network SwissMetNet (SMN). This required the interruption of the radiation monitoring while the infrastructure is renewed, which resulted in a lower than usual data availability. The CHARM radiation data was available 98.9% of the time until the 15/08/2006, when the data acquisition was stopped for the installation of a data acquisition system incorporated within SMN. Because SMN will include all standard surface meteorological stations as well as other stations such as the CHARM stations with common data acquisition software, hardware, and a dedicated data transmission network, resources can be focused on insuring the reliability of this network, and CHARM will profit from it. In addition, this common network will improve the compatibility of CHARM data with other meteorological data, and the maintenance of CHARM will be simplified. Finally, this will insure that CHARM data acquisition hardware and software are updated with state-of-the-art technology. While the data acquisition infrastructure is renewed, the measurement program is maintained with the same parameters using the same instrument models (brand and version) so that only one component of the general infrastructure is changed at a time. Thus, the configuration is the same than described in the 2002 HFSJG Activity Report. Surface radiation flux measurements at Jungfraujoch are included in the dataset of the Alpine Surface Radiation Budget network (ASRB). During the data acquisition interruption related to the SwissMetNet infrastructure renewal, a self-sufficient traveling standard used by ASRB has been installed independently at Jungfraujoch. This device measures the main surface radiation budget downward components (short-wave and long-wave downward irradiance), and will allows closing the data gap in the CHARM data for these two parameters. A project focused on analyzing the time evolution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Switzerland and Germany has been initiated in 2006. Aerosols are expected to play an important role with regard to climate change. Both their direct and indirect effects are responsible for large uncertainties in the prediction of climate evolution. While satellites are used for monitoring the global evolution of aerosol, ground-based measurements allow long-term series to be determined with a high level of accuracy and especially stability. Aerosol optical depth is one of the key aerosol optical properties that are continuously monitored from the ground for one to two decades at a series of stations. An accurate knowledge of the evolution of AOD is therefore important with regard to atmospheric transmittance and absorptance, cloud formation and cloud properties.

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Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measurements are made by MeteoSwiss in Switzerland with automated sunphotometers (SPMs) and precision filter radiometers (PFRs) at several stations since about 1991. In Germany similar measurements started already in 1986 by the German weather service DWD. Part of this AOD data has already been analyzed and published (Schmid et al., 1997; Weller et al., 1998; Ingold et al., 2001, Weller and Gericke, 2005). However, a comprehensive analysis combining the results from all these stations has not yet been conducted. The aim of this project is analyzing continuous AOD measurements at six to eight stations in Europe over the last two decades in collaboration between several institutions in Europe (MeteoSwiss, DWD, PMOD/WRC, and Bern University). This would allow establishing the climatology and trend of this parameter for the studied region. The stations are located in Germany (Zingst, Lindenberg, Hohenpeissenberg) and in Switzerland (Payerne, Bern, Locarno-Monti, Davos, Jungfraujoch) and cover a large part of main Europe and range from sea level all the way up to the Jungfraujoch. The AOD investigations will cover the time period 1986 to 2005. Some analysis of the AOD has already been accomplished particularly for the German stations. However, a large part of the analysis remains to be done on the measurements of the Swiss stations. Such analysis was started in the framework of the NCCR Climate program P2.4, within an analysis of water vapor measurements with PFRs (Nyeki et al., 2005), but the project was focusing on water vapor. Such a study will allow studying data from station representing a large diversity of environment. This will allow distinguishing between local specificities and characteristics representative of larger regions. In addition, the following issues will be specifically investigated: 1. The evolution of AOD over the first decade will be briefly discussed and referenced to other papers. A more extended analysis of possible trends will be made on the second decade (1996 to 2005) with a specific emphasis on the dependence on altitude. 2. In the radiation budget a change of AOD should primarily have an impact on the shortwave radiation under cloud-free skies. Therefore the analysis will be completed with an investigation of shortwave radiation under cloud-free conditions at the six stations.

References: Ingold, T., C. Mätzler, A. Heimo and N. Kämpfer (2001) Aerosol optical depth measurements by means of a Sun photometer network in Switzerland. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 27537-27554. Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, J. Morland, A. Bokoye, P. Viatte, C. Mätzler, and N. Kämpfer (2005), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using precision filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024079 Schmid, B., C. Mätzler, A. Heimo and N. Kämpfer (1997) Retrieval of optical depth and particle size distribution of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols by means of sun photometry. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 35, 172- 182.

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Weller, M., E. Schulz, U. Leiterer, T. Naebert, A. Herber and L.W. Thomason (1998) Ten years of aerosol optical depth observation at the Lindenberg meteorological observatory. Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 387-400. Weller, M., and K. Gericke (2005) Long-term observations of aerosol optical depths at the meteorological observatory Lindenberg. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0070.

Key words: Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical depth (AOD), integrated water vapor (IWV).

Internet data bases: http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/startwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data) http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ (World Radiation Data Centre – WRDC)

Collaborating partners/networks: • Integrated water vapor data submitted to the NCCR Climate P2.4 STARTWAVE database at the Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern. • Radiation data submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch • Study of AOD evolution in collaboration with the German Weather Service (DWD) and the Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Morland, J., M. A. Liniger, H. Kunz, I. Balin, S. Nyeki, C. Mätzler, and N. Kämpfer (2006), Comparison of GPS and ERA40 IWV in the Alpine region, including correction of GPS observations at Jungfraujoch (3584 m), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04102, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1029/2005JD006043. Morland, J., B. Deuber, D. G. Feist, L. Martin, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, P. Jeannet, and L. Vuilleumier (2006), The STARTWAVE atmospheric water database, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2039–2056, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2039/2006/. Conference papers Vuilleumier, L. and S. Nyeki (2006), Aerosol Optical Depth and Integrated Water Vapor column from solar photometry at Swiss Alpine sites, 9th BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, 29 May–2 June 2006, Deutsche Wetterdienst, Lindenberg, Germany Vuilleumier, L., A. Vernez and S. Nyeki (2006), GAW-CH Radiation Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Research at the Jungfraujoch - Top of science, 11-14 September 2005, Interlaken, CH. Data books and reports “Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2005 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich SZ ISSN 0080-7338 pp. 113–130.

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Address: Office fédéral de météorologie et de climatologie MétéoSuisse Station Aérologique Les Invuardes CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Laurent Vuilleumier Tel.: +41 26 662 6306 Fax: +41 26 662 6212 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Title of project: Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth

Project leader and team: Christoph Wehrli, project leader

Project description: Aerosol optical depths (AOD) are derived from solar spectral irradiance measurements at Jungfraujoch since 1998. These measurements are made in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the WMO by PMOD/WORCC in collaboration with MeteoSwiss. Quality controlled results are fed into the World Data Center Aerosols (WDCA) for public access. In addition to above monitoring activity, Jungfraujoch serves also as calibration site for master instrument within a global network of precision filter radiometers maintained by WORCC.

Key words: Solar radiation, Aerosol optical depth monitoring, calibration

Internet data bases: http://www.pmodwrc.ch, http://wdca.jrc.it/

Collaborating partners/networks: MeteoSwiss (MCH) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) AOD network

Address: PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts: Christoph Wehrli Tel.: +41 81 417 5137 Fax: +41 81 417 5100 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Berner Fachhochschule (BFH), Technik und Informatik (TI), Photovoltaik-Labor

Title of project: Long-term energy yield and reliablity of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at Jungfraujoch (3454 m)

Project leader and team Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin, project leader Christof Geissbühler, Martin Kämpfer

Project description: PV plant Jungfraujoch (1.152 kWp, 3454 meters above sea level) was planned and realised by the laboratory for photovoltaics (PV) of the Berne University of Applied Sciences (BFH) during summer and fall 1993. At the time of its erection it was the highest grid connected PV plant in the World. Purpose and Goals of the project: • Test of PV components: Operation in high altitudes is a very hard stress for all components due to extremely high irradiance peaks of more than 1.7 kW/m², heavy storms and thunderstorms, and large temperature differences. PV components surviving in such a harsh environment should perform more reliably under normal operating conditions. • Long-term operating experience: Experimental demonstration that high PV energy yields for high alpine PV plants that can be not only be simulated, but can actually be obtained in practical operation over many years. • Intensive analytical monitoring with redundant sensors to ensure maximum reliability in order to get long-term data about energy yield and reliability. • Maximum availability of energy production and monitoring data (AMD ≈ 100%). In 2006, after the new all-time record year 2005, PV plant on Jungfraujoch (rated peak power 1.152kWp, effective peak power 1.13 kWp, 3454 m above sea level) had again a very good energy production with a normalized yield of 1449 kWh/kWp, considerably more than in an average year. Compared to 2005, irradiation into the array plane decreased a few percent, but performance ratio PR was still quite high. Like in 2005, winter energy fraction was again 48.5%. In the average of 1994 to 2006, PV plant Jungfraujoch has produced 1410 kWh/kWp with a winter energy fraction of 46.4%.

Mean 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1994- 2006

Yf 1272 1404 1454 1504 1452 1330 1372 1325 1400 1467 1376 1537 1449 1410 (kWh/kWp/a)

PR = Yf /Yr 81.8 84.1 84.7 85.3 87.0 84.8 84.6 78.6 85.2 84.9 86.2 86.9 85.5 84.6 in %

Table 1: Annual energy production (referred to effective STC-power) and performance ratio PR (referred to reference cell irradiance measurement) from 1994 – 2006. Thirteen-year average values are also indicated.

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Fig. 1: Normalized monthly energy production for 2006.

In fall 2006, a major Swiss utility (Bernische Kraftwerke AG) has realized the very good conditions for PV at Jungfraujoch and is considering to erect a somewhat larger pilot plant at a suitable location there. For this decision, the long-term measurements of PV plant Jungfraujoch establish a good data base to project energy yield. A detailed description of the plant, measurement results of earlier years and defini- tions used can be found in earlier annual reports (2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005) and in several publications under www.pvtest.ch (many publications can be downloaded). Diagrams similar to fig. 1 for the years 1994 – 2006 and normalized diagrams for each month can be downloaded under www.pvtest.ch > PV monitoring data.

Key words: Grid-connected PV plants, energy yield, high alpine

Internet data bases: http://www.pvtest.ch

Scientific publications and public outreach 2005: H. Häberlin: "Rekordernte auf dem Jungfraujoch". Elektrotechnik 3/2006 (paper can be downloaded from our homepage indicated above)

Address: Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Informatik Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik Photovoltaiklabor Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf

Contacts Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin Tel.: +41 34 426 68 53 Fax: +41 31 426 68 13 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pvtest.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: EMPA Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases

Project leader and team Stefan Reimann, Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Matthias Hill

Project description: Long-term observations of greenhouse gases improve the understanding of the present state and the future behaviour of the atmosphere with respect to natural and anthropogenic changes and allow an assessment of their sources.

Apart from the dominating carbon dioxide (CO2), other long-lived trace gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and halocarbons (CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs) are responsible for a considerable fraction of the greenhouse effect [1]. At the Jungfraujoch halogenated greenhouse gases have been measured quasi- continuously by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) within the project SOGE (System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe) since January 2000 [2]. CH4 and N2O have been analysed since the beginning of 2005 by gas chromatography with flame ionization/electron capture detection (GC-FID/ECD). Jungfraujoch is the highest site worldwide to host this kind of measurements. The trends of specific greenhouse gases give important information about the global emission of these chemicals. In combination with other background sites in the Northern and Southern hemisphere the determination of the inter-hemispheric gradient for specific substances can be attained. The measurements of the halocarbons within SOGE are characteristic for each site. As an example the HFC 134a (used as a coolant agent in air conditioners and refrigerators) is shown in Figure 1. Jungfraujoch and Monte Cimone (mountain site (2165 m asl) in the Italian Apennines) are remarkably influenced by regional sources (e.g. from the Po-Valley in Northern Italy). On the other hand, data from the stations in Mace Head (west coast of Ireland) and especially in Ny-Alesund (Spitsbergen) are more representative for the hemispheric background, showing less elevated concentrations during pollution events. Nevertheless, all sites show a simultaneous increase in the background, representing the considerable global emissions of this compound.

For CH4 a preliminary analysis of the new measurements in 2005 shows that growth of this compound has currently stopped, which is accordance with data from other background sites. However, the reason for this behaviour is still unknown. N2O exhibits a small but stable growth at a rate of about 0.6%, caused by emissions from agriculture and industry.

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200

150

Monte Cimone Jungfraujoch 100 ppt Mace Head Ny-Alesund

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 1: Time series of HFC-134a at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Mace Head (Ireland), Ny-Alesund (Norway) and Monte Cimone (Italy).

Detection of European sources from Jungfraujoch During specific meteorological events (e.g. frontal transport, convectice lifting during anticyclonic periods in summer) polluted boundary layer air reaches the Jungfraujoch. These periods are used to estimate emissions from the European continent. For the localisation of potent European sources of halocarbons a trajectory model was used, based on the Swiss Alpine Model [2]. The results should be regarded as indicative, showing only potential source regions. An example of the detected European emissions of the foam blowing agents HCFC-141b and HFC-152a are shown in Figure 2. Thereby, Northern Italy is seen as a source region for both of the substances, whereas only HFC-152a seems to be emitted from Germany in considerable amounts. As the use of HCFC-141b has been prohibited in Europe within the framework of the Montreal Protocol since 2003, emissions of this substance became small, in accordance with the Protocol.

HCFC-141b HFC-152a

Figure 2: Source regions resulting from trajectory statistics for HCFC-141b and for HFC-152a in 2004 seen at Jungfraujoch. Units indicate averaged excursions above the baseline, linked to trajectories that passed over the respective grid cell.

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Future plans

In the future the long-time data series for the non-CO2 greenhouse gases will be used to assess European emissions down to a regional level. This will be achieved by expanding the already existing analyses of the data from Jungfraujoch by merging the data with that of other stations in the SOGE network. This work will be in assistance of the Kyoto Protocol and the verification of greenhouse gas emissions declared by European countries.

1. IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, ed. J. T. Houghton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 881pp., 2001. 2. Reimann, S., et al., Halogenated greenhouse gases at the Swiss High Alpine Site of Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl): Continuous measurements and their use for regional European source allocation. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, 2004. 109(D5): art. no.-D05307.

Key words: Air pollution, long-term measurements, halocarbons, Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol

Internet data bases: http://www.empa.ch/climate_gases http://www.nilu.no/soge/

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) SOGE (System for observation of halogenated greenhouse gases in Europe) AGAGE (http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/home.htm)

This research was financially supported by the Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN).

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Folini, D., Porter, L. W. and Steele, L. P. (2006). First appearance and rapid growth of anthropogenic HFC-245fa (CHF2CH2CF3) in the atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 33 L20806 doi:10.1029/2006GL026763.

Conference contributions Steinbacher M., Vollmer M. K., Reimann S. - Radiative forcing budget of non-CO2 trace gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland; Joint CACGP/IGAC/WMO symposium 'Atmospheric Chemistry at the Interfaces'; Cape Town, South Africa, September 17 – 22, 2006.

Steinbacher M., Vollmer M. K., Reimann S. - Radiative forcing budget of non-CO2 trace gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch; International conference in

25 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Research at Jungfraujoch "Top of Science" Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14, 2006.

Steinbacher M., Vollmer M. K., Reimann S. - Quasi-continuous CH4, N2O, and SF6 measurements at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: influence of transport processes and emissions estimates; GEIA 2006 conference; Paris, France, November 29 – December 01, 2006. Reimann, S. Vollmer, M. K. and Folini, D. Top-down assessment of European emissions of halocarbons, poster presented at the GEIA 2006 conference; Paris, France, November 29 – December 01, 2006. Rodolphe Zander, R. and Reimann, S. Long-Term Monitoring of Greenhouse and Ozone-Depleting Gases at Jungfraujoch, presentation at the International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Research at Jungfraujoch "Top of Science" Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14, 2006. M. K. Vollmer, M.K., Reimann, S., Steinbacher, M., Porter, L. W., Steele, L. P., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., O’Doherty, S., Greally, B. R., Simmonds, P. G., Miller, B. R., J. Mühle, J., Weiss, R. F., Wang, R. H. J., Cunnold, D. M., Prinn, R. G. First appearance and rapid growth of new hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the atmosphere: Their potential as interhemispheric transport tracer, poster presented at the International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Research at Jungfraujoch "Top of Science" Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14, 2006.

Address: EMPA Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts Stefan Reimann Tel.: +41 1 823 4654 Fax: +41 1 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/climate_gases

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Name of research institute or organization: EMPA Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Project leader and team Christoph Zellweger, Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Christoph Hüglin (project leader)

Project description: The national air pollution monitoring network NABEL is a joint project of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN) and Empa. The NABEL network consists of 16 monitoring stations that are distributed all over Switzerland. The monitoring stations represent the most important air pollution levels. The NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very low polluted site, representing a background station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe. The measurement programme at Jungfraujoch includes continuous in-situ analyses of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the sum of nitrogen oxides (NOy) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). In addition, an extended set of halocarbons and a selection of VOCs (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time resolution of four hours. Daily samples are taken for determination of gaseous SO2 and for particulate sulphur. The concentrations of total suspended particles are continuously observed as well as measured as 24-hour bulk samples. Intercomparisons of different techniques measuring the same species are a valuable tool to evaluate the performance of the respective measurement methods. For permanent in-situ observations of CO at the Jungfraujoch three measurement techniques (non-dispersive infrared analyzers (NDIR), gas chromatography with HgO reduction detector (GC/HgO), gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) are currently in use. Additionally, a fourth instrument (a vacuum ultraviolet resonance fluorescence (VURF) analyzer) operated by the World Calibration Centre (WCC) for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Methane was running at Jungfraujoch from 11 January 2006 to 16 March and from 26 July to 19 September 2006. Figure 1 gives an overview of the available time series of 10-minute averages (VURF, NDIR) and single analysis every 30 minutes (GC systems) during the winter campaign. The difference of the NDIR and GC instruments to the VURF analyzer is presented in Figure 2, and a scatter plot matrix is shown in Figure 3. Figures 1 and 2 show a good general agreement among the instruments. However, a small temporal drift was observed for the NDIR instrument. This is most likely due to the applied zero correction based on monthly averages of the automatic zero check every second day. This indicates that zero drift and signal noise are the limiting factors for accurate CO measurements with NDIR instruments.

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VURF NDIR GC/FID GC/HgO CO [ppb] CO 100 150 200 250 300

01/12 01/22 02/01 02/11 02/21 03/03 03/13

Date (mm/dd)

Figure 1: Simultaneous measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) at the Jungfraujoch with four different measurement techniques.

All instruments were calibrated using their own calibration standard. The standards used for the GC systems were calibrated on the VURF instrument; the standard of the VURF instrument was calibrated against the WMO-2000 calibration scale (Novelli et al., 2003). The NDIR instrument used a NIST traceable calibration gas. Laboratory experiments showed excellent agreement between NIST and WMO-2000 calibration scales. Therefore differences should not arise from scale issues. The remaining differences can be explained as follows: • Continuous vs. discrete techniques • Calibration issues, e.g. zero correction of NDIR analyzers and non-linearity correction of GC/HgO instruments

References

Novelli P. C., Masarie K. A., Lang P. M., Hall B. D., Myers R., Elkins J. W., 2003. Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997 - 1998 wildfires. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4464, doi: 1029./2002JD003031.

28 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 NDIR - VURF [ppb] VURF - NDIR -20 -10 0 10 20 GC/FID - VURF [ppb] -20 -10 0 10 20 GC/HgO - VURF [ppb] -20 -10 0 10 20

2006-01-11 2006-01-21 2006-01-31 2006-02-10 2006-02-20 2006-03-02 2006-03-12

Day

Figure 2: Box plots of the daily differences to the VURF instrument. 10-min averages (VURF, NDIR) and single injections (every 30 min, GC/FID and GC/HgO) were used.

100 150 200 250 300 100 150 200 250 300

VURF 100 150 200 250 300

NDIR 100 150 200 250 300

GC/FID 100 150 200 250 300

GC/HgO 100 150 200 250 300

100 150 200 250 300 100 150 200 250 300

Figure 3: Scatter plot matrix of the carbon monoxide intercomparison at Jungfraujoch. 10-min averages were used for the continuous techniques, and single injection within these 10 minutes for the GC systems.

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Key words: Air pollution, long-term measurements, carbon monoxide, intercomparison

Internet data bases: http://www.empa.ch/nabel http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut Meteo Schweiz

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Walker, S. J., Evans M. J., Jackson A. V., Steinbacher M., Zellweger C., McQuaid J. B., 2006. Processes controlling the concentration of hydroperoxides at Jungfraujoch Observatory, Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 5525-5536. Zanis P., Ganser A., Zellweger C., Henne S., Steinbacher M., Staehelin J., 2006. Seasonal variability of measured Ozone Production Efficiencies in the lower free troposphere of Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, 9315-9349. Conference contributions Folini D., Ubl S. Kaufmann P., Reimann S. - Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling at Jungfraujoch, CHIOTTO final workshop, Amsterdam, Netherlands, March 09 – 10, 2006.

Steinbacher M., Vollmer M. K., Reimann S. - Radiative forcing budget of non-CO2 trace gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch; Conference 'Research at Jungfraujoch'; Interlaken, September 11 – 14, 2006.

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Data books and reports BAFU 2006: NABEL Luftbelastung 2005. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 0630. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. 134 S.

Address: EMPA Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts Martin Steinbacher Tel.: +41 1 823 4654 Fax: +41 1 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/nabel

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Name of research institute or organization: Norwegian Institute for Air Research

Title of project: European passive air sampling campaign for selected POPs

Project leader and team: Dr. Knut Breivik, project leader Dr. Martin Schlabach, Dr. Andy Sweetman, Prof. Kevin C. Jones, Dr. Sabine Eckhardt

Project description: The key objectives of the project are: - To gain new insight into the spatial patterns of POPs in background air using consistent sampling and analytical methodologies - To evaluate limitations of the current EMEP measurement network with respect to spatial coverage - To evaluate the use of passive air samplers as a complementary and cost efficient tool with respect to possible future monitoring strategies within EMEP - To improve models by supporting model validation exercises at MSC/E (and beyond) Samples from Jungfraujoch and almost 100 other sites across Europe are to be analysed and reported during 2007. Key words: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Passive air sampling, European campaign

Internet data bases: http://www.nilu.no and http://www.emep.int

Collaborating partners/networks: University of Lancaster

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: No publications. Data yet to be analysed.

Address: Norwegian Institute for Air Research P.O.Box 100 Instituttveien 18 NO-2027 Kjeller NORWAY

33 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Contacts: Knut Breivik Tel.: +47 63 89 80 00 Fax: +47 63 89 80 50 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://zardoz.nilu.no/~knutb

34 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Name of research institute or organization: Environmental Radioactivity Section (SUER), Radiation Protection Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

Title of project: Monitoring of Air Radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch Research Station: Test of a new High Volume Aerosol Sampler

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Hansruedi Völkle, projet leader, and Thomas Flury (Master Student)

Project description: Switzerland started Environmental monitoring of radioactivity in 1956 with the appointment by the Swiss Federal Council of the Federal Commission for Radioactivity Surveillance (KUER). Already in 1959 a first automatic aerosol sampling station with an on-line measurement of the gross beta radioactivity of the aerosols was installed at the Jungfraujoch research station at 3454 meters. In order to improve the present radioactivity monitoring nework, in particular to increase the sensibility of the surveillance and to allow individual radionuclide determination by gamma spectrometry instead of only gross beta activity, a new high volume DIGITEL DHA-80 aerosol sampler, manufactured by DIGITEL Elektronik AG CH-8604 Hegnau (Switzerland) was first tested in Fribourg (630 meters) and then installed at the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station at 3454 meters. This sampler collects aerosol particles on glass fiber filters manufactured by Ederol, Binzer & Munktell Filter GmbH, D-35088 Battenberg (Germany) of 150 mm in diameter. The sampler is controlled remotely through an Internet connection. The air flow rate can be set between 6 and 60 m3/h and the instrument is maintaining a constant flow rate over the whole sampling period. Air is sucked from outside the building and heated. The filters are changed automatically twice a week. For the analysis by gamma spectrometry the filters are pressed to a tablet of 6 cm in diameter and 3 mm height by means of a hydraulic press at 15 tons. Normally 4 filters are measured together (corresponding to approximately 16’000 m3 air at normal conditions T = 288 K, p = 1013 hPa) by a gamma ray spectrometry in the Fribourg Laboratory of SUER (Radiation Protection Division of the Federal Office of Public Health) using a high purity coaxial germanium detector. Counting time is 2 days. The activities were back calculated to the middle of the sampling period. 10Be is determined by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) by the EAWAG in CH-8600 Dübendorf in collaboration with the Institute for Particle Physics at the ETH CH-8092 Zurich.

The radio nuclides measured are the natural 7Be, 210Pb, 40K and traces of the artificial 137Cs, the later due to resuspension of fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident in April 26th 1986. The short lived daughter nuclides of the uranium and thorium series are not detected for two reasons. First, the activity is very low because of snow and ice at Jungfraujoch preventing the noble gas Radon (222Rn) to escape into the atmosphere, and secondly, the measurement of the filters starts at the earliest 3 days, after filter change, enough time for those nuclides to decay significantly. 7Be and 10Be are spallation products due to interactions of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. They soon attach to aerosols. 67% of the production takes place in the

35 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 stratosphere whilst only 33%, are produced in the troposphere. Together, 7Be and 10Be are sensitive tracers of atmospheric transport and stratosphere-troposphere exchange because of their very different half-lives of 53.3 days and 1.5x106 years respectively. The production ratio 10Be/7Be is constant with the altitude, but the concentration increases in the stratosphere due to the longer residence time of aerosols of 1 - 2 years compared to 10 - 35 days in the troposphere. High values of the 10Be/7Be ratios therefore indicate the presence of stratospheric air.

Be-7 Fribourg Be-7 Joch Pb-210 Fribourg Pb-210 Joch K-40 Joch Cs-137 Joch 100000

7Be 10000 3

1000 Bq/m 210

µ Pb

100

Activity K 10

137Cs 1 8.07.06 5.08.06 2.09.06 29.04.06 13.05.06 27.05.06 10.06.06 24.06.06 22.07.06 19.08.06 16.09.06 Date

Figure 1. Natural (7Be, 40K, 210Pb) and artificial (137Cs) radionuclides measured at Jungfraujoch (3454 meters) and comparison with the 7Be and 210Pb values from Fribourg (630 meters).

The activities of 7Be and 210Pb correlate and tend to a common maximum in July and decrease again in August due to precipitation in agreement with measurements from 2000 and 2001 by Tobler et al. (2001). The comparison of the results from Jungfraujoch to those of Fribourg shows the same trends in 7Be and 210Pb. Higher concentrations of 7Be at Jungfraujoch match the higher concentrations of 210Pb in Fribourg. Both results arise from the fact that the production of 7Be augments with increasing altitude to reach a maximum between 17 and 20 km. Descending the troposphere a part of the 7Be decays (Residence time 10 to 30 days). For the 210Pb it is exactly the opposite: 210Pb, as a long lived daughter nuclide of 222Rn, ascends from the soil into the atmosphere. Even if 210Pb can reach appreciable altitudes, it comes down by the same sedimentation and precipitation mechanisms as 7Be.

Apart from the natural radioisotopes 7Be, 210Pb and 40K in four out of nine samples, 137Cs (half-life 30 years) was detected with up to 23 micro-Bq/m3 on May 17th. This higher activity was confirmed by measurements of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, Germany (Personal communication by H. Wershofen, PTB Braunschweig), the Deutscher Wetterdienst in Offenbach and Berlin (Personal communication by Th. Steinkopff, DWD, Offenbach) and the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection in Warsaw Poland (Personal communication by K. Isajenko and I. Kwiatkowska, Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection). 137Cs concentrations were significantly higher at Jungfraujoch than in Fribourg.

36 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

DWD Offenbach Be-7 DWD Berlin Be-7 PTB Be-7 Fribourg Be-7 Fribourg Pb-210 DWD Offenbach Pb-210 PTB Pb-210

100000

7Be

3 10000 Bq/m µ

Activity Activity 1000

210Pb

100 14.12.05 13.01.06 12.02.06 14.03.06 13.04.06 13.05.06 12.06.06 12.07.06 11.08.06 10.09.06 10.10.06 Date

Figure 4: Comparison of the 7Be and 210Pb concentrations of the air at the Jungfraujoch (3454 meters) to data from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Personal communication by H. Wershofen, PTB Braunschweig - Germany, 2006) and the Deutscher Wetterdienst in Offenbach and Berlin (Personal communication by Th. Steinkopff, DWD, Offenbach - Germany, 2006).

The DIGITEL aerosol sampler proved to be sufficiently reliable to work at the extreme meteorological conditions at the Jungfraujoch at 3454 meters and the remote control by an Internet connection is very useful. For two-week samples a detection limit for 137Cs of 2 micro-Bq/m3 is obtained. Natural 7Be and 210Pb show a good correlation, although their different origins. Convection brings 210Pb in the upper troposphere, where the sedimentation mechanisms are the same for both nuclides. In the future, the radionuclide data of the Jungfraujoch will be introduced into the Global Atmosphere Watch network of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Key words: Radioactivity, Nuclear Test Fallout

Collaborating partners/networks: University of Fribourg

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Thesis Natural and Artificial Radioactivity Monitoring at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch: Installation and Test of a New High Volume Aerosol Sampler in combination with Laboratory Gamma-Spectroscopy. Master Thesis in Experimental Physics by Thomas Flury at the University of Fribourg - Switzerland

37 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Address: Sektion Überwachung der Radioaktivität, BAG, Chemin du Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg - Switzerland;

Contacts: Prof. Dr. H. Völkle Tel.: +41 26 300 9161 Fax: +41 26 300 9743 e-mail: [email protected]

38 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Title of project: The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader Dr. Bart Verheggen*, Julie Cozic, Günther Wehrle, Staffan Sjögren, Stefan van Ekeren, Dr. Martin Gysel, Dr. M. Collaud Coen, MeteoSwiss, Payerne

*now at: Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich

Project description: Airborne aerosols affect our climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects refer to the scattering and absorption of radiation and their influence on planetary albedo and the climate system. Indirect effects refer to the increase in available cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) due to an increase in anthropogenic aerosol concentration. This could lead to an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and a decrease in cloud droplet effective radius, when the cloud liquid water content (LWC) remains constant. The resulting cloud droplet spectrum could lead to reduced precipitation and increased cloud lifetime. The overall result would be an increase in cloud albedo which cools the Earth’s climate. Despite the uncertainty, it is believed that in regions with high anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign to the combined effect of all greenhouse gases. The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program is an activity overseen by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is the goal of GAW to ensure long-term measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these trends. With respect to aerosols, the objective of GAW is to determine the spatio- temporal distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW monitoring network consists of 23 Global (including now the Jungfraujoch, which was upgraded from a Regional to a Global station) and some 300 Regional stations. While Global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as possible, the Regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations.

39 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

The Jungfraujoch aerosol program is among the most complete ones worldwide. The current GAW instrumentation that is continuously run at the Jungfraujoch consists of

• CPC (TSI 3010) Particle number density (particle diameter Dp>10 nm) • Nephelometer (TSI 3563) Scattering coefficient at various wavelengths • Aethalometer (AE-31) Absorption coefficient at various wavelengths; black carbon (BC) concentration • MAAP Absorption coefficient; black carbon (BC) conc. • Filter packs Aerosol major ionic composition (PM1 and TSP) • Betameter and HiVol Aerosol mass (PM1 and TSP) For these measurements, ambient air is sampled via a heated inlet (25 °C), designed to prevent ice build-up and to evaporate cloud particles at an early stage, ensuring that the cloud condensation nuclei and/or ice nuclei are also sampled. This is called the total inlet. In warm months, the site is influenced by injection of planetary boundary layer air into the free troposphere during sunny afternoons due to thermal convection, while in winter it is usually in the undisturbed free troposphere. This causes the concentration of pollutants, including the aerosol loading, to be higher in summer than in winter (see Figure 1).

1E-4 daily mean monthly mean annual mean

1E-5

1E-6 scat. coef. at 550nmscat. coef. [1/m]

1E-7 Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Dez 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006

Figure 1. Long-term measurements of the light scattering coefficient (at 550 nm).

This data set was used to analyze the long-term trend of aerosol optical measurements at the Jungfraujoch (Collaud Coen et al., submitted to J. Geophys. Res.). Since the aerosol variables are approximately lognormally distributed, the seasonal Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were applied as non-parametric methods to detect the long- term trends for each month. The yearly trend was estimated by a least-mean square fit. The most significant trend is the increase (4-7% yr-1) in light scattering coefficients during the September to December period. The light absorption and backscattering coefficients and the aerosol number concentration also show a positive trend during this time of the year. This increase of the extensive aerosol properties during autumn can tentatively be related either to the general temperature increase over Europe, which lengthens the period when the influence of the PBL is preponderant and increases the injection of PBL air masses into the lower FT over

40 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 large regions, or to long-range transport from areas with growing economy and increasing air pollution. The hemispheric backscattering fraction and the scattering exponent show an increase in size of small particles during most of the year, whereas the size of large particles remains constant. Generally the summer months at the Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show any long-term trend. The fifth Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 5) took place in February/March, 2006, with participation from different research groups. During this campaign, additional instrumentation was employed to characterize the aerosol size distribution (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, SMPS; Optical Particle Counter, OPC). The Max Plank Institute in Mainz (MPI) operated two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) to measure the size segregated chemical composition. New in comparison with previous CLACE campaigns were the employment of an ice nucleus counter and an ATOF-MS for single particle analysis of ice nuclei by ETH Zürich. Two additional inlets were used for these instruments: An interstitial inlet operated with a PM2 cyclone impactor removed all cloud particles from the ambient air. Within a cloud the sampled air thus represents the interstitial (or unactivated) aerosol fraction. In addition, the Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT) operated a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) (Mertes et al., submitted to Environ. Sci. Technol.). The CVI was part of a new prototype sampling system (Ice-CVI) that allows for the separation of small ice particles from large ice crystals, cloud droplets and interstitial aerosol particles. The extracted ice particles are dried airborne in the system and the remaining residual particles which correspond to the former ice nuclei were analyzed with a variety of different instruments. Differencing the response downstream of the different inlets provides insight in the fractionation of aerosol particles between the cloud phase and the interstitial phase. The activated fraction is defined as the fraction of the total particle number (Dp > 100 nm) that is activated into cloud droplets (obtained from total minus interstitial). Based on more than 900 hours of in-cloud measurements from winter and summer 2004 and winter 2005, this activated fraction has been related to several environmental factors such as liquid water content, number concentration of particles, temperature, and ice mass fraction of the cloud. These analyses revealed that the black carbon (BC) component of the ambient aerosol is activated into cloud droplets to the same extent as the bulk aerosol. Such a behaviour is not expected for freshly emitted soot particles because they have a hydrophobic nature. The soot particles on the Jungfraujoch experienced aging processes which transformed them into an internally mixed hygroscopic aerosol (Cozic et al., 2006).

41 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

During wintertime this activated fraction is generally low (below 20%), because the presence of ice crystals causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus transforming cloud droplets back into interstitial aerosol particles, as described by the Wegener- Bergeron-Findeisen process. When the cloud exists almost exclusively of liquid droplets (i.e. ice mass fraction approaching zero), the activated fraction increases to similar values as those encountered in summer (approximately 50%) (Verheggen et al., submitted to J. Geophys. Res.). This is shown in Figure 2.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 activated fraction activated 0.0

-0.2 0 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ice mass fraction Figure 2. Activated fraction of particles as a function of ice mass fraction in the cloud. Circles denote the average, while horizontal stripes denote the 25 and 75 percentile values. A similar analysis was performed for the partitioning of the black carbon (BC) mass concentration in mixed phase clouds. The BC mass concentration experiences a similar trend as the one observed for the bulk aerosol at low and intermediate ice mass fractions (Figure 2). A significant difference is found for the scavenged BC fraction at high ice mass fraction: The scavenged BC fraction is ~10% at ice mass fractions > 0.9 whereas the scavenged fraction of the bulk aerosol volume decreases to near-zero (see Figure 2). This indicates that the BC mass concentration is enriched in the ice phase compared to the bulk aerosol. This hypothesis is corroborated by the comparison of the BC mass fraction measured in the ice residuals with the BC mass fraction in the bulk aerosol (Figure 3). The fact that most points are located above the 1:1 line indicates that BC containing particles are enriched in the ice residuals (Cozic et al., manuscript in preparation). This result is highly important for climate modeling since BC has a predominately anthropogenic origin.

42 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

1.0 1:1 line 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2 BC mass fraction in ice residuals in ice residuals fraction BC mass

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 BC mass fraction in bulk aerosol Figure 3. Simultaneously measured BC mass fraction for ice residuals and for the bulk aerosol. The BC mass fraction is defined as the ratio of the particle BC mass concentration to total aerosol mass concentration.

Incorporation of the observed relation between number of ice crystals, particle number concentration and ice mass fraction into a global climate model suggests that the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism may have a dampening effect on the indirect effect of aerosols on climate (Weingartner et al. (2006), submitted).

Key words: Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol-cloud interactions, aerosol climatic effects, radiative forcing, cloud condensation nuclei, hygroscopic growth, particle nucleation

Internet data bases: http://www.psi.ch/gaw http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/en/climate/global_climate_monitoring/GAW_CH_ Allg/GAW-aerosol.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. P. Viatte, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Dr. C. Hüglin and Dr. S. Reimann, EMPA, Dübendorf Prof. H. Burtscher, Institut für Sensoren und Signale der Fachhochschule Aargau (FHA), Windisch Prof. U. Lohmann and Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich Prof. J. Heintzenberg, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

43 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Prof. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (SEAES), University of Manchester, Manchester, England Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt, Germany Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Dr. E. Fries, J. W. Goethe University, Institute for Atmosphere and Environment, Frankfurt, Germany

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, K. N. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, and E. Weingartner, Scavenging of black carbon in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 11877– 11912 (2006).

Conference papers Baltensperger, U. and E. Weingartner, Climate relevant aerosol research at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11- 14 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, U. Baltensperger, Long-term trend analysis of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. 4-8 April 2006, EGU 2006, Vienna, Austria, April 4-8 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, Missing effects between the planetary boundary layer and the lower free troposphere detected by the measurement of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. 8th International Congress on Aerobiology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, August 21-25 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, U. Baltensperger, Variability and long- term trends of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11- 14 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hueglin and U. Baltensperger, Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: a new detection method and a five-year climatology, Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14 (2006). Cozic, J., The fate of black carbon in the atmosphere: Its incorporation into cloud droplets and ice crystals, Proc. ASEFI 2006, Arcachon, France, October (2006). Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, The fate of black carbon in the atmosphere: Rapid removal by wet deposition after aging, Proc.10th ETH- Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zürich, Switzerland, August 12-15, (2006). Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, Black carbon contribution to the aerosol phase and its scavenged fraction in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580m

44 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 asl), Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14 (2006). Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, Black carbon contribution to the aerosol phase and its scavenged fraction in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580m asl), Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1393, September 10-15 (2006). Mertes S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Connolly, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen, E. Weingartner, Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterisation of tropospheric ice nuclei, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1363, September 10-15 (2006). Schneider J., S. Walter, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, U. Baltensperger, Chemical composition measurements of ice nuclei in mixed phase tropospheric clouds during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments CLACE, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1356, September 10-15 (2006). Vana M., A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, Characteristics of air ions and aerosol particles at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1427, September 10-15 (2006). Verheggen B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala, U. Baltensperger, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the lower free troposphere, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1415, September 10-15 (2006). Verheggen B., E. Weingartner, J. Cozic, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala, U. Baltensperger, Nucleation events at a high alpine site: Particle growth and nucleation rates, Proc. Formation and Growth of Atmospheric Aerosols, Minneapolis, September 8-9 (2006). Weingartner E. , Erkenntnisse aus dem GAW-Aerosolprogramm am Jungfraujoch, Proc. Feinstaub in der Schweiz, EMPA Dübendorf, January 20 (2006). E. Weingartner, Verhalten von Aerosolen in der realen Atmosphäre, Proc. München, HDT Seminar, Minimierung der Partikelemissionen von Dieselfahrzeugen May 15-17 (2006). Weingartner E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjogren, J. Duplissy, U. Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, J. Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Innerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Aerosol-cloud interactions in the lower free troposphere as measured at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1383, September 10-15 (2006).

45 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Ernest Weingartner Urs Baltensperger Tel: +41 56 310 2405 Tel: +41 56 310 2408 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

46 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Landestopografie / Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo)

Title of project: Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)

Project leader and team: Dr. Elmar Brockmann, Simon Grünig, Daniel Ineichen, Dr. Stefan Schaer, Dr. Urs Wild

Project description: The permanently observing GPS (Global Positioning System) station at Jungfraujoch has been operating since autumn 1998. The station is part of the Automated GPS Network of Switzerland (AGNES) consisting presently of 31 sites. AGNES is a multipurpose network which serves as reference for surveying, real-time positioning (positioning service swipos GIS/GEO) and for scientific applications (geotectonics and meteorology). Due to the extreme altitude, the station is not optimal for real-time positioning applications. Therefore an additional station was built in Hasliberg (September 2006), which is used for real-time positioning whereas the Jungfraujoch site is used for all scientific applications. The main important scientific application is GPS-meteorology. From the permanent analysis of the GPS-data zenith total delay estimates (ZTD) can be derived with a time delay of approximately 1:30 hours. These GPS-derived humidity information can be used e.g. for numerical weather prediction. The goal of several European projects, such as COST-716 (ended in 2004), TOUGH (Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity; ended at January 31, 2006) and E-GVAP (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor Programme; started 2006) is to operationally use these data for numerical weather predictions. Therefore MeteoSwiss and other European meteorological institutes are deeply involved in these activities.

GPS-Meteorology improvements in the year 2006 The big number of model changes in the permanent hourly processing was realized already in the year 2005 when switching also from Bernese Version 4.2 to Version 5.0. Nevertheless, several processing improvements were realized during the year 2006. 1. Network enlargement: In addition to the network processed so far, seven additional sites (REYK, STJO, PDEL, MAS1, TRAB, ARTU, KIR0) were included in the data analysis (see Fig.2). The main goal was to investigate whether the quality of the estimated ZTD values can be improved by this extended observation network (120º x 45º instead of 30º x 15º). Our conclusion from this test was: Enlarging the processed network gives results which are closer to CODE’s regional solution for Europe (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe located at the Astronomical Institute at the University of Berne). The internal consistency between the near real-time and the post-processed solution does not significantly improve.

47 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Fig. 2: Enlarged observation network

2. Relative Constraints. Due to the fact that for meteorological applications the estimated formal rms values are not yet used, we tried to investigate to apply constraints on the ZTD-estimates in order to avoid that weak estimates (estimated with a big formal error) are used for numerical weather prediction. Test series of near real-time solutions with different relative constraining of the estimated ZTDs were computed for a time interval of 10 days (DOY 061 – 070, 2006). So far, we used a value of 3 mm for our official solution. The test solutions were computed with relative constraints varying from 30 to 0.3 mm. In addition, these solutions were compared internally with our post-processed solution (LPT PP, no relative constraints) and externally with a near real-time solution computed by GFZ (GFZ NRT) and a post-processed solution of the IGS (IGS PPP). Our conclusion from this test was: The relative constraining reduces "peaks" in the observed ZTDs at epochs with a weak satellite geometry. For future swisstopo solutions, an optimal relative constraining of 1 mm (for NRT solutions) and 3 mm (for post-processed solutions) was identified.

3. Monitoring of the processing: Similar to the E-GVAP monitor web page (http://egvap.dmi.dk/ where results from more than 500 sites are monitored) a web page was setup at swisstopo showing the status of the processing (see Fig 3.). In addition to the status of the "NRT-Meteo" also information concerning the availability of data ("RINEX-Status") of information concerning the stability of the coordinates ("Coordinate Monitoring") is given.

48 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Fig. 3: Monitoring page of swisstopo for the availability of NRT ZTD-estimates. (http://www.swisstopo.ch/en/basics/geo/permnetworks/pnac/timeseries/timeseries_nrt meteo_europe).

4. Quality check: The ZTD-estimates derived in NRT and RRT are automatically validated by a comparison with the post-processed solutions on a weekly basis. Comparisons are also available on an hourly basis.

5. Antenna phase center model: At GPS-week 1400 (Nov. 5, 2006) the International GNSS Service (IGS) started to distribute the orbits based on an "absolute" antenna phase center model (IGS_05.ATX) instead of a relative antenna model (IGS_01.ATX). swisstopo switched for the NRT processing to this new antenna model in GPS-week 1401 (Nov 14. 2006). The antenna modeling is of special interest for the Jungfraujoch GPS-antenna, because this antenna type is an individual construction, for which no absolute calibration values exist. The impact of this processing change is considerable. Due to the fact that the post- processed solution was not switched to that model, we see in average 5-6 mm dryer ZTD-estimates. The influence is station-dependent and varies between 1-2 mm and 8- 9 mm ZTD depending on the used antenna type on the station.

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Summary and Outlook In the year 2006 in average 98.78 % of the NRT solutions (maximally 78 processed sites in January 2006 and maximally 91 processed sites at the end of 2006) and 98.45 % of the RRT solutions (maximally 40 processed sites) were delivered to E- GVAP. Outages mainly occurred because of interruptions of the complete communication lines or because of computer shut-downs. A special acknowledgment is addressed to MeteoSwiss. Without their support swisstopo could not contribute to E-GVAP. swisstopo plans to equip all AGNES sites with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System consisting of the satellite systems GPS, GLONASS and future systems such as Galileo) receivers till end of the year 2007. The new receivers will be able to also collect observations of GLONASS satellites. This might also stimulate the Swiss- internal project GANUWE (project partners ETH Zurich and MeteoSwiss) which has the goal to use GNSS-tomography for numerical weather prediction. The data flow based on post-processed results was already established in 2006.

Key words: GPS, Meteorology, Positioning, Intergrated Water Vapour, Zenith Path Delay, GPS Tomography

Internet data bases: http://www.swisstopo.ch; http://egvap.dmi.dk/

Collaborating partners/networks: Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Berne MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payern Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University of Berne Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zürich E-GVAP (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor Programme)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Somieski A., B. Bürki, A. Geiger, H.-G. Kahle, E. Brockmann, H. Becker-Ross, S. Florek, M. Okruss (2006). Geodetic Mobile Solar Spectrometer (GEMOSS) and Comparison with GPS Estimates of Wet Path Delay, Paper in preparation. Troller, M, A. Geiger, E. Brockmann, J.-M. Bettems, B. Bürki and H.-G. Kahle (2006): Tomographic determination of the spatial distribution of water vapor using GPS observations. Advances in Space Research, Volume 37, Issue 12 , 2006, Pages 2211-2217, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.002 Troller M. , A. Geiger, E. Brockmann, H.-G. Kahle (2006). Determination of the spatial and temporal variation of tropospheric water vapour using CGPS networks. Geophys. J. Int., Volume 167, pages 509-520, doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 246X.2006.03101.x

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Conference papers Brockmann E., S. Grünig, D. Ineichen, S. Schaer (2006): Monitoring the Automated GPS Network of Switzerland AGNES. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF). Riga, June 15-17, 2006, EUREF Publication in preparation. Wiget A., E. Brockmann, M. Kistler, U. Marti, A. Schlatter, B. Vogel, U. Wild (2006): Annual Report 2006 of Switzerland. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF). Riga, June 15-17, 2006, EUREF Publication in preparation. Data books and reports Vedel H.,(2006): Final TOUGH Report (Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity). EU Project EVG1-CT-2002-00080. EU Publication in preparation.

Address: Bundesamt für Landestopographie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Contacts: Elmar Brockmann Tel.:+41 31 963 2111 Fax.:+41 31 963 2459 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.swisstopo.ch

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52 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Name of research institute or organization: Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements

Project leader and team: PD Dr. Markus Leuenberger, project leader Francesco Valentino, Chiara Uglietti

Project description: During 2006 we monitored the CO2 and O2 concentration at Jungfraujoch. Since three years we have observed a increasing trend for CO2 and an expected decrease in O2. However, the decrease in oxygen is stronger than expected pointing to an uptake by the ocean since it is not compatible either with the consumption by fossil fuel burning nor with terrestrial exchange. Key words: Greenhouse gas, climate change, CO2 emissions

Internet data bases: http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE-atmosphere/database/index_database.html

Collaborating partners/networks: CarbonEurope IP partners

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Leuenberger, M., Uglietti, C., Valentino, F. L., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H.P., Sturm, P., Significant enhancement of CO2 and O2 trends at the High Alpine Research Station, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. Valentino, F. L., Leuenberger, M., Uglietti, C., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H.P., Sturm, P., 13 M. Fischer, K. Hemund, Atmospheric CO2 and δ C flask measurements combined with a continuous online CO2 record at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. Uglietti, C., Leuenberger, M., Valentino, F. L., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H.P., Sturm, P., M. Fischer, K. Hemund, Results of online and flasks measurement of O2 at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. U. Schotterer, Leuenberger, M., W. Stichler, R. Kozel, M. Schürch, Stable isotope in precipitation at Jungfraujoch and in surrounding glaciers, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006.

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Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Markus Leuenberger Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 Fax: +41 31 631 87 42 e-mail: [email protected]

54 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg

Title of project: 14 222 Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Ingeborg Levin, project leader Bernd Kromer Felix Vogel

Project description: 14 Atmospheric CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch are used as background for other observational sites in Central Europe to estimate the regional fossil fuel CO2 component. The measurements have been started in 1986 and were continued without 14 interruption until today. In recent years, the Jungfraujoch background CO2 level was used to calculate the fossil fuel CO2 component at Schauinsland station as well as in 14 Heidelberg from respective CO2 observations. These results are described in detail by Gamnitzer et al. [2006] and Levin et al. [2007]. Atmospheric 222Radon daughter observations started at Jungfraujoch in April 2006 in the frame of the EU-funded CarboEurope-IP and EuroHydros Projects. 222Radon observations will be used to identify (polluted) air masses that have recently been in contact with continental surfaces as well as for flux estimates of other continent-borne trace gases using the Radon-Tracer-Method. References: Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. E M. Neubert, H. A. J. Meijer, H. Schroeder, and I. Levin, 2006. Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO2? J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006966. Levin, I., S. Hammer, B. Kromer and F. Meinhardt, 2007. Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background. Submitted to Science of the Total Environment.

Key words: carbon dioxide, Radiocarbon, fossil fuel CO2, climate, Kyoto Protocol 222Radon, atmospheric tracer

Internet data bases: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/radiometrie-web-html

Collaborating partners/networks: CarboEurope-IP (http://www.carboeurope.org/) EuroHydros (http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/eurohydros/)

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal article: Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. E M. Neubert, H. A. J. Meijer, H. Schroeder, and I. Levin, 2006. Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO2? J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006966.

Address: Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Ingeborg Levin Tel.: +49 6221 546330 Fax: +49 6221 546405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

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Name of research institute or organization: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

Title of project: Atmospheric physics and chemistry

Project leader and team: Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis B. Dils, Caroline Fayt, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Gaia Pinardi, Corinne Vigouroux, P. Olamba: team scientists Pierre Gérard, José Granville: team support engineers

Project description: UV-Vis (main results, significance of results, progress in 2006) BIRA-IASB operates a SAOZ (Système d’Analyse par Observations Zénithales) UV- visible spectrometer installed on the Sphinx platform since June 1990. Measurements of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide total columns are performed twice a day at twilight and used for long-term climatological studies as well as for satellite validation as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, former NDSC). SAOZ total ozone and NO2 data are regularly submitted to the NDACC and ENVISAT Cal/Val databases and used for the geophysical validation of relevant satellite instruments. During 2006, the long-term validation of ERS-2 GOME and ENVISAT SCIAMACHY has been pursued within the ESA/PRODEX CINAMON project (AOID158, coordinated by BIRA-IASB). SAOZ data have also been used for the validation of OMI measurements as part of the ESA AO2931. Although it could not be installed in the course of 2006 as initially planned, the new multi-axis DOAS spectrometer has been assembled and tested in Brussels as well as during an intercomparison campaign in Cabauw, The Netherlands during September 2006. This new multi-axis DOAS spectrometer has improved performances for NO2 detection, and enhanced capabilities to derive vertical profile information in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. Additionally it allows the monitoring of other important atmospheric species like HCHO, BrO and possibly SO2 and aerosols.

FTIR solar absorption spectrometry (main results, significance of results, progress in 2006) BIRA-IASB participates in the measurement of the atmospheric composition by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry coordinated by the University of Liege (see report by ULg). The EC project UFTIR (http://ww.nilu.no/uftir; coordinated by BIRA-IASB), that included the Jungfraujoch observatory as well as all other European NDSC stations equipped with FTIR instruments, came to an end in the beginning of 2006. During the project, the vertical inversion strategies for 6 species, that are O3, CO, N2O, CH4, C2H6, and HCFC-22, have been optimised. The spectral time series existing at each station have been re-analysed for deriving – in an optimised way – the time series of total columns or – when feasible – of vertical profiles of the target species. Publications for each of the target species are under preparation; BIRA-IASB is responsible for the publication concerning the FTIR ozone data and trends over Europe.

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In 2006, the validation of ENVISAT SCIAMACHY and MIPAS data using Jungfraujoch and other ground-based NDSC FTIR data has continued in the frame of ESA/PRODEX project CINAMON (AOID126, coordinated by BIRA-IASB) and in the frame of the EC project Evergreen (http://www.knmi.nl/evergreen). The latter project ended early 2006. It has been demonstrated that the vertical profile information retrieved from the FTIR data can be very well exploited for the validation of MIPAS profiles, in particular for O3, HNO3 and N2O profiles. Comparisons have also been performed between the FTIR data and 4D Var data assimilation analyses from the BIRA-IASB BASCOE system. They have highlighted the benefits and limitations of the present assimilation system (Vigouroux et al., 2007). It has also been shown that the FTIR total column data of CO, CH4, N2O and CO2 represent a very valid contribution to the validation of the SCIAMACHY near-infrared products, and of comparable model data from TM4 and TM5. The validation efforts have contributed to the development of improved data retrieval algorithms. Ground-based FTIR data from the Jungfraujoch have been submitted for the validation of vertical profile data from the ACE/Scisat solar occultation experiment. BIRA-IASB is focusing on the coordinated validation of CH4, using various independent correlative data, including the NDACC FTIR data. A publication is planned in the first half of 2007. The concentration of CO at Jungfraujoch is measured on a continuous basis at the surface by in-situ observations, with a non-dispersive infrared detection method. It is also observed regularly by FTIR remote-sensing methods in the boundary layer. In 2006, we have initiated comparisons between both data sets, and their interpretation using trajectory modelling, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Liège and EMPA in Switzerland. A publication is planned early 2007.

Key words atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical inversion methods, satellite validation

Internet databases ¾ The data are archived in the NDSC database (http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/), in the NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir). ¾ Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the ENVISAT CAL/VAL database (http://nadir.nilu.no/calval). ¾ Revised FTIR timeseries in the frame of UFTIR have been submitted to NADIR/NILU in a dedicated database for UFTIR (see http://www.nilu.no/uftir). They will be copied to the NDSC database as soon as this one is upgraded to accept FTIR profile data.

Collaborating partners/networks: ¾ Collaborations with University of Liège, NDSC partners and partners of the EC projects QUILT, UFTIR, Evergreen. ¾ Collaboration with modellers, in particular M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds. ¾ Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), now re-baptized NDACC, Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes. ¾ Collaboration with S. Reimann, B. Buchmann, and D. Folini of EMPA ¾ Collaborations with A. Prévot (PSI) and I. Bey (EPFL)

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¾ Collaboration with the GOME, ENVISAT, ACE and MetOp satellite communities.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles B. Dils, M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T. Kerzenmacher, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, H. Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor, M. van den Broek, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons between SCIAMACHY scientific products and ground-based FTIR data for total columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, ACP, 6, 1953-1976, 2006. Piters, A. J. M., K. Bramstedt, J.-C. Lambert, and B. Kirchhoff, Overview of SCIAMACHY validation: 2002-2004, Invited paper, ACP 6, 127-148, 2006. Hendrick, F., M. Van Roozendael, A. Kylling, A. Petritoli, S. Sanghavi, R. Schofield, C. von Friedeburg, F. Wittrock, and M. De Mazière, Interpretation of ground-based zenith-sky and multi-axis DOAS observations: Intercomparison exercise between different radiative transfer models, Atm. Chem. Phys., 6, 93-108, 2006. C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, Q. Errera, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, S.Wood, D. Smale, S. Mikuteit, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, and N. Jones, Comparisons between ground-based FTIR and MIPAS N2O and HNO3 profiles before and after assimilation in BASCOE, ACP 7, 377-396, 2007. E. Neefs, M. De Mazière, F. Scolas, C. Hermans and T. Hawat, BARCOS an automation and remote control system for atmospheric observations with a Bruker interferometer, Review of Scientific Instruments, 2007 (in press). Vaughan, G., P. T. Quinn, A. C. Green, J. Bean, H. K. Roscoe, M. Van Roozendael and F. Goutail, SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO2 at Aberystwyth, 1991- 2004, J. Environ. Monit. 8, 353 - 361, 2006. G. Wetzel, A. Bracher, B. Funke, F. Goutail, F. Hendrick, J.-C. Lambert, S. Mikuteit, C. Piccolo, M. Pirre, A. Bazureau, C. Belotti, T. Blumenstock, M. De Mazière, H. Fischer, N. Huret, D. Ionov, M. López-Puertas, G. Maucher, H. Oelhaf, J.-P. Pommereau, R. Ruhnke, M. Sinnhuber, G. Stiller, M. Van Roozendael and G. Zhang, Validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT NO2 operational data, submitted to ACPD, Dec. 2006. Ugo Cortesi, et al., Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT ozone data from the co-ordinated analysis of ESA level-2 operational products, to be submitted to ACP, 2007.

Conference papers M. De Mazière, M. Kruglanski, B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, A.-C. Vandaele, T. Blumenstock, P. Demoulin, E. Mahieu, J. Noholt, S. Wood, N. Jones, Validation of IASI Atmospheric Chemistry Products for CO, O3, HNO3, N2O and CH4 with FTIR Ground-based network data, poster presentation; Proceedings of the 1st EPS/MetOp RAO Workshop, (May 2006, ESRIN), ESA Publications SP-618, 2006. B. Dils, M. De Mazière, J. F. Müller, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, H. Schrijver, M. Van den Broek and contributing NDSC FTIR teams,

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The evaluation of SCIAMACHY CO and CH4 scientific data products, using ground- based FTIR measurements, Proceedings of the ESA Atmospheric Science Conference, (ESRIN, July 2006), ESA Publications SP-628, 2006. M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, J. P. Burrows, H. Bovensmann, B. Dils, and M. De Mazière, Carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide retrieved from SCIAMACHY near-infrared nadir observations using WFM-DOAS, Proceedings of the ESA Atmospheric Science Conference, (ESRIN, July 2006), ESA Publications SP-628, 2006. M. De Mazière, M. Van Roozendael, A. Merlaud, Regional Monitoring of tropospheric NO2 and CO using remote sensing from high altitude platforms- preliminary concept, Proceedings of the workshop "The future of remote sensing", Antwerp, October, 17-18, 2006. B. Dils, M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystova, O. Schneising, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, Validation of WFM- DOAS v0.6 CO and v1.0 CH4 scientific products using European ground-based FTIR measurements, Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-3, 4-7/12/2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy), to appear as ESA Publications Division Special Publication SP- 642), 2006. T. Blumenstock, S. Mikuteit, H. Fischer, F. Hase, I. Kramer, U. Raffalski, C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu, S. Wood, Validation of O3, HNO3, CH4, and N2O profiles from MIPAS-ENVISAT with groundbased FTIR measurements made at Kiruna, oral presentation by T. Blumenstock at Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-3, 4-7/12/2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy), to appear as ESA Publications Division Special Publication SP- 642), 2006. Ugo Cortesi, et al., Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT ozone data from the co-ordinated analysis of ESA level-2 operational products, oral presentation by U. Cortesi at Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-3, 4-7/12/2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy), to appear as ESA Publications Division Special Publication SP- 642), 2006. Balis, D., J.-C. Lambert, M. Van Roozendael, R.J.D. Spurr, D. Loyola, Y. Livschitz, P. Valks, V. Amiridis, P. Gerard, J. Granville, and C. Zehner, 10-Years Operational GOME/ERS-2 Total Column Products: The GDP 4.0 Validation, in Proceedings of the Atmospheric Science Conference, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 08-12 May 2006. Piters, A., K. Bramstedt, W. von Hoyningen-Hüne, S. Kühl, J.-C. Lambert, M. de Mazière, J. Notholt, A. Richter, M. van Roozendael, and T. Wagner, Overview of SCIAMACHY Level 2 Data Quality, in Proceedings of the Atmospheric Science Conference, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 08-12 May 2006. Lambert, J-C., M. Van Roozendael, S.B. Andersen, J.P. Burrows, C. De Clercq et al., End-to-end validation of EPS/METOP GOME-2 trace gas data, Proc. First EUMETSAT Polar System / MetOp RAO Workshop, 15-17 May 2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, ESA SP-618, 2006. Hendrick, F., J. Granville, J.-C. Lambert, and M. Van Roozendael, Validation of SCIAMACHY OL3.0 NO2 Profiles and Columns Using Ground-Based DOAS

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Profiling, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 4 – 7 December 2006.

Lambert, J-C., J. Granville, C. Lerot, and M. van Roozendael, SCIAMACHY NO2 column GDP 4 Transfer to SCIAMACHY OL 3.0: Pole-to-pole delta-validation of NO2 column data with the NDACC/UV-visible network, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 4 – 7 December 2006.

Lambert, J-C., J. Granville, C. Lerot, and M. van Roozendael, SCIAMACHY O3 column GDP 4 Transfer to SCIAMACHY OL 3.0: Pole-to-pole delta-validation of O3 column data with the NDACC/UV-visible network, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 4 – 7 December 2006.

Address: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Contacts: Martine De Mazière Tel. +32 2 373 03 63 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

Michel Van Roozendael Tel. +32 2 373 04 16 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html http://www.nilu.no/uftir

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62 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br.

Title of project: 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air

Project leader and team Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser and Sabine Schmid, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, D-79098 Freiburg Roland Purtschert, Heinz Hugo Loosli, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH- 3012 Bern

Project description: Since more than 15 years the tropospheric Kr-85 activity has been continuously monitored at Jungfraujoch (JFJ). In the last year this valuable data record has been expanded. Krypton separated from about 10 m3 of air, which are collected during one week, is sent to Freiburg i.Br for activity measurement (Figure 1). At present the baseline of the Kr-85 activity concentration is app. 1.45 mBq/m³ at the stations located in the northern hemisphere. The Kr-85 activity concentration in ground level air showed a regular increase of about 0.03 Bq/m3 per year during the last decades. This corresponds to a yearly global release rate of about 5·1017 Bq. It can be assumed that this trend will be continued due to a planned increase of reprocessing activities in the coming years e.g. in Japan. The ground level reached in the year 2006 at JFJ is slightly lower than the baseline of 1.45 mBq/m³ (Figure 1). The release from the reprocessing facilities occurs pulsed. This spikes from La Haque or Sellafield are higher and more frequent at Freiburg i. Br. than at JFJ (Figure 1). This is due to the larger distance of the JFJ station from the main source La Hague and the elevated altitude of 3454 m asl of the station compared to Freiburg with 276 m asl. The data of the global Kr-85 measuring network provides an instrument for the surveillance of radioactivity in the environment. The location of the JFJ sampling site is strategically important because at this altitude the northern tropospheric background level can best be determined. Secondly, the gradient of the baseline concentration and the occurrence of elevated peak concentrations allow some conclusion about the global and local reprocessing activities, respectively. This feature of Kr-85 could be an important tool to monitor clandestine nuclear reprocessing activities. Known Kr-85 emissions can also be used for the validation and calibration of global circulations models. The well known atmospheric Kr-85 activity provides last but not least the basis for one of the most reliable dating methods for groundwater.

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4.0 Freiburg i. B Jungfraujoch 3.5 ) 3 3.0

2.5 Kr (Bq/m 85 2.0

1.5

1.0 1-1-2005 7-1-2005 1-1-2006 7-1-2006 1-1-2007 Date

Figure 1: measured 85Kr activities in weekly samples of air, collected at Jungfraujoch (3500 m a s l) and at Freiburg i. B. (276 m a s l) in the last two years.

Key words: Krypton, 85Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants

Internet data bases: [email protected]

Collaborating partners/networks: [email protected]

Scientific publications and public outreach 2004: Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004, 2005, 2006 (in preparation) Winger K., Feichter M. B., Kalinowski M., Sartorius H., and Schlosser P. (2005) A new compilation of the atmospheric 85krypton inventories from 1945 to 2000 and its evaluation in a global transport model. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 80, 183-215.

Address: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Rosastrasse 9 D-79098 Freiburg

Contacts: H. Sartorius e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Particle Chemistry Department Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz

Title of project: Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 5 (CLACE 5)

Project leader and team: Dr. Joachim Curtius, project leader Dr. Ernest Weingartner, Dr. Martin Gysel, Dr. Johannes Schneider, Dr. Michael Kamphus, Dr. Ulrich Pöschl, Dr. Elke Fries, Dr. Ulrich Bundke, Dr. Martin Ebert, Dr. Daniel Cziczo, Dr. Olaf Stetzer, Dr. Frank Wienhold, Dr. Richard Winterhalter, et al.

Project description: The properties of clouds in the atmosphere have a major influence on Earth's climate and on the hydrological cycle. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds is essential. Atmospheric aerosol particles interact with clouds and influence the cloud formation. Ice nuclei are aerosol particles that lead to the formation of primary ice particles in the atmosphere by heterogeneous nucleation. These are of special interest for the formation of mixed phase clouds, i.e. clouds that exist at temperatures where supercooled water droplets as well as ice particles are present inside the clouds. These types of clouds are often present at the altitude of the Jungfraujoch research station and make this station a unique place for ground-based in situ studies of mixed-phase clouds. The German Collaborative Research Center 641 "The Tropospheric Ice Phase" (SFB "TROPEIS"), funded by the German Research Foundation DFG, comprising 14 different scientific sub-projects, focuses on research concerning ice particles in the atmosphere. Therefore, a major fraction of the CLACE 5 experiments was conducted and funded within the framework of the SFB "TROPEIS", namely the contributions by the University of Frankfurt, the Technical University of Darmstadt, the University of Mainz and the Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry in Mainz. The CLACE 5 experiment was the fifth intensive field mission on the characterization of clouds and aerosol carried out at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. The experiment took place from 6 February, 2006, to 25 March, 2006, with an intensive measurement period from 20 February to 21 March. Numerous cloud events were sampled during this time. For the CLACE mission in 2006 more than 50 individual scientists and technicans came up to the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch to take part in the measurements directly. The Spinx lab and its outside platforms hosted more than 25 additional instruments, including: • 3 different aerosol mass spectrometers, • an ice nucleus counter (INC), • a cloud condensation nucleus counter (CCNC), • numerous condensation nucleus counters (CNC),

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• optical aerosol counters (OPC), • several different soot monitors, • scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS), • a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP), • a cloud imaging probe (CIP), • a digital holographic ice particle imager, • backscatter sondes, • a nephelometer • a particle volume monitor (PVM) • a gas chromatograph • an ice counterflow virtual impactor (Ice-CVI) • several particle impactors for off-line analysis • filter samplers for off-line analysis • snow samplers • ice and graupel samplers Several of these instruments were entirely new developments and were tested for the fist time in the field, for example, the ice nuclei counter from ETH Zürich, as well as the single particle aerosol mass spectrometer and the digital holography instrument from the University of Mainz. Three different inlet systems were used to sample the aerosol and the cloud elements. The photographs show a group of researchers involved in CLACE 5 on the platform of the Sphinx laboratory and an impression of the Sphinx laboratory is given, crowded with the equipment.

A first data workshop to present and discuss the data obtained during CLACE 5 was carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz from 28 to 29 September 2006. The 15 oral presentations of the workshop are available on the CLACE FTP-server. To review the various scientific results of the measurements is beyond the scope of this report. Please consult the sub-project's individual reports for further details. Key words: ice nuclei, mixed phase clouds, ice phase, CLACE

Internet data bases: An FTP-server for internal use by all CLACE participants has been established.

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Collaborating partners/networks: Institutions and investigators participating in CLACE 5: Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig: Dr. Stephan Mertes, Prof. Jost Heintzenberg Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul-Scherrer-Institut, Villingen: Dr. Ernest Weingartner, Dr. Martin Gysel, Julie Cozic, Dr. Bart Verheggen, Prof. Urs Baltensperger Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich: Dr. Daniel Cziczo, Dr. Olaf Stetzer, Stephane Gallavardin, Dr. Frank Wienhold, Prof. Thomas Peter, Prof. Ulrike Lohmann Institut für Mineralogie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt: Dr. Martin Ebert, Annette Worringen, Prof. Stephan Weinbruch Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt: Dr. Elke Fries, Dr. Ulrich Bundke, Karsten Sieg, Prof. Wolfgang Jaeschke, Prof. Ulrich Schmidt Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz: Dr. Joachim Curtius, Dr. Michael Kamphus, Dr. Hermann-Joseph Vössing, Sebastian Raupach, Prof. Heini Wernli, Prof. Stephan Borrmann Institut für Geowissenschaften, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz: Markus Maria Miedaner, Prof. Michael Kersten Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz: Dr. Johannes Schneider, Saskia Walter, Silke Hings, Dr. Frank Drewnick Dr. Ulrich Pöschl, Diana Rose, Göran Frank, Dr. Richard Winterhalter, Dr. Geert Moortgat, Prof. Meinrat Andreae, Prof. Jos Lelieveld, Prof. Stephan Borrmann

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Please consult the sub-project's individual reports for details.

Address: Institute for Atmospheric Physics University of Mainz J.-J.-Becherweg 21 55099 Mainz Germany

Contacts: Joachim Curtius Tel.: +49 6131 39 22862 Fax: +49 6131 39 23532 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/curtius/CLACE5.html http://www.sfb641.uni-frankfurt.de/index.html http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/curtius/ http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/kamphus/jfj.html

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Name of research institute or organization: Particle Chemistry Department Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz

Title of project: Mass spectrometric studies of ice nuclei and background aerosol within CLACE 5

Project leader and team: Dr. Joachim Curtius, project leader Dr. Johannes Schneider Dr. Frank Drewnick Dr. Michael Kamphus Dipl.-Met. Saskia Walter Dipl.-Met. Matthias Ettner-Mahl Dipl.-Met. Silke Hings

Project description: The identification of ice nuclei is crucial for the understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled clouds, which is the main initiation process of precipitation in mid latitudes. Until today it is not well understood which chemical components (e.g. sulfuric acid, ammonium, nitrate, various organic substances, mineral dust, sea salt, soot, or other materials) contained inside or on the surface of aerosol particles enable a particle to act as an ice nucleus (IN). While water soluble compounds are expected to favour the formation of liquid cloud droplets, insoluble materials like mineral components may favour the formation of ice particles. Similar to the 3rd and 4th Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE- 3, CLACE-4) in February/March 2004 and 2005, also in 2006 mass spectrometric measurements of particles were performed at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch within the frame of the follow-up project CLACE 5. Our CLACE 5 sub- project was embedded into the activities and largely financed by the German Collaborative Research Center 641 "The Tropospheric Ice Phase", sub-project A3 "In situ measurements of the chemical composition of atmospheric ice residuals and ice nuclei by mass spectrometric methods". During CLACE 5 two different types of aerosol mass spectrometers were operated at the Sphinx laboratory in order to analyze in situ and on-line the chemical composition residuals of supercooled cloud droplets, small ice particles as well as background and interstitial aerosol particles. The first mass spectrometer, a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (W-ToF- AMS by Aerodyne) is an improved version of the Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer that was already deployed to the Jungfraujoch during CLACE 3 and 4. This improved version has a significantly higher sensitivity (only 20 ng/m3 of arosol mass is needed) and a very high mass resolution of >4000. The mass spectrometer operated very sucessfully and the chemical composition of the non-refractory compounds of the background and interstitial aerosol (sulfate, nitrate, organics and ammonia) was measured quantitatively throughout the campaign at high time resolution. The high mass resolution allowed for the first time to distinguish ions of

69 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 different chemical composition but identical integer m/z ratio: for example, the ions + + of C2H3O and C3H7 at m/z 43.0184 and 43.0551 were clearly separated and this separation allows to analyze the degree of oxidation of the organic aerosol fraction. The W-ToF-AMS also provided successful measurements of ice residuals. These measurements confirmed our findings from CLACE 3 and 4 that the ice residuals contain only very low amounts of non-refractory material, suggesting that ice nuclei are mainly composed of refractory substances such as mineral dust and soot. The second mass spectrometer, a Single Particle Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (SPLAT), analyzes individual particles in the size range of 500-3000 nm diameter. This mass spectrometer has been developed by our group in recent years and it was deployed to the field only for the second time for CLACE 5. Generally, the instrument worked very well and provided mass spectra from more than 1200 individual particles during the campaign. As the instrument is still in a developmental phase its performance was considered very good. The mass spectra revealed various kinds of particles, including mineral dust particles, organic particles, sulfate and nitrate particles, etc.. During CLACE 5 the measurement of ice residuals was not yet successful because the ice residual concentrations were to low for the SPLAT mass spectrometer. For this reason numerous improvements and optimizations of the SPLAT were implemented during the rest of the year 2006. Here, especially the lowering of the smallest detectable aerosol particle diameter from 500 to below 300 nm represents a substantial improvement. Therefore we are now very confident that we will be able to analyze ice residuals with the SPLAT during CLACE 6.

Key words: Aerosol chemical composition, ice nuclei chemical composition, aerosol mass spectrometry

Internet data bases: An FTP server for internal use of CLACE participants has been established

Collaborating partners/networks: ift Leipzig (Dr. Stephan Mertes), PSI (Dr. Ernest Weingartner), ETH Zürich (Dr. Daniel Cziczo), Tech Univ. Darmstadt (Dr. Martin Ebert),

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers (for 2006, concerning previous CLACE campaigns) Bower, K., P. Connolly, J. Cozic, B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, M. Ebert, A. Worringen, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, and S. Walter, Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei, oral presentation at the International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, U.S.A., 10 - 15 Sept., 2006. Schneider, J., S. Walter, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Chemical composition measurements of ice nuclei in mixed phase tropospheric clouds during the cloud and aerosol characterization experiments CLACE, oral presentation at the International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, U.S.A., 10 - 15 Sept., 2006. E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjogren, J.Duplissy, U. Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J.

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Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in the Lower Free Troposphere as Measured at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, oral presentation at the International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, U.S.A., 10 - 15 Sept., 2006. Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Connolly, J. Schneider, K. N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen, and E. Weingartner, Physico-chemical Characterisation of Ice Particle Residuals in Tropospheric Mixed-phase Clouds, oral presentation at the 12th Conference on Cloud Physics, Madison, U.S.A, 10 –14 July 2006. Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic und U. Baltensperger, Massenspektrometrische Analyse der Residualpartikel von Eiswolken auf dem Jungfraujoch, Fachvortrag DPG- Frühjahrstagung, Umweltphysik, Heidelberg, 2006. Kamphus, M., M. Ettner-Mahl, F. Drewnick, J. Curtius, und S. Borrmann, Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines Einzelpartikel- massenspektrometers für die Untersuchung von Eiskeimen, Posterbeitrag 39. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie DGMS, P5-08, Mainz, 2006.

Address: Institute for Atmospheric Physics University of Mainz J.-J.-Becherweg 21 55099 Mainz Germany

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität Frankfurt, Germany

Title of project: Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 5

Project leader and team: Dr. Elke Fries, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Jaeschke, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Püttmann, project leaders Karsten Sieg, Dr. Elena Starokozhev

Project description: Introduction and work package Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted from automobile traffic and aircraft exhaust (aromatic hydrocarbons) and from solvent production and use (aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons) (i.e. Slemr et al., 2001). Snowfall has the potential to significantly contribute to the deposition of airborne organic contaminants by washing out the aerosol particles and adsorbing gas phase molecules (Franz, 1994). Most of the studies of organic contaminants in snow from high altitudes in Europe have dealt with semi-volatile organic compounds recognized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (see for review Daly and Wania, 2005), whereas VOC have been mostly measured in snow from urban sites. During the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment CLACE 5 in February- March 2006 quasi-continuous measurements of VOC in air, snow and ice crystals were carried out at the Sphinx laboratory at the alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) to determine the influence of in-cloud scavenging on the occurrence of VOC in snow. In addition, during CLACE 5 snow samples and aerosol samples were collected for our project partners of the Sonderforschungsbereich 641 “die troposphärische Eisphase” from MPI Mainz and Mainz university and for the analytical chemistry group of Augsburg university.

Results VOC in air were measured with an online-gas chromatographic system (AirmoVOC) with a temporal resolution of 60 min. Median concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylenes, and o-xylene in air samples were between 5 and 266 ng m-3. VOC were also measured in snow and ice collected directly in-cloud. A self-made snow collector was installed at the Sphinx laboratory. During snow events freshly fallen snow and ice crystals were collected and filled into 20 ml brown glass vials sealed with screw caps. To avoid contamination through storage and transport vials were protected through an aluminium plate on both sides of the septum. Field blanks were prepared during snow sampling. The frozen snow samples were transported to the laboratory in a freezing box and melted right before analysis. Fluorobenzene was added to each sample as an internal standard. Concentrations of VOC in the melted

73 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 ice were determined by a sensitive method based on a self-controlled Solid-Phase- Dynamic-Extraction (SPDE) followed by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). VOC were allowed to adsorb on a syringe coated with a mixture of polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) and activated charcoal (AC). After extraction, the syringe was drawn into the GC injector and analytes were desorbed thermally at 230 °C. Results from the occurrence of VOC in snow were also compared to the results from CLACE 4 in 2005. Benzene and alkylated benzenes, chlorinated hydrocarbons and monoterpenes were identified in snow samples. During CLACE 4 (2005), particularly the biogenic compounds α-pinene, ß-pinene and limonene show enhanced concentrations in March than in February. This may reflect increased local emission rates of these compounds as winter gives way to spring. Lower concentrations of VOC were detected in samples collected from snow events without preceding precipitation free days before sampling. Generally there is a tendency in the results that higher concentrations are found after longer precipitation free periods, suggesting that higher concentrations in snow may be caused by the washout effect of precipitation. No dependence of concentrations of VOC in snow on the days of the week could be observed. During CLACE 4 (2005) concentrations of most of the VOC were higher than during CLACE 5 (2006). During the snow sampling performed in CLACE 4, the wind direction was predominately from the Northeast and the wind speeds high. In contrast, during the sampling of CLACE 5 the wind came from the south-south west with much lower wind speeds. Lower concentrations in 2005 could be explained by different transport processes of organic gases from the surrounding valleys to Jungfraujoch. High concentration variations of VOC in snow samples taken at the same time at the same place demonstrate a heterogeneous nature of snow which causes variable distribution of VOC in snow. Scavenging ratios (Wg) were determined by relating the gas constant times the ambient temperature to the Henry´s Law constant of the individual compound. Values of Wg varied between 0.1 (limonene) and 5.1 (1,2,3-TMB). From these scavenging ratios and the concentration of VOC measured in snow average concentrations of VOC in air at equilibrium conditions were calculated. Predicted air concentrations between 3 µg m-3 and 42,928 µg m-3 were higher than measured ones. These results demonstrate concentrations of VOC in snow are well above that expected for equilibrium with air. This is an indication that snow scavenges VOC very efficiently and that VOC are accumulated in snow.

References Daly GL, Wania F, Organic contaminants in mountains. Environ Sci Technol 1998; 39: 385-398. Franz, TP, Deposition of semivolatile organic chemicals by snow. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 1994. Slemr F, Giehl H, Habram M, Slemr J, Schlager H, Schulte P, Haschberger P, Lindermeir E, Dopelheuer A, Plohr M., In-flight measurement of aircraft CO and nonmethane hydrocarbon emission indices. J Geophys Res 2001; 106 (D7): 7485- 7494.

Key words: Organic compounds, SPDE, snow, GC/MS, air

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Internet data bases: http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm

Collaborating partners/networks: Project partners of the SFB 641 from the universities Frankfurt, Mainz and Darmstadt, and the MPI Mainz

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Fries, E., Sieg, K., Jaeschke W., Püttmann, W., Winterhalter, R., Williams, J., Moortgat, G. (2007): Occurrence of VOC in snow and ice in spring at Jungfraujoch (46.6°N, 8.0°E) in 2005 and 2006 during CLACE 4 and 5. Submitted to the special issue “Research at Jungfraujoch: Top of Science” in Science of the Total Environment. Sieg, K., Fries, E., Püttmann, W. (2007): Analysis of BTEX and Aldehyde with solid- phase dynamic extraction from melted snow water; in prep. For submission to Journal of Chromatography A. Winterhalter, R., Williams, J., Fries, E., Sieg, K., Moortgat, G.K. (2007): Concentrations of higher dicarboxylic acids in fresh snow samples collected at Jungfraujoch during CLACE 5. in prep. For submission to Journal of Environmental Chemistry.

Conference papers Sieg, K., Fries, E., Starokozhev, E., Heurich, B, Püttmann, W., Jaeschke W. (2006): Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air and in snow / ice at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during Clace 5; poster presentation during the conference “Top of science”, Interlaken 2006. Winterhalter, R., Williams, J., Fries, E., Sieg, K., Moortgat, G.K. (2007): Concentrations of dicarboxylic acids in freshly precipitated snow samples at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 5. Presentation at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2007, 15.4. - 20.4.2007, Vienna.

Address: Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität Georg-Voigt-Straße 14 D-60325 Frankfurt am Main

Contacts: Dr. Elke Fries Tel.: +49 69 798 22911 Fax: +49 69 798 28548 e-mail: E. [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, J.W. Goethe Universität Frankfurt

Title of project: Ice-nuclei concentration and dewpoint measurements during CLACE5.

Project leader and team: Dr. Heinz Bingemer & Dr. Ulrich Bundke, project leader Holger Klein, Björn Nillius & Dr. Thomas Wetter

Project description: Several subprojects of the DFG collaborative-research-centre SFB 641 “The Tropospheric Ice-Phase” participated in the Cloud and Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 5 (CLACE 5) at the Research Station Jungfraujoch in 2006. We report here on activities of the two particular subprojects A1 and A2 during CLACE 5. Subroject A2, entitled “The Constitution and Distribution of atmospheric ice nuclei (IN)”, attempts to characterize the different airmasses over Central Europe with respect to their number concentration of ice nuclei (University of Frankfurt), and investigates the composition of ice nuclei (Prof. Weinbruch, Technical University Darmstadt, TUD). Ice nuclei are an inevitable ingredient in the formation of cloud ice and mid-latitude precipitation. Knowledge of their number concentration and activation temperature is essential for the initiation of ice in numerical cloud and weather models and any understanding of cloud development. Sources and composition of IN are not well characterized. The project operates routinely from the Taunus Observatory (825 m alt.) close to Frankfurt. Participation during CLACE 5 at the Scientific Station Jungfraujoch allowed us to sample the free troposphere over Central Europe, and supplied a wealth of supporting information. Samples of ambient aerosol (several hundred liters) were taken on filters, to be analyzed subsequently for IN number (Frankfurt) and chemical composition (TUD).- Between February 20 and March 21, 2006 we took a consecutive series of 51 sets of two parallel filter samples (Millipore black membrane filters, 47mm diameter, 0,45µm poresize, mixed ester cellulose) on the measurement platform at the Sphinx Oberservatory. Filters were loaded for 12 hours. In addition, filters were sampled downstream of the Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) that was operated by the IFT Leipzig. For the measurement of IN number, filters are exposed to sub-freezing temperatures and ice supersaturation in the FRIDGE Chamber (Frankfurt Ice-nuclei deposition freezing experiment). Ice-nuclei on top of the filter surface that grow to macroscopic ice crystals are observed by a CCD camera, and are counted automatically within a Labview-Vision™ environment. Since the coordinates of each individual ice particle on the filter are recorded, the filters can be reanalyzed by electron microscopy (TUD) for chemical composition and morphology at the nucleating sites. In particular the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) at TUD will be used, which allows to nucleate ice on the sample and analyse the nucleating sites. From these

77 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 analyses we hope to gain information on the anthropogenic and natural sources of ice nuclei. The processing of the samples from CLACE 5 is not yet finished. Within the second subproject A1 “Development of a fast ice nucleus (IN) counter“, we have tested during CLACE 5 at the Scientific Station Jungfraujoch a new Frost- and Dew Point Hygrometer. This sensor will be applied to measure dewpoint and supersaturation both in the atmosphere and in the Fast Ice Nucleation Chamber (FINCH) that is currently under development within SFB 641. We have recently developed this dew point measurement system on the basis of a dew-sensor chip originating from the CIS-Institute, Erfurt, Germany. In contrast to commercially available instruments, this system is small, fast and able to measure in water super saturated surroundings with a high precision. After the first tests at the AIDA Chamber in Karlsruhe, Germany and during the CLACE 5 campaign this dewpoint sensor has been integrated into the FINCH IN counter and in the airborne Passive Airflow Dewpoint Detection AssemblY (PADDY) first flown in a Learjet wingpod during the CIRRUS III campaign, in November 2006.

Key words: Ice nuclei, tropospheric ice phase

Internet data bases: http://www.sfb641.uni-frankfurt.de

Collaborating partners/networks: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz Technische Universität, Darmstadt

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Bundke, U. et al., The FRIDGE Frankfurt “In Deposition freezinG Experiment”, Proceedings of the IAC2006, Page 1437 U. Bundke, H. Bingemer, T. Wetter, B. Nillius, R. Jaenicke, The FINCH (Frankfurt Ice Nuclei Chamber) Counter - new developments and first measurements. Proceedings of the IAC2006 (p.1350) Nillius, B., R. Jaenicke, H. Bingemer, T. Wetter, U. Bundke, Model calculations and characterisation of the fast ice nucleus counter FINCH. Proceedings of the IAC 2006 p.1436 Theses Kleiin, Holger, PhD Theses: “Die Konzentrationen von Eiskeimen in Mitteleuropäischen Luftmassen” in preparation 2007.

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Address: Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt J.W. Goethe Universität Frankfurt/Main Georg-Voigt-Str. 14 60325 Frankfurt/Main

Contacts: Dr. Heinz Bingemer Tel.: +49 69 798-28463 Fax: +49 69 798-28331 e-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Ulrich Bundke Tel.: +49 69 798-22458 Fax: +49 69 798-28331 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.sfb641.uni-frankfurt.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT)

Title of project: Sampling and physico-chemical characterization of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds

Project leader and team: Dr. Stephan Mertes, project leader Stephan Günnel, Peter Glomb, Alexander Schladitz, Rene Viertel

Project description: Ice nucleation in tropospheric, super-cooled clouds is the main initiation mechanism for precipitation in middle latitudes and moreover influences the radiative properties of the evolving mixed phase clouds. Heterogeneous ice nucleation that is induced by a special subset of atmospheric aerosol particles named ice nuclei plays the decisive role for ice particle formation in the middle and lower troposphere. But up to now, the physico-chemical properties of ice nuclei (size, number concentration, chemical composition) have been rather exclusively studied theoretically or in laboratory experiments but hardly inside real tropospheric clouds. A sampling system based on the principle of a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) has been developed (Ice-CVI) in order to characterize tropospheric ice nuclei that have formed ice particles in clouds. Inside mixed-phase clouds the Ice-CVI separates ice particles smaller than 20 µm by pre-segregating large ice crystals, super-cooled droplets and interstitial particles. The collected small ice particles remain airborne in the vertical sampling system and are completely sublimated in a dry and particle free carrier air stream. In this way, the contained non-volatile aerosol particles are released as dry residuals which can be analysed by instruments coupled to the Ice-CVI. The sampled small ice particles do not incorporate particles by riming or aerosol scavenging, i.e. the ice particle residuals can be considered as the original ice nuclei (IN). The sampling properties of the novel Ice-CVI sampling system was successfully verified during the international field campaign CLACE-3 (cloud and aerosol characterization experiment) at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in winter 2004. After CLACE-4 (winter 2005), the Ice-CVI was again operated at the Jungfraujoch during the international joint field campaign CLACE-5 (February/March 2006) in order to carry out systematic measurements of IN. During this field experiment, which was led by the German collaborative research centre TROPEIS the Ice-CVI was coupled for the first time with single particle mass spectrometers (ATOFMS from ETH Zürich and SPLAT from the University of Mainz). Moreover, a new aerosol mass spectrometer (W-ToF-AMS from MPI Mainz) was connected. Further instrumentation for the characterization of IN was similar to CLACE-3 and CLACE-4. Number concentration and number size distribution of the ice nuclei were measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC, operated by IfT) and a combination of scanning mobility particle sizer and optical particle counter (SMPS and OPC, operated by the PSI, Villigen). By means of a filter-based particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP, IfT) the mass concentration of black carbon (BC) within the IN was determined. Two impactors were connected for the off-line single

81 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 particle analysis of the IN samples using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM, Technical University of Darmstadt) and x-ray tomography and spectroscopy (University of Mainz). One Filter sampler was connected to take samples for off-line IN analysis with the static diffusion chamber FRIDGE (University of Frankfurt). The sampling efficiency of the Ice-CVI system strongly depends on the wind speed at the inlet, which might be quite different from the Meteo-Swiss wind measurements carried out at another place of the Jungfraujoch station. Thus, a wind measurement system was placed close to inlet to determine the wind conditions for the ice particle sampling which are shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1 Wind velocity and direction measured at the Ice-CVI inlet in comparison to Meteo Swiss information. The condensed water content (CWC) denotes the periods of cloud events marked by the dashed boxes. From Fig.1 it is obvious that beside a small shift in wind direction when the wind is coming from north-west, there is a substantial reduction of wind velocity at the Ice- CVI inlet compared to the prevailing wind. This is most likely due to the position of the inlet platform at the Sphinx building. As a consequence, the Ice-CVI sampling efficiency is close to one for ice particle sizes up to 20 µm, which is important for a quantitative analysis of the sampled ice nuclei. Microphysical properties of IN already observed during CLACE-3 and CLACE-4 could verified in 2006. This includes low concentrations with maxima of several IN cm-3 and a substantially increased IN fraction of the total aerosol for increasing particle sizes (cf. activity reports 2004 and 2005). Moreover, information about the chemical IN composition obtained in the former CLACE campaigns was also observed again in the actual measurements. With respect to particle mass non- refractory matter, i.e. mineral dust, black carbon and low volatile organics were found as IN components. This was affirmed during CLACE-5, but now with respect to

82 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 number, which is much more meaningful, by means of the single particle mass spectrometers coupled to the Ice-CVI. From all detected IN, 60 % and 10 % were attributed to mineral dust and black carbon particles, respectively. Thus, the data base of ice nuclei measurements could be significantly improved during CLACE-5 in 2006 still implying an anthropogenic influence on ice nucleation in tropospheric supercooled clouds.

Key words: aerosol cloud interactions, mixed-phase clouds, heterogeneous ice nucleation, ice nuclei

Internet data bases: http://www.tropos.de

Collaborating partners/networks: Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen; ETH Zurich; Max-Planck Institute Mainz; University of Mainz; Technical University of Darmstadt; University of Frankfurt

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, and E. Weingartner, Scavenging of black carbon in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., accepted, 2006.

Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, P. Connolly, M. Ebert, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, M. Inerle-Hof, J. Cozic, U. Baltensperger, and E. Weingartner, Counterflow Virtual Impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei: Sampler description and first case study, Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted, 2006.

Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, K.N. Bower, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, M. Gallagher, M. Flynn, T.W. Choularton, and U. Baltensperger, Aerosol activation in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2006.

Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, U. Lohmann, K.N. Bower, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, J. Cozic, S. Walter, M.R. Alfarra, S. Borrmann, T. Choularton, H. Coe, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, J. Curtius, M. Ebert, J.S. vanEkeren, M. Flynn, M.W. Gallagher, M. Gysel, S. Henning, A. Worringen, A. Petzold, S. Sjogren, S. Weinbruch, and U. Baltensperger, Ice clears up a cloudy picture, Nature, submitted, 2006.

Conference papers Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Connolly, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen, and E. Weingartner, Physico-chemical characterization of ice particle residuals in tropospheric mixed-phase clouds, 12th Conference on Cloud Physics, American Meteorological Society, Madison, WI, USA, July 10-14, 2006. Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, S., M. Ebert, P. Connolly, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen, and E. Weingartner, Counterflow Virtual Impactor

83 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei, 7th International Aerosol Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), St. Paul, MN, USA, September 10-15, 2006. Data books and reports Mertes, S., Field Investigations of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions based on the Counterflow Virtual Impactor Technique, Atmosphärisch-Chemisches Kolloquium des Instituts für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.

Mertes, S., Sammlung kleiner Eispartikel zur physiko-chemischen Charakterisierung troposphärischer Eiskeime mithilfe der Counterflow Virtual Impactor Technik, 8. Mitgliederversammlung des SFB 641 TROPEIS, Mainz, Deutschland.

Address: Leibniz Institut für Troposphärenforschung Permoserstrasse 15 D-04318 Leipzig Deutschland

Contacts: Stephan Mertes Tel.: +49 341 235 2153 Fax: +49 341 235 2461 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.tropos.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Umweltmineralogie

Title of project: Single particle analysis of ice nuclei and interstitial particles of mixed-phase clouds from the CLACE 5 campaign

Project leader and team: Prof. S. Weinbruch, project leader Dr. Annette Worringen, Dr. Martin Ebert, Dr. Nathalie Benker, Dr. Frank Zimmermann

Project description: During the CLACE 5 campaign in February/March 2006 at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch the aerosol-cloud interaction processes in mixed-phase clouds were studied. The main focus of the single particle analysis approach is to identify the ice forming fraction and to characterize the remaining interstitial particle fraction of the total aerosol in mixed-phase clouds. For particle sampling we have used two self consturcted 2-stage impactors (cut off diameters 0.7 µm and 0.06 µm for CVI and 0.9 µm and 0.06 µm for Interstitial) behind different inlet systems. The interstitial aerosol was sampled behind an interstitial inlet operated with a PM2 cyclone impactor. An ICE-CVI (Counterflow Virtual Impactor) inlet, which was designed and operated by the Institute for Tropospheric Research in Leipzig (Mertes et al., 2005), has been used to sample resiudal particles of small ice nuclei (IN).

The size, morphology, elemental composition and mixing state of some hundred particles of selected IN- and intersitial-samples was analysed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) combined with energy dipsersive X-ray analysis (EDX). First results for the CLACE 5 campaign at the Jungfraujoch station will be presented for the period 24.02.-01.03.06 as example. The relative particle goup abundances [%] for the different samples of this period are given in Table 1.

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Table 1: Particle group abundance [%] for different IN- and Interstitial (Int)-samples for one period during CLACE 5. IN Int Int Int Cut off diameter 0.7 µm 0.9 µm 0.9 µm 0.06 µm Air mass origin Central / East Central / East Atlantic Atlantic Europe and Europe Atlantic Particle group Relative abundace [%] Pb-containing 9 1 0 0 particles (Aged) Sea Salt 24 4 62 17 (sulfates) Internally mixed 15 35 0 3 particles, droplets Cdom (organic) 14 11 6 20 soot 0 0 0 3 Silicates 6 10 3 0 Silicates with 13 23 9 10 coating Cadom (sulfates, 6 6 3 0 carbonates) Al2O3 0 3 2 0 Unstable particles 0 3 14 46 (nitrates, sulfates) Other 13 4 1 1

The most obvious difference between IN- and interstitial-samples is the occurense of Pb-containing particles in the IN-samples. These particles are predominantly internally mixed with (aged) sea salt, Cdom-particles or silicates (see for example Figure 1). Our observation of lead-containing particles in the IN-fraction is in agreement with findings of our co-workers. As a possible source for the lead- component in these particles aircraft emissions are assumed because lead is still added as additive to avitation gasoline. The potential behaviour of Pb-containing particles as ice nuclei is discussed by Szymer and Zawadzki [1997].

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1 µm

Figure 1: Secondary electron image of a Cdom/silicate mixed particle with Pb-rich hot spots (marked by arrows).

The chemical composition and size distribution pattern of the interstitial-samples show the same trends as it was observed during the CLACE 3 campaign. The maximum of the size distribution was found for particles smaller 500 nm. The dominant particle groups in the interstitial-samples are carbon-dominated particles, sulphates, and/or mixtures of sulphates with nitrates, carbon-domiated particles or silictes. Examples for sulfate droplets and internally mixed soot/sulfate/nitrate particles are shown in Figure 2. Differences between the aerosol composition of the interstitial-samples can be related to their air mass history. The samples, which came from the Atlantic show more (aged) sea salt particles, sulphates and nitrates than the sample from Central/Eastern Europe. This sample shows mainly internally mixed particles, aged particles (silicates with coating). Soot and fly ash particles were also found to be assoziated with polluted air masses.

2 µm 2 µm

Figure 2: Secondary electron images of interstitial particles: (left) sulfate droplet with halo; (right) decomposing sulfate particles under electron bombardement – making visible the remaining soot inclusions.

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References Mertes S., B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle- Hof, J. Cozic, M. J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. N. Bower, E. Weingarnter, Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 asl) during CLACE, Journal of Aerosol Science, Abstract of EAC, Ghent, 2005, S130.

Szymer W. and I. Zawadzki, Biogenic and anthropogenic Sources of Ice-Forming Nuclei: A Review, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1997, 209-228.

Key words: Ice nuclei, ESEM, individual particle analysis, chemical composition

Collaborating partners/networks: Institut für Troposphären Forschung, Leipzig, Germany Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg-University und Max-Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers

Mertes S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Conolly, J. Schneider, K. N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen and E. Weingartner, Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterisation of tropospheric ice nuclei, IAC 2006. Weingartner E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjogren, J.Duplissy, U. Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in the Lower Free Troposphere as Measured at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, IAC 2006. Bower K.N., E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjogren, J.Duplissy, U. Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, A Field Study on the Interaction of Aerosol with Mixed Phase cloud at Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, American Met Soc Cloud Physics Conference in July 2006.

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Mertes S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Conolly, J. Schneider, K. N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen and E. Weingartner, Physico-chemical Characterisation of Ice Particle Residuals in Tropospheric Mixed-phase Clouds, AMS cloud physics conference, Madison, July 10 -14, 2006. Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, U. Lohmann, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, P. Connolly, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, Aerosol Partitioning in Mixed-Phase Clouds, EGU Wien 2007.

Address: TU-Darmstadt Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften Fachgebiet Umweltmineralogie Schnittspahnstr. 9 64287 Darmstadt

Contacts: Dr. Annette Worringen Tel.: +41 6151 16 3271 Fax: +41 6151 16 4021 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department

Title of project: Investigation of cloud condensation nuclei properties

Project leader and team: Dr. Ulrich Pöschl, project leader Diana Rose, Dr. Göran P. Frank

Project description: During the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE-5), which took place in February and March 2006, we measured cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and efficiencies using a CCN counter (Droplet Measurement Technologies, DMT). CCN are those particles in the atmospheric aerosol that can serve as nuclei onto which water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets at a given water vapor supersaturation. The influence of aerosol particles on clouds and precipitation is one of the central questions of current atmospheric and climate research. CCN activity and its relation to other properties of aerosol particles from different sources and regions are, however, not yet well characterized. The CCN counter is an instrument in which aerosol particles are exposed to a defined water vapor supersaturation (typically 0.1-1.5%). Water droplets form on the particles which are activated as CCN, and their concentration is determined by an optical particle counter. During the experiment, either total CCN concentrations (CCN concentration of polydisperse aerosol) or size resolved CCN concentrations and effiencies were measured. In the size resolved mode, in which the instrument was operated most of the time, the aerosol particles were size-segregated before entering the CCN counter, and a condensation particle counter (CPC) determined the total concentration of monodisperse particles (CN). Thus the CCN efficiency (CCN/CN) was obtained as a function of particle diameter and water vapor supersaturation (CCN efficiency spectra). The available data comprises total CCN concentrations for the periods 22.2. 20:00 – 23.2.2006 10:00 and 21.3.2006 0:00 – 10:00, and CCN efficiency spectra for the period 23.2. 10:00 – 21.3.2006 0:00. For full processing and analysis of the CCN data (charge corrections, calculation of CCN concentrations and size distributions), aerosol particle number size distributions are required and will be provided by the project partner PSI. Preliminary results from the beginning of the campaign (22.2. 20:00 – 23.2.2006 10:00), show that for supersaturation levels of 0.1-0.9% the total concentration of CCN was in the range of 10-200 cm-1, corresponding to 1-15 % of the total aerosol particle number concentration. At the end of the campaign (21.3.2006 0:00 – 10:00), the average concentration of CCN was in the same range, although the total concentration of particles was much less (~ 500 cm-1).

The diameter at which 50% of the particles are activated (D50) was obtained from CCN efficiency spectra. For the supersaturation levels of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9% the

91 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 average values of D50 were 145, 78, 62, 47, and 36 nm, respectively. The D50 is a parameter frequently used to assess how efficiently the aerosol can form cloud droplets. The measured D50 values were about 30% higher than those of pure ammonium sulfate.

Key words: aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), activation, supersaturation

Collaborating partners/networks: Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Rose, D., G. P. Frank, U. Dusek, M. Gysel, E. Weingartner, S. Walter, J. Curtius, and U. Pöschl, Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and efficiencies on Jungfraujoch during the CLACE-5 campaign, European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2007 Vienna, Austria, 15 – 20 April 2007.

Address: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Biogeochemistry Department J.-J.-Becherweg 27 55128 Mainz Germany

Contacts: Diana Rose and Ulrich Pöschl Tel.: +49 6131 305 376/422 Fax: +49 6131 305 487 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Single Particle Studies of Ice Nuclei During CLACE 5

Project leader and team: Dr. Daniel Cziczo, project leader Dr. Stephane Gallavardin

Key words: Ice Nuclei, Mixed-Phase Clouds

Collaborating partners/networks: CLACE 5 Groups

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference Presentations “What Have We Learned From Mass Spectrometry Studies of Indirect Effects?”, NOAA ESRL CSD Seminar, Boulder, CO, September 2006 (INVITED). “ATOFMS Studies of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch”, 1st ATOFMS Users Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, September 2006 (INVITED). “Single Particle Mass Spectrometry of Ice Nucleating Aerosol at the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station”, International Aerosol Conference, Minneapolis, MN, September 2006 (POSTER).

Magazine and Newspapers articles “A nice place to ski, but how about to study clouds?”, TSI Newsletter, 2006.

Address: IAC ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16 O16.3 CH-8092 Zurich

Contacts: Daniel Cziczo Tel.: +41 44 633 2745 Fax: +41 44 633 1058 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz

Title of project: Characterization of cloud particles with FSSP and CIP instruments during CLACE5

Project leader and team: Dr. Hermann-Josef Vössing

Project description: Inside the CLACE5 experiment characterization of the coarse mode, cloud and precipitation particles was needed. To maintain these measurements two, original airborne instruments, the FSSP-SPP100 and the CIP, both manufactured by DMT , inc., were deployed within a groundbased setup. A windvane, which holds the instruments, was fixed to the reling at the upstream side of the Sphinx gallery. The FSSP-SPP100 (forward scattering spectrometer probe) measures particles in the size range from 1 µm to 32 µm in diameter by forward scattering of a HeNe-laser. (Knollenberg, 1981) The CIP (cloud imaging probe) records shadow images of particles larger than 25 µm up to 1550 µm particle width. The particles passing a laser beam shadow a photodiode line array. This rasters the shadow to an image of 62 by 128 pixels. The wind vane was a passive vane, pointing to the horizontal direction of the wind. The vertical direction, which is around 30° at the Sphinx gallery, had to be adjusted manually. If the overall wind direction changed from south east to north west the wind vane had to be moved to the other side of the gallery. Measurements were performed during 4 weeks during CLACE5. Problems arose inside icing clouds, which contain supercooled droplets. Despite the heating of the instrument frontends, the sample inlets frooze completely in short time. This way no measurements were possible inside icing clouds. During clear skies no large particles (>2 µm) could be found at all.

Key words: Aerosols, hydrometeors, cloud particles, ice crystals

Collaborating partners/networks: CLACE5 community

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Book sections Knollenberg, R. G., 1981: Techniques for probing cloud microstructure. Clouds, their formation, optical properties and effects, P. V. Hobbs, A. Deepak (Eds.), Academic Press, New York.

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Address: Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Johann Joachim Becherweg 21 D-55099 Mainz

Contacts: Hermann-Josef Vössing Tel.: +49 6131 39 25268 Fax: +49 6131 39 23532 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Physik/IPA/pc/pc_home_d.htm

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Name of research institute or organization: University Mainz, Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy

Title of project: Tomographic characterization of ice particles

Project leader and team: Prof. Michael Kersten, project leader Dr. Frieder Enzmann, Dr. Thomas Huthwelker, Markus M. Miedaner

Project description: Synchrotron based micro-tomography is a well established tool for characterizing the external and internal structure of various objects in-situ. During the last year, we developed a new setup for cryo-micro-tomography at the Swiss Light Source (SLS, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland) which allows investigating submillimeter particles at a spatial resolution of 1.4 µm. Such experiments can be performed at various temperatures between 240 K and 270 K ± 1K within approximately 90 minutes. Thereby the sample is mounted inside a polyamide cup. This sample holder is cooled by directing a stream of cold nitrogen gas form a CryojetXL (Oxford Instruments) directed onto its top. Additionally, a double walled Kapton-foil cage, mounted onto the Cryojet, surrounds the sample holder to enhance cooling. Since cold surface always bear the risk of icing and condensation, all important parts of the setup are flushed with nitrogen. A detailed description of this setup and its applications is provided in the literature, while a schematic drawing is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Schematic drawing of the experimental setup at the SLS Material Science beam line

Various kinds of ice particles were collected at the Jungfraujoch-Research-Station. Therefore a dewar, partly filled with liquid nitrogen, was placed directly into the precipitation. The samples obtained in such manner were stored in air-tight Zinsser vials and transported on dry ice to the SLS and subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen. During the experimental shifts scheduled for April 2006, five of the particles collected at the Jungfraujoch were analyzed. Three of them exhibited a strictly dendritic form without any indication of riming nor inclusions detectable at a spatial resolution of 1.4 µm. On the other hand, two particles beard air bubbles.

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The voids found in them (cf. Figure 2) had an average volume of 7017 µm³ with an average surface area of 2837 µm². The sphericity was found to be 0.49. This indicates a rather elongated morphology. Indeed, Y-shaped pores were found in one of these particles. Nevertheless, all voids were homogeneously distributed all over the samples. The porosity, calculated as the ratio of volume of air divided by the total volume of the particle, was determined as 0.47% and the ratio of inner-to-outer surface (0.13%) was surprisingly high. We estimated the density of the collected particles as 0.90 g/cm³ by assuming that no other impurities besides air were trapped. These samples had an average external surface area of 2.48·106 µm² while their volume was 1.59·108 µm³.

Figure 2: The distribution and morphology of air bubbles inside the two ice particles from the Jungfraujoch are presented in this figure. The air is colored black, while the ice appears in light gray. Note the completely different shape of both the particles and the air bubbles. Metamorphism has undoubtedly occurred to the samples prior to analysis. However, the following three arguments indicate that recrystallization of our samples occurred at a spatial scale that can hardly be detected with our current setup. First, the internal surface area decreases during metamorphism and therefore also the ratio of internal over external surface area. In our samples these values were an order of magnitude higher than those reported for metamorphosed snow packs. Additionally, the presence of Y-shaped voids is typical for fresh samples. As shown in a previous study, such voids transform into spherical inclusions during forced metamorphism. Finally, when atmospheric ice particles like snow recrystallize, they form rather spherical or ellipsoidal bodies. We found dentritic shapes with idiomorphic crystal facets in the majority of our samples. This would not be possible if annealing or recrystallization would have occurred to the samples on a spatial scale large than the experimental resolution. Since nearly no metamorphism has biased the samples we continue analyzing the inclusions trapped in the particles. No other impurities besides air seem to be trapped in the samples. This may be due to the extremely low concentration and small size of all other impurities present. However, we demonstrated that even at such high

98 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 altitudes (3.5 km) ice particles beard inclusions of several micrometers in size and that a detectable degree of riming occurred to them. Riming and inclusions effect the radiative properties of the particles. In most radiation-models, the assumption is made that the ice particles present are idiomorphic crystals or even spheres. Our samples indicate, that also non-idiomorphic or even polycrystalline particles are present. More data are nevertheless needed to evaluate the percentage of their occurrence. Knowing the internal and external surface area of the ice particles improves the micro-physical modeling of atmospheric processes, which are often catalyzed by surfaces of ice particles. Detailed measurements allow estimating reservoir sizes and reaction capacities. Furthermore, the curvature of these surface can be extracted from the obtained data sets, which is a key-parameter in describing ice dynamics. A better knowledge of the real density of atmospheric ice particles improves current meteorological models which assume an ideal density of 0.91 for atmospheric ice particles. As our two examples already indicate, this does not need to be the case for every particle and further particles should be scanned to elucidate the percentage of air bubble bearing particles at the Jungfraujoch. Finally, further improvements of the spatial resolution are warranted. Obtaining tomographic data at a 10 nm scale would allow answering the question to what extend the porosity of atmospheric ice particles is open or not. Besides, a combination of X-ray tomography and X-ray fluorescence at the same scale (10 nm) would be useful to determine the chemical composition and the exact position of ice condensation nuclei and trapped impurities. In conclusion, we have developed setup that allows determining air bubbles and other inclusions inside ice particles. Additionally, we showed that ice particles can be sampled at the Jungfraujoch-Research-Station and transported for long distances and stored for two month without detectable metamorphism. But, the obtained data sets need further extensions to provide a more rigid base for the improvement of various micro-physical and meteorological models.

Key words: Synchrotron, Tomography, Ice-Particles, Inclusions

Collaborating partners/networks: Universität Frankfurt, SFB-641, MPI-Mainz, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI/SLS)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Miedaner, M.M., T. Huthwelker, M. Stampanoni, F. Enzmann, M. Kersten, and M. Ammann, A new setup for synchrotron micro tomography of ice particles and their metamorphism, submitted. Conference papers Miedaner, M.M., Huthwelker, T., Enzmann, F., Stampanoni, M., Kersten, M., and M. Amman, 2007, X-ray tomographic characterization of impurities in polycrystalline ice, Royal Chem. Soc. PCICE2006 Proceedings.

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Address: Umweltgeochemie, Mineralogie Universität Mainz Becher Weg 21 D-55128 Mainz, Deutschland

Contacts: Markus M. Miedaner Tel.: +49 6131 39 26670 Fax: +49 6131 39 23070 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg- Universität Mainz

Title of project: Digital in-situ holography of atmospheric ice particles

Project leader and team: dipl. phys. Sebastian Raupach, M.A. during CLACE V also: Dr. Hermann Vössing; Dr. Joachim Curtius

Project description: Embedded in the “Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE) V” in February and March 2006, a newly developed, portable imaging system was field- tested for the first time. Having the aim to achieve simultaneous, sharp images of potentially multiple particles within a certain atmospheric volume in situ, its measurement principle is based on the technique of digital holography. In digital holography, the objects under scrutiny are illuminated using coherent light, and the resulting diffraction patterns are imaged using a digital image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS-array (see figure). From these raw holograms, a sharp image is reconstructed later on, where each particle can be brought into focus individually. This camera system additionally has the special feature, that it has a crossed beam path, thereby increasing the volume per “shot”.

The digital holographic particle camera passed its first field test quite satisfactorily, yielding several thousand holograms of ice particles during several weeks of operation on the Jungfraujoch. However, under the atmospheric conditions encountered on the Jungfraujoch, certain disadvantages of the initial design became apparent, such as, most notably, a severe undersampling of large particles due to distortions of the airflow.

The experiences made during CLACE V led to several improvements of the instrument. In Decembre 2006, a revised version of the instrument, improved with respect to opto- mechanical construction, ease of mounting and improved softwarewise to allow for real-time viewing of a certain fraction of the raw holograms, successfully underwent a new field verification on the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch.

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While the design and optimization process is still ongoing, it can already be said that the tests and measurements on the Jungfraujoch are indispensable for making the digital holographic particle camera a scientific “real world” application, marking a large step towards the additional development of a reliable airborne measurement system in the future (the residual figures show reconstructions of images of ice crystals from digital holograms obtained during CLACE V (second and third figure) and in Decembre 2006 (fourth figure, false colour representation)).

Key words: digital holography, ice crystals, in situ measurement, CLACE

Collaborating partners/networks: CLACE V – campaign; collaborative research centre “Die troposphärische Eisphase (SFB641)”

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles SMF Raupach et al., Digital crossed-beam holography for in situ imaging of atmospheric ice particles, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2006) 796. Conference papers Raupach, SMF, Curtius J, Vössing HJ, Borrmann S: Digital In-Situ Holography of Atmospheric Ice Particles on the Jungfraujoch (Poster), Top of Science, Interlaken (2006) Radio and television “Schneeforschung – Die Magie der weißen Flöckchen”, TV report on the second field deployment on the Jungfraujoch in: Deutsche Welle TV – Projekt Zukunft, shown on Decembre 24, 2006.

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Address: Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Becherweg 21 D-55099 Mainz Germany

Contacts: Sebastian Raupach Tel.: (with international prefix) +49 6131 3925102 Fax: (with international prefix) +49 6131 3923532 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/raupa/public_html/Holographie/

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETHZ Zürich (IACETH)

Title of project: Measurements of PAN and formaldehyde at the interface between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere

Project leader and team: Prof. J. Johannes Staehelin (IACETH) Jacob Balzani Lööv (IACETH)

Project description: The work of the year 2006 was devoted to the analysis of the field campaigns of PAN and formaldehdye at Jungfruajoch performed in 2005. The project was performed in collaboration with Geir Legreid working at Empa. In his PhD thesis an instrument was developed by which a variety of organic volatile compounds including oxgenated species (such as alcohols, carbonyls, etc.) and some hydrocarbons can be measured simultaneously with very low detection limits. This instrument was employed at Jungfraujoch simultaneosly with the measurements of PAN and formaldehyde providing (together with the continuous trace gas measurements performed by Empa) a unique data set. The data were analyzed by using the ALMO trajectories with high spatial resolution (provided by MeteoSwiss) in order to study the the origin of the organic gases within Europe (Legreid et al., 2007).

Figure 1 - Background concentrations of formaldehyde, lower quartiles are represented by the box, the line is the median and the cross is the mean. With the red diamond are displaced the background concentrations calculated using only data from 3AM to 9AM.

Field measurements of tropospheric gases at Jungfraujoch are partcularly attractive because the air often originates from the free troposphere. Special filters (based on chemical composition of air constituents and meteorlogical data) have been

105 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 successfully developed in the past to discriminate air parcels of planetry boundary layer and the free troposphere. Within this project a novel approach was developed to separate free tropopsheric air without contact with planetary boundary layer air from the European continent within the last 15 days (Balzani et al., 2007). For this purpose 15 days backward trajectories were calculated using LAGRANTO trajectories which are calculated based on the data of the European Centre of Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). In addition to the selection based on trajectories largest concentrations (75% quantile) were excluded since LAGRANTO trajectories can not adequaetly describe local effects because of the large grid resolution of the used ECMWF fields. The results for formaldehyde are shown in Fig. 1. The method was tested by studying the diurnal variation of the trace gases in the selected air parcels which are expected to describe air of free tropospheric air excluding any contact with the polluted European planeatry boundary air within the last 15 days. Within free tropospheric air no systematic diurnal variation of the trace constituents (at least for primary species) is expected. The data analysis showed, that the diurnal variation of primary trace gases in these air masses is absent for measurements performed in fall, winter and spring, different to the summer measurements. This finding provides evidence that the method is adequate for the cold seasons. For the summer season, however, the approach can only provide an upper limit for trace gas concentrations of free tropopsheric air, most probably because the Jungfraujoch site is still under the influence of primary pollutants of planetery boundary layer. This result is in agreement with earlier results showing that the planetery boundary layer influence extends over the altitude of Jungfraujoch because of convection in summer. We further intend to use a chemical box model based on the extended series of simultaneous field measurements for comparison with the peroxyradiacal measurements performed by University of Leeds.

Key words: Atmospheric trace gases, free troposphere, planetary boundary layer, tropospheric ozone

Internet data bases: http://iac.ethz.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: Empa Dübendorf , University of Leeds

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Balzani Lööv, J., G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, et al., Background concentrations of formaldehyde, PAN and other Volatile Organic Compounds, in prep. Legreid, G., S. Reimann, J. Staehelin, J. Balzani Lööv, M. Steinbacher, D. Folini, Measurements of organic trace gases including OVOCs at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source contribution, in prep. Thesis Legreid, G., Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOVs) in Switzerland: From the Boundary layer to the polluted troposphere, PhD Thesis, ETH No. 16982, 2006.

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Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IACETH) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Johannes Staehelin and Jacob Balzani Lööv Tel.: +41 01 633 27 48 Fax: +41 01 633 10 48 e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] URL: http://iac.ethz.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: iRoC Technologies, France

Title of project: Soft Error Test of electronic memory devices at high altitude

Project leader and team: Anne-Lise Lhomme-Perrot, project leader SE Test Department

Project description: Our experiment aims to test a memory device at high altitude in order to see its sensitivity towards the cosmic radiations. The test consists in writing data in the memories, waiting some time, and reading the memories by comparing their data with the written data. If the memory is sensitive towards the cosmic radiations, some errors will be obtained during the tests. The tests have been done from end of September to end of November.

Key words: Cosmic rays, cosmic radiations, SSER, soft error test, semiconductor memory

Address: iRoC Technologies 4 place Rbert Schuman 38000 Grenoble FRANCE

Contacts: Anne-Lise Lhomme-Perrot Tel.: +33 438 120 763 Fax: +33 438 129 615 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Project SPAESRANE (Solutions for the Preservation of Aerospace Electronic Systems Reliability in the Atmospheric Neutron Environment)

Title of project: SPAESRANE environmental experiments

Project leader and team: A. M. Chugg MBDA(UK), SPAESRANE project manager S. P. Platt, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) Z. Török, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) S. Monk, University of Lancaster A.J. Burnell MBDA(UK) K. Ford QinetiQ A. Hands QinetiQ

Project description: A range of detectors to monitor cosmic-ray effects in electronics has been deployed at the Jungfraujoch Sphinx over the period from January 2006. These detectors are as follows: 1. An Imaging Single-Event Effects Monitor (ISEEM, University of Central Lancashire). This is a novel monitor based upon the a commercial charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor directly to image charge packets resulting from nuclear interactions in semiconductor devices. ISEEM was deployed on 17 January 2006 and remains in situ at the time of writing (January 2007). 2. A Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM, QinetiQ). CREAM is a multichannel dosimeter providing time-resolved deposited energy measurements and calibrated against reference fields to provide radiobiological equivalent dose. CREAM has previously been deployed in a wide range or aircraft and spacecraft environments. CREAM was deployed at Jungfraujoch between 25 January and August 2006. 3. An experiment comprising five Unibrain Fire-i scientific webcams (MBDA UK). This experiment was deployed at Jungfraujoch between 30 January and 16 May 2006. 4. A portable cosmic ray three-band neutron detector (Lancaster University). The spectrometer was deployed on 23 November 2006 and remains in situ at the time of writing (January 2007) The aims of the experiments are to • Measure single-event effect (SEE)-inducing phenomena in the natural cosmic-ray field and compare with effects in accelerated test facilities. • Gather data for validation of atmospheric radiation models. • Reduce risk in the development of future advanced flight experiments for monitoring SEE-inducing phenomena in flight.

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Example results from the UCLan ISEEM experiment are given below. Figure 1 is a montage of two events observed in the detector. In this image the grey scale represents the charge deposited in the CCD by the ionising products of nuclear reactions between cosmic ray particles and the constituent atoms of the CCD. The pixel resolution is 9 µm. Both events shown in Figure 1 show evaporation particles travelling in the plane of the CCD. To the left, two light evaporation particles, probably protons, are emitted. Together with the residual heavy ion (probably magnesium), this event deposits 832 fC in the body of the detector. The right hand event is similar but in this case an α particle is emitted and travels about 40 µm in the plane of the array. The charge collected from in this event is 534 fC.

Figure 1 Example events occuring in ISEEM at Jungfrauoch

Figure 2 ISEEM charge collection spectra: Jungfraujoch and LANSCE compared

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Figure 2 illustrates a differential charge-collection spectrum for events observed at HFSJ between 17 January and 12 September 2006. These data are compared with similar data gathered with ISEEM at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) ICE House, a high-intensity broadband neutron field used for accelerated testing of electronic components for susceptibility to upsets caused by cosmic ray neutrons. The peak in the HFSJ spectrum around 100 fC appears to be consistent with radioactive contamination of the ISEEM detector. Apart from that feature, charge collection spectra at Jungfraujoch and LANSCE are consistent. Exposure at Jungfraujoch is continuing to improve statistics. We are not aware of any previous work comparing charge-collection measurements in accelerated neutron fields with those in the natural cosmic-ray environment. We expect this work to contribute significantly to the validation of accelerated test facilities. At the time of writing, the Imaging SEE Monitor and cosmic-ray neutron spectrometer remain deployed at Jungfraujoch. Data analysis and reporting are in progress.

Key words: Cosmic rays, neutrons, electronic system reliability, single-event effects

Internet data bases: http://www.spaesrane.com

Collaborating partners/networks: University of Central Lancashire MBDA (UK) Ltd. University of Lancaster QinetiQ

Address: University of Central Lancashire Department of Technology Preston Lancashire PR1 2HE England

Contacts: Simon Platt Tel.: +44 1772 893341 Fax: +44 1772 892915 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.spaesrane.com

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Cosmogenic nuclide production rate calibration using artificial quartz and water targets.

Project leader and team: Prof. Rainer Wieler, project leader Dr. Pieter Vermeesch

Project description: When cosmic rays (mostly neutrons) penetrate the Earth surface, they are rapidly attenuated after 1-2m by spallation reactions with Si, O, Mg, Al,... generating cosmogenic nuclides such as He-3, Be-10, Al-26 and Ne-21. Thus, by measuring the abundance of these nuclides in rocks, it is possible to calculate how long they have been at the surface. This method has truly revolutionized the field of geomorphology since the early 1990's. One of the most important sources of measurement uncertainty are the cosmogenic nuclide production rates. We know to an approximation of ~10% how these change with latitude and elevation. The purpose of our experiment is toimprove this approximation. This work funded by the European Union in the framework of the CRONUS project, which is a collaboration between 10 universities. We have designed and built stainless-steel containers filled with 1kg of artificial quartz (SiO2). After degassing in a furnace at 800C, this quartz contains basically no He-3 or Ne-21. We then expose the containers at different latitudes and elevations during 1-2 years. All the He-3 and Ne-21 measured after this time must be cosmogenic, yielding a direct measurement of cosmogenic nuclide production rates. We have prepared 5x2 quartz targets plus an additional 5 water targets and exposed them at the following stations, during the last week of August: Zuerich(~500m) Davos (~1500m) Saentis (~2500m) Jungfraujoch(~3500m) The fifth location is Monte Rosa (~4500m) We will retrieve the targets after roughly one year and measure their 3-He and 21-Ne content.

Key words: Cosmogenic Nuclides, production rates, quartz, water, 21Ne, 3He, Cosmic rays

Collaborating partners/networks: Cronus-Eu network

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Vermeesch, P., Strasky, S., Baur, H., Kober, F., Schl¨uchter, C., Wieler, R., 2006: Cosmogenic noble gases measured in artificial quartz targets after one year of exposure in Antarctica, CRONUS-EU summer school “Applications of Cosmogenic Nuclides to Earth Surface Sciences”, Harkany, Hungary

Address: Pieter Vermeesch ETH Zürich, Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources Clausiusstrasse 25, NW C 85, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland

Contacts: Pieter Vermeesch Tel.: +41 44 632 4643 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.erdw.ethz.ch/pvermees

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: Neutron monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays

Project leader and team: Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Dr. Michael R. Moser

Project description: The Cosmic Ray Group of the Division for Space Research and Planetary Sciences of the Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958) and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). NMs provide key information about the interactions of galactic cosmic radiation with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the heliosphere and about the production of energetic cosmic rays at the Sun, as well as about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects. They ideally complement space observations. The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide network of standardized cosmic ray detectors. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a giant spectrometer, this network determines the energy dependence of primary cosmic ray intensity variations in the GeV range. Furthermore, the high altitude of Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons ≥ 3.6 GeV and to solar neutrons with energies as low as ~250 MeV. In addition to the NMs, a device to measure environmental radioactivity has been in operation since 2002 in the housing of the NM64 by the Bern Cosmic Ray Group. In 2006, operation of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch and of the environmental radioactivity measurements was pursued without major problems. No significant technical modifications were necessary. The radioactivity detector had to be sent for repair and exchange of battery to the manufacturer in Germany. The recordings of the NM measurements are published in near-real time on the webpage (http://cosray.unibe.ch), and in special reports after processing. In addition, the data are submitted to the World Data Centers in Boulder and Tokyo in electronic form. Figure 1 shows the daily counting rates of the IGY NM for 2006. Compared to the count rate behavior in 2004 and 2005, the IGY NM had a more stable counting rate in 2006. The counting rate increased about 4% during the first three months in 2006, and seemed to be at a constant level afterwards. However, in December 2006 the Sun had an active intermezzo with several solar bursts. In association with these solar eruptions galactic cosmic rays near Earth were temporarily depressed after the passage of interplanetary magnetic disturbances over the Earth on 7 December and 15 December 2006. On 13 December 2006 the Sun produced a X3.4 class solar burst at 6°S, 23°W with onset time at 0214 UT and maximum at 0240 UT. The worldwide network of NM stations observed a ground level enhancement (GLE) with onset time ~0248 UT. Figure 2 shows the count rates of the IGY and the NM64 NMs at Jungfraujoch during this event in the time interval 0100 UT–0500 UT. Both detectors measured an increase due to solar cosmic rays of almost 10% in the 1-minute data. Although the maximum amplitude of this increase is similar to the one on 20 January

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2005, the solar cosmic ray flux during the maximum phase on 13 December 2006 near Earth was smaller by at least two orders of magnitude at the rigidity of ~1 GV. In addition, the count rates of the Jungfraujoch NMs reached the pre-event level on 13 December 2006 only about 20 minutes after the event onset, whereas during the GLE on 20 January 2005 the count rate was at an increased level over ~10 hours. A hard energy spectrum during the maximum phase of the GLE on 13 December 2006 is the main the reason that the Jungfraujoch NMs observed again an increase of almost 10% in the 1-minute data. The direction of interplanetary magnetic field lines during this event were close to to the nominal direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Because solar cosmic rays follow the IMF lines, NMs with line of sight in the direction of the IMF can detect solar cosmic ray particles. During the GLE on 13 December 2006 the location at Jungfraujoch was ideal to detect solar cosmic rays with energies ≥3.5 GeV. At present a detailed analysis of the NM network measurements during the GLE on 13 December 2006 is in progress.

Figure 1: Relative pressure corrected daily counting rates of the IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch for 2006.

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Figure 2: Relative pressure corrected 1-minute counting rates of the IGY (top) and the NM64 (bottom) neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch for 13 December 2006, 0100- 0500 UT.

Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, neutron monitors; solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric phenomena

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Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: International Council of the Scientific Union's (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar- Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) World Data Centers A (Boulder), B (Moscow), C (Japan), International GLE database

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Solar Cosmic Ray Particle Event on January 20, 2005, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, 2006 in Lausanne, poster presentation. Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, 2005, in the Context of Extreme Solar Cosmic Ray Particle Events and Geomagnetic Super Storms, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 3rd Annual Meeting, 10 - 14 July 2006 in Singapore. Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, L. Desorgher, and M.R. Moser, Analysis of the GLE on January 20, 2005: an Update, 20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal, to be published in the conference proceedings, 2006. Data books and reports Bütikofer, R., and E.O. Flückiger, Neutron Monitor Data for Jungfraujoch and Bern during the Ground-Level Solar Cosmic Ray Event on 13 December 2006, internal report, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, 2006.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: University of Rome La Sapienza

Title of project: Prototype study for measurement of cosmics ray at large zenit angle

Project leader and team: Prof. Maurizio Iori, project leader

Project description At the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Station, several measurements were performed to understand detector characteristics and its performances. These studies were also aimed at the understanding of the possible sources of background from inclined atmospheric showers at large zenith angles. Towers with different tile sizes have been installed: two towers are instrumented with tiles of dimensions 12.5x12.5x2cm3 and are placed parallel to each other and about 50 cm apart, while another tower has tiles of 20x20x1.4 cm3 and was installed at a distance of 20 m from the other two. The use of tiles with different sizes is aimed at the optimization of detector acceptance and time resolution. NIM and Camac modules with low threshold discriminators, high resolution Time-to- Digital converter (TDC), and Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC) were used to trigger the tracks and measure the arrival time. These studies need for the proposed detector array, TAUWER, described in astro- ph/050000, having good sensitivity for the interactions of UHE cosmic ray neutrinos that skim through the earth with zenith angles somewhat larger than 90 degrees to measure or set an upper limit on the flux of Earth-skimming tau neutrinos.

Key words: Cosmic rays

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Study of a detector array for upward tau air-showers. M. Iori, Antonio Sergi, Daniele Fargion (Rome U.), M. Gallinaro (Rockefeller U.), M. Kaya (Kafkas U.). Feb 2006. 18pp. e-Print Archive: astro-ph/0602108. Talks and seminars 25 Jan 2006: Detection of UHE tau neutrinos with a surface detector, Array Cea- Saclay, France 26 April 2006 : Detector Array for Upward Tau Air-showers International UHE Tau Neutrino Workshop, Beijing, China 29 June 2006 Detection of UHE tau neutrinos with a surface detector array, Gran Sasso laboratory, LNGS, Italy

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Address: Department of Physics University of Rome La Sapienza P.zza A. Moro 5 00198 Rome Italy

Contacts: Maurizio Iori Tel.: +39 06 499 14422 Fax: +39 06 495 7697 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich

Title of project: Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher

Project leader and team: Dr. Andreas Bauder, project leader 2-4 coworkers and field assistents

Project description: Long-term glacier observations have been carried out to document glacier variations of Grosser Aletschgletscher: − Since the 1880's the length changes at the glacier tongue were recorded annually. − Starting in September 1918, the firn accumulation and mass balance was measured on Jungfraufirn. These are the second longest time series of in-situ stake measurements. − Hydrological runoff measurements of the whole catchment area started in 1922. − Special high precision topographic maps covering the whole catchment area of thebranched glacier system have been produced repeatedly in 1926/27 and 1957. These maps are complemented by an earlier map from 1880 and recent repeated surveys of aerial photographs.

In an ongoing project the length, area, volume, and mass changes are continuously observed applying modern remote sensing techniques as well as direct field measurements. Net volume changes are calculated by comparison of digital alevation models (DEM) derived from the existing maps and photogrammetrical analysis. A new method for the determination of the glacier wide mass balance has been developped merching available point-based observations with net volume changes and runoff measurements.

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−2 Length change (km)

−10

−20

−30

Mass change (m WE) −40

−50 1900 1950 2000

Fig.1: Cumulative length (upper) and mass (lower) changes of the Grosser Aletschgletscher: results from mass balance model (blue) and net volume changes extracted from comparison of surface topography (red).

Key words: Glacier measurements, firn accumulation, ice melt, volume change, mass balance

Internet data bases: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_variations_gr_aletsch gretscher

Collaborating partners/networks: Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network in collaboration with the Glaciological Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Bauder A. and Huss M., Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher, International Conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, 11.-13. Sept. 2006. Huss M. and Bauder A., Reconstruction of seasonal mass balance for 4 Swiss glaciers since 1865 using decadal volume changes. 4th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Bern, Schweiz, 25.11.2006.

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Data books and reports Bauder A., Pralong A., Funk M. and Faillettaz J. Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen - Les glacier des Alpes suisses 2003/04 und 2004/05. Die Alpen - Les Alpes, 82(10), 34-43, 2006.

Address: ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Andreas Bauder Tel. +41 44 632 4112 e-mail: [email protected] Martin Funk Tel. +41 44 632 4132 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/

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Name of research institute or organization: Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek, Groningen University (Netherlands)

Title of project: Testing snowmaking and firn coring equipment

Project leader and team: Prof. Harro A.J. Meijer, project leader L.G. van der Wel, H.A. Been, Dr. C.J.P.P. Smeets, P Kuipers Munneke (the latter two from IMAU, Utrecht University) team members

Project description: The CIO-University of Groningen has initiated in situ isotope diffusion experiements on Greenland. this involves the production of snow using a snow gun, equipped with air compressor and water pump. This system has ben successfully deployed on Greenland August 2005, and the experiments will be repeated on Antarctica (Jan 2007) and on another, higher site on Greenland (Summer 2007). The people who will use the system, as well as the -more standard- manual snow and ice coring system, need field training on forehand. Therefore, the above team applied for access to Jungfraujoch, as this is the only place with easy access that can guarantee snowy conditions, and (night) temperatures below 0. We were granted access and had a very successful training session on September 21 and 22. One of us (Smeets) is currently on his way to Antarctica. It is planned that van der Wel and Kuipers Munneke will make a new snow layer on Summit next summer, as well as make the second sampling of the existing Greenland snow layer.

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Key words: Isotope diffusion, water isotopes, training

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: The work in Greenland as such (not specifically the training session at Jungfraujoch) got wide press attention in the Netherlands, specifically after a university of Groningen press release July/August 2005: Magazine and Newspapers articles Dagblad van het Noorden (regional newspaper): "Wetenschapper maakt sneeuw op Groenland" Telgraaf (nation-wide newspaper): excerpt from press release. Parool (nation-wide newspaper): excerpt from press release. Broerstraat 5 (University magazine for alumni) "Het klimaat in atomen". Universiteitskrant (University newspaper): "Wetenschapper maakt sneeuw op Groenland".

Radio and television Radio 1 (national radio): 15 min. studio interview. Radio 2 (national radio): "human interest item" + live follow up from Greenland. Radio en Televisie Noord (regional radio and television): (extended) News items. OOg Televisie (television for Groningen city): news item.

Address: Centrum voor IsotopenOnderzoek Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 NL-9747 AG Groningen

Contacts: Harro A.J. Meijer Tel.: +31 50 3634760 Fax: +31 50 3634738 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.rug.nl/cio

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geography, University of Zurich

Title of project: PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine rock walls

Project leader and team: Dr. Stephan Gruber, project leader Prof. Christian Tschudin, PERMASENSE principal investigator Dr. Daniel Vonder Mühll, PERMOS responsible Igor Talzi, PhD student (computer-science in PERMASENSE) Andreas Hasler, PhD student (geo-science in PERMASENSE)

Project description: During the year 2006, PERMASENS has started and succeded with a first deployment under extreme environmental conditions. A set of ten sensor rods (measureing temerature and electrical conductivity profiles in rock) and protective housings were drilled into the rock faces around Sphinx, Jungfraujoch in September and October. This network of permafrost sensors is expected to deliver near real-time measurements via wireless communication amongst the sensors and a GPRS uplink to a central database. This first deployment demonstrated the feasibility of this approach to make environmental measurements in high-mountains more effective, safe and reliable. For the coming year, the sensor network will be expanded to investigate the effect that heat advection by water flow in fractures has on permafrost degradation and frost weathering. Routine data logger based monitoring of rock temperatures (PERMOS) on the Jungfrau East Ridge, the west ridge of Mönch as well as the north and south faces of Eiger were continued like in the 5 previous years.

Key words: Permafrost, ground temperatures, monitoring, wireless networks, rock fall

Collaborating partners/networks: PERMOS, NCCR-MICS,

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Hasler, A., Gubler, HU., Talzi, I., Gruber, S., VonderMühll, D. and Tschudin, C. Investigating Heat and Moisture Fluxes in High-Alpine Rock Walls Around the Jungfraujoch with a Wireless Sensor Field. Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science” International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-13, 2006. Talzi, I., VonderMühll, D., Tschudin, C., Hasler, A. and Gruber, S. Investigating the Permafrost with a WSN in the Swiss Alps, MICS Scientific Conference 2006, Zurich, October 17-19.

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Tschudin, C., Talzi, I., VonderMühll, D., Hasler, A. and Gruber, S. PermaSense Deployment September/October 2006, MICS Scientific Conference 2006, Zurich, October 17-19. Gruber, S., Alpine permafrost in a changing climate (and a changing perspective), Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science” International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-13, 2006.

Address: Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland phone: +41-1-635 51 46 fax: +41-1-635 68 41

Contacts: Stephan Gruber Tel.: +41-1-635 51 46 Fax: +41-1-635 68 41 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Pneumology, Medizinische Klinik, University of Munich

Title of project: Changes of impulse oscillometric parameters in healthy people after exposure to high altitude

Project leader and team: Dr. med. Rainald Fischer, project leader

Project description: It has been shown that interstitial lung edema evolves in healthy subjects acutely exposed to altitudes above 4500 m. However, it is not known whether these changes occur also at lower altitudes. The goal of our study was to monitor peripheral lung function changes by measuring resistance and reactance at different frequencies with impulse oscillometry. In 44 healthy, non-smoking subjects, baseline measurements (flow-volume-loop, impulse oscillometry) were obtained at Grindelwald (943 m) before exposure to high altitude at Jungfraujoch (3454 m). After 6 h (T1) and 18 h (T2) at high altitude, measurements were repeated. We found a significant reduction of vital capacity (mean delta 105 ml, p=0.11), reactance at 5 Hz (mean delta 0.01, p=0.001) and low frequency reactance area (AX, mean delta -0,157, p<0.00). AX remained elevated at T2, however, a trend to a return to baseline could be observed. We were therefore able to demonstrate a significant reduction in low frequency reactance in healthy subject after acute exposure to high altitude. As FEV1 and MEF25 were not significantly changed, this alterations can be explained by an increase of interstitial or alveolar lung water due to higher pulmonary pressure and reduced alveolar water clearance.

Key words: Lung function, altitude, high altitude pulmonary edema

Internet data bases: www.bexmed.de

Collaborating partners/networks: German society of mountain and expedition medicine

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Bergner A, Kellner J, Kemp da Silva A, Fischer R, Gamarra F, Huber RM.Bronchial hyperreactivity is correlated with increased baseline airway tone. Eur J Med Res Feb;21(11):77-84. 2006

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Conference papers W. Loy, R. Fischer, A. Muehlfeldner, A. Bergner, R. M. Huber (High altitude study group, Pneumology, University of Munich, Germany). Comparison of two acclimatisation schedules in healthy young subjects. ERS Hypoxia Conference, March 2006, Taormina.

W. Loy, R. Fischer, A. Muehlfeldner, A. Bergner, R. M. Huber (High altitude study group, Pneumology, University of Munich, Germany). Sustained increase of cardiopulmonary exercise capacity after one week of hypobaric hypoxia (2650m) in patients with metabolic syndrome. ERS Lung Science Conference, March 2006, Taormina.

Address: Pneumologie Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, Universität München Ziemssenstrasse 1 80336 München

Contacts: Dr. med. Rainald Fischer Tel.: +49 89 5160 2111 Fax: +49 89 5160 4953 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.bexmed.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts

Title of project: VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution) and VIVALDI (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits — Integrated), both within the frame of NCCR Climate

Project leader and team: PD Dr. Margit Schwikowski Theo M. Jenk Manuel Schläppi Leonhard Tobler Edith Vogel Michael Sigl Beat Muther

Project description: VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution) and the follow-up subprogram VIVALDI (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits — Integrated) of the National Center of Competence in Research on Climate (NCCR Climate) aim to compare proxy climate records from natural archives (http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/). The sites selected for ice coring were the Fiescherhorn glacier in the Berner Oberland (FH, Swiss Alps, 46°33’N, 08°04’E; 3900 m asl.), close to the Jungfraujoch and the Colle Gnifetti glacier in the Monte Rosa massif (CG, Swiss Alps, 45°56’N, 7°53’E; 4450 m asl). As an example of the results obtained the Fiescherhorn ice core concentration records + 2- - - of NH4 , SO4 , F and NO3 are discussed. They show a significant contribution from anthropogenic emission sources after the beginning of the industrialisation (~1850) + (Fig. 1). The observed increase in i) NH4 (~1850) concentrations is attributed to an 2- extension in the agricultural production (fertilizers and animal manure), ii) SO4 (~1860): the enhanced combustion of fossil fuels, iii) F- (~1890): the aluminium - production (starting 1890 in Switzerland) and iv) NO3 (~1950): increasing traffic. Also in the Cl- record, a contribution from anthropogenic emissions, i.e. from the combustion of hard coal and from the chemical industry, was detected after ~1850. The relatively low and constant concentrations before the observed increase in the above discussed ions reflect their emissions from natural sources. These are emissions + - from biomass burning and vegetation for NH4 and NO3 , whereas mineral dust is a - 2- natural source for F (e.g. fluorspar) and SO4 (e.g. gypsum) which also originates from sea-salt. The industrial maximum (1970-2000) to pre-industrial (1750-1850) - 2- mean concentration ratio is highest for F (14.0). This ratio is 4.2 for SO4 , 3.4 for - + 2- - NO3 and 3.0 for NH4 . In the SO4 and F records, decreasing concentrations after 1970 are attributed to air pollution control measures, aiming at reduction of emissions to the environment.

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20 Ammonium [µeq l-1] 15

0 40 Sulphate [µeq l-1] 30 20 10 0 0,3 Fluoride [µeq l-1]

0,2

0,1

0,0 15 Nitrate [µeq l-1]

0 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Age [years] Fig. 1: Annual average concentrations (thin line) superimposed by the 10-year + 2- - - average (thick line) of NH4 , SO4 , F and NO3 . The blue, dashed lines mark the sections influenced by percolating melt-water. In addition to the ice core investigation, two snow pit/shallow firn core studies were conducted at Jungfraujoch. One was aiming to improve the understanding of the behavior of mercury (Hg) in snow. Hg is the only metal, whose elemental form has a natural cycle. Due to its high vapor pressure it is extremely toxic. However, there are still large uncertainties about atmospheric Hg-fluxes and Hg-concentrations. Also the chemical behavior of mercury after deposition is not well known. In this study Hg- concentrations in snow samples from Jungfraujoch were analyzed with cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer (Mercur, Analytik Jena). Snow samples were collected on Jungfraujoch from a 63 cm and a 35 cm deep snow pit on 11 May and 12 May 2006, respectively (Fig. 2.). The upper 35 cm consisted of homogenous low- density snow, whereas the deeper layer from 35-63 cm was more compact but still homogenous. In the first snow layer Hg concentrations decreased from 2 ng/L to just above detection limit of about 0.14 ng/L. The agreement between the samples from the two consecutive days is good. There is no indication of a loss of Hg by evaporation. Interesting is also the second snow layer: An increase of Hg- concentrations with depth was detected, suggesting highly variable deposition conditions or concentrations in the atmosphere. However, the experiment was too short to fully understand mercury deposition and conservation in snow and a more detailed study is needed.

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1st snow layer 2nd snow layer 4

3 11.05.2006 11.05.2006 12.05.2006 2 12.05.2006 Konz. [ng/L] Conc. [ng/L] 1

0 01020304050 60 DepthTiefe [cm [cm]] Fig. 2: Mercury concentrations against depth in the two snow pits from Jungfraujoch.

The shallow firn core study was conducted to test a new approach for dating of recent snow samples. The radioactive decay of 210Pb with a half-life of 22.8 years is often used for dating of environmental archives like ice cores. 210Pb activity is normally measured with α-spectroscopy through its granddaughter 210Po, which has to be in radioactive equilibrium with 210Pb. In this work the new approach was tested to apply this method for dating of snow/firn samples presumably younger than two years in which the two nuclides are not in equilibrium yet. Samples from the Jungfraujoch were collected by drilling a 6.8 m long shallow core on 11 May 2006. From the snow cores two aliquots per 20 cm long sections were prepared for the 210Po α- spectroscopic measurements. Separation of 210Po in the first aliquot was conducted between 5 and 28 days after sampling. Separation of the second aliquot took place 150 days resp. 180 days after sampling. From the two measurements the sample age was calculated (Fig. 3). A steady increase in age was observed until 400 cm depth, when the snow from the last autumn was reached (age about 200 days). Below that depth, 210Po activities and ages show higher variability, which might be the effect of melting at this temperate glacier. Nevertheless, the resulting accumulation of 400 cm of snow for seven month seems reasonable for this site.

200 1000 A 180 1. measurement 900 160 2. measurement 800 Age 140 700 120 600

Po [mBq/kg] 100 500 210 80 400 Age [d] 60 300

Activity 40 200 20 100 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Depth [cm] Fig. 3: 210Po activities of the two measurements and the calculated sample age of the Jungfraujoch shallow core.

Acknowledgements This study on the Fiescherhorn ice core was conducted in the frame of NCCR- Climate. Financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation is acknowledged. The possibility to use the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch as base camp is highly acknowledged.

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Internet data bases: http://lch.web.psi.ch/ http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: Markus Leuenberger, Luca Panno, KUP, University of Bern. Harald Sodemann, ETH Zürich. Martin Grosjean, Heinz Wanner, Geographical Institute, University of Bern. Aurel Schwerzmann, Martin Funk, VAW ETH Zürich.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Sodemann, H., A.S. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, H. Wernli, The transport history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 667-688 (2006). Schwerzmann, A., M. Funk, H. Blatter, M.P. Lüthi, M. Schwikowski, A.S. Palmer, Reconstruction of past accumulation rates in an alpine firn region: Fiescherhorn, Swiss Alps, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surface, 111, F01014, doi:10.1029/2005JF000283 (2006). Schwikowski, M., Paleoenvironmental reconstruction from Alpine ice cores, PAGES News Vol. 14, N°1, 16-18 (2006). Reithmeier, H., V.Lazarev, W.Rühm, M.Schwikowski, H.W.Gäggeler, E.Nolte, Estimate of European 129I releases supported by 129I analysis in an Alpine ice core, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5891-5896 (2006). Jenk, T.M., S. Szidat, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, S. Brütsch, L. Wacker, H.-A. Synal, M. Saurer, Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: Record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650- 1940), Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 5381-5390 (2006).

Address: Paul Scherrer Institut Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Margit Schwikowski Tel.: +41 56 310 4110 Fax: + 41 56 310 4435 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: MeteoSchweiz, Bundesamt für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Zürich

Title of project: The weather in 2006

Report by: Stephan Bader, Thomas Schlegel

Project description: The two halves of the year 2006 were completely different with regard to meteorological conditions. The first months were completely in the power of snow and cold. Winter season 2005/2006 was already the second winter in succession with temperatures in total below the average. During the second half of the year 2006, mainly high temperatures dominated the meteorological situation, in particular, autumn brought a temperature surplus far above the hitherto experienced values. Table 1 illustrates that compared to the long-range means from 1961-1990 in both the plains of the northern side of the Alps as well as in the high mountainous areas, the year 2006 was too warm. In Bern it was +1.2 °C and at Jungfraujoch +1.7 °C warmer than the average. Precipitation in the Jungfrau region was significantly lower compared to the long-term mean, while the amounts in the plains were clearly above the average.

Table 1: Comparisons of temperature and precipitation with the long- range mean 1961-1990 at the stations Jungfraujoch and Bern. For temperature the deviation from the long-range mean is shown. Precipitation is expressed relative to the average amounts. Because precipitation is not measured at Jungfraujoch, values from Kleine Scheidegg have been used.

Jungfraujoch Bern mean temperature - 6.2 °C + 9.4 °C deviation + 1.7 °C + 1.2 °C

precipitation 1333 mm 1216 mm relative to the average 85 % 118 %

Extraordinary snowfalls on both sides of the Alps The first extraordinary snowfall reached the southern part of the Alps. After two days of intense snowfall, on January 28, the Ticino “woke up”, under a snow cover of 60 to 90 centimetres. It was the deepest snowfall in the Ticino lowlands since 1986. The snow masses caused considerable interruptions of traffic. Many roads were impassable, and even in important towns like Bellinzona, Locarno and Lugano non- skid chains for the cars were obligatory.

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However, not only the quantity, but also the low density of the snow was exceptional. This was due to the temperatures significantly below zero degrees Celsius, especially at the beginning of the event. It was on 4 and 5 March, again a weekend, when persistent heavy snowfall led to the most significant quantities of fresh snow measured so far in northern and eastern Switzerland. Within one day, 54 cm of fresh snow fell in Zurich, 49 cm in Basle and even 60 cm in St. Gall. The usually rather active city of Zurich experienced a contemplative winter calm – even during the following working days. Exactly at the meteorological start of summer, northern Switzerland was once more in winter’s grip. Cold polar air dropped the line of snowfall again down to low altitudes on May 31. The climatological station of Meiringen (595 metres above sea level; Bernese Oberland) notified with the morning observation a snow depth of 2 cm. A fresh snow cover at this altitude is very rare during the intermediate season from May to June. In a time interval of one week before and respectively after this point of time only four comparable cases for entire Switzerland are known during the past 50 years.

Extremely wet spring Meteorological spring 2006 (March-May) was generally experienced as unfriendly and wet. The weather during this season was marked by regular periods with abundant precipitation. The impression of humidity was not false: A number of observing stations in the Midlands north of the Alps registered for the period lasting from March to June about half of the average annual precipitation amount. At some measuring stations, for instance those of Zurich and Berne, spring 2006 was even registered as that with the highest precipitation amounts since systematic records started in 1864.

Extreme heat and regionally pronounced dryness in the middle of the year Summer 2006 started very warm, even extremely hot. An over averaged warm June was followed by an extremely hot July in large areas of Switzerland. In the lowlands north of the Alps and in most of the Alpine valleys the highest ever July averages were registered. The previous record dates back to July 1983. In elevated stations west of the river Reuss and on the southern slope of the Alps, however, temperatures did not quite reach the values recorded in July 1983. On the mountain tops, comparable temperatures were observed in the months of July 2006 and 1983 respectively. South of the Alps, however, the record of July 1928 has not been broken.

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5 4 3

C 2 1 0 -1 -2 temperature ° temperature -3 -4 -5 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 year

Figure 1: Mean temperature for July 1937-2006 at the Jungfraujoch (homogeneous data). The mean of the normal period 1961-1990 for July is -1.2 °C. A similar monthly mean as in 2006 (2.8 °C) was measured in July 1983 (2.7 °C). Only a few degrees below this value were the monthly means of July 1994 and 1995.

Consequently, the month of July was in some areas extraordinarily dry and sunny. Showers and thunderstorms were the predominant precipitation type, which caused precipitation quantities with considerable local differences. Draught developed in particular on the northern foot of the Jura (north western Switzerland), in large areas of the Midlands and on the eastern slope of the Alps, with in general only 25 to 50 percent of the normal rain fall quantities. Also the “Vorderrheintal” (Northern Grisons) got less than 50 percent of normal rain amounts. Along the southern Jura, in the Napf (hilly pre-alpine region; highest peak 1600 metres above sea level) and in the northerly neighbouring Midlands, on the other hand, more than 70 percent were measured in many places, locally even quantities exceeding the normal values. In the Alps west of the river Reuss, 50 to 70 percent of the normal totals were recorded by many stations. Large areas of the Grisons and of the Ticino showed a small rain deficit, and in some places it rained more than on the long-time average.

„Winter time” in summer On a long-time average, the first half of August represents, together with the second half of July, the actual midsummer north of the Alps. The annual maximum of temperature and the minimum of the summery precipitation disposition are normally reached in that period. Midsummer 2006 ended much earlier. At the very beginning of August, at the height of midsummer, cool air masses started to dominate the meteorological conditions in Switzerland as well as in the rest of Central Europe; the monthly mean temperature sank to an unusually low level. In many places of the lowlands north of the Alps, it was eventually 1.5 to 2.0 degrees cooler than normal. Similar low average temperatures for the month of August were recorded almost thirty years ago. Before 1980, however, cool temperatures in August belonged to the climatic normality at that time. Thus, the cool month of August 2006 is nothing else than a resumption of a former “tradition”.

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Warmth record in autumn 2006 The warmth came back with the start of autumn. All three autumn months showed monthly mean temperatures clearly above the average. Never before had equally high average values been registered for the whole autumn. In Switzerland, this season was 2.5 to 3 degrees warmer than normal. The last autumn record of the year 1987 was exceeded by approximately 1 degree. In addition, some observing stations registered in the afternoon of 26 October temperatures climbing to midsummery values. The maximum of 28.8 degrees Celsius was reached in Vaduz (capital town of the Principality of Liechtenstein), representing there the absolute top value for a month of October, since observing series started in 1979. One of the consequences of the extreme warmth in autumn was that the year 2006 ranked under the five the warmest years since 1864.

Figure 2: Mean temperature in 2006 measured at the station Jungfraujoch compared to the long-term mean 1961-1990 (solid line) and to the long- term mean variation (dashed lines = standard deviation).

Address: MeteoSchweiz Krähbühlstrasse 58 Postfach 514 CH-8044 Zürich

Contacts: Tel.: +41 44 256 91 11 URL: http://www.meteoschweiz.ch

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Research statistics for 2006 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat

Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South (KOSMA) Institute Country Person-working days 1. Physikal. Institut, Universität zu Köln Germany 182 Astronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany 28 CEA Paris France 89 ETH Zürich Switzerland 87 Total 386

Relative number of person-working days by country (KOSMA) Country Person-working days Germany 54.4 % Switzerland 22.5% France 23.1%

Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL Institute Country Person-working days Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 4

Field campaigns Institute Country Person-working days VAW ETH Zürich Switzerland 465

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Name of research institute or organization: I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn

Title of project: KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stutzki, observatory director Dr. M. Miller, station manager Universität zu Köln: M. Cubick, Dr. U.Graf, M. Hitschfeld, H. Jakob, Dr. C. Kramer, M. Loch, Dr. V. Ossenkopf, Dr. M. Röllig, Dr. R. Simon, K. Sun, Universität Bonn: Prof. Dr. F. Bertoldi, Dr. U. Klein, Dr. F. Bensch, P. Müller, J. Pineda, Dr. S. Stanko, T. Westmeier.

Project description: The large scale distribution, physical and chemical conditions of the interstellar matter

In 2006 KOSMA was in operation for 156 days (140 days observing time + 16 days for maintenance). We could use our dual channel SIS receivers only, which is tunable in the atmospheric windows at 230 GHz and 350 GHz. The array receiver SMART was still in our institute in Cologne for upgrading. We finished some of our large mapping projects of the last years: The mapped area of the Perseus molecular cloud survey in 13CO 2-1 and 12CO 3-2 was extended to a size of 7.10 deg2 .The observations and structure analysis results are published in Sun et al. (2006). We observed in the photon dominated regions in Cepheus B with KOSMA at 1´ resolution 15’×15’ fully sampled maps of [C I] at 492 GHz and 12CO 4-3. We combined these data with FCRAO, IRAM and HIRES/IRAS data to understand the [C I] and CO emission from the PDRs in Cepheus B and to explain the observed variation of the relative abundances of both C0 and CO. The analysis with our KOSMA-τ spherical PDR model is published in Mookerjea et al. (2006). We mapped with the 3m telescope the core (10'× 14') of the Galactic star-forming region DR21/DR21 (OH) in the Cygnus X region in the two fine structure lines of 3 3 3 3 13 atomic carbon (C I P1- P0 and P2- P1), in four mid-J transitions of CO and CO, and in CS J=7-6. t In a paper, published in A&A 461, 999 (2007), we discuss the intensities and line ratios and apply the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE analysis methods in order to derive physical parameters such as mass, density and temperature. Cygnus X has been mapped in 13CO (2-1) (10.8 deg2) at an angular resolution of 130'', as well as for smaller areas in 12CO and 13CO (3-2) (90''), using the KOSMA 3 m submm-telescope. The physical properties of the molecular gas could be derived in more detail as it was done in former studies. It is published in Schneider et al. (2006). We observed the photon dominated regions (PRDs) in IC348 and mapped fully sampled an area of 20'×20' in [C I] at 492 GHz, 12CO 4-3 and 3-2 at about 70"

143 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 resolution. We presented the results at International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 237 in Prague (Sun et al. 2006) We continued our observations of the 12CO 2-1 & 3-2 transitions in the super nova remnant HB21. This project is a in collaboration with Do-Young Byun and Bon-Chul Koo of the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and Seoul National University. In collaboration with Kaminski, T., Szczerba, R., and Tylenda, R. from Copernicus Astronomical Center, Toruń, Poland we observed on-the-fly maps covering a large area (~3.4 sq. deg.) around V838 Mon and did long integrations on the star position in 12CO(3-2) and (2-1) (Kaminski et al. 2006). In September 2006 we had the first run of the Digital Fourier Transform Spektrometer (DFT) from ETHZ parallel with the KOSMA Acousto Optical Spectrometers (AOS). We observed HCO+(4-3) and (3-2) in S140, W3, OriKL, NGC2264, and OriB. A second run with a modified software was in December. For more details concerning to the DFT see Benz et al. 2005. Guest observers: In preparation for a HERSCHEL key project seveal transitions were observed in S140: HCO+/H13CO+(3-2), (4-3), DCO+(3-2), HCN(3-2),(4-3), CS(5-4), and CN(3- 2), 13CO(3-2)/(2-1) was observed in IRAS16293, L1448, NGC1333, IRAS04368, L483 and 6 more clouds (group of Arnold Benz, ETHZ). The group of of Philipp Andre, CEA, France, had the first successful run of the CEA bolometer in March 2006. The detector is a 16x16 pixels array optimized for the 450 mu band (670 GHz). One pixel covers an area of approx. 15"x15" in the sky. For more details see Talvard et al. (SPIE 2006). The bolometer works well when it is cooled down to 300 mK. In the laboratory (CEA Saclay near Paris) the cooling system was normally stable for 6 hour. At Gornergrat observatory it worked well for 2-3 hours only. We observed with the bolometer Saturn, Mars, Jupiter, Venus (no Fig. 1: Screenshot of the first Jupiter image, the detection, because to low), Moon, blue and the red spots are the signals in the 2 and Sun. The first light (as image) wobbler positions. was on Saturn in the evening of March 16. The image was temperature calibrated by measuring a warm and cold absorber. We did a skydip few hours later with tau(450mum) = 1.2 . In the same night in the morning we observed Jupiter at an elevation 25 degree. We observed the planets in beam switch mode with a wobbling period of 2 sec. A second run of the bolometer with a more stable cooling system is planned for January 2007. Parallel observations with our Acousto Optical Spectrometers and the Digital Fourier Transform Spectrometer (DFT)

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In December we tested once more the DFT of ETHZ using a new software which can run several spectrometer ser- vers in parallel mode. The DFT works in the frequency range up to 1GHz. One of the two DFT cards has 16768 channels with a channel spacing and resolution of Fig. 2: Red line: MRS Spectrum of CO2-1 in OriB: 62 kHz. We compared it Black line: binned and convolved DFT spectrum with measurements of our medium resolution spectrometer MRS which has 2048 channels with a spacing of 165 kHz/- channel and a reception bandwidth of 600kHz. To get an equivalent DFT resolution we first binned 3 DFT channels, the new spectrum was then convolved with a gaussian resolution function with a half power Fig. 3: Red: part of the MRS baseline, RMS = 0.050K width of 600 kHz. Both Black: binned and convolved DFT baseline, RMS = spectra shows the same spectral form and the same noise structure and RMS of the noise. In the future it is planned to use the DFT as backend for the KOSMA SMART reciever.

Key words: Interstellar matter, ISM, PDR, millimeter, submillimeter wave telescope, SIS receiver, array receiver, bolometer, digital fourier transform spectrometer

Internet data bases: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php

Collaborating partners/networks: MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern, ETH Zürich, Center of Astrophysics, Boston, USA, Observatoire de Bordeaux, Astronomy Department Peking University, China, Copernicus Astronomical Center, Toruń, Poland, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and Seoul National University, Service d'Astrophysique/DAPNIA/DSM CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Refereed journal articles Sun, K., Kramer, C., Ossenkopf, V., Bensch, F., Stutzki, J., Miller, M., A KOSMA 7 deg2 13CO 2-1 and 12CO 3-2 survey of the Perseus cloud. I. Structure analysis, A&A 451, 539-549, 2006. Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Röllig, M., Masur, M., Study of photon dominated regions in Cepheus B, A&A 456, 235-244, 2006. Jakob, H., Kramer, C., Simon, R., Schneider, N., Ossenkopf, V., Bontemps, S., Graf, U. U., Stutzki, J., The cooling of atomic and molecular gas in DR21, A&A 461, 999-1012, 2007. Schneider, N., Bontemps, S., Simon, R., Jakob, H., Motte, F., Miller, M., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., A new view of the Cygnus X region. KOSMA 13CO 2 to 1, 3 to 2, and 12CO 3 to 2 imaging, A&A 458, 855-871, 2006. Mookerjea, B., Kantharia, N. G., Roshi, D. Anish, Masur, M., CI 492GHz mapping towards Cas A, MNRAS 371, 761-768, 2006. Benz, A. O., Grigis, P. C., Hungerbühler, V., Meyer, H., Monstein, C., Stuber, B., Zardet, D., A broadband FFT spectrometer for radio and millimeter astronomy, A&A 442, 767-773, 2005.

Conference papers Sun, K., Kramer, C., Mookerjea, B., Röllig, M.,Ossenkopf, V., Stutzki, J., Study of Photon Dominated Regions in IC348, Triggered Star Formation in a Turbulent ISM, International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 237, held 14-18 August, 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic, 216, S237 2006. Kaminski, T., Miller, M., Szczerba, R., Tylenda, R., Observations of V838 Mon and the nearby region in the CO J = 1-0, 2-1 and 3-2 transitions, to appear in ASP Conf. Ser.,The Nature of V838 Mon and its Light Echo, ed. R.L.M. Corradi and U. Munari. Minier, V., Durand, G. A., Lagage, P. O., Astronomy in Antarctica, 26th meeting of the IAU, Special Session 7, 22-23 August, 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic, SPS7, 15 Talvard, M., André, P., Rodriguez, L., Minier, V., Benoit, A., Leriche, B., Pajot, F., Vigroux, L., Agnèse, P., Boulade, O., ArTeMiS: filled bolometer arrays for next generation submm telescopes, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III. Edited by Zmuidzinas, Jonas; Holland, Wayne S.; Withington, Stafford; Duncan, William D.. Proceedings of the SPIE 6275, 2006 Thesis Mathias Loch, Structure of molecular clouds in the Cygnus-X region, diploma thesis.

Address: 1. Physikalisches Institut Radioastronomisches Institut Universität zu Köln der Universität Bonn Zülpicher Str. 77 Auf dem Hügel 71 D-50937 Köln D-53121 Bonn

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Contacts: Jürgen Stutzki (observatory director) Tel.: +49 221 470 3494 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected] Martin Miller (station manager) Tel.: +49 221 470 3558 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high- energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun

Project leader and team: Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Dr. Michael R. Moser

Project description: The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in continous operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. Since 2002 the environmental radiation at Gornergrat has also been monitored by a conventional GammaTracer unit designed and manufactured by Genitron Instruments GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. In 2006 the operation of SONTEL and of the GammaTracer was continued. After the renovation work at the Kulmhotel Gornergrat in 2005 with several interruptions in the operation of SONTEL, the reliability of electric power was much better in 2006. During the reporting year only one interrupt in the operation of SONTEL occured. SONTEL was in operation during 99.8 % of the time. As in 2005, the Sun again had a phase with extremely high solar activity although the solar activity cycle 23 is at or near its minimum. In December 2006 several solar bursts occurred. On 13 December 2006 the Sun produced a X3.4 class solar burst at 6°S, 23°W with onset time at 0214 UT and maximum at 0240 UT. The worldwide network of neutron monitor (NM) stations observed a ground level enhancement (GLE) with onset time ~0248 UT. The Jungfraujoch neutron monitors (NM) observed a count rate increase of almost 10% in the one-minute data. In Figure 1 the relative count rates of the different energy channels (neutral + charged particles) and (neutral particles) of SONTEL are plotted. As can be seen from Figure 1 the increase in the count rates of the different channels was only ~3-4%. The reason for this difference is the contribution of muons to the count rate of SONTEL due to galactic cosmic rays (~30% for energies >40 MeV at the neutral channel). During typical GLEs the energy spectrum of the solar cosmic rays is significantly softer compared to the spectrum of galactic cosmic rays. Thus the production rate of muons in reactions of primary solar cosmic ray particles with atomic nuclei of the atmosphere is very low and can be neglected. If the contribution of the muons to the counting rate of SONTEL is subtracted, a similar increase as observed by the Jungfraujoch NMs results in the count rates of the different SONTEL channels. At present a detailed analysis of the SONTEL and the NM data during the GLE on 13 December 2006 is in progress.

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Figure 1: Relative count rates of the energy channels >40, >80, >120, and >160 Mev of SONTEL at Gornergrat for the channels (neutral + charged particles) (top) and (neutral particles) (bottom) on 13 December 2006, 0100-0500 UT.

Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons

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Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Prof. Y Muraki , Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. H. Tsuchiya, Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2-11-1 shin-ei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275, Japan Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Divison, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, 375036, Armenia

Scientific publications and public outreach 2006: Conference papers Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Solar Cosmic Ray Particle Event on January 20, 2005, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, 2006 in Lausanne, poster presentation. Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, 2005, in the Context of Extreme Solar Cosmic Ray Particle Events and Geomagnetic Super Storms, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 3rd Annual Meeting, 10 - 14 July 2006 in Singapore. Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, L. Desorgher, and M.R. Moser, Analysis of the GLE on January 20, 2005: an Update, 20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal, to be published in the conference proceedings, 2006. Muraki, Y., An interpretation on high energy solar neutrons and protons, 20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal, to be published in the conference proceedings, 2006.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich

Title of project: On the outburst of glacier-dammed lakes: A study at Gornergletscher, Valais1

Project leader and team: A. Bauder, H. Blatter2, N. Deichman3, M. Funk, M. Huss, M. Lüthi , S. Sugiyama4, F. Walter and M. Werder

Project description: The release of water from glaciers in catastrophic floods poses an important threat to human activity. Such events are called jökulhlaups, an expression from Iceland, where spectacular outburst events originate in large water bodies impounded within ice caps. These lakes form when a geothermal area melts ice from the base. In the Alps or in glacierized mountain areas in general, glacier-dammed lakes develop in a depression resulting from a combination of topographical conditions and glacier extent. They also form in depressions on the irregular surface of debris-covered glaciers. The most famous historical cases in the Swiss Alps, where such glacier- dammed lakes suddenly drained with disastrous consequences, are Glacier du Giétro, Allalingletscher, Grubengletscher and Aletschgletscher/Märjelensee. These outbursts represent a severe threat in mountain ranges and have caused major damage and loss of life in the past. Lakes impounded behind an ice barrier drain in a variety of ways. Among the most well known are lake outbursts associated with a catastrophic drainage due to rapid thermal enlargement of subsurface channels. But sometimes, for unknown reasons, other mechanisms occur, even at the same location, owing to the complex nature of these events. The initiation of an outburst may be of particular complexity. The ultimate challenge of this phenomenon is clearly to be able to predict the timing and magnitude of lake outbursts. In spite of recent improvements in the physical understanding of flood mechanics, such forecasts are not yet possible. This was the main motivation for the launching of a comprehensive project by the VAW, Glaciology Section, three years ago on Gornergletscher above Zermatt.

Observations Gornergletscher is the second largest glacier in the Alps (Fig. 1). It consists of several tributaries and covers an area of nearly 60 km².

1 Study funded by Swiss National Science Foundation Grants Nr. 200021-103882/1 and 200020- 111892/1 2 Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IACETH) 3 Swiss Seismological Service (SEDETH) 4 Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo All the other authors: VAW/ETH Zurich

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Fig. 1: Map of Gornergletscher (left). Dots mark two boreholes and crosses indicate the position of four stakes for ice motion measurements. The central flowline used for the profiles in Figure 2 is depicted by a dashed line. Photograph (right) taken in July 2006 showing Gornergletscher and its two tributaries Grenz- and Gornergletscher (right and left) and Gornersee (at the confluence).

At the confluence of Gorner- and Grenzgletscher, Gornersee (an ice-marginal lake) has formed every spring and drained every summer for many years. In the last century Gornergletscher experienced a significant ice loss, especially in the lake area (150 m thinning since 1931, Fig. 2) leading to a continuously changing bathymetry. The greatest ice thickness of Gornergletscher is 450 m and the main glacial valley is slightly over-deepened.

Fig. 2: (a) Schematic profile of the Gornersee evolution during the past decades. (b) Longitudinal profile of the Gornergletscher tongue. Bed topography was obtained from radio- echo soundings. Two boreholes and four stake locations are indicated. A gauging station operated by the Grande Dixence hydropower company is situated 1 km downstream of the glacier terminus, recording hourly discharge since 1970 and additional observations of the lake drainage in the 1950s and 1960s, providing the unique possibility to carry out an assessment of glacier floods for more than half a century. Each year 1 to 5 Mill. m³ of meltwater are impounded by the lake. In most of the cases, the lake filled to the maximum level beyond which it would give rise to a supraglacial outflow and start to drain subglacially shortly after. Since 2004, we have performed a variety of field experiments to explore the lake outburst phenomena,

154 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 including: (1) velocity measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution, (2) passive seismic activity recording, (3) dye-tracing, and (4) water pressure and tilt measurements in boreholes drilled in the glacier. In 2004, we observed a supraglacial outflow for a few days before water left the basin subglacially. In 2005 the lake drainage started subglacially with a surface water level 15 m lower than 2004, well before supraglacial outflow could occur. In 2006, the lake filled completely and drained within roughly three weeks by melting a 300 m long and 50 m deep gorge in the ice dam. The water then flowed through a moulin and escaped from the glacier subglacially. According to these observations, three different drainage processes occurred in three consecutive years. This indicates the difficulties encountered in attempting to forecast such events.

Lake outbursts 1950-2006 The discharge from lake outbursts is superimposed on melt-precipitation induced by runoff variations. Because we have discharge records from the Grande Dixence gauging station only, it was necessary to conduct a hydrograph separation to identify the magnitude and timing of previous lake outbursts. We applied a distributed temperature-index melt model coupled with a linear-reservoir runoff model to compute hourly discharge from the Gornergletscher catchment. By subtracting the simulated melt-precipitation induced discharge from the discharge measured at the gauging station, we extracted the outburst component of the hydrograph (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Measured and simulated hourly discharges of Gornergletscher during summer 2004. The lake drainage event is clearly identified.

Significant drainage events were identified in each year except for 1984, 1991, 1995 and 2006. Figure 4a presents the evolution of the lake outburst timing revealing an obvious trend. Between 1950 and 2005, a shift of about two months was observed, moving the expected date of the event from late August to late June. In contrast, the temporal evolution of drainage volume does not show a uniform trend (Fig. 4b).

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Fig. 4: (a) Evolution of lake outburst timing. (•) correspond to the dates of peak discharge. Vertical bars show the duration of the drainage events. (b) Time series of drainage volumes with corresponding error bars.

It is not clear to what extent the volume fluctuations are caused by the changing lake basin geometry or the different filling levels of the lake. Clague and Mathews (1973) first suggested that the peak discharge Qmax and the water volume V drained by an ice-dammed lake during the flood appears to follow a power low relation of the form b Qmax=K V , where K and b are constants determined from field data. This relation can be used to estimate the flood magnitude but is not suitable for accurate predictions. Subsequent extended studies with more data revealed a greater scatter, but the value of the exponent (b=2/3) seemed robust for subglacial lake outbursts. Recently, Ng and Björnsson (2003) demonstrated the physical origin of this formula and discussed the numerical value of the exponent. By analyzing the data obtained from Gornersee between 1950 and 2005, we found the same relation as Clague and Mathews (1973) but with a much smaller value of K=10 instead of 75 (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5: Log-log-plot of drainage volumes and peak lake discharges (number of samples n=33 and correlation coefficient r²=0.61).

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Considering the range of drainage volumes of Gornersee, which is much smaller than in the previous studies, the two variables show a strong correlation (Fig. 5). Nevertheless, the scatter in Figure 5 indicates that the previous relation is not yet practicable for a reliable forecast. This unique 50-year time series of annual lake outbursts demonstrates the complexity and diversity of the lake outburst process.

Mechanisms of lake outburst Present theories postulate that the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes is controlled by two different processes: (1) Progressive enlargement of intra- or subglacial water channels, and (2) Flotation of the ice dam. The intra- or suglacial channels have been called Röthlisberger- or R-channels since Hans Röthlisberger, VAW, first published a pioneering article on this subject in 1972. This channel enlargement process induces a gradual climb of the hydrograph. On the other hand, flotation of the ice dam produces a sharp and sudden runoff peak which happens when the subglacial water pressure exceeds the ice overburden pressure.

Fig. 6: Outburst from Gornersee and corresponding discharge record (in which the glacier melt contribution was subtracted) at the Gornera River at Grande Dixence gauging station near the glacier snout for the years 2004 and 2005. Note that after July 5 2004, no lake level records were available.

We were able to observe these two different drainage mechanisms on Gornersee. In 2004 the flood was triggered by flotation of the ice dam and in 2005 by channel enlargement. This can be seen in the two very different lake outflow hydrographs in Figure 6. If the flood is triggered by channel enlargement, then it is conceivable that the subglacial drainage system prevailing near the ice dam can play an important role. In 2005, it was shown with dye tracer experiments that the lake drainage initiated when the drainage system became efficient near the lake. Figure 7 shows a series of injections into a moulin above the lake, the transition is marked by the change in breakthrough time of the dye.

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Fig.7: A series of dye tracer experiments conducted throughout the summer 2005. The moulin used for the injection was situated above the lake. The evolution of the drainage system from inefficient to efficient and back is marked.

During the outburst of glacier-dammed lakes, an enormous amount of lake water drains into the glacier bed within a short period and the glacier ice flow regime is expected to change drastically during a drainage event due to the changing subglacial conditions. According to the diurnal flow variations and motion events observed in the alpine glaciers so far, a sudden water input into the bed enhances the basal ice motion by increasing the subglacial water pressure. The ice flow speed significantly increases as the pressure approaches the ice overburden pressure and the glacier sole is decoupled from the bed. Because the water flux from a lake outburst is generally much larger than the meltwater input, a lake drainage may cause flow changes that are not observable under the usual hydrological conditions. Furthermore, the ice dynamics near a glacier-dammed lake are important because of their critical role in the lake drainage process. The motion of an ice dam may control the water discharge from the lake. Therefore, knowledge of glacier dynamics in the vicinity of a lake is crucial to understanding the triggering mechanisms of an outburst. To study the impact of the drainage of a glacier-dammed lake on glacier dynamics, high frequency ice flow measurements were carried out simultaneously with hydrological observations at Gornergletscher. During the outburst event of July 2004, the flow speed increased by 100% and the surface rose by 20 cm; these processes were triggered by 4 Mill. m³ of water drained from the lake within 5 days. The water level measured in boreholes was consistently high near flotation level, suggesting that the elevated subglacial water pressure enhanced basal ice motion and subglacial water cavity formation. The most intriguing observation was that a reversred ice motion occurred, in particular, a 180° backward ice flow was recorded at one of the surveyed stakes (Fig. 8c).

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Fig. 8: Plan view of the stake motion at each survey site. The outburst began on 2 July and the water level dropped continuously until the lake emptied on July 7, 2006.

The change in flow direction was attributed to the stress coupling with the accelerated ice flow at the central part of the glacier, but its reversal was difficult to explain. A plausible interpretation is the rebound of the elastic motion of the glacier. However, Young’s elasticity modulus of ice is too large to explain the observed recovery of almost the entire transverse motion, suggesting that the large-scale mechanical properties of the glacier could possibly be responsible for the elastic behavior. For example, the closing and opening of water-filled englacial fractures have the potential to change the macroscopic elasticity of the glacier system. Because the reversal of ice motion was observed in the vicinity of the lake on the ice dam, it possibly played a key role in the triggering and the drainage mechanisms of the outburst. Moreover, the reversal was observed as being pervasive, from the lake vicinity to the lower reaches several kilometers below, implying that the phenomenon commonly occurs under the influence of rapidly changing stress conditions.

Conclusions A detailed analysis of the data set obtained so far for Gornergletscher proves that a variety of different processes are involved during a lake outburst event. Our study shows the need for an integrative assessment of glacier-dammed lake floods in order to better understand the nature of these events. The dramatic dynamic response of the glacier during the lake outburst cannot be explained based on the current knowledge of glacier mechanics. Further investigations are necessary to reveal the fundamental processes triggering the initiation of a lake outburst.

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Key words: Glaciology, glacier hazards, glacier floods

Internet data bases: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics/gz_outburst_glacierd ammed_lake

Address: VAW ETH-Zentrum CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Martin Funk Tel.: +41 44 632 4132 Fax: +41 44 632 1192 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.glaciology.ch

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The International Foundation HFSJG in the News

“Ganz oben”, December 24, 2006, ZDF. Documentation film by Tina Radke-Gerlach about work and life at high altitudes, including a portait of Joan and Martin Fischer at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Les mutations du Jungfraujoch” / “Die Wandlungen des Jungfraujochs”, Horizons, Magazine de la recherche scientifique, December 22, 2006. „L’incanto delle notti fredde“, by Natalia Ferroni, cooperazione, December 12, 2006. Panarama photography by Andreas Fischer, including Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. „Wandlung des Jungfraujochs“, by Philippe Morel, Horizonte, Das Schweizer Forschungsmagazin, Nr. 71, December 2006. Report on the history of scientific work at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Spion für Luftschadstoffe aus ganz Europa”, Der PVB, November 30, 2006. Report on measurements of pollutants at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Der Zauber der kalten Nächte” by Anina Rether, coop Zeitung, November 28, 2006. Panarama photography by Andreas Fischer, including Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. „Arbeitswelten“, NZZ executive, Photo of Martin Fischer, custodian at the research station Jungfraujoch, November 12, 2006. “Die Schweiz verliert den Anschluss”, Neue Luzerner Zeitung, Neue Nidwaldner Zeitung, Neue Obwaldner Zeitung, Neue Schwyzer Zeitung, Neue Urner Zeitung, Neue Zuger Zeitung, November 11, 2006. Report on the climate conference in Kenya with photo of the Sphinx at Jungfraujoch. „Forschung auf dem Jungfraujoch: Jubiläum in schwindelnder Höhe“, FN/SNF info, October 2006. Report on the history of scientific work at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Das Tor zum Himmel”, unilink, Universität Bern, October, 2006. Report on the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Jungfraujoch: Hitziger Herbst mit Rekorden“, Thuner Tagblatt, October 27, 2006. „Jungfraujoch: Herbst mit Rekorden“, Berner Oberländer, October 27, 2006. „Rekordtemperaturen auf dem Jungfraujoch, Telebärn, News, October 26, 2006, with information from Martin Fischer, custodian at the research station Jungfraujoch. „Sommer im Spätherbst“, Schweizerfernsehen SF1, „10 vor 10“, October 26, 2006, with information from Martin Fischer, custodian at the research station Jungfraujoch. „Jungfraujoch – ‚Spion’ für Luftschadstoffe aus ganz Europa“, Gesundheits- und Umwelttechnik, October 25, 2006. “Sanierung auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Gas-Wasser-Abwasser gwa, October 2, 2006. Article about the renovation of the water reservoir at Jungfraujoch, mentioning the research station. „Les 75 ans de la station du Jungfraujoch“, La Revue Polytechnique, September 28, 2006. News item about the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Forscherblick von der Jungfrau“, Geschichte, September, 2006. Report on the history of research at Jungfraujoch.

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“Jubiläum auf 3571 m über Meer”, Walliser Bote, September 19, 2006. Report on the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Wetterfrösche von Bundes wegen”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, September 16, 2006. Report on the meteorological observations by MeteoSwiss, including those at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Wissensaustausch statt Feier zum Geburtstag”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, September 15, 2006, by Samuel Günter. Report on the scientific conference on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Septante-cinq ans de recherche au sommet”, SCNATinfo 1/2006 (September 2006). Report on the history of scientific work at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Forschen auf höchstem Niveau”, Der Bund, September 9, 2006, by Walter Däpp. Report on the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Collaboration in physics between China and Europe“, Martin C.E. Huber, Europhysicsnews, issue 37/5 (September 2006). Report mentioning the visit of the Director of the Physics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Prof. Enge Wang, at the research station Jungfraujoch. „Luft-Detektive arbeiten mit Laserstrahlen“, Jungfrau Zeitung, Echo von Grindelwald, Der Oberhasler, Der Brienzer, September 1, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. “Wetterfrösche in luftiger Höhe”, Tages Anzeiger, September 1, 2006. Report on Martin and Joan Fischer, custodians at the research station Jungfraujoch. „Messen unter Extrembedingungen“, Solothurner Zeitung, Limmattaler Tagblatt, Langenthaler Tagblatt, Grenchner Tagblatt, Der Rheintaler, Berner Rundschau, Aargauer Zeitung Zurzach-Aaretal, Aargauer Zeitung Wynen-Suhrental-Zofingen, Aargauer Zeitung Wohlen-Muri/Bremgarten-Mutschellen, Aargauer Zeitung Lenzburg-Seetal, Aargauer Zeitung Frick-Laufenburg-Reinfelden-Möhlin, Aargauer Zeitung Brugg-Windisch, Aargauer Zeitung Baden-Wettingen-Zurzach, Aargauer Zeitung Aarau und Niederamt, August 31, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. “Wie die Jungfrau zur Forschung kam”, Tages Anzeiger, August 31, 2006, by Barbara Reye. Report on the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „75 Jahre“, Basellandschaftliche Zeitung, August 31, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Grönlandforscher initiierte Höhenstation”, Thuner Tagblatt, Berner Oberländer, August 31, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. “Die Geheimnisse der Luft”, Wiler Zeitung, Toggenburger Tagblatt, Tagblatt für den Kanton Thurgau, St. Galler Tagblatt, Appenzeller Zeitung, August 31, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „75 ans“, L’Agefi, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch.

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„Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch feiert Geburtstag“, Appenzeller Volksfreund, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „Jubiläum auf dem Joch“, Berner Oberländer, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Wo Umweltsünder entlarvt werden”, Bieler Tagblatt, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. “Ein Umwelt-Spion jubiliert“, Sarganserländer, Höfner Volksblatt, March-Anzeiger, Die Südostschweiz, Bote der Urschweiz, Werdenberger & Obertoggenburger, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. “Le plus haute station de recherche a 75 ans”, Le Matin, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Forschungsstation feiert Jubiläum”, Bündner Tagblatt, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Anniversaire au sommet”, Le Nouvelliste, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „La plus haute d’Europe depuis 75 ans“, Le Quotidien Jurassien, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Jungfraujoch: da 75 anni ricerca ad alta quota“, Giornale del Popolo, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Spion für Luftschadstoffe“, Sihltaler, Lingh-Zeitung, Zürichsee-Zeitung, Ausgaben Meilen rechtes Ufer, Ausgabe Horgen linkes Ufer, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „Plantée depuis 75 ans sur un piton“, Le Journal du Jura, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Hochalpine Erfolgsgeschichte”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „Hochalpines Jubiläum“, Solothurner Zeitung, Oltner Tagblatt, Limmattaler Tagblatt, Langenthaler Tagblatt, Grenchner Tagblatt, Berner Rundschau, Aargauer Zeitung Zurzach-Aaretal, Aargauer Zeitung Wynen-Suhrental-Zofingen, Aargauer Zeitung Wohlen-Muri/Bremgarten-Mutschellen, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „Jubiläum auf dem Joch“, Thuner Tagblatt, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „Jungfraujoch: 75 Jahre Forschung“, 20 Minuten Bern, 20 Minuten Basel, 20 Minuten Luzern, 20 Minuten St. Gallen, August 30, 2006. News item on the anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. “Forschungsstation auf Jungfraujoch feiert 75. Geburtstag”, Walliser Bote, August 30, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station. „75 Jahre Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch“, Radio DRS, August 29, 2006. Interviews about the past and future of the research at Jungfraujoch.

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„In Ewigkeit, EMPA“, Die Weltwoche, August 3, 2006. Report on the research work of the EMPA, including the work of Stefan Reimann at Jungfraujoch. Research station Jungfraujoch presented on a poster of high mountain observatories at the exhibition in Sofia organized by the Bulgarian Academy of Science, July 3-21, 2006. “Aus Spalte gerettet”, Berner Oberländer, July 21, 2006. Report about a the rescue of a tourist who fell in a glacier crevasse. The custodians at the research station Jungfraujoch observed the incident and ordered emergency help. „Sommerrr-Jobs“, Heute, July 13, 2006. Short interview with Kurt and Gertrud Hemund, custodians at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Wussten Sie dass…”, Steiner Anzeiger, Stein am Rhein. Short notice about the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Vor 75 Jahren (1931)…“, July 4, 2006, Basellanschaftliche Zeitung BZ, Liestal; Bündner Tagblatt, Chur; Der Landbote, Winterthur. News item about the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „Grandioser Ausguck zum Himmel und auf die Welt“, Sepp Moser, Zeitung im Espace Mittelland, Berner Oberländer, Berner Zeitung BZ (Ausgaben Burgdorf + Emmental, Langenthal/Oberaargau, Stadt+Reg. Bern/Freiburg), Solothurner Tagblatt, Thuner Tagblatt, July 1, 2006. Report on research at Jungfraujoch and the 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch. „75 Jahre Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch“, Telebärn, July 1, 2006. News item about the research station Jungfraujoch. „Neuer Rekord für spezifisches jahresenergieproduktion der Photovoltaik-Anlage Jungfraujoch (3454m)“, H. Häberlin, hiTech, das Magazin der Hochschule für Tech- nik und Informatik, Nr. 2, July 2006. „Eltern in der Schule“, Der Brienzer, June 26, 2006. Report on the visit of a special school class at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Auf die Stabübergabe angestossen”, article about the general meeting 2006 of the Jungfraubahn, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau- Zeitung, May 23, 2006. The 75th anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch is mentioned. „Research at the highest level: the Jungfraujoch Station“, internet article by Walter Eckert of the Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss. (ca. May 2006) „Rekordernte auf dem Jungfraujoch“, H. Häberlin, Elektrotechnik, March 20, 2006. Report on the photovoltaik plant at the research station Jungfraujoch. „BKWK-Solarforschung für Piccards Höhenflug“, Daniel Vonlanthen, Der Bund, February 25, 2006. Report mentioning tests of solar panels for this project at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Sind Kinder anfälliger für die Höhenkrankheit als Erwaschsene? Eine der ersten Studien auf diesem Gebiet – mit erstaunlichen Resultaten“, Walter Aeschimann, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, February 9, 2006. Report on ALTKIDS experiment at the research station Jungfraujoch in summer 2005.

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„Menschen Technik Wissenschaft“, Der Bund, Solothurner Tagblatt, Thuner Tagblatt, January 12, 2006. „Jungfraujoch: 45 Minuten für die Forschung: MTW-Spezial/SF1“, Berner Oberländer, BernerZeitung BZ (Burgdorf + Emmental, Langenthal/Oberaargau, Stadt + Region Bern/Freiburg) January 12, 2006. “Forschung zwischen Himmel und Erde”, MTW-Spezial von Jungfraujoch, Schweizer Fernsehen 1, January 12, 2006. „SF1 berichtet vom Joch“, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, January 10, 2006.

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Publication list Refereed publications Bartlome, M., Valentin Simeonov, Hubert Van den Bergh, “Upgrade of the EPFL multiwavelength lidar with an ozone channel” submitted to Science of the Total Environment (2006). Bergner A, Kellner J, Kemp da Silva A, Fischer R, Gamarra F, Huber RM.Bronchial hyperreactivity is correlated with increased baseline airway tone. Eur J Med Res Feb;21(11):77-84. 2006. Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, K. N. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, and E. Weingartner, Scavenging of black carbon in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 11877– 11912 (2006). Dils, B., M. De Mazière, J. F. Müller, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T. Kerzenmacher, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, C. P. Rinsland, H. Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, A. G. Straume, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor, M. van den Broek, V. Velazco, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and ground-based FTIR data for total columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1953-1976, 2006 Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. E M. Neubert, H. A. J. Meijer, H. Schroeder, and I. Levin, 2006. Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO2? J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006966. Hase, F., P. Demoulin, A. J. Sauval, G. C. Toon, P. Bernath, A. Goldman, J. W. Hannigan, C. Rinsland, An empirical line-by-line model for the infrared solar transmittance spectrum from 700 to 5000 cm-1, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 102, 450-463, 2006. Hendrick, F., M. Van Roozendael, A. Kylling, A. Petritoli, S. Sanghavi, R. Schofield, C. von Friedeburg, F. Wittrock, and M. De Mazière, Interpretation of ground-based zenith-sky and multi-axis DOAS observations: Intercomparison exercise between different radiative transfer models, Atm. Chem. Phys., 6, 93-108, 2006. Iori, M. Antonio Sergi, Daniele Fargion (Rome U.), M. Gallinaro (Rockefeller U.), M. Kaya (Kafkas U.). Study of a detector array for upward tau air-showers, Feb 2006. 18pp. e-Print Archive: astro-ph/0602108. Jenk, T.M., S. Szidat, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, S. Brütsch, L. Wacker, H.-A. Synal, M. Saurer, Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: Record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650- 1940), Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 5381-5390 (2006). Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, P. Connolly, M. Ebert, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, M. Inerle-Hof, J. Cozic, U. Baltensperger, and E. Weingartner, Counterflow Virtual Impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei: Sampler description and first case study, Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted, 2006.

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Miedaner, M.M., T. Huthwelker, M. Stampanoni, F. Enzmann, M. Kersten, and M. Ammann, A new setup for synchrotron micro tomography of ice particles and their metamorphism, submitted (2006). Mookerjea, B., Kantharia, N. G., Roshi, D. Anish, Masur, M., CI 492GHz mapping towards Cas A, MNRAS 371, 761-768, 2006. Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Röllig, M., Masur, M., Study of photon dominated regions in Cepheus B, A&A 456, 235-244, 2006. Morland, J., B. Deuber, D. G. Feist, L. Martin, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, P. Jeannet, and L. Vuilleumier (2006), The STARTWAVE atmospheric water database, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2039–2056, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2039/2006/. Morland, J., M. A. Liniger, H. Kunz, I. Balin, S. Nyeki, C. Mätzler, and N. Kämpfer (2006), Comparison of GPS and ERA40 IWV in the Alpine region, including correction of GPS observations at Jungfraujoch (3584 m), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04102, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1029/2005JD006043. Myhre, G., F. Stordal, I. Gausemel, C.J. Nielsen, and E. Mahieu, Line-by-line calculations of thermal infrared radiation representative for global conditions: CFC- 12 as an example, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 97, 317-331, 2006. Nassar, R., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, C. Clerbaux, P.F. Coheur, G. Dufour, L. Froidevaux, E. Mahieu, J.C. McConnell, S.D. McLeod, D.P. Murtagh, C.P. Rinsland, K. Semeniuk, R. Skelton, K.A. Walker, and R. Zander, A global inventory of stratospheric chlorine in 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22312, doi:10.1029/2006JD007073, 2006. Nassar, R., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, S.D. McLeod, R. Skelton, K.A. Walker, C.P. Rinsland, and P. Duchatelet, A global inventory of stratospheric fluorine in 2004 based on Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE- FTS) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22313, doi:10.1029/2006JD007395, 2006. Piters, A. J. M., K. Bramstedt, J.-C. Lambert, and B. Kirchhoff, Overview of SCIAMACHY validation: 2002-2004, Invited paper, ACP 6, 127-148, 2006. Raupach, SMF et al., Digital crossed-beam holography for in situ imaging of atmospheric ice particles, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2006) 796. Reithmeier, H., V.Lazarev, W.Rühm, M.Schwikowski, H.W.Gäggeler, E.Nolte, Estimate of European 129I releases supported by 129I analysis in an Alpine ice core, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5891-5896 (2006). Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, J.W. Elkins, L.S. Chiou, J.W. Hannigan, S.W. Wood, E. Mahieu, and R. Zander, Long-term trend of CH4 at northern mid-latitudes: Comparisons between ground-based infrared solar and surface sampling measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 97, 457-466, 2006. Rinsland, C.P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, R. Nassar, P. Bernath, C. Boone, and L.S. Chiou, Long-Term Stratospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) Increase Inferred from 1985-2004 Infrared Space-based Solar Occultation Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02808, doi:10.1029/2005GL024709, 2006.

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Schneider, N., Bontemps, S., Simon, R., Jakob, H., Motte, F., Miller, M., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., A new view of the Cygnus X region. KOSMA 13CO 2 to 1, 3 to 2, and 12CO 3 to 2 imaging, A&A 458, 855-871, 2006. Schwerzmann, A., M. Funk, H. Blatter, M.P. Lüthi, M. Schwikowski, A.S. Palmer, Reconstruction of past accumulation rates in an alpine firn region: Fiescherhorn, Swiss Alps, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surface, 111, F01014, doi:10.1029/2005JF000283 (2006). Schwikowski, M., Paleoenvironmental reconstruction from Alpine ice cores, PAGES News Vol. 14, N°1, 16-18 (2006). Simeonov, V., Marian Taslakov, and Hubert van den Bergh, “Sensitivity enhancement of open-path trace gas measurements by a multi-pass approach” submitted to Optics letters (2006). Sodemann, H., A.S. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, H. Wernli, The transport history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 667-688 (2006). Sun, K., Kramer, C., Ossenkopf, V., Bensch, F., Stutzki, J., Miller, M., A KOSMA 7 deg2 13CO 2-1 and 12CO 3-2 survey of the Perseus cloud. I. Structure analysis, A&A 451, 539-549, 2006. Troller M. , A. Geiger, E. Brockmann, H.-G. Kahle (2006). Determination of the spatial and temporal variation of tropospheric water vapour using CGPS networks. Geophys. J. Int., Volume 167, pages 509-520, doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 246X.2006.03101.x. Troller, M, A. Geiger, E. Brockmann, J.-M. Bettems, B. Bürki and H.-G. Kahle (2006): Tomographic determination of the spatial distribution of water vapor using GPS observations. Advances in Space Research, Volume 37, Issue 12 , 2006, Pages 2211-2217, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.002. Vaughan, G., P. T. Quinn, A. C. Green, J. Bean, H. K. Roscoe, M. Van Roozendael and F. Goutail, SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO2 at Aberystwyth, 1991- 2004, J. Environ. Monit. 8, 353 - 361, 2006. Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, K.N. Bower, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, M. Gallagher, M. Flynn, T.W. Choularton, and U. Baltensperger, Aerosol activation in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2006. Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Folini, D., Porter, L. W. and Steele, L. P. (2006). First appearance and rapid growth of anthropogenic HFC-245fa (CHF2CH2CF3) in the atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 33 L20806 doi:10.1029/2006GL026763. Walker, S. J., Evans M. J., Jackson A. V., Steinbacher M., Zellweger C., McQuaid J. B., 2006. Processes controlling the concentration of hydroperoxides at Jungfraujoch Observatory, Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 5525-5536. Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, U. Lohmann, K.N. Bower, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, J. Cozic, S. Walter, M.R. Alfarra, S. Borrmann, T. Choularton, H. Coe, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, J. Curtius, M. Ebert, J.S. vanEkeren, M. Flynn, M.W. Gallagher, M. Gysel, S. Henning, A. Worringen, A. Petzold, S. Sjogren, S. Weinbruch, and U. Baltensperger, Ice clears up a cloudy picture, Nature, submitted, 2006.

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Wetzel, G., A. Bracher, B. Funke, F. Goutail, F. Hendrick, J.-C. Lambert, S. Mikuteit, C. Piccolo, M. Pirre, A. Bazureau, C. Belotti, T. Blumenstock, M. De Mazière, H. Fischer, N. Huret, D. Ionov, M. López-Puertas, G. Maucher, H. Oelhaf, J.-P. Pommereau, R. Ruhnke, M. Sinnhuber, G. Stiller, M. Van Roozendael and G. Zhang, Validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT NO2 operational data, submitted to ACPD, Dec. 2006. Zanis P., Ganser A., Zellweger C., Henne S., Steinbacher M., Staehelin J., 2006. Seasonal variability of measured Ozone Production Efficiencies in the lower free troposphere of Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, 9315-9349.

Conference presentations / Posters Balis, D., J.-C. Lambert, M. Van Roozendael, R.J.D. Spurr, D. Loyola, Y. Livschitz, P. Valks, V. Amiridis, P. Gerard, J. Granville, and C. Zehner, 10-Years Operational GOME/ERS-2 Total Column Products: The GDP 4.0 Validation, in Proceedings of the Atmospheric Science Conference, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 08-12 May 2006. Baltensperger, U. and E. Weingartner, Climate relevant aerosol research at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11- 14 (2006). Bauder A. and Huss M., Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher, International Conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, 11.-13. Sept. 2006. Blumenstock, T., S. Mikuteit, H. Fischer, F. Hase, I. Kramer, U. Raffalski, C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu, S. Wood, Validation of O3, HNO3, CH4, and N2O profiles from MIPAS-ENVISAT with groundbased FTIR measurements made at Kiruna, oral presentation by T. Blumenstock at Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-3, 4-7/12/2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy), to appear as ESA Publications Division Special Publication SP- 642), 2006. Bower, K., P. Connolly, J. Cozic, B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, M. Ebert, A. Worringen, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, and S. Walter, Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei, oral presentation at the International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, U.S.A., 10 - 15 Sept., 2006. Bower K.N., E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjogren, J.Duplissy, U. Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, A Field Study on the Interaction of Aerosol with Mixed Phase cloud at Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, American Met Soc Cloud Physics Conference in July 2006.

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Buchwitz, M., R. de Beek, J. P. Burrows, H. Bovensmann, B. Dils, and M. De Mazière, Carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide retrieved from SCIAMACHY near-infrared nadir observations using WFM-DOAS, Proceedings of the ESA Atmospheric Science Conference, (ESRIN, July 2006), ESA Publications SP-628, 2006. Bundke, U. et al., The FRIDGE Frankfurt “In Deposition freezinG Experiment”, Proceedings of the IAC 2006, Page 1437. Bundke, U., H. Bingemer, T. Wetter, B. Nillius, R. Jaenicke, The FINCH (Frankfurt Ice Nuclei Chamber) Counter - new developments and first measurements. Proceedings of the IAC2006 (p.1350) Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, L. Desorgher, and M.R. Moser, Analysis of the GLE on January 20, 2005: an Update, 20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal, to be published in the conference proceedings, 2006. Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hueglin and U. Baltensperger, Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: a new detection method and a five-year climatology, Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, U. Baltensperger, Long-term trend analysis of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. 4-8 April 2006, EGU 2006, Vienna, Austria, April 4-8 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, U. Baltensperger, Variability and long- term trends of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11- 14 (2006). Collaud Coen M., E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, Missing effects between the planetary boundary layer and the lower free troposphere detected by the measurement of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. 8th International Congress on Aerobiology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, August 21-25 (2006). Cortesi, Ugo, et al., Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT ozone data from the co-ordinated analysis of ESA level-2 operational products, oral presentation by U. Cortesi at Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-3, 4-7/12/2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy), to appear as ESA Publications Division Special Publication SP- 642), 2006. Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, Black carbon contribution to the aerosol phase and its scavenged fraction in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580m asl), Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1393, September 10-15 (2006). Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, S. Mertes, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, Black carbon contribution to the aerosol phase and its scavenged fraction in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580m asl), Proc. 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14 (2006).

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Cozic, J., B. Verheggen, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, The fate of black carbon in the atmosphere: Rapid removal by wet deposition after aging, Proc.10th ETH- Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zürich, Switzerland, August 12-15, (2006). Cozic, J., The fate of black carbon in the atmosphere: Its incorporation into cloud droplets and ice crystals, Proc. ASEFI 2006, Arcachon, France, October (2006). Cziczo, D. “Single Particle Mass Spectrometry of Ice Nucleating Aerosol at the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station”, International Aerosol Conference, Minneapolis, MN, September 2006 (POSTER). Cziczo, D., “ATOFMS Studies of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch”, 1st ATOFMS Users Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, September 2006 (INVITED). Cziczo, D., “What Have We Learned From Mass Spectrometry Studies of Indirect Effects?”, NOAA ESRL CSD Seminar, Boulder, CO, September 2006 (INVITED). De Mazière, M., M. Kruglanski, B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, A.-C. Vandaele, T. Blumenstock, P. Demoulin, E. Mahieu, J. Noholt, S. Wood, N. Jones, Validation of IASI Atmospheric Chemistry Products for CO, O3, HNO3, N2O and CH4 with FTIR Ground-based network data, poster presentation; Proceedings of the 1st EPS/MetOp RAO Workshop, (May 2006, ESRIN), ESA Publications SP-618, 2006. De Mazière, M., M. Van Roozendael, A. Merlaud, Regional Monitoring of tropospheric NO2 and CO using remote sensing from high altitude platforms- preliminary concept, Proceedings of the workshop "The future of remote sensing", Antwerp, October, 17-18, 2006. Dils, B., M. De Mazière, J. F. Müller, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, H. Schrijver, M. Van den Broek and contributing NDSC FTIR teams, The evaluation of SCIAMACHY CO and CH4 scientific data products, using ground- based FTIR measurements, Proceedings of the ESA Atmospheric Science Conference, (ESRIN, July 2006), ESA Publications SP-628, 2006. Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystova, O. Schneising, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, Validation of WFM- DOAS v0.6 CO and v1.0 CH4 scientific products using European ground-based FTIR measurements, Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-3, 4-7/12/2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy), to appear as ESA Publications Division Special Publication SP- 642), 2006. Dinoev, T., Y.Arshinov, S. M. Bobrovnikov, I.Serikov, P. R. Ristori, B. Calpini,; H. van den Bergh, and V. B. Simeonov “"Water vapor Raman lidar for meteorology - advances", in Proc. of SPIE 6367 (13th International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2006, 11-14 September 2006, Stockholm, Sweden), SPIE Paper number: 6367- 11, in print. Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Solar Cosmic Ray Particle Event on January 20, 2005, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, 2006 in Lausanne, poster presentation. Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, 2005, in the Context of Extreme Solar Cosmic Ray

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Particle Events and Geomagnetic Super Storms, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 3rd Annual Meeting, 10 - 14 July 2006 in Singapore. Folini D., Ubl S. Kaufmann P., Reimann S. - Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling at Jungfraujoch, CHIOTTO final workshop, Amsterdam, Netherlands, March 09 – 10, 2006. Gruber, S., Alpine permafrost in a changing climate (and a changing perspective), Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science” International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-13, 2006. Hasler, A., Gubler, HU., Talzi, I., Gruber, S., VonderMühll, D. and Tschudin, C. Investigating Heat and Moisture Fluxes in High-Alpine Rock Walls Around the Jungfraujoch with a Wireless Sensor Field. Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science” International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-13, 2006. Hendrick, F., J. Granville, J.-C. Lambert, and M. Van Roozendael, Validation of SCIAMACHY OL3.0 NO2 Profiles and Columns Using Ground-Based DOAS Profiling, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 4 – 7 December 2006. Huss M. and Bauder A., Reconstruction of seasonal mass balance for 4 Swiss glaciers since 1865 using decadal volume changes. 4th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Bern, Schweiz, 25.11.2006. Kamphus, M., M. Ettner-Mahl, F. Drewnick, J. Curtius, und S. Borrmann, Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines Einzelpartikel- massenspektrometers für die Untersuchung von Eiskeimen, Posterbeitrag 39. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie DGMS, P5-08, Mainz, 2006. Kohler, M., Kriemler, S., Handke E., Zehnder, M., Bloch, K.E. Adaptation of ventilation to acute altitude exposure in prepubertal children. International Conference of the American Thoracic Society, San Diego, 2006. Kriemler, S., Zehnder, M., Kohler M., Brunner, H.P., Boutellier, U. Maximal aerobic performance of prepubertal children upon fast ascent to high altitude. 53rd Annual Meeting of American College of Sports Medicine, Denver, 2006.

173 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Lambert, J-C., M. Van Roozendael, S.B. Andersen, J.P. Burrows, C. De Clercq et al., End-to-end validation of EPS/METOP GOME-2 trace gas data, Proc. First EUMETSAT Polar System / MetOp RAO Workshop, 15-17 May 2006, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, ESA SP-618, 2006. Leuenberger, M., Uglietti, C., Valentino, F. L., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H.P., Sturm, P., Significant enhancement of CO2 and O2 trends at the High Alpine Research Station, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. Loy, W., R. Fischer, A. Muehlfeldner, A. Bergner, R. M. Huber (High altitude study group, Pneumology, University of Munich, Germany). Comparison of two acclimatisation schedules in healthy young subjects. ERS Hypoxia Conference, March 2006, Taormina. Loy, W., R. Fischer, A. Muehlfeldner, A. Bergner, R. M. Huber (High altitude study group, Pneumology, University of Munich, Germany). Sustained increase of cardiopulmonary exercise capacity after one week of hypobaric hypoxia (2650m) in patients with metabolic syndrome. ERS Lung Science Conference, March 2006, Taormina. Mertes S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Connolly, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen, E. Weingartner, Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterisation of tropospheric ice nuclei, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1363, September 10-15 (2006). Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, S. Walter, M. Ebert, P. Connolly, J. Schneider, K.N. Bower, J. Cozic, A. Worringen, and E. Weingartner, Physico-chemical characterization of ice particle residuals in tropospheric mixed-phase clouds, 12th Conference on Cloud Physics, American Meteorological Society, Madison, WI, USA, July 10-14, 2006. Miedaner, M.M., Huthwelker, T., Enzmann, F., Stampanoni, M., Kersten, M., and M. Amman, 2007, X-ray tomographic characterization of impurities in polycrystalline ice, Royal Chem. Soc. PCICE2006 Proceedings. Minier, V., Durand, G. A., Lagage, P. O., Astronomy in Antarctica, 26th meeting of the IAU, Special Session 7, 22-23 August, 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic, SPS7, 15. Nillius, B., R. Jaenicke, H. Bingemer, T. Wetter, U. Bundke, Model calculations and characterisation of the fast ice nucleus counter FINCH. Proceedings of the IAC 2006 p.1436. Piters, A., K. Bramstedt, W. von Hoyningen-Hüne, S. Kühl, J.-C. Lambert, M. de Mazière, J. Notholt, A. Richter, M. van Roozendael, and T. Wagner, Overview of SCIAMACHY Level 2 Data Quality, in Proceedings of the Atmospheric Science Conference, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 08-12 May 2006. Raupach, SMF, Curtius J, Vössing HJ, Borrmann S: Digital In-Situ Holography of Atmospheric Ice Particles on the Jungfraujoch (Poster), Top of Science, Interlaken (2006). Reimann, S. Vollmer, M. K. and Folini, D. Top-down assessment of European emissions of halocarbons, poster presented at the GEIA 2006 conference; Paris,

174 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

France, November 29 – December 01, 2006. Schneider J., S. Walter, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, U. Baltensperger, Chemical composition measurements of ice nuclei in mixed phase tropospheric clouds during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments CLACE, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1356, September 10-15 (2006). Schotterer, U., Leuenberger, M., W. Stichler, R. Kozel, M. Schürch, Stable isotope in precipitation at Jungfraujoch and in surrounding glaciers, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. Sieg, K., Fries, E., Starokozhev, E., Heurich, B, Püttmann, W., Jaeschke W. (2006): Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air and in snow / ice at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during Clace 5; poster presentation during the conference “Top of science”, Interlaken 2006. Simeonov, V. B., I. Serikov, P. R. Ristori, M. M. Froidevaux, T. Dinoev, M.Parlange, H. van den Bergh, “High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of water vapor, temperature, and aerosol with by Raman LIDAR for turbulent observations” in Proc. of SPIE 6367 (13th International Symposium on Remote Sensing, 2006, 11-14 September 2006, Stockholm, Sweden), SPIE Paper number: 6367- 12, in print. Steinbacher M., Schwarzenbach B, Buchmann B, Hueglin C. - Continuous in-situ air quality measurements at the Jungfraujoch as part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL); Conference 'Research at Jungfraujoch'; Interlaken, September 11 – 14, 2006.

Steinbacher M., Vollmer M. K., Reimann S. - Radiative forcing budget of non-CO2 trace gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland; Joint CACGP/IGAC/WMO symposium 'Atmospheric Chemistry at the Interfaces'; Cape Town, South Africa, September 17 – 22, 2006. Sun, K., Kramer, C., Mookerjea, B., Röllig, M.,Ossenkopf, V., Stutzki, J., Study of Photon Dominated Regions in IC348, Triggered Star Formation in a Turbulent ISM, International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 237, held 14 14-18 August, 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic, 216, S237, 2006. Talvard, M., André, P., Rodriguez, L., Minier, V., Benoit, A., Leriche, B., Pajot, F., Vigroux, L., Agnèse, P., Boulade, O., ArTeMiS: filled bolometer arrays for next generation submm telescopes, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III. Edited by Zmuidzinas, Jonas; Holland, Wayne S.; Withington, Stafford; Duncan, William D.. Proceedings of the SPIE 6275, 2006. Talzi, I., VonderMühll, D., Tschudin, C., Hasler, A. and Gruber, S. Investigating the Permafrost with a WSN in the Swiss Alps, MICS Scientific Conference 2006, Zurich, October 17-19, 2006.

175 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Taslakov M., Simeonov V, van den Bergh H, “Open Path Space resolved measurements of atmospheric compounds using pulsed Quantum Cascade Laser spectroscopy”, SPIE “ Lasers Physics and Applications “, in print (2006). Taslakov, M., V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, and J. Feist, “Open Path Measurements of Ozone water vapour CO2 and atmospheric temperature Using intrapulse tuning method of Quantum Cascade Laser”, SPIE “ Lasers Physics and Applications “, in print (2006). Tschudin, C., Talzi, I., VonderMühll, D., Hasler, A. and Gruber, S. PermaSense Deployment September/October 2006, MICS Scientific Conference 2006, Zurich, October 17-19, 2006. Uglietti, C., Leuenberger, M., Valentino, F. L., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H.P., Sturm, P., M. Fischer, K. Hemund, Results of online and flasks measurement of O2 at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. Valentino, F. L., Leuenberger, M., Uglietti, C., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H.P., Sturm, P., 13 M. Fischer, K. Hemund, Atmospheric CO2 and C flask measurements combined with a continuous online CO2 record at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch, Abstract Book for the conference on Jungfraujoch, Research at Jungfraujoch “Top of Science”, Interlaken, Switzerland, 2006. Vana M., A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, Characteristics of air ions and aerosol particles at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1427, September 10-15 (2006). Verheggen B., E. Weingartner, J. Cozic, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala, U. Baltensperger, Nucleation events at a high alpine site: Particle growth and nucleation rates, Proc. Formation and Growth of Atmospheric Aerosols, Minneapolis, September 8-9 (2006). Verheggen B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala, U. Baltensperger, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the lower free troposphere, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1415, September 10-15 (2006). Vermeesch, P., Strasky, S., Baur, H., Kober, F., Schl¨uchter, C., Wieler, R., 2006: Cosmogenic noble gases measured in artificial quartz targets after one year of exposure in Antarctica, CRONUS-EU summer school “Applications of Cosmogenic Nuclides to Earth Surface Sciences”, Harkany, Hungary. Vollmer, M. K., M.K., Reimann, S., Steinbacher, M., Porter, L. W., Steele, L. P., Krummel, P. B., Fraser, P. J., O’Doherty, S., Greally, B. R., Simmonds, P. G., Miller, B. R., J. Mühle, J., Weiss, R. F., Wang, R. H. J., Cunnold, D. M., Prinn, R. G. First appearance and rapid growth of new hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the atmosphere: Their potential as interhemispheric transport tracer, poster presented at the International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Research at Jungfraujoch "Top of Science" Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14, 2006. Vuilleumier, L. and S. Nyeki (2006), Aerosol Optical Depth and Integrated Water Vapor column from solar photometry at Swiss Alpine sites, 9th BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, 29 May–2 June 2006, Deutsche Wetterdienst, Lindenberg,

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Germany. Vuilleumier, L., A. Vernez and S. Nyeki (2006), GAW-CH Radiation Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Research at the Jungfraujoch - Top of science, 11-14 September 2005, Interlaken, CH. Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic und U. Baltensperger, Massenspektrometrische Analyse der Residualpartikel von Eiswolken auf dem Jungfraujoch, Fachvortrag DPG- Frühjahrstagung, Umweltphysik, Heidelberg, 2006. Weingartner E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjogren, J. Duplissy, U. Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Innerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Aerosol-cloud interactions in the lower free troposphere as measured at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. 7th International Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2, 1383, September 10- 15 (2006). Weingartner E., Erkenntnisse aus dem GAW-Aerosolprogramm am Jungfraujoch, Proc. Feinstaub in der Schweiz, EMPA Dübendorf, January 20 (2006). Weingartner, E., Verhalten von Aerosolen in der realen Atmosphäre, Proc. München, HDT Seminar, Minimierung der Partikelemissionen von Dieselfahrzeugen May 15-17 (2006). Zander, R. and Reimann, S. Long-Term Monitoring of Greenhouse and Ozone- Depleting Gases at Jungfraujoch, presentation at the International conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Research at Jungfraujoch "Top of Science" Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14, 2006. Zellweger C., Buchmann B., Klausen J., Steinbacher M., Vollmer M. K. - Carbon monoxide measurements with four techniques at the high-alpine GAW site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Joint CACGP/IGAC/WMO symposium 'Atmospheric Chemistry at the Interfaces'; Cape Town, South Africa, September 17 – 22, 2006.

Theses Flury, Thomas, Natural and Artificial Radioactivity Monitoring at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch: Installation and Test of a New High Volume Aerosol Sampler in combination with Laboratory Gamma-Spectroscopy. Master Thesis in Experimental Physics by at the University of Fribourg – Switzerland. (2006). Legreid, G., Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOVs) in Switzerland: From the Boundary layer to the polluted troposphere, PhD Thesis, ETH No. 16982, 2006.

Data publications and reports BAFU 2006: NABEL Luftbelastung 2005. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 0630. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. 134 S. (2006).

177 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Bauder A., Pralong A., Funk M. and Faillettaz J. Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen - Les glacier des Alpes suisses 2003/04 und 2004/05. Die Alpen - Les Alpes, 82(10), 34-43, 2006. Bütikofer, R., and E.O. Flückiger, Neutron Monitor Data for Jungfraujoch and Bern during the Ground-Level Solar Cosmic Ray Event on 13 December 2006, internal report, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, 2006. Cramer, Noël, “Jungfraujoch – Quelques réminiscences. Un récit très personnel”, Orion 323, 2006. Häberlin, H.: "Rekordernte auf dem Jungfraujoch". Elektrotechnik 3/2006. Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland, FTIR Observations at the Jungfraujoch Station: Long-term Monitoring of the Troposphere and Validation of Space-based Sensors, to appear in Tropospheric Sounding from Space, ACCENT-TROPOSAT-2 in 2005-6, J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., 2006. Mertes, S., Field Investigations of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions based on the Counterflow Virtual Impactor Technique, Atmosphärisch-Chemisches Kolloquium des Instituts für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. Mertes, S., Sammlung kleiner Eispartikel zur physiko-chemischen Charakterisierung troposphärischer Eiskeime mithilfe der Counterflow Virtual Impactor Technik, 8. Mitgliederversammlung des SFB 641 TROPEIS, Mainz, Deutschland. Notholt, J., H. Bingemer, H. Berresheim, J. Holton, A. Kettle, E. Mahieu, and S. Montzka, Precursor Gas Measurements, Chapter 2 of the Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP), Edited by L. Thomason and Th. Peter, WCRP-124, WMO/TD-No. 1295, SPARC Report n° 4, 2006. “Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2005 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich SZ ISSN 0080-7338 pp. 113–130, (2006). Stocker, Th., et al., “Messung von Spezialnukliden”,. report on tritium, 14C, 85Kr in 2005 for the Bundesamt für Gesundheit’s annual report. (2006). Strahlenschutz und Überwachung der Radioaktivität in der Schweiz; Ergebnisse 2005, Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG, May 2006.

Course material “Klima und Ozon”, Handout for block course in atmospheric chemistry – ozone at Jungfraujoch and Kleine Scheidegg, PD Dr. Eva Schüpbach and Dr. Hans Mathys, summer 2006. “Ozon in der Atmosphäre”, Handout for block course in atmospheric chemistry – ozone at Jungfraujoch and Kleine Scheidegg, PD Dr. Eva Schüpbach and Dr. Hans Mathys, summer 2006.

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Popular publications and presentations “A nice place to ski, but how about to study clouds?”, TSI Newsletter, 2006. Jungfraujoch - Veille atmosphérique au sommet de l’Europe. Le 15ème jour du mois, n° 155, June 2006 (http://www.ulg.ac.be/le15jour/155/jungf.shtml). Jungfraujoch - Veille atmosphérique. Athena n° 223, 40-41, September 2006 (http://recherche-technologie.wallonie.be/home/fr/particulier/menu/revue-athena/par- numero/n-223-septembre-2006/environnement/index.html?PROFIL=PART). L’ULg sur le Jungfraujoch: Veille atmosphérique sur le sommet de l'Europe, au service de la communauté mondiale. Wallonie Espace Infos n° 27, 39-41, July- August 2006 (http://www.wallonie-espace.be/docs/ClusterInfos27.pdf). Veille atmosphérique au sommet de l’Europe. Science Connection n° 14, 14-16, Dec. 2006 (http://www.belspo.be/belspo/home/publ/pub_ostc/sciencecon/14sc1_fr.pdf). “Forschung auf höchstem Niveau, Die Station Jungfraujoch. http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/de/meteoschweiz/125jahre/downloads.Par.0011. DownloadFile.tmp/jungfraujoch.pdf .

Radio and television “Schneeforschung – Die Magie der weißen Flöckchen”, TV report on the second field deployment on the Jungfraujoch in: Deutsche Welle TV – Projekt Zukunft, shown on December 24, 2006.

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180 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Index of research groups / institutes Research group / institute Project Page

Belgian Institute for Space Atmospheric physics and chemistry 57 Aeronomy (BIRA – IASB) http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/ http://www.nilu.no/uftir http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/

Berner Fachhochschule, Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV 21 Hochschule für Technik (photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m und Informatik (HTI), http://www.pvtest.ch/ Photovoltaik-Labor

Bundesamt für Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES) 47 Landestopographie / Swiss http://www.swisstopo.ch Federal Office of http://egvap.dmi.dk/ Topography (swisstopo)

Bundesamt für 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air 63 Strahlenschutz, Freiburg http://www.climate.unibe.ch i.Br. Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Centrum voor Isotopen Testing snowmaking and firn coring equipment 127 Onderzoek, Groningen www.rug.nl/cio University (Netherlands)

Department of Geography, PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine 129 University of Zurich rock walls

École Polytechnique Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor, ozone and 11 Fédérale de Lausanne temperature by LIDAR (EPFL) http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html

EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases 23 Federal Laboratories for http://www.empa.ch/climate_gases Materials Science and http://www.nilu.no/soge/ Technology

EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL 27 Federal Laboratories for http://www.empa.ch/nabel Materials Science and http://www.umwelt- Technology schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.ht ml

Environmental Monitoring of Air Radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch Research 35 Radioactivity Section Station: (SUER), Radiation Test of a new High Volume Aerosol Sampler Protection Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

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Research group / institute Project Page

ETH Institute of Measurements of PAN and formaldehyde at the interface 105 Atmospheric and Climate between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere Science (IACETH) http://iac.ethz.ch

Federal Office of Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements 15 Meteorology and http://www.meteoswiss.ch/ Climatology MeteoSwiss, http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/st Payerne artwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data) http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/

Institut d’Astrophysique et High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry. 5 de Géophysique - Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Université de Liège http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/

Institut für Atmosphäre und Ice-nuclei concentration and dewpoint measurements during 77 Umwelt, J.W. Goethe CLACE5. Universität Frankfurt http://www.sfb641.uni-frankfurt.de

Institut für Atmosphäre und Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals 73 Umwelt, Universität at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 5 Frankfurt, Germany http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm

Institut für Physik der Characterization of cloud particles with FSSP and CIP 95 Atmosphäre, Johannes instruments during CLACE5 Gutenberg Universität http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Physik/IPA/pc/pc_home_d.htm Mainz

Institut für Physik der Digital in-situ holography of atmospheric ice particles 101 Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

14 222 Institut für Umweltphysik, Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch 55 Universität Heidelberg http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/radi ometrie-web-html (http://www.carboeurope.org/) (http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/eurohydros/) http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

Institute for Atmospheric Single Particle Studies of Ice Nuclei During CLACE 5 93 and Climate Science, ETH Zurich

Institute for Isotope Cosmogenic nuclide production rate calibration using artificial 115 Geology and Mineral quartz and water targets. Resources, ETH Zurich

iRoC Technologies, France Soft Error Test of electronic memory devices at high altitude 109

182 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Research group / institute Project Page

Klima- und Umweltphysik, High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements 53 Physikalisches Institut, http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE- Universität Bern atmosphere/database/index_database.html

Labor für Radio- und VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – Archives with annual 133 Umweltchemie der resolution) and VIVALDI (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Universität Bern und des Lake Deposits — Integrated), both within the frame of NCCR Paul Scherrer Instituts Climate http://lch.web.psi.ch/ http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/

Laboratory of Atmospheric Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch 39 Chemistry, Paul Scherrer http://www.psi.ch/gaw Institute http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/en/climate/global_climate_m onitoring/GAW_CH_Allg/GAW-aerosol.html

Leibniz-Institut für Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in 81 Troposphärenforschung, mixed phase clouds Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT) http://www.tropos.de

Max Planck Institute for Investigation of cloud condensation nuclei properties 91 Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, Mainz

MeteoSchweiz, Bundesamt The weather in 2006 137 für Meteologie und http://www.meteoschweiz.ch Klimatologie, Zürich

Norwegian Institute for Air European passive air sampling campaign for selected POPs 33 Research, Kjeller, Norway http://www.nilu.no and http://www.emep.int

Particle Chemistry Mass spectrometric studies of ice nuclei and background 69 Department aerosol within CLACE 5 Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz

Particle Chemistry Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 5 (CLACE 5) 65 Department Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz

Physikalisches Institut, Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays 117 Universität Bern http://cosray.unibe.ch/

183 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Research group / institute Project Page

Physikalisches Institut, SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and 149 Universität Bern the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun http://cosray.unibe.ch/ http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

I. Physikalisches Institut, KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie 143 Universität zu Köln http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de Radioastronomisches http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg Institut, Universität Bonn http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php

Physikalisch- Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth 19 Meteorologisches http://www.pmodwrc.ch, Observatorium Davos, http://wdca.jrc.it/ World Radiation Center

Pneumology, Medizinische Changes of impulse oscillometric parameters in healthy people 131 Klinik Innenstadt, after exposure to high altitude University of Munich www.bexmed.de

Project SPAESRANE SPAESRANE environmental experiments 111 (Solutions for the http://www.spaesrane.com Preservation of Aerospace Electronic Systems Reliability in the Atmospheric Neutron Environment)

Technische Universität Single particle analysis of ice nuclei and interstitial particles of 85 Darmstadt, Institut für mixed-phase clouds from the CLACE 5 campaign Angewandte Geowissen- schaften, Umwelt- mineralogie

University Mainz, Tomographic characterization of ice particles 97 Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy

University of Rome “La Prototype study for measurement of cosmics ray at large zenit 121 Sapienza”, Department of angle Physics

Versuchsanstalt für Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher 123 Wasserbau, Hydrologie und http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ Glaziologie, http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_ ETH Zentrum, Zürich variations_gr_aletschgretscher

Versuchsanstalt für On the outburst of glacier-dammed lakes: A study at 153 Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Gornergletscher, Valais Glaziologie, http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics/ ETH Zentrum, Zürich gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake http://www.glaciology.ch

International Foundation HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/

184 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Index of projects Project Research group / institute Page

Atmospheric physics and chemistry Belgian Institute for Space 57 http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ Aeronomy (BIRA – IASB) http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/ http://www.nilu.no/uftir http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/

Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES) Bundesamt für 47 http://www.swisstopo.ch Landestopographie / Swiss http://egvap.dmi.dk/ Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo)

Changes of impulse oscillometric parameters in healthy people Pneumology, Medizinische 131 after exposure to high altitude Klinik Innenstadt, www.bexmed.de University of Munich

Characterization of cloud particles with FSSP and CIP Institut für Physik der 95 instruments during CLACE5 Atmosphäre, Johannes http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Physik/IPA/pc/pc_home_d.htm Gutenberg Universität Mainz

Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 5 (CLACE 5) Particle Chemistry 65 Department Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz

Cosmogenic nuclide production rate calibration using artificial Institute for Isotope 115 quartz and water targets. Geology and Mineral Resources, ETH Zurich

Digital in-situ holography of atmospheric ice particles Institut für Physik der 101 Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

European passive air sampling campaign for selected POPs Norwegian Institute for Air 33 http://www.nilu.no Research, Kjeller, Norway and http://www.emep.int

Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Laboratory of Atmospheric 39 Jungfraujoch Chemistry, Paul Scherrer http://www.psi.ch/gaw Institute http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/en/climate/global_climate_m onitoring/GAW_CH_Allg/GAW-aerosol.html

185 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Project Research group / institute Page

Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements Federal Office of 15 http://www.meteoswiss.ch/ Meteorology and http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/s Climatology MeteoSwiss, tartwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data) Payerne http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/

High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements Klima- und Umweltphysik, 53 http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE- Physikalisches Institut, atmosphere/database/index_database.html Universität Bern

High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Institut d’Astrophysique et 5 Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth de Géophysique - atmosphere Université de Liège http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/

Ice-nuclei concentration and dewpoint measurements during Institut für Atmosphäre und 77 CLACE5. Umwelt, J.W. Goethe http://www.sfb641.uni-frankfurt.de Universität Frankfurt

Investigation of cloud condensation nuclei properties Max Planck Institute for 91 Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, Mainz

KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie I. Physikalisches Institut, 143 http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de Universität zu Köln http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg Radioastronomisches http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de Institut, Universität Bonn http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php

85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air Bundesamt für 63 http://www.climate.unibe.ch Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br. Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV Berner Fachhochschule, 21 (photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m Hochschule für Technik http://www.pvtest.ch/ und Informatik (HTI), Photovoltaik-Labor

14 222 Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch Institut für Umweltphysik, 55 http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ Universität Heidelberg http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/radi ometrie-web-html (http://www.carboeurope.org/) (http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/eurohydros/) http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

186 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

Project Research group / institute Page

Mass spectrometric studies of ice nuclei and background Particle Chemistry 69 aerosol within CLACE 5 Department Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz

Measurements of PAN and formaldehyde at the interface ETH Institute of 105 between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere Atmospheric and Climate http://iac.ethz.ch Science (IACETH)

Monitoring of Air Radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch Research Environmental 35 Station: Radioactivity Section Test of a new High Volume Aerosol Sampler (SUER), Radiation Protection Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss 23 http://www.empa.ch/climate_gases Federal Laboratories for http://www.nilu.no/soge/ Materials Science and Technology

National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss 27 http://www.empa.ch/nabel Federal Laboratories for http://www.umwelt- Materials Science and schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.ht Technology ml

Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays Physikalisches Institut, 117 http://cosray.unibe.ch/ Universität Bern

On the outburst of glacier-dammed lakes: A study at Versuchsanstalt für 153 Gornergletscher, Valais Wasserbau, Hydrologie und http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics Glaziologie, /gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake ETH Zentrum, Zürich http://www.glaciology.ch

PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine Department of Geography, 129 rock walls University of Zurich

Prototype study for measurement of cosmics ray at large zenit University of Rome “La 121 angle Sapienza”, Department of Physics

Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth Physikalisch- 19 http://www.pmodwrc.ch, Meteorologisches http://wdca.jrc.it/ Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei Leibniz-Institut für 81 in mixed phase clouds Troposphärenforschung, http://www.tropos.de Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT)

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Project Research group / institute Page

Single particle analysis of ice nuclei and interstitial particles of Technische Universität 85 mixed-phase clouds from the CLACE 5 campaign Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte Geowissen- schaften, Umwelt- mineralogie

Single Particle Studies of Ice Nuclei During CLACE 5 Institute for Atmospheric 93 and Climate Science, ETH Zurich

Soft Error Test of electronic memory devices at high altitude iRoC Technologies, France 109

SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and Physikalisches Institut, 149 the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic Universität Bern eruptions at the Sun http://cosray.unibe.ch/ http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

SPAESRANE environmental experiments Project SPAESRANE 111 http://www.spaesrane.com (Solutions for the Preservation of Aerospace Electronic Systems Reliability in the Atmospheric Neutron Environment)

Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor, ozone and École Polytechnique 11 temperature by LIDAR Fédérale de Lausanne http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html (EPFL)

Testing snowmaking and firn coring equipment Centrum voor Isotopen 127 www.rug.nl/cio Onderzoek, Groningen University (Netherlands)

Tomographic characterization of ice particles University Mainz, 97 Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy

Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher Versuchsanstalt für 123 http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ Wasserbau, Hydrologie und http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz Glaziologie, _variations_gr_aletschgretscher ETH Zentrum, Zürich

VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – Archives with annual Labor für Radio- und 133 resolution) and VIVALDI (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Umweltchemie der Lake Deposits — Integrated), both within the frame of NCCR Universität Bern und des Climate Paul Scherrer Instituts http://lch.web.psi.ch/ http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice Institut für Atmosphäre und 73 crystals at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during Umwelt, Universität CLACE 5 Frankfurt, Germany http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm

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Project Research group / institute Page

The weather in 2006 MeteoSchweiz, Bundesamt 137 http://www.meteoschweiz.ch für Meteologie und Klimatologie, Zürich

International Foundation HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/

189 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

190 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 Picture Gallery 2006 from http://www.ifjungo.ch

January: Reopening of Kulm Hotel and the renovated astronomical observatory Gornergrat South.

February: Prof. Luc Delbouille, working at Jungfraujoch in February 2006, and celebrating on site his 50 years of research work at Jungfraujoch in the “Migeotte Group” of the Université de Liège (Belgium).

191 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

March: CLoud and Aerosol Characterisation Experiment, CLACE 5, with more than 40 researchers from seven institutions. These outside installations have to withstand the harsh weather conditions at Jungfraujoch.

April: Evening at Jungfraujoch.

192 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

May: The spark chamber on exhibit at Jungfraujoch, photographed by Monika Loeffel, freelance artist.

June: Evening view in May from Jungfraujoch.

193 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

July: 24 hour filter samples of PM10 (particulate matter < 10 micrometer) collected with the high-volume sampler at Jungfraujoch during a strong Sahara dust event (on 20 June 2006; filter 076171, on the right; 62.3 microgram per m3) and during usual summer conditions (on 04 June 2006; filter 076155 on the left; 2.3 microgram per m3).

August: An extraordinary full moon night as seen from Jungfraujoch

194 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

September: Research at Jungfraujoch – Top of Science. A snapshot from the scientific conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Research Station Jungfraujoch, held in Interlaken, September 11-14, 2006.

October: New meteorology installations

195 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006

November: View of the Mönch from the Sphinx.

December: Hoarfrost at Jungfraujoch.

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Medienmitteilung Sperrfrist 29. August, 14.00 Uhr

Bern, 29. August 2006

«Top Science at the Top of Europe»

75 Jahre Forschung auf dem Jungfraujoch: Das bedeutet Wissenschaft auf höchstem Niveau. Und zwar in jeder Hinsicht. Aufgrund des 75-jährigen Jubiläums der Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch gewähren Forscherinnen und Forscher einen exklusiven Einblick in ihre aktuellen Untersuchungen. Führungen durch das Observatorium, den Eispalast und die Sphinx zeigen vor Ort, mit welcher Spitzentechnologie heute geforscht wird.

Seit 75 Jahren nutzen Wissenschaftler die Vorzüge der höchstgelegenen Forschungsstation Europas. Diesen Standort und seine aussergewöhnlichen Möglichkeiten verdanken sie dem bekannten Meteorologen und Grönlandforscher Alfred de Quervain. Er setzte sich nach dem Bau der Jungfraubahn (JB) im Jahre 1912 für die Errichtung einer Forschungsstation auf dem Jungfraujoch ein. 1930 war es dann soweit: die internationale Fördergemeinschaft «Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch» wurde gegründet. Bereits ein Jahr später konnte die eigentliche Forschungsstation eingeweiht werden. Als Pionierleistung im Jahre 1931, hat sich diese von einem astronomischen Observatorium und einer Station für die Erforschung von Höhenkrankheiten zu einem der bekanntesten europäischen Umweltforschungszentren entwickelt. Heute blicken die Verantwortlichen der internationalen Stiftung Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat (HFSJG) auf zahlreiche Forschungserfolge zurück. Prof. Erwin Flückiger, der Direktor der Stiftung, stellt höchstpersönlich die neusten Erkenntnisse vor. Im bläulich schimmernden Eispalast, mitten im Jungfraufirn und 15 Meter unter dem Aussichtsplateau, sind hochinteressante, alte Informationen gespeichert. Hier erklärt Prof. Heinz Hugo Loosli vom Physikalischen Institut der Universität Bern, dass im Gletschereis kleinste Luftblasen eingeschlossen sind, die einzigartige Informationen über unsere Umwelt in vergangenen Zeiten enthalten. Im Sphinx-Observatorium, dem berühmten Aushängeschild der Stiftung HFSJG, erklärt PD Dr. Urs Baltensperger vom Paul Scherrer Institut die Rolle der Aerosole. Dabei handelt es sich beispielsweise um Russpartikel oder Pollen. Diese sind rund 1000-mal kleiner als der Durchmesser eines menschlichen Haares und trotzdem von enormer Bedeutung für unsere Gesundheit und unser Klima. Denn Aerosole sind ein Indikator für die vom Menschen

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verursachte Luftverschmutzung. Die Höhe von 3500 Meter über Meer ermöglicht ihre Beobachtung fern der Entstehungsquelle, dafür am Ort der Wirkung. Zudem erläutert Prof. Hubert van den Bergh von der EPFL in der astronomischen Kuppel der Sphinx die Lidar-Methode («light detection and ranging»). Diese ist unentbehrlich für die Klimaforschung, da durch die Fernmessung atmosphärischer Parameter immer wieder neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden können. Auf den Einfluss der Luftfremdstoffe auf unser Klima und die Luftqualität geht Frau Dr. Brigitte Buchmann von der EMPA näher ein. Und Gerhard Müller von Meteo Schweiz zeigt schliesslich, welche Bedeutung die höchstgelegene Wetterstation Europas hat. Heute stehen die Bereiche Umweltwissenschaften und Klimaforschung im Zentrum der wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeiten. Die möglichen Forschungsgebiete entwickeln sich aber laufend weiter. Laut Prof. Erwin Flückiger könnten vor allem die Mikrobiologie und Materialwissenschaften in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Beispielsweise führt eine Gruppe der Berner Fachhochschule BFH-TI Burgdorf Langzeitmessungen mit Photo- voltaikanlagen unter extremen Bedingungen durch. Dank seiner besonderen Lage, der guten Erreichbarkeit und der auf die Bedürfnisse der Forscher perfekt abgestimmten Bedingungen steht die Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch auch in Zukunft für «Top Science at the Top of Europe».

Facts & Figures Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch (3500 m ü.M.): ¾ 1920 erster Vorschlag des Meteorologen Alfred de Quervain, 1931 eröffnet ¾ 1936/37 Eröffnung Sphinx-Observatorium ¾ das ganze Jahr mit den Jungfraubahnen erreichbar ¾ während eines grossen Teils des Jahres in der freien Troposphäre ¾ eines der renommiertesten europäischen Umweltforschungszentren ¾ Wissenschaftler von über 25 in- und ausländischen Forschergruppen ¾ jedes Jahr im Mittel 1000 Arbeitstage für die Forschung ¾ mehr als 20 automatische Messapparaturen rund um die Uhr in Betrieb ¾ die Forschungsresultate erscheinen jährlich in ungefähr 100 Fachpublikationen ¾ Schlüsselstellung in mehr als 15 nationalen und internationalen Forschungs- und Messprogrammen

Für weitere Informationen wenden Sie sich bitte an: Prof. Erwin Prof. Erwin Flückiger Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern Tel. 031 631 40 56 / E-Mail: [email protected]

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Research at Jungfraujoch – “Top of Science” International Conference in Celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Interlaken, Switzerland, September 11-14, 2006

Conference Report by Erwin O. Flückiger

The purpose of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch is to enable and support scientific research of international significance that must be carried out at an altitude of 3500 meters above sea level or for which a high alpine climate is necessary. It was therefore more than appropriate for the International Foundation HFSJG operating the scientific station to celebrate the 75th anniversary of this unique research infrastructure in the form of a scientific conference. The goal of the conference was to encourage interdisciplinary dialogue among researchers doing high-level, internationally recognized research at Jungfraujoch and/or other high altitude stations in greater Europe. The conference took place in Interlaken, Switzerland, from September 11-14, 2006. The sessions were held in an ideal setting at the congress center of the Casino Kursaal Interlaken, in direct visual contact with the Jungfraujoch. At the opening ceremony, the participants were welcomed by Prof. Gunter Stephan, vice rector of the University of Bern, manifesting the close and long-standing relationship between the University of Bern and the Foundation HFSJG. Prof. Hans Balsiger, president of the Foundation HFSJG, emphasized the significance of the scientific station at Jungfraujoch by showing a few examples of research work before its existence and pointing out infrastructure milestones and the varying scientific disciplines. He also gratefully acknowledged the generous support provided by the Jungfrau Railway from the very beginning. Mr. Daniel K. Keuerleber, director of MeteoSwiss, the Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, brought the greetings of his institution that has a close connection with the scientific station through the operation of a meteorological observatory at Jungfraujoch with an even longer history. In the Jubilee Session following the opening ceremony, Mr. Walter Steuri, CEO Jungfrau Railways Group, first presented a well documented review on „Railway and infrastructure development in the last 75 years”. To the amusement of the audience, his presentation included several anecdotes illustrating the close relationship between the railway and the scientific station. Mr. Steuri was followed by Prof. Thomas Stocker, world-renown specialist on environmental research and climatology, who gave an outstanding overview on “Climate and environmental information from extreme locations”. In a fascinating presentation he reviewed pioneering environmental research work done at the high altitude locations Jungfraujoch, Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and Dome Concordia (Antarctica). Then, Prof. Erwin Flückiger, in his function as the director of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, gave an illustrative overview of “Scientific highlights in the last 75 years”. Finally, in the award ceremony of the Swiss Academy of Sciences’ commission Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP, PD Dr. Urs Baltensperger, the president of the commission, and Dr. Michel J. Rossi, chairman of the award committee, presented the 2006 ACP Award to Dr. Stefan Reimann and to Dr. Jasmine Calisesi. The award was given to these two scientists in recognition of the pioneering

199 environmental research work they conducted at Jungfraujoch in recent years. The Jubilee Session was concluded by the first poster session and an ice-breaker-party. During the following two days an overview of historical, present, and future aspects of high alpine research was given in 16 invited plenary talks. The sessions were organized under the topics “Vertical Profiles and Long Records”, “Long Records and Climate”, “Vertical Mixing and Profiles”; “Health Influence”, and “Networks”. The disciplines covered by the oral presentations and the respective number of contributions were: Atmosphere / Climate: 9 Radiation / Meteorology: 2 Glaciology: 2 Medicine: 2 Miscellaneous: 1 Emphasis was laid on the international networking and the interdisciplinarity that reflect the nature of research work at Jungfraujoch. Specific topics from astrophysics, atmospheric chemical compounds and mixing, climate, environmental sciences, glaciology, and medicine were addressed in 44 poster presentations. To emphasize the importance of the poster contributions, all posters were on view in the coffee break / lunch area during the entire time of the conference. This allowed ample time for discussions. Awards were given to the best three poster contributions: 13 1st prize: On-line and flasks measurements of CO2, δ C, and O2 at Jungfraujoch, Three symbiotic posters (M. Leuenberger et al., C. Uglietti et al., and F.L.Valentino et al.) 2nd prize: Forbush decreases and cloud cover (J. Calogovic et al.) 3rd prize: A 1000 year climate history from an Alpine ice core (M. Sigl et al.) The conference was attended by 91 persons from 10 countries (including the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, Russia and Japan). Thanks to the broad funding (see list of sponsors) a very large part of the participants were students (23) and early-career scientists. In a special session organized by PD Dr. Eva Schüpbach, research and career aspects of relevance to this important group were addressed. Results of these discussions were presented during the final plenary session. In his concluding summary at the closure ceremony of the conference, Prof. Heinz Gäggeler stated that the label of the conference (Research at Jungfraujoch – “Top of Science”) was fully justified. The high quality and well focused presentations provided a comprehensive overview on scientific activity at high alpine research sites, and, in particular, at Jungfraujoch. In the evening of September 13, 2006, a social dinner event was organized at the folklore restaurant Spycher of the Kursaal Interlaken. The conference was concluded by a full day excursion to Jungfraujoch with a visit of the scientific station and ongoing experiments. During the conference, MeteoSwiss, the Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, had an exhibition on display about its key weather station at Jungfrau- joch and its leading role in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

200 All contributions to the conference will be published as refereed contributions in Science of the Total Environment. PD Dr. Markus Leuenberger is acting as the guest editor of the proceedings of this conference. The success of the conference would not have been possible without the initial idea and permanent support of the board and staff of the Foundation HFSJG, the help of the organizing committee, chaired by Prof. Heinz Hugo Loosli, the manyfold sponsors (see Abstract Book), the staff of Casino Interlaken, and last but not least: the help of many persons, in particular Louise Wilson, who did the real work before and during the meeting.

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202 Research at Jungfraujoch – Top of Science International Scientific Conference in Celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Interlaken, Switzerland (Congress Center Casino Kursaal) September 11-14, 2006

Program

Monday, September 11, 2006

Afternoon

14:00 – 14:30 Welcome Welcome by the Vice Rector of the G. Stephan University of Bern Foundation / Patrons’ Committee H. Balsiger 75 Years HFSJ MeteoSwiss, 125 Years D.K. Keuerleber

14:30 – 16:00 Jubilee Session Railway and infrastructure W. Steuri development in the last 75 years Climate and environmental information Th. Stocker from extreme locations Scientific highlights in the last 75 years E. Flückiger 16:00 – 16:30 CACP 2006 Award Ceremony U. Baltensperger 16:30 – 17:00 Coffee break

17:00 – 18:00 Poster 1 17:30 – 19:00 Ice Breaker

Tuesday, September 12, 2006

Morning

09:00 – 12:30 Vertical Profiles and Long Records Long-term monitoring of greenhouse and R. Zander & S. Reimann ozone-depleting gases at Jungfraujoch Remote sensing of atmospheric water N. Kämpfer vapor at Jungfraujoch and Bern 10:30 - 11:00 Coffee break In memoriam Prof. Luc Delbouille E. Flückiger Lidar and QCL measurements from H. van den Bergh Jungfraujoch Conference Proceedings M. Leuenberger Poster 2

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch 203 Tuesday, September 12, 2006

Afternoon

14:00 – 17:30 Long Records and Climate Long records of weather at Jungfraujoch Ch. Appenzeller as climate input Alpine permafrost in a changing climate S. Gruber (and a changing perspective) On the prediction of ice avalanches M. Funk 15:30 - 16:00 Coffee break Aerosols and Climate U. Lohmann Climate relevant aerosol research at the U. Baltensperger High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Radiation measurements manifest R. Philipona increasing greenhouse warming

18:00 – 19:30 Podium: Early-Career Scientists E. Schüpbach

Wednesday, September 13, 2006

Morning

09:00 – 11:00 Vertical Mixing and Profiles; Health influence Medical implications of O3 variations in M. Blumthaler Stratosphere and Troposphere Children at high altitude? S. Kriemler Integrated use of ground-based and M. De Mazière satellite measurements of atmospheric composition Palaeo- and present day atmosphere M. Schwikowski 11:00 – 11:30 Coffee break 11:30 - 12:30 Poster 3

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch

Afternoon

14:00 – 15:30 Networks High mountain observatories J. Stamenov Jungfraujoch, a Global GAW Station B. Calpini

15:30 – 16:00 Coffee break

16:00 Poster Awards H. Gäggeler Closing

18:30 - 22:00 Social Event

204 Thursday, September 14, 2006

Full-day excursion to Jungfraujoch. Visit of the High Altitude Research Station

Program 08:00 h Meeting Point: Railway Station Interlaken Ost 08:20 h Departure from Interlaken Ost 10:37 h Arrival at Jungfraujoch / Visit to the Research Station and the Sphinx Observatory 13:00 h Lunch 15:15 h Departure from Jungfraujoch 17:40 h Arrival at Interlaken Ost

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206 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2006 Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Bern Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Bruxelles Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München The Royal Society, London Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (scnat), Bern Jungfraubahn AG, Interlaken Gornergrat Bahn AG, Brig Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt Canton of Bern University of Bern Mammut Sports Group AG, Seon

We also thank these supporting institutions and sponsors for the international conference in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Interlaken, Switzerland September 11-13, 2006:

Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (scnat) Lotteriefonds des Kantons Bern Berner Kantonalbank BEKB | BCBE Universität Bern Max und Elsa Beer-Brawand-Fonds Jungfraubahnen Gletscherrestaurants Top of Europe MeteoSchweiz Helvetia Patria Versicherungen Notebox GmbH, Basel European Science Foundation (INTROP, Interdisciplinary Tropospheric Research: from the Laboratory to Global Change) ACCENT (Atmospheric Composition Change, European Network of Excellence)

And to all the individual scientists and institutions we extend our sincere thanks and appreciation for the contributions to high altitude research, for the inspiration and criticism, for the support and coop- eration in the operation of the research stations, and for the interesting, friendly, and motivating contacts that make daily working situations so worthwhile and rewarding.

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